Angiotensin receptor antagonists. Medical search

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

Cell surface proteins that bind ANGIOTENSINS and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.

An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS.

An angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in a variety of adult tissues including the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, the KIDNEY, the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM and the NERVOUS SYSTEM. Activation of the type 1 angiotensin receptor causes VASOCONSTRICTION and sodium retention.

A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; and angiotensinase. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to ANGIOTENSIN II, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, leading to retention of salt and water in the KIDNEY and increased arterial blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. Angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down BRADYKININ, a powerful vasodilator and component of the KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM.

An angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in fetal tissues. Many effects of the angiotensin type 2 receptor such as VASODILATION and sodium loss are the opposite of that of the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).

Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES.

A ligand that binds to but fails to activate the INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR. It plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of INFLAMMATION and FEVER. Several isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA.

Agents that antagonize the ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 2 RECEPTOR.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Oligopeptides which are important in the regulation of blood pressure (VASOCONSTRICTION) and fluid homeostasis via the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. These include angiotensins derived naturally from precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, and those synthesized.

Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of NEUROKININ-1 RECEPTORS.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

An ANGIOTENSIN II analog which acts as a highly specific inhibitor of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.

Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxybenzene structure.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.

A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.

Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.

Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTORS.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.

Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H2 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine. Their clinically most important action is the inhibition of acid secretion in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers. Smooth muscle may also be affected. Some drugs in this class have strong effects in the central nervous system, but these actions are not well understood.

A family of hexahydropyridines.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTORS by MINERALOCORTICOIDS such as ALDOSTERONE.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. Dopamine receptor blockade is associated with NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.

Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.

Compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.

One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.

Cell surface proteins that bind ENDOTHELINS with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.

Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS.

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.

Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.

A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.

Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P2 RECEPTORS.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.

Compounds with BENZENE fused to AZEPINES.

The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.

Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine. Included here are the classical antihistaminics that antagonize or prevent the action of histamine mainly in immediate hypersensitivity. They act in the bronchi, capillaries, and some other smooth muscles, and are used to prevent or allay motion sickness, seasonal rhinitis, and allergic dermatitis and to induce somnolence. The effects of blocking central nervous system H1 receptors are not as well understood.

A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.

A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)

An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of natural angiotensins. Upon successive enzyme cleavages, angiotensinogen yields angiotensin I, II, and III with amino acids numbered at 10, 8, and 7, respectively.

A strain of Rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke.

The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous ACETYLCHOLINE or exogenous agonists. Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system.

A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A subtype of endothelin receptor found predominantly in the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It has a high affinity for ENDOTHELIN-1 and ENDOTHELIN-2.

A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.

A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA-A RECEPTORS thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous GABA-A RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. Classical antihistaminics block the histamine H1 receptors only.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

Glycoproteins which contain sialic acid as one of their carbohydrates. They are often found on or in the cell or tissue membranes and participate in a variety of biological activities.

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

A strain of Rattus norvegicus used as a normotensive control for the spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR).

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

A class of drugs designed to prevent leukotriene synthesis or activity by blocking binding at the receptor level.

An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.

Cell-surface proteins that bind SEROTONIN and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action.

A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT1 receptor subtypes.

A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.

Cell surface receptors that bind BRADYKININ and related KININS with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The identified receptor types (B-1 and B-2, or BK-1 and BK-2) recognize endogenous KALLIDIN; t-kinins; and certain bradykinin fragments as well as bradykinin itself.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

A diet which contains very little sodium chloride. It is prescribed by some for hypertension and for edematous states. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Cell surface receptors that are specific for INTERLEUKIN-1. Included under this heading are signaling receptors, non-signaling receptors and accessory proteins required for receptor signaling. Signaling from interleukin-1 receptors occurs via interaction with SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88.

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.

KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.

Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

The circulation of the BLOOD through the vessels of the KIDNEY.

Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and a potent intravenously administered angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A group of compounds that contain the structure SO2NH2.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

Purine bases found in body tissues and fluids and in some plants.

A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.

Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.

Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).

Drugs that bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) and block the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. Nicotinic antagonists block synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia, the skeletal neuromuscular junction, and at central nervous system nicotinic synapses.

Injections into the cerebral ventricles.

Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.

Azoles of two nitrogens at the 1,2 positions, next to each other, in contrast with IMIDAZOLES in which they are at the 1,3 positions.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate SEROTONIN RECEPTORS. Many serotonin receptor agonists are used as ANTIDEPRESSANTS; ANXIOLYTICS; and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.

Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate HISTAMINE H3 RECEPTORS. They have been used to correct SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS and MEMORY DISORDERS.

The main trunk of the systemic arteries.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

A constitutively expressed subtype of bradykinin receptor that may play a role in the acute phase of the inflammatory and pain response. It has high specificity for intact forms of BRADYKININ and KALLIDIN. The receptor is coupled to G-PROTEIN, GQ-G11 ALPHA FAMILY and G-PROTEIN, GI-GO ALPHA FAMILY signaling proteins.

An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

A subtype of endothelin receptor found predominantly in the KIDNEY. It may play a role in reducing systemic ENDOTHELIN levels.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

21-Amino-acid peptides produced by vascular endothelial cells and functioning as potent vasoconstrictors. The endothelin family consists of three members, ENDOTHELIN-1; ENDOTHELIN-2; and ENDOTHELIN-3. All three peptides contain 21 amino acids, but vary in amino acid composition. The three peptides produce vasoconstrictor and pressor responses in various parts of the body. However, the quantitative profiles of the pharmacological activities are considerably different among the three isopeptides.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Specific molecular sites or proteins on or in cells to which VASOPRESSINS bind or interact in order to modify the function of the cells. Two types of vasopressin receptor exist, the V1 receptor in the vascular smooth muscle and the V2 receptor in the kidneys. The V1 receptor can be subdivided into V1a and V1b (formerly V3) receptors.

Seven membered heterocyclic rings containing a NITROGEN atom.

Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA-B RECEPTORS thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous GABA-B RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic alpha-antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.

A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.

Compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of ADENOSINE A3 RECEPTORS.

Cell surface proteins that bind THROMBOXANES with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Some thromboxane receptors act via the inositol phosphate and diacylglycerol second messenger systems.

A class of cell surface receptors for TACHYKININS with a preference for SUBSTANCE P. Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors have been cloned and are members of the G protein coupled receptor superfamily. They are found on many cell types including central and peripheral neurons, smooth muscle cells, acinar cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells.

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P2X RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are antagonists for specific P2X receptor subtypes.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.

A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.

Cell surface proteins that bind cholecystokinin (CCK) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholecystokinin receptors are activated by GASTRIN as well as by CCK-4; CCK-8; and CCK-33. Activation of these receptors evokes secretion of AMYLASE by pancreatic acinar cells, acid and PEPSIN by stomach mucosal cells, and contraction of the PYLORUS and GALLBLADDER. The role of the widespread CCK receptors in the central nervous system is not well understood.

The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to INULIN clearance.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.

Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.

A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

A subclass of cannabinoid receptor found primarily on central and peripheral NEURONS where it may play a role modulating NEUROTRANSMITTER release.

The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.

Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE.

A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D2-class receptor genes contain INTRONS, and the receptors inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).

The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.

An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.

A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

A class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins that prefers neurokinin A; (NKA, substance K, neurokinin alpha, neuromedin L), neuropeptide K; (NPK); or neuropeptide gamma over other tachykinins. Neurokinin-2 (NK-2) receptors have been cloned and are similar to other G-protein coupled receptors.

The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.

Sodium chloride used in foods.

Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of CANNABINOID RECEPTORS.

The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTORS.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.

The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.

The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.

An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

Sodium or sodium compounds used in foods or as a food. The most frequently used compounds are sodium chloride or sodium glutamate.

The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

Irbesartan reduces QT dispersion in hypertensive individuals. (1/1416)

Angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonists have direct effects on the autonomic nervous system and myocardium. Because of this, we hypothesized that irbesartan would reduce QT dispersion to a greater degree than amlodipine, a highly selective vasodilator. To test this, we gathered electrocardiographic (ECG) data from a multinational, multicenter, randomized, double-blind parallel group study that compared the antihypertensive efficacy of irbesartan and amlodipine in elderly subjects with mild to moderate hypertension. Subjects were treated for 6 months with either drug. Hydrochlorothiazide and atenolol were added after 12 weeks if blood pressure (BP) remained uncontrolled. ECGs were obtained before randomization and at 6 months. A total of 188 subjects (118 with baseline ECGs) were randomized. We analyzed 104 subjects who had complete ECGs at baseline and after 6 months of treatment. Baseline characteristics between treatments were similar, apart from a slight imbalance in diastolic BP (irbesartan [n=53] versus amlodipine [n=51], 99.2 [SD 3. 6] versus 100.8 [3.8] mm Hg; P=0.03). There were no significant differences in BP normalization (diastolic BP <90 mm Hg) between treatments at 6 months (irbesartan versus amlodipine, 80% versus 88%; P=0.378). We found a significant reduction in QT indexes in the irbesartan group (QTc dispersion mean, -11.4 [34.5] milliseconds, P=0.02; QTc max, -12.8 [35.5] milliseconds, P=0.01), and QTc dispersion did not correlate with the change in BP. The reduction in QT indexes with amlodipine (QTc dispersion, -9.7 [35.4] milliseconds, P=0.06; QTc max, -8.6 [33.2] milliseconds, P=0.07) did not quite reach statistical significance, but there was a correlation between the change in QT indexes and changes in systolic BP. In conclusion, irbesartan improved QT dispersion, and this effect may be important in preventing sudden cardiac death in at-risk hypertensive subjects. (+info)

Angiotensin receptor subtype 1 mediates angiotensin II enhancement of isoproterenol-induced cyclic AMP production in preglomerular microvascular smooth muscle cells. (2/1416)

In a previous study, we found that angiotensin (Ang) II enhances beta-adrenoceptor-induced cAMP production in cultured preglomerular microvascular smooth muscle cells (PMVSMCs) obtained from spontaneously hypertensive rats. The purpose of the present investigation was to identify the Ang receptor subtypes that mediate this effect. In our first study, we compared the ability of Ang II, Ang III, Ang (3-8), and Ang (1-7) to increase cAMP production in isoproterenol (1 microM)-treated PMVSMCs. Each peptide was tested at 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 nM. Both Ang II and Ang III increased intracellular (EC50s, 1 and 11 nM, respectively) and extracellular (EC50s, 2 and 14 nM, respectively) cAMP levels in a concentration-dependent fashion. In contrast, Ang (3-8) and Ang (1-7) did not enhance either intracellular or extracellular cAMP levels at any concentration tested. In our second study, we examined the ability of L 158809 [a selective Ang receptor subtype 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist] to inhibit Ang II (100 nM) and Ang III (100 nM) enhancement of isoproterenol (1 microM)-induced cAMP production in PMVSMCs. L 158809 (10 nM) abolished or nearly abolished (p <.001) Ang II and Ang III enhancement of isoproterenol-induced intracellular and extracellular cAMP levels. In contrast, PD 123319 (300 nM; a selective AT2 receptor antagonist) did not significantly alter Ang II enhancement of isoproterenol-induced intracellular or extracellular cAMP levels. We conclude that AT1 receptors, but not AT2, Ang (3-8), nor Ang (1-7) receptors mediate Ang II and Ang III enhancement of beta-adrenoceptor-induced cAMP production in cultured PMVSMCs. (+info)

Blocking angiotensin II ameliorates proteinuria and glomerular lesions in progressive mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. (3/1416)

BACKGROUND: The renin-angiotensin system is thought to be involved in the progression of glomerulonephritis (GN) into end-stage renal failure (ESRF) because of the observed renoprotective effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). However, ACEIs have pharmacological effects other than ACE inhibition that may help lower blood pressure and preserve glomerular structure. We previously reported a new animal model of progressive glomerulosclerosis induced by a single intravenous injection of an anti-Thy-1 monoclonal antibody, MoAb 1-22-3, in uninephrectomized rats. Using this new model of progressive GN, we examined the hypothesis that ACEIs prevent the progression to ESRF by modulating the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) on the production of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and extracellular matrix components. METHODS: We studied the effect of an ACEI (cilazapril) and an Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist (candesartan) on the clinical features and morphological lesions in the rat model previously reported. After 10 weeks of treatment with equihypotensive doses of cilazapril, cilazapril plus Hoe 140 (a bradykinin receptor B2 antagonist), candesartan, and hydralazine, we examined systolic blood pressure, urinary protein excretion, creatinine clearance, the glomerulosclerosis index, and the tubulointerstitial lesion index. We performed a semiquantitative evaluation of glomerular immunostaining for TGF-beta and collagen types I and III by immunofluorescence study and of these cortical mRNA levels by Northern blot analysis. RESULTS: Untreated rats developed massive proteinuria, renal dysfunction, and severe glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury, whereas uninephrectomized control rats did not. There was a significant increase in the levels of glomerular protein and cortical mRNA for TGF-beta and collagen types I and III in untreated rats. Cilazapril and candesartan prevented massive proteinuria, increased creatinine clearance, and ameliorated glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury. These drugs also reduced levels of glomerular protein and cortical mRNA for TGF-beta and collagen types I and III. Hoe 140 failed to blunt the renoprotective effect of cilazapril. Hydralazine did not exhibit a renoprotective effect. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that ACEIs prevent the progression to ESRF by modulating the effects of Ang II via Ang II type 1 receptor on the production of TGF-beta and collagen types I and III, as well as on intrarenal hemodynamics, but not by either increasing bradykinin activity or reducing blood pressure in this rat model of mesangial proliferative GN. (+info)

Addition of angiotensin II receptor blockade to maximal angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition improves exercise capacity in patients with severe congestive heart failure. (4/1416)

BACKGROUND: Incomplete suppression of the renin-angiotensin system during long-term ACE inhibition may contribute to symptomatic deterioration in patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF). Combined angiotensin II type I (AT1) receptor blockade and ACE inhibition more completely suppresses the activated renin-angiotensin system than either intervention alone in sodium-depleted normal individuals. Whether AT1 receptor blockade with losartan improves exercise capacity in patients with severe CHF already treated with ACE inhibitors is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-three patients with severe CHF despite treatment with maximally recommended or tolerated doses of ACE inhibitors were randomized 1:1 to receive 50 mg/d losartan or placebo for 6 months in addition to standard therapy in a multicenter, double-blind trial. Peak aerobic capacity (V(O2)) during symptom-limited treadmill exercise and NYHA functional class were determined at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of double-blind therapy. Peak V(O2) at baseline and after 3 and 6 months were 13.5+/-0.6, 15.1+/-1.0, and 15.7+/-1.1 mL. kg-1. min-1, respectively, in patients receiving losartan and 14.1+/-0.6, 14.3+/-0.9, and 13.6+/-1.1 mL. kg-1. min-1, respectively, in patients receiving placebo (P<0.02 for treatment group-by-time interaction). Functional class improved by at least one NYHA class in 9 of 16 patients receiving losartan and 1 of 17 patients receiving placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Losartan enhances peak exercise capacity and alleviates symptoms in patients with CHF who are severely symptomatic despite treatment with maximally recommended or tolerated doses of ACE inhibitors. (+info)

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor (AT1) antagonists: either or both for primary renal disease? (5/1416)

At the present time we cannot assume that the proven benefits of ACEI on renal disease will be reproduced by using AT1-ra. With potentially differing modes of activity of these drugs, they cannot be seen as interchangeable and ACEI should remain the drug of choice in patients with progressive renal disease unless they are not tolerated. It is possible that AT1-ra may offer additional advantages in some patients or that synergy exists between the two agents, but this view will remain entirely speculative unless proper trials are conducted. Despite the results of the ELITE study [22], the uncertainty regarding the use AT1-ra in cardiovascular disease mirrors that of renal disease. This issue is obviously of relevance to the nephrologist in view of the spectrum of cardiac disease that accompanies chronic renal failure, such as left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac failure, which provide multiple indications for manipulation of RAS. Despite their renoprotective effect, previous studies on ACEI [3,4] have not shown an overall reduction in mortality and this issue needs to be addressed in addition to renoprotection in studies comparing AT1-ra and ACEI. (+info)

Effects of AT1 receptor blockade after myocardial infarct on myocardial fibrosis, stiffness, and contractility. (6/1416)

Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blockade attenuates myocardial fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI). However, whether inhibition of fibrosis by AT1 receptor blockade influences myocardial stiffness and contractility is unknown. We measured left ventricular (LV) hemodynamics, papillary muscle function, and myocardial stiffness and fibrosis in rats randomized to losartan or placebo 1 day after MI and treated subsequently for 8 wk. Losartan decreased LV and right ventricular weights as well as mean aortic and LV systolic pressures in sham and MI rats. LV end-diastolic pressure increased after MI and was decreased with losartan. Maximal developed tension and peak rate of tension rise and decline were decreased in MI vs. sham rats. Interstitial fibrosis developed after MI and was prevented in losartan-treated MI rats. The development of abnormal myocardial stiffness after MI was prevented by losartan. After MI, AT1 receptor blockade prevents an abnormal increase in myocardial collagen content. This effect was associated with a normalization of passive myocardial stiffness. (+info)

Resetting of exaggerated tubuloglomerular feedback activity in acutely volume-expanded young SHR. (7/1416)

One purpose of the present study was to evaluate the ability of 7-wk-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to reset tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) activity in response to acute volume expansion (VE). Second, we evaluated the contribution of ANG II, via its action on AT1 receptors, to TGF control of glomerular function during VE. TGF was assessed by micropuncture methods and proximal tubular stop-flow pressure (SFP) determinations in SHR, Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), and Sprague-Dawley rats (SD). During euvolemia SHR exhibited enhanced TGF activity. In the same animals acute VE was achieved by infusion of saline (5 ml. h-1. 100 g body wt-1). VE led to resetting of TGF in all three strains. Maximal SFP responses, elicited by a 30-40 nl/min loop of Henle perfusion rate, decreased from 19 to 12 mmHg in SHR and, on average, from 11 to 5 mmHg in WKY and SD (P < 0.001). Tubular flow rate producing a half-maximal response (turning point) shifted to higher flow rates during VE, from 12 to 14 nl/min in SHR and from 15 to 19 nl/min in WKY. Administration of the AT1 receptor blocker candesartan (0.05 mg/kg iv) during sustained VE decreased TGF-mediated reductions in SFP in SHR and slightly increased the turning point in WKY. Nevertheless, other parameters of TGF activity were unaffected by AT1 receptor blockade. In conclusion, young SHR possess the ability to reset TGF activity in response to VE to a degree similar to compensatory adjustments in WKY. However, TGF remains enhanced in SHR during VE. ANG II and its action on AT1 receptors are in part responsible for the exaggerated SFP responses in young SHR during VE. (+info)

Renal and hemodynamic effects of losartan in conscious dogs during controlled mechanical ventilation. (8/1416)

In 12 conscious dogs, we investigated whether the angiotensin II-receptor antagonist losartan increases renal sodium excretion and urine volume during controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) with positive end-expiratory pressure. In four experimental protocols, the dogs were extracellular volume (ECV) expanded (electrolyte solution, 0.5 ml. kg-1. min-1 iv) or not and received losartan (100 micrograms. kg-1. min-1 iv) or not. They breathed spontaneously during the 1st and 4th hour and received CMV with positive end-expiratory pressure (mean airway pressure 20 cmH2O) during the 2nd and 3rd hours. In the expansion group, dogs with losartan excreted approximately 18% more sodium (69 +/- 7 vs. 38 +/- 5 micromol. min-1. kg-1) and 15% more urine during the 2 h of CMV because of a higher glomerular filtration rate (5.3 +/- 0.3 vs. 4.5 +/- 0.2 ml. min-1. kg-1) and the tubular effects of losartan. In the group without expansion, sodium excretion (2.0 +/- 0.6 vs. 2.6 +/- 1.0 micromol. min-1. kg-1) and glomerular filtration rate (3.8 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.8 +/- 0.4 ml. min-1. kg-1) did not change, and urine volume decreased similarly in both groups during CMV. Plasma vasopressin and aldosterone increased in both groups, and plasma renin activity increased from 4.9 +/- 0.7 to 7.8 +/- 1.3 ng ANG I. ml-1. h-1 during CMV in nonexpanded dogs without losartan. Mean arterial pressure decreased by 10 mmHg in nonexpanded dogs with losartan. In conclusion, losartan increases sodium excretion and urine volume during CMV if the ECV is expanded. If the ECV is not expanded, a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and/or an increase in aldosterone and vasopressin during CMV attenuates the renal effects of losartan. (+info)

... antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, or AT1 receptor antagonists, are ... The angiotensin II receptor antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), are a family of agents that bind ... These substances are AT1-receptor antagonists; that is, they block the activation of angiotensin II AT1 receptors. AT1 ... Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), formally angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_blocker

... is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist. It was withdrawn from FDA review by the manufacturer after phase III ... ISBN 978-0-12-369417-1. Dina R, Jafari M (July 2000). "Angiotensin II-receptor antagonists: an overview". Am J Health Syst ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Biphenyls, All stub articles, Cardiovascular system drug stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasosartan

Olmesartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and blocks part of the RAAS pathway. Amlodipine/perindopril if using ... Amlodipine-association edema can be avoided by adding ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonist. Of the other dose- ... Amlodipine/valsartan or amlodipine/valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide, where valsartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist. The ... Amlodipine/telmisartan, where telmisartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amlodipine

"Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists: the next generation in antihypertensive therapy". Journal of Medicinal ... More recently angiotensin receptor blockers and renin inhibitors have also been introduced as antihypertensive agents. Esunge ... The renin-angiotensin system was known to play an important role in blood pressure regulation, and angiotensin converting ... Ondetti MA, Rubin B, Cushman DW (April 1977). "Design of specific inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme: new class of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_hypertension

... (INN) is an Angiotensin II receptor antagonist. Ladhari A, La Mura G, Di Marino C, Di Fabio G, Zarrelli A (May 2021 ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Biphenyls, Carboxamides, Carboxylic acids, Tetrazoles, Cyclopentanes, All stub articles, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitesartan

Ip S, Tsang S, Wong T, Che C, Leung P (2003). "Saralasin, a nonspecific angiotensin II receptor antagonist, attenuates ... Saralasin is a competitive angiotensin II receptor antagonist with partial agonist activity. The aminopeptide sequence for ... "Intracerebroventricular administration of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist saralasin reduces respiratory rate and tidal ... At position 1, sarcosine is replaced by aspartic acid increasing the affinity for vascular smooth muscle receptors and making ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saralasin

It is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and works by blocking the effects of angiotensin II. It was patented in 1991 and ... In studies of angiotensin II receptor antagonists such as olmesartan, patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery ... Aulakh, GK; Sodhi, RK; Singh, M (2 August 2007). "An update on non-peptide angiotensin receptor antagonists and related RAAS ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Imidazoles, Tetrazoles, Carboxylate esters, Tertiary alcohols, Biphenyls, 1995 in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmesartan

Coca A (2008). "Economic benefits of treating high-risk hypertension with angiotensin II receptor antagonists (blockers)". ... Raebel MA (June 2012). "Hyperkalemia associated with use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor ... Subsequently, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor ... and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). These medications may be used alone or in combination (ACE inhibitors and ARBs are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension

... angiotensin II receptor antagonists may be useful because they act to prevent the action of angiotensin II at the AT1 receptor ... Angiotensin II receptor blocker Discovery and development of angiotensin receptor blockers Loop diuretic, also used to treat ... "Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists on mortality and renal outcomes in ... "Pregnancy Outcome Following Exposure to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists: A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibitor

AbdAlla S, Lother H, Abdel-tawab AM, Quitterer U (2001). "The angiotensin II AT2 receptor is an AT1 receptor antagonist". J. ... Shraga-Levine Z, Sokolovsky M (2000). "Functional coupling of G proteins to endothelin receptors is ligand and receptor subtype ... 1996). "The human thyrotropin receptor: a heptahelical receptor capable of stimulating members of all four G protein families ... Offermanns S, Simon MI (1995). "G alpha 15 and G alpha 16 couple a wide variety of receptors to phospholipase C". J. Biol. Chem ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNA11

As with other angiotensin II receptor antagonists, candesartan is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. Candesartan has ... Jul-Aug 1993). "Pilot study of a new angiotensin II receptor antagonist, TCV-116: effects of a single oral dose on blood ... 1992). "Hypotensive activity of TCV-116, a newly developed angiotensin II receptor antagonist, in spontaneously hypertensive ... Anemia may occur, due to inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. As with other angiotensin receptor blockers, candesartan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candesartan

Sever, P. S.; Hughes, A. (June 2001). "Angiotensin receptor antagonists and vaso-vagal attacks due to sensitisation of the ... angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) antagonists and serotonin agonists. It may also contribute to various pathophysiological ... The pathway for this cardioprotective reflex begins with receptors in the ventricles of the heart, which detect mechanical and ... The myelinated afferents originating in the atria are attached to discrete receptor endings, whereas most of the unmyelinated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezold–Jarisch_reflex

Other reasonable initial options include angiotensin II receptor antagonists, calcium-channel blockers, and thiazide diuretics ... It is an ACE inhibitor and works by decreasing renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity. Benazepril was patented in 1981 ... Dykewicz, Mark S. (April 2004). "Cough and Angioedema From Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: New Insights Into ... and inhibition of plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity after single and repeated administrations to dogs". Am. J. Vet ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazepril

... , otherwise known as the compound SC-52458, is a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB, AT1 receptor ... an orally active angiotensin II-receptor antagonist: inhibition of blood pressure response to angiotensin II challenges and ... Usune S, Furukawa T (October 1996). "Effects of SC-52458, a new nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, on increase in ... October 1993). "Pharmacology of SC-52458, an orally active, nonpeptide angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forasartan

Saavedra JM, Benicky J, Zhou J (2007). "Mechanisms of the Anti-Ischemic Effect of Angiotensin II AT( 1 ) Receptor Antagonists ... Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) is the best characterized angiotensin receptor. It is encoded in humans by the AGTR1 gene ... The angiotensin receptor is activated by the vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin II. The activated receptor in turn couples to ... shows considerably less binding affinities in case of all angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Angiotensin II receptor type 1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_1

Wang P, Fedoruk MN, Rupert JL (2008). "Keeping pace with ACE: are ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists ... Angiotensin II binds to the type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1), which sets off a number of actions that result in ... Proteopedia Angiotensin-converting_enzyme - the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Structure in Interactive 3D Angiotensin+ ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1), or ACE, is a central component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme

Ang (1-7) contributes to the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonists. Santos RA, ... 2018). "The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7)". Physiol Rev. 1 (98): ... Action of neprilysin on angiotensin I or angiotensin II. Action of prolyl endopeptidase on angiotensin I. Action of ACE on ... angiotensin 1-9. Action of neprilysin on angiotensin 1-9. Action of ACE2 on angiotensin II. Ang (1-7) has been shown to have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_(1-7)

However, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and Angiotensin II receptor antagonists are favoured due to their anti- ... Importantly, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were used in both groups equally.[citation needed] Cyclophosphamide ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgA_nephropathy

... is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure. It is marketed in the United ... As with other angiotensin II receptor antagonists, eprosartan is generally better tolerated than enalapril (an ACE inhibitor), ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Imidazoles, Thiophenes, AbbVie brands, Benzoic acids). ... First, it blocks the binding of angiotensin II to AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle, causing vascular dilatation. Second ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eprosartan

It is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and works by blocking the effects of angiotensin II. Telmisartan was patented in ... Telmisartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker that shows high affinity for the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1), with a ... Side effects are similar to other angiotensin II receptor antagonists and include tachycardia and bradycardia (fast or slow ... May 2004). "Identification of telmisartan as a unique angiotensin II receptor antagonist with selective PPARgamma-modulating ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telmisartan

Those who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors may be treated with an angiotensin II receptor antagonist. Statin therapy has been ... Aldosterone antagonists appear to be useful in people who have had an STEMI and do not have heart failure. Cardiac ... Aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone or eplerenone) may be used if there is evidence of left ventricular dysfunction after ... July 2018). "Aldosterone Antagonist Therapy and Mortality in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Without ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction

It is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and works by blocking the effects of angiotensin II. Irbesartan was patented in ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Sanofi, Bristol Myers Squibb, Tetrazoles, Biphenyls, Lactams, Spiro compounds, Nitrogen ... "Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes". N ... Irbesartan has the common structural features seen within the Angiotensin-II Receptor blockers or ARB medications. The medicine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbesartan

It is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and works by blocking the effects of angiotensin II. Valsartan was patented in 1990 ... Unger T (November 1999). "Significance of angiotensin type 1 receptor blockade: why are angiotensin II receptor blockers ... The drug binds to angiotensin type I receptors (AT1), working as an antagonist. This mechanism of action is different than that ... As valsartan acts at the receptor, it can provide more complete angiotensin II antagonism since angiotensin II is generated by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsartan

... is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, developed by Takeda. It is marketed ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Benzimidazoles, Biphenyls, Carbamates, Combination drugs, Ethers, Oxadiazoles, Takeda ... Azilsartan medoxomil lowers blood pressure by blocking the action of angiotensin II at the AT1 receptor, a hormone that ... Based on experiences with other drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system, it is theorized that azilsartan could increase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azilsartan

Kallidin also signals through the B2 receptor. An antagonist for the receptor is Hoe 140 (icatibant). The 9 amino acid ... The B2 receptor forms a complex with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), and this is thought to play a role in cross-talk ... Bradykinin receptor B2 is a G-protein coupled receptor for bradykinin, encoded by the BDKRB2 gene in humans. The B2 receptor is ... Cassano G, Susca F, Lippe C, Guanti G (1999). "Two B1 and B2 bradykinin receptor antagonists fail to inhibit the Ca2+ response ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B2

... is a non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB) used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. ... fimasartan blocks angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1 receptors), reducing pro-hypertensive actions of angiotensin II, such as ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) then catalyzes the reaction that forms angiotensin II, which acts on AT1 receptors on the ... Harada K, Sugaya T, Murakami K, Yazaki Y, Komuro I (November 1999). "Angiotensin II type 1A receptor knockout mice display less ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimasartan

Hence, MAS1 receptor agonists have similar therapeutic effects to angiotensin II receptor antagonists, including lowering of ... The MAS1 oncogene (MAS receptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the angiotensin II metabolite angiotensin (1-7). ... The MAS1 receptor, when activated by binding angiotensin-(1-7), opposes many of the effects of the angiotensin II receptor. ... "Physical Exercise and ACE2-Angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas Receptor Axis of the Renin Angiotensin System". Protein and Peptide Letters. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAS1_oncogene

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) block the angiotensin II receptors that are linked to hypertension and heart failure ... ACE inhibitors works upstream from angiotensin II receptor antagonists and have similar effects on management of hypertension ... The adrenergic receptor is a set of receptors that are commonly manipulated. Four properties of the heart - chronotropy, ... that manipulate the adrenergic receptors and have variable specificity for the receptors and are, thus, used for various ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cardiology

... antagonist de Gasparo M, Catt KJ, Inagami T, Wright JW, Unger T (September 2000). "International union ... The angiotensin II receptors, (ATR1) and (ATR2), are a class of G protein-coupled receptors with angiotensin II as their ... The angiotensin receptor is activated by the vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin II. The activated receptor in turn couples to ... The AT4 receptor is activated by the angiotensin II metabolite angiotensin IV, and may play a role in regulation of the CNS ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor

... angiotensin II receptor antagonists or adrenergic antagonists. Elevated lipid levels, including HDL, were found to increase ... receptor antagonist; cholinesterase inhibitors galantamine, donepezil, rivastigmine; Studies have been proposed to evaluate ... These medications include angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, sympathetic nerve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_dementia

... and screens Building 400 Hyzaar combination drug to treat hypertension Cozaar Losartan angiotensin II receptor antagonist to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DuPont_Experimental_Station_inventions

... such as acid-reducing drugs like H2-receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors. These new drugs replaced Sippy's diet ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are also drugs associated ... receptors, contributing to more hypovolemia. Hypercalcemia also results in lower parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels via a ... negative feedback loop, in which calcium-sensing receptors in the PTH gland are activated by the elevated calcium levels to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk-alkali_syndrome

... an angiotensin II receptor antagonist This set index page lists chemical structure articles associated with the same molecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C23H21N7O

... androgen receptor - angiotensin - angiotensin II - angiotensin receptor - ankyrin - annexin II - antibiotic - antibody - ... receptor (biochemistry) - receptor antagonist - receptor protein-tyrosine kinase - recombinant fusion protein - recombinant ... interleukin receptor - interleukin-1 receptor - interleukin-2 receptor - interleukin-3 - interleukin-3 receptor - intermediate ... G protein-coupled receptor - G3P - GABA - GABA receptor - GABA-A receptor - gag-onc fusion protein - galanin - gamete - gamma- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Agouti-related protein and Agouti-signaling protein are antagonist peptides to MC2R. ACTH receptor is primarily found in the ... aldosterone production from the zona glomerulosa is stimulated primarily by angiotensin II. ACTH receptors are also expressed ... The adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor or ACTH receptor also known as the melanocortin receptor 2 or MC2 receptor is a type ... ACTH receptors are the shortest of the melanocortin receptor family and are the smallest known G-coupled receptors. Both human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTH_receptor

... and angiotensin receptor blockers. ACE inhibitors reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease [RR 0.71] and death [RR 0.84] in ... Black JW, Crowther AF, Shanks RG, Smith LH, Dornhorst AC (1964). "A new adrenergic betareceptor antagonist". The Lancet. 283 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry

The human apelin receptor and the human angiotensin II receptor 2 (AT2R) as well as the full length human glucagon receptor ( ... 2014: The human P2Y receptor 12 (P2Y12) bound to antagonist or agonist; the human Delta opioid receptor at 1.8A and the first ... The human Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1), the human angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R), human P2Y receptor 1 (P2Y1 ... 2013: Serotonin receptors 5-HT1B and 5-HT2B, the second HIV co-receptor, C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) and the first ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_C._Stevens

... angiotensin receptor antagonist in heart failure), and SENIORS (management of heart failure in the elderly). He has published ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Stewart_Coats

... although there is evidence that it may have some alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity. D1 receptor stimulation ... The renal effect of fenoldopam and dopamine may involve physiological antagonism of the renin-angiotensin system in the kidney ... Grenader A, Healy DP (July 1991). "Fenoldopam is a partial agonist at dopamine-1 (DA1) receptors in LLC-PK1 cells". J. ... Fenoldopam mesylate (Corlopam) is a drug and synthetic benzazepine derivative which acts as a selective D1 receptor partial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenoldopam

miR-382 is the target for the dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1), and its overexpression results in the upregulation of DRD1 and delta ... The specific microRNA, miR-506 has been found to work as a tumor antagonist in several studies. A significant number of ... "Loss of Timp3 gene leads to abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in response to angiotensin II". The Journal of Biological ... November 2014). "Regulation by miR181 family of the dependence receptor CDON tumor suppressive activity in neuroblastoma". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA

The B1 receptor (also called bradykinin receptor B1) is expressed only as a result of tissue injury, and is presumed to play a ... On the basis of this finding, a non-protein analog of BPF which was effective orally was developed: the first angiotensin ... Bradykinins have been implicated in cell proliferation and migration in gastric cancers, and bradykinin antagonists have been ... This receptor has been also described to play a role in inflammation. It was shown that the kinin B1 receptor recruits ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin

Neurohormonal activation characteristic of CHF, including increased renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, and catecholamines, ... A vasopressin receptor antagonist (VRA) is an agent that interferes with action at the vasopressin receptors. Most commonly ... Nonpeptide vasopressin receptor antagonists: development of selective and orally active V1a, V2 and V1b receptor ligands. ... Demeclocycline is not a direct antagonist of the vasopressin receptors however, but rather inhibits activation of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_antagonist

It is a peptidomimetic consisting of ten amino acids, which is a selective and specific antagonist of bradykinin B2 receptors. ... September-October 2017). "Randomized Trial of Icatibant for Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Induced Upper Airway ... Icatibant acts as a bradykinin inhibitor by blocking the binding of native bradykinin to the bradykinin B2 receptor. Little is ... These symptoms are mediated by activation of bradykinin B2 receptors. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icatibant

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and calcium channel blockers (CCB), alpha- and beta- adrenergic receptor blockers ... Prazosin has been established as an effective and safe centrally active alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist. It can be used ... Drugs that act as selective antagonists at specific alpha-1 adrenergic receptor subtypes have also been developed. Benign ... Silodosin is the most selective for alpha-1a receptors. The affinity and selectivity for alpha-1 receptors seems to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker

Insulin receptors Protein complexes on the surface of a cell that allows the cell to join or bind with insulin that is in the ... Insulin antagonists Something that opposes or fights the action of insulin. Insulin lowers the level of glucose (sugar) in the ... ACE inhibitor Angiotensin conversion enzyme. A class of drugs used to decrease hypertension, mainly by interfering with the ... Receptors Regular insulin A type of insulin that is fast acting. Renal Related to the kidneys. Renal threshold When the blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_diabetes

... an angiotensin II receptor antagonist Propranolol, a sympatholytic beta blocker Vasopressin receptor antagonists, such as ... and the effects of an adjunctive angiotensin-II receptor blocking drug (irbesartan)". The Australian and New Zealand Journal of ... a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Lithium was previously used for treatment of PPD as a direct competitive ADH antagonist, but is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_polydipsia

Glycine receptor antagonists, Mineralocorticoids, Pregnanes, Progestogens, Steroid hormones). ... and therefore angiotensin I, the precursor of angiotensin II. Therefore, DOC must be indirectly inhibiting aldosterone since ... Angiotensin (the blood pressure hormone) has little effect on DOC, but DOC causes a rapid fall in renin, ... Brown RD, Strott CA, Liddle GW (June 1972). "Site of stimulation of aldosterone biosynthesis by angiotensin and potassium". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone

... angiotensin ii type 1 receptor blockers MeSH D27.505.519.170 - antacids MeSH D27.505.519.186 - antimetabolites MeSH D27.505. ... and hormone antagonists MeSH D27.505.696.399.450 - hormone antagonists MeSH D27.505.696.399.450.050 - aldosterone antagonists ... estrogen receptor modulators MeSH D27.505.696.399.450.360.315 - estrogen antagonists MeSH D27.505.696.399.450.360.315.300 - ... estradiol antagonists MeSH D27.505.696.399.450.360.827 - selective estrogen receptor modulators MeSH D27.505.696.399.450.420 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D27)

IL-10 antagonists, IL-1 receptor, and cortisol occurs. This is called compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS). ... In 2017, the FDA approved angiotensin II injection for intravenous infusion to increase blood pressure in adults with septic or ... 2015). "Structural Relationship of the Lipid A Acyl Groups to Activation of Murine Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Lipopolysaccharides ... "Toll-like receptor" protein 4 (TLR-4). This signaling results in the activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), which leads ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_shock

"The antagonists but not partial agonists of glucocorticoid receptor ligands show substantial side effect dissociation". ... Examples of glucocorticoid-responsive genes include those that encode annexin A1, TSC22D3 (also known as GILZ), angiotensin- ... Selective receptor modulator Selective androgen receptor modulator Selective estrogen receptor modulator Selective progesterone ... Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (SEGRMs) and selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs) formerly known as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_glucocorticoid_receptor_modulator

5-Alpha-reductase inhibitor Angiotensin II receptor antagonist ACE inhibitor Alpha-adrenergic agonist Beta blocker Cholinergic ... For receptors, these activities include agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist, or modulator. Enzyme target mechanisms include ... cyclooxygenase inhibitor Proton-pump inhibitor Renin inhibitor Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator Serotonergic Statin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_class

... angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonist), cholesterol-lowering agents (niacin, ... H2 receptor antagonists (H2-RAs) have similar effect on symptoms reduction when compared to PPIs. However, there is little ... H2-receptor antagonists (H2-RAs), prokinetic agents, and antiflatulents. PPIs and H2-RAs are often first-line therapies for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigestion

"Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney ... a term which can refer more specifically to antagonists of the androgen receptor. Finasteride results in a decrease of ... Reduction of GABAA receptor activation by these neurosteroids has been implicated in depression, anxiety, and sexual ... Gunn BG, Brown AR, Lambert JJ, Belelli D (2011). "Neurosteroids and GABA(A) Receptor Interactions: A Focus on Stress". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finasteride

... beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-2 receptor blockers. Doxazosin is ... Like other alpha-1 receptor antagonists, it has a role in the peri-operative management of pheochromocytoma. Doxazosin is ... Doxazosin is usually added to other antihypertensive therapy such as calcium channel antagonists, diuretics, ... "Time to re-appraise the role of alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonists in the management of hypertension?". Journal of Hypertension. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxazosin

... may interact with potassium-sparing medications such as ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, ... angiotensin II receptor antagonists, potassium-sparing diuretics, heparin, antimineralocorticoids, or nonsteroidal anti- ... and with very low affinity to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). It is an agonist of the PR and an antagonist of the MR and AR, ... and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), with lower affinity to the androgen receptor (AR), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drospirenone

"Inhibition of hepatic chylomicron remnant uptake by gene transfer of a receptor antagonist". Science. 264 (5164): 1471-4. ... Brooke BS, Habashi JP, Judge DP, Patel N, Loeys B, Dietz HC (2008). "Angiotensin II blockade and aortic-root dilation in ... It acts to inhibit the binding of all known ligands for these receptors, and may prevent receptor aggregation and degradation ... "39 kDa receptor-associated protein is an ER resident protein and molecular chaperone for LDL receptor-related protein". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDL-receptor-related_protein-associated_protein

Serum markers of sarcoidosis, include: serum amyloid A, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, lysozyme, angiotensin converting enzyme ... Maneiro JR, Salgado E, Gomez-Reino JJ, Carmona L (August 2012). "Efficacy and safety of TNF antagonists in sarcoidosis: data ... "Nicotine treatment improves Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 9 responsiveness in active pulmonary sarcoidosis" (PDF ... or elevated levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme in the blood. The diagnosis should only be made after excluding other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis

COVID-19 and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and receptor blockers: scientific brief, 7 May 2020 ... "Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. * 0-9 ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Angiotensin+Receptor+Antagonists&type=mesh

Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist that blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Class Summary. Reduce blood pressure and proteinuria, protect renal function, and delay ... Prevents conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor. Also causes lower aldosterone ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Class Summary. Comparative studies show ACE inhibitors are more effective than other ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/239927-81576/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-iga-nephropathy

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Class Summary. ARBs antagonize the action of angiotensin II at the type 1 receptor, ... Losartan directly antagonizes type 1 angiotensin II receptors. It displaces angiotensin II from the AT1 receptor and may lower ... Valsartan directly antagonizes type 1 angiotensin II receptors. It displaces angiotensin II from the AT1 receptor and may lower ... Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors. Class Summary. ACE inhibitors block conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/244631-medication

ACE Inhibitors/Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists do not reduce hospitalisations in older patients with heart failure. ... or angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs]), but these results have limited ... ACE Inhibitors/Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists do not reduce hospitalisations in older patients with heart failure. ... Do ACE Inhibitors/Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists reduce hospitalisations in older patients with heart failure? A ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/article/ace-inhibitorsangiotensin-ii-type-1-receptor-antagonists-do-not-reduce-hospita

Association of sprue-like enteropathy and angiotensin receptor-1 antagonists verfasst von. M.D. Univ.-Doz. Dr. René R. Wenzel ... Association of sprue-like enteropathy and angiotensin receptor-1 antagonists , springermedizin.at Skip to main content ... Association of sprue-like enteropathy and angiotensin receptor-1 antagonists. verfasst von: M.D. Univ.-Doz. Dr. René R. Wenzel ... J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2010;11:43-8. CrossRefPubMed Fandriks L. The angiotensin II type 2 receptor and the ...

https://www.springermedizin.at/association-of-sprue-like-enteropathy-and-angiotensin-receptor-1/17124418

Spironolactone and chlorthalidone in uncontrolled elderly hypertensive patients treated with calcium antagonists and ... angiotensin II receptor-blocker: effects on endothelial function, inflammation, and oxidative stress. ... and chlorthalidone in uncontrolled elderly hypertensive patients treated with calcium antagonists and angiotensin II receptor- ... spironolactone and chlorthalidone in hypertensive elderly patients treated with calcium antagonists and angiotensin II receptor ...

http://www.druglib.com/abstract/ya/yamanari-h_clin-exp-hypertens_20091000.html

The angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) is a new target for neuropathic pain. EMA401, a highly selective AT2R antagonist, is ... The angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) is a new target for neuropathic pain. EMA401, a highly selective AT2R antagonist, is ... EMA401, an orally administered highly selective angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagonist, as a novel treatment for ... EMA401, an orally administered highly selective angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagonist, as a novel treatment for ...

https://www.cmd.ox.ac.uk/publications/449264

ACE Inhibitors/Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists. Concomitant use of ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin II receptor ... suggest that NSAIDs may diminish the antihypertensive effect of ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin II receptor antagonists. This ... be given consideration in patients taking NSAIDs concomitantly with ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin II receptor antagonists. ... antagonists may increase the risk of renal impairment, particularly in volume-depleted patients. ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1191f151-ab29-1f7e-e054-00144ff88e88

Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (ARBs). Class Summary. Angiotensin II receptor blockers reduce blood pressure and ... Eprosartan is a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist that blocks the vasoconstrictive and aldosterone-secreting ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) reduce intraglomerular pressure by ... Valsartan is a prodrug that produces direct antagonism of angiotensin II receptors. It displaces angiotensin II from AT1 ...

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/238158-98796/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-calcium-channel-antagonists-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-proteinuria

... angiotensin II antagonists (angiotensin receptor blockers; ARBs) such as azilsartan (Edarbi, Edarbyclor), candesartan (Atacand ... Spironolactone is in a class of medications called aldosterone receptor antagonists. It causes the kidneys to eliminate ... angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as benazepril (Lotensin, in Lotrel), captopril (Capoten), enalapril ( ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682627.html

Abbreviations: ACEI = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; AHM = antihypertensive medication; ARB = angiotensin II receptor ... The Medicare Part C and D Star Ratings Program includes a medication adherence measure for renin-angiotensin system antagonists ... angiotensin II receptor blockers) to 28.9% (diuretics); 20.4% of beneficiaries who were prescribed renin-angiotensin system ... angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers, which were assessed individually and ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6536e1.htm

Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors.administration & dosage.pharmacology.therapeutic use ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Potential in elderly patients with cardiovascular disease.. Austin Authors: Burrell, ... and the subsequent development of angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonists. Losartan was the first drug in this class to ... At present, All receptor antagonists are likely to be used in hypertensive patients who are intolerant of ACE inhibitors, ...

https://ahro.austin.org.au/austinjspui/handle/1/13530

The angiotensin II binding pocket within the receptor is not clearly defined. We showed earlier that Lys199 in transmembrane- ... The structural model of AT1 angiotensin receptor contains seven-transmembrane alpha-helices with three interhelical loops on ... Angiotensin II / antagonists & inhibitors * Angiotensin II / metabolism* * Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists * Arginine / ... The docking of Arg2 of angiotensin II with Asp281 of AT1 receptor is essential for full agonism J Biol Chem. 1995 May 26;270(21 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7759541/

Angiotensin receptor antagonists block the actions of angiotensin II and angiotensin(1-7) at angiotensin AT1 receptors. ... Angiotensin(1-7) is an antagonist at angiotensin AT1 receptors and an agonist at MAS-1 receptors. ... and angiotensin receptor antagonists (colloquially called angiotensin receptor blockers or ARBs), such as candesartan and ... Angiotensin II is an agonist at both angiotensin AT1 and angiotensin AT2 receptors. ...

https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-ace-inhibitors-and-angiotensin-receptor-blockers-in-covid-19/

Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers. Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists. Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action. ... Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEi). Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers (ARB). Renin Angiotensin System ... Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) or no prior renin angiotensin system ... or mineralocorticoid antagonist [MRAs]) for at least 30 days prior to study entry ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03066804

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. *angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). *mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists ...

https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-failure/systolic-vs-diastolic

Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI): These help reduce the risk of mortality and decrease congestion in the heart ... Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA): They can lower blood pressure, reduce congestion, and block the effects of ... Angiotensin receptor blockers: These work to reduce tension in the blood vessels. ... It is common for a doctor to prescribe diuretics, ACE inhibitors/ARB/ARNI and beta blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317848

angiotensin ii Clinical Research Trial Listings on CenterWatch ... I am looking forangiotensin ii receptor antagonists. I am ... with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin. II. receptor blockers (ARB), has a beneficial effect in ... angiotensin. II. receptors (losartan) decrease these negative effects in women who have had ... Renin Angiotensin System Blockade in Renal Transplant Patients With Presence of PECs in Urine By means of a personalized ...

https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/search/?q=angiotensin%20ii

Are they on angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers? Does the patient need an aldosterone ... antagonist? What about salt in the diet? Are they on anticoagulants? They should be if they are in atrial fibrillation. The ... There is no question that activation of the renin-angiotensin and the neurohormonal sympathetic nervous systems plays a role in ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/844139

Calcium antagonist and ACE inhibitor. *Calcium antagonist and angiotensin receptor antagonist. *Calcium antagonist and thiazide ... Beta-blocker and calcium antagonist (dihydropiridine). In practical terms the choice of the preferable combination of drugs ... Thiazide diuretic and angiotensin receptor antagonist. * ...

https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-6/Antihypertensive-combination-treatment-and-new-European-Guidelines

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists: (Moderate) Baclofen has been associated with hypotension. Concurrent use with baclofen and ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: (Moderate) Baclofen has been associated with hypotension. Concurrent use with ... and may exert its effects by stimulation of the GABA B receptor subtype. In people, as well as in animals, baclofen has been ...

https://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/Baclofen-baclofen-1058

Angiotensin receptor blocker use and gastro-oesophageal cancer survival: a population-based cohort study. Busby, J., McMenamin ...

https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/persons/andrew-spence

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists: (Moderate) Cabergoline should be used cautiously with antihypertensive agents, including ... Moderate) Cabergoline should be used cautiously with antihypertensive agents, including angiotensin II receptor antagonists. ... Moderate) Cabergoline should be used cautiously with antihypertensive agents, including angiotensin II receptor antagonists. ... Moderate) Cabergoline should be used cautiously with antihypertensive agents, including angiotensin II receptor antagonists. ...

https://pdr.net/drug-summary/Cabergoline-cabergoline-1447

Valsartan is an angiotensin-II-receptor antagonist used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), recent heart attack and ... Angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists (sartans) containing a tetrazole group: Article 31 referrals ...

https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/update-review-valsartan-medicines-following-detection-impurity-active-substance-assessing-potential

keywords = "ACE inhibitors, Aldosterone antagonists, Angiotensin receptor antagonists, Beta blockers, Chronic heart failure, ... and aldosterone antagonists. These drugs all reduce mortality. Angiotensin receptor antagonists should be used if the patient ... and aldosterone antagonists. These drugs all reduce mortality. Angiotensin receptor antagonists should be used if the patient ... and aldosterone antagonists. These drugs all reduce mortality. Angiotensin receptor antagonists should be used if the patient ...

https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/chronic-heart-failure-4

Treatment with the AT2R antagonist PD123319 reduced uterine arterial blood flow. Vasoconstriction to angiotensin II was blunted ... AngII not only activates the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) to mediate vasoconstriction but also angiotensin type 2 ... Pregnancy upregulates angiotensin type 2 receptor expression and increases blood flow in uterine arteries of rats. †. ... Jay S. Mishra, Kathirvel Gopalakrishnan, and Sathish Kumar "Pregnancy upregulates angiotensin type 2 receptor expression and ...

https://bioone.org/journals/biology-of-reproduction/volume-99/issue-5/ioy130/Pregnancy-upregulates-angiotensin-type-2-receptor-expression-and-increases-blood/10.1093/biolre/ioy130.short

Glucocorticoids and/or oxidative stress may also contribute to mineralocorticoid receptor activation in obesity. Prolonged ... and kidney compression and RSNA contribute to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. ... For example, leptin increases RSNA by stimulating the central nervous system proopiomelanocortin-melanocortin 4 receptor ... such as angiotensin II and aldosterone; and adipokines, particularly leptin. The renal and neurohormonal pathways of obesity ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-019-0145-4?error=cookies_not_supported&code=2b389ccd-2e3d-4871-a7a2-1145e9753ebe

Amlodipine and Valsartan contains a calcium channel blocker and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, prescribed for high ... Azilsartan medoxomil is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, prescribed for hypertension.. * Azilsartan Medoxomil and ... Amlodipine and Losartan contains calcium channel blocker and angiotensin II receptor antagonist, prescribed for mild to ... Angiotensin II Angiotensin II is a synthetic human vasoconstrictor which is prescribed for increasing blood pressure in adult ...

https://www.medindia.net/doctors/drug_information/home.asp

Candesartan is in a class of medications called angiotensin II receptor antagonists. It works by blocking the action of certain ... Be sure to mention any of the following: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as benazepril (Lotensin, in Lotrel ...

http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=3e5dbc25-ab4e-4419-a847-31a4e7a92e96&chunkiid=673262

BACKGROUND: Randomised controlled trials have shown a reduced risk of heart failure (HF) hospitalisation among users of ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs]), but these results have limited generalisability. (greenmedinfo.com)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers can reduce proteinuria. (medscape.com)
Over the past 5 years several case reports and cohort studies have been published that describe a sprue-like enteropathy (SLE) with abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea and weight loss, after taking angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers (ARB). (springermedizin.at)
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the differences between spironolactone and chlorthalidone in hypertensive elderly patients treated with calcium antagonists and angiotensin II receptor blockers. (druglib.com)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) reduce intraglomerular pressure by inhibiting angiotensin II ̶ mediated efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction. (medscape.com)
Angiotensin II receptor blockers reduce blood pressure and proteinuria, protecting renal function and delaying the onset of end-stage renal disease. (medscape.com)
It has been suggested that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-1 inhibitors), such as enalapril and ramipril, and angiotensin receptor antagonists (colloquially called angiotensin receptor blockers or ARBs), such as candesartan and valsartan, may be of value in preventing and treating the effects of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (also known as 2019-nCoV), the cause of the infection called COVID-19. (cebm.net)
It is common for a doctor to prescribe diuretics, ACE inhibitors/ARB/ARNI and beta blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor blockers, or SGLT2 inhibitors at this stage. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction should be managed with ACE inhibitors, heart failure specific beta blockers, and aldosterone antagonists. (monash.edu)
The combination of sacubitril and valsartan is indicated if patients remain symptomatic despite ACE inhibitors, beta blockers and aldosterone antagonists. (monash.edu)
Telmisartan belongs to a class of medications called angiotensin II blockers, which help to lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels. (medbroadcast.com)
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) are drugs that are used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. (medmovie.com)
Rather than lowering levels of angiotensin II (as ACE inhibitors do), angiotensin II receptor blockers prevent this chemical from having any effects on the heart and blood vessels. (medmovie.com)
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers are also known as Angiotensin-2 Receptor Antagonists. (medmovie.com)
CNA performs bp after antihypertensive drug treatment, as well as telmisartan or angiotensin II receptor blockers, and blood pressure medicine Losartan 50 mg thiazide diuretics. (atime.org)
These drugs include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, and vasodilators like hydralazine and a nitrate. (alberta.ca)
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/angiotensin-ii-receptor-blocker-and-neprilysin-inhibitor-therapy-in-heart-failure-due-to-systolic-dysfunction?source=search_result&search=ANGIOTENSIN+II+RECEPTOR+BLOCKERS+IN+HEART+FAILURE+DUE+TO+SYSTOLIC+DYSFUNCTION%3A+THERAPEUTIC+USE&selectedTitle=2~150 Acesso em: 8 dez 2014. (bvs.br)
Heran Balraj S, Musini Vijaya M, Bassett Ken, Taylor Rod S, Wright James M. Angiotensin receptor blockers for heart failure. (bvs.br)
Reeder, Guy S. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and receptor blockers in acute myocardial infarction: Clinical trials. (bvs.br)
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors-and-receptor-blockers-in-acute-myocardial-infarction-clinical-trials?source=search_result&search=ANGIOTENSIN+CONVERTING+ENZYME+INHIBITORS+AND+RECEPTOR+BLOCKERS+IN+ACUTE+MYOCARDIAL+INFARCTION%3A+CLINICAL+TRIALS&selectedTitle=1~150 Acesso em: 8 dez 2014. (bvs.br)
Heran Balraj S, Wong Michelle MY, Heran Inderjit K, Wright James M. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of angiotensin receptor blockers for primary hypertension. (bvs.br)
According to the 2022 AHA/American College of Cardiology/Heart Failure Society of America guidelines for the management of HF, GDMT consists of four core medication classes: renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, beta blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). (medscape.com)
Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor/ angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blockers inhibit the RAS and are recommended for all patients with new-onset stage C HFrEF to reduce morbidity and mortality . (medscape.com)
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBS) and Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI). (bvsalud.org)

May induce a more complete inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system than ACE inhibitors, do not affect the response to bradykinin, and are less likely to be associated with cough and angioedema. (medscape.com)
ACE Inhibitors/Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists do not reduce hospitalisations in older patients with heart failure. (greenmedinfo.com)
Patients who develop a cough, angioedema, bronchospasm, or other hypersensitivity reactions after starting ACE inhibitors should receive an angiotensin receptor blocker. (medscape.com)
It may induce more complete inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system than ACE inhibitors do. (medscape.com)
At present, All receptor antagonists are likely to be used in hypertensive patients who are intolerant of ACE inhibitors, although this may change with the availability of long term tolerability and clinical outcomes data. (austin.org.au)
ACE-1 inhibitors inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and of angiotensin(1-9) to angiotensin(1-7). (cebm.net)
40%). Patients were initially stratified into one of three strata according to prior treatment for comorbidities: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) or no prior renin angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi). (clinicaltrials.gov)
Angiotensin receptor antagonists should be used if the patient cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors. (monash.edu)
20% were Calcium inhibitors and 7 were treated by Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (ARA). (scirp.org)
Creatinine levels can be affected by changes in muscle mass, pregnancy, or the use of angiotensin inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Although the teratogenic effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are well documented there are limited reports of losartan induced fetal toxicity. (who.int)
Strippoli Giovanni FM, Bonifati Carmen, Craig Maria E, Navaneethan Sankar D, Craig Jonathan C. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists for preventing the progression of diabetic kidney disease. (bvs.br)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists have important renoprotective actions independent of their blood pressure lowering actions. (bvsalud.org)
Tight glycaemic control and aggressive antihypertensive treatment as well as the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors should substantially delay the progression of nephropathy. (bvsalud.org)

The two others are not recruiting: "Recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (rhACE2) as a treatment for patients with COVID-19" (registered on 21 February but listed on clinicaltrials.gov as withdrawn) and "Clinical study for the effects of ACEIs/ARBs on the infection of novel coronavirus pneumonia (CoVID-19)" (registered on 2 March). (cebm.net)
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists or ARBs are typically used for patients who cannot tolerate ACEIs. (medscape.com)

Spironolactone and chlorthalidone in uncontrolled elderly hypertensive patients treated with calcium antagonists and angiotensin II receptor-blocker: effects on endothelial function, inflammation, and oxidative stress. (druglib.com)
Colucci, Wilson S. Angiotensin II receptor blocker and neprilysin inhibitor therapy in heart failure due to systolic dysfunction. (bvs.br)
in the body, but those who are taking a calorie consumption of alcohol or triggering activities and pulmonary arteries angiotensin receptor blocker arb antihypertensive drugs . (kedirikota.go.id)

Moreover, this increase in left ventricular mass index occurs in children who have ADPKD with borderline hypertension (75th to 95th percentile) and is prevented with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) monotherapy. (lww.com)
Angiotensin (1-7) is a canine ACE inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.65 μM and inhibits the activity mediated by myostatin through Mas receptor . (selleckchem.com)
Sacubitril/valsartan (LCZ696, Sacubitril, Valsartan), consisting of valsartan and sacubitril in 1:1 molar ratio, is an orally bioavailable, dual-acting angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi) for hypertension and heart failure. (selleckchem.com)
Renin-angiotensin system inhibitor exerts prognostic effects in HFpEF patients with low baseline chloride level. (twmu.ac.jp)

An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II. (nih.gov)

The effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition with dual blockade, ACEI and angiotensin receptor antagonists, on renal volume and kidney function is under study in the Halt Progression of Polycystic Kidney Disease (HALT PKD) trial. (lww.com)

The aim of the present study was to compare the antihypertrophic effects of blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), vasopeptidase inhibition and calcium channel antagonism on cardiac and vascular hypertrophy in diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). (portlandpress.com)
We conclude that optimizing the blockade of vasoconstrictive pathways such as the RAS, particularly with the combination of ACE inhibition and AT 1 receptor antagonism, is associated with antitrophic effects in the context of diabetes and hypertension. (portlandpress.com)
Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. (bvs.br)
Role of non-selective adenosine receptor blockade and phosphodiesterase inhibition in cisplatin-induced nephrogonadal toxicity in rats. (shengsci.com)

Current data suggest that All receptor antagonists are effective in elderly hypertensive patients, although further data are needed to confirm these findings. (austin.org.au)

Valsartan is an angiotensin-II-receptor antagonist used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), recent heart attack and heart failure. (europa.eu)
In addition to hypertension, the resultant angiotensin in ADPKD is a pivotal factor in cyst proliferation and expansion, increased sympathetic and endothelin activity, oxidant injury, and fibrosis. (lww.com)
Telmisartan (BIBR 277) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB) used in the management of hypertension. (selleckchem.com)
They are the most common side effects or occurred to be more effective, such as caffeine, and other drugs are also prescribed for drugs to treat high blood pressure hypertension drugs for renin-angiotensin cascade . (kedirikota.go.id)

Olmesartan blocks the vasoconstrictive effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle. (medscape.com)
Candesartan is a nonpeptide angiotensin II antagonist that selectively blocks the binding of angiotensin II to the AT 1 receptors in tissues eg, vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal gland. (mims.com)
It selectively and competitively blocks the vasoconstricting and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively antagonising its binding to AT1 receptors. (com.bd)

Valsartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist. (flbba.org)

Candesartan blocks the vasoconstrictive and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II. (medscape.com)
By blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT 1 receptors, candesartan causes vasodilation and decreases the effects of aldosterone. (mims.com)
Candesartan (CV-11974) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist with IC50 of 0.26 nM. (selleckchem.com)

Their success led to interest in alternative ways of blocking the renin angiotensin system, and the subsequent development of angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonists. (austin.org.au)
A simplified version of the pharmacology of the renin-angiotensin system is shown in the diagram below. (cebm.net)
For example, leptin increases RSNA by stimulating the central nervous system proopiomelanocortin-melanocortin 4 receptor pathway, and kidney compression and RSNA contribute to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. (nature.com)
Mechanisms that initiate obesity-induced sodium retention include kidney compression by visceral, perirenal and renal sinus fat, stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, aldosterone-independent mineralocorticoid receptor activation and activation of the sympathetic nervous system. (nature.com)
Renal Volume, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Hyperten. (lww.com)
Renal cyst enlargement in ADPKD in adults is associated with stimulation of both the circulating and intrarenal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (lww.com)
In the renin-angiotensin system, angiotensin I is converted by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to form angiotensin II. (mims.com)
In patients whose vascular tone and renal function depend predominantly on the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system [RAAS (eg, patients with severe congestive heart failure or underlying renal disease, including renal artery stenosis)], treatment with other medicinal products that affect this system has been associated with acute hypotension, azotemia, oliguria, or rarely, acute renal failure. (mims.com)
Angiotensin (1-7) (Ang-(1-7), Angiotensin fragment 1-7) is a bioactive component of the renin-angiotensin system that is formed endogenously from either Ang I or Ang II. (selleckchem.com)
Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : JRAAS 2013 Jun 14 (2): 174-80. (cdc.gov)
With increasing age, the renin angiotensin system is suppressed in both normotensive and hypertensive individuals, leading to a much lower renin angiotensin activity. (who.int)

In hypertensive patients with heart failure, treatment with an aldosterone antagonist resulted in improvements in endothelial function and significant blood pressure reduction. (druglib.com)
4) Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist. (examyear.com)

Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist that blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II. (medscape.com)
Eprosartan is a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist that blocks the vasoconstrictive and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II. (medscape.com)

SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, which share about 80% structural identity, do this by harnessing the action of the angiotensin converting enzyme, ACE-2, which is expressed in the membranes of many cells in the body, including lung alveolar epithelial cells. (cebm.net)
Preeclampsia and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) I/D and angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) A1166C polymorphisms: association with ACE I/D polymorphism. (cdc.gov)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene variants are associated with both cortisol secretion and late-life depression. (cdc.gov)
An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphism may mitigate the effects of angiotensin-pathway medications on posttraumatic stress symptoms. (cdc.gov)
Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene: really a risk factor for venous thromboembolism? (nih.gov)
The authors speculated that this might be partially due to the low expression of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV receptorACE2 is the entry receptor utilized by SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 to mediate infection. (dolomite-bio.com)

Telmisartan works by relaxing the blood vessels by preventing the binding of certain substance (angiotensin-II) resulting in low blood pressure. (netmeds.com)
Telmisartan belongs to the class of drugs called Angiotensin II receptor antagonists that works by blocking the angiotensin II receptor, relaxing the blood vessels and lowering the blood pressure. (apollopharmacy.in)
Telmisartan belongs to the class of drugs called Angiotensin II receptor antagonists. (apollopharmacy.in)

EMA401, a highly selective AT2R antagonist, is under development as a novel neuropathic pain therapeutic agent. (ox.ac.uk)

1. The present study evaluated changes in autonomic control of the cardiovascular system in conscious rats following blockade of endothelin (ET) receptors with bosentan. (shengsci.com)

Azilsartan Medoxomil (TAK-491) is a potent angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist, inhibits the RAAS , with an IC50 of 2.6 nM, exhibits >10,000-fold selectivity over AT2. (selleckchem.com)
Famotidine competitively inhibits histamine at the H2 receptor of gastric parietal cells, resulting in reduced gastric acid secretion, gastric volume, and reduced hydrogen concentrations. (medscape.com)
Ranitidine inhibits histamine stimulation of the H2 receptor in gastric parietal cells, which, in turn, reduces gastric acid secretion, gastric volume, and hydrogen concentrations. (medscape.com)

vasodilators and aldosterone antagonists in the management of chronic heart failure. (bvsalud.org)

or the calcium channel antagonist amlodipine (6mg/kg). (portlandpress.com)

AngII not only activates the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT 1 R) to mediate vasoconstriction but also angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT 2 R) to cause vasodilation. (bioone.org)

Losartan Potassium (DuP 753, MK 954) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, competes with the binding of angiotensin II to AT1 receptors with IC50 of 20 nM. (selleckchem.com)

EMA401, an orally administered highly selective angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagonist, as a novel treatment for postherpetic neuralgia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trial. (ox.ac.uk)
The angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) is a new target for neuropathic pain. (ox.ac.uk)
Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. (semanticscholar.org)
It is a type of drug called an angiotensin II receptor antagonist. (peacehealth.org)
Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. (bvsalud.org)

Histamine 2 Antagonists. (pearsonitcertification.com)

Abemaciclib is used alone or with other drugs such as fulvestrant or anastrozole for treating women with advanced breast cancer or breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. (medindia.net)

Irbesartan blocks the vasoconstrictive and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II at the tissue receptor site. (medscape.com)
The possibility of similar effects cannot be excluded with angiotensin II receptor antagonists. (mims.com)
The anti-inflammatory effects of Angiotensin (1-7) treatment are associated with a reduction in the phosphorylated forms of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and Akt post DSS induction, the anti-inflammatory properties of Angiotensin (1-7) are in part mediated through reduction of Ang II levels. (selleckchem.com)
The effects of losartan or angiotensin II receptor antagonists on cartilage: a systematic review. (bvsalud.org)
The mechanistic basis for the disparate effects of angiotensin II on coronary collateral growth. (omeka.net)

Spironolactone is in a class of medications called aldosterone receptor antagonists. (medlineplus.gov)

Prevents conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor. (medscape.com)
Lisinopril prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, resulting in lower aldosterone secretion. (medscape.com)
Angiotensin II also acts as vasoconstrictor in vascular smooth muscle. (mims.com)

Increased cardiac sympathetic drive and reduced vagal modulation following endothelin receptor antagonism in healthy conscious rats. (shengsci.com)

Quantitative Volumetric Comparison of Direct Oral Anticoagulant and Vitamin K Antagonist Treatment for Pulmonary Thrombus Reduction During the Acute Phase in Symptomatic Patients. (twmu.ac.jp)

When blood pressure changes, Angiotensin II is produced and released into the bloodstream. (centerwatch.com)
It works by blocking the angiotensin II receptor, thereby relaxing the blood vessels and lowering the blood pressure. (apollopharmacy.in)

It reduces angiotensin II levels, decreasing aldosterone secretion. (medscape.com)

1. It is well documented that cisplatin (CDDP) treatment increases the expression of adenosine A(1) receptors in both kidney and testes. (shengsci.com)

Normal pregnancy is associated with decreased uterine vascular contraction and increased blood flow even though angiotensin II (AngII) levels are increased. (bioone.org)

Endoxifen HCl, the active metabolite of Tamoxifen, ia a potent and selective estrogen receptor antagonist. (selleckchem.com)
PD 123319 is a potent, selective AT2 angiotensin II receptor antagonist with IC50 of 34 nM. (selleckchem.com)

Glucocorticoids and/or oxidative stress may also contribute to mineralocorticoid receptor activation in obesity. (nature.com)

However, the effect of adenosine at these receptors is controversial. (shengsci.com)
Adenosine A(1) receptors have been documented to be involved in either cytoprotection or aggravation of nephroto. (shengsci.com)

Anatomy16

Organisms11

Diseases17

Chemicals and Drugs170

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes23

Disciplines and Occupations1

Health Care5

Irbesartan reduces QT dispersion in hypertensive individuals. (1/1416)

Angiotensin receptor subtype 1 mediates angiotensin II enhancement of isoproterenol-induced cyclic AMP production in preglomerular microvascular smooth muscle cells. (2/1416)

Blocking angiotensin II ameliorates proteinuria and glomerular lesions in progressive mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. (3/1416)

Addition of angiotensin II receptor blockade to maximal angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition improves exercise capacity in patients with severe congestive heart failure. (4/1416)

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor (AT1) antagonists: either or both for primary renal disease? (5/1416)

Effects of AT1 receptor blockade after myocardial infarct on myocardial fibrosis, stiffness, and contractility. (6/1416)

Resetting of exaggerated tubuloglomerular feedback activity in acutely volume-expanded young SHR. (7/1416)

Renal and hemodynamic effects of losartan in conscious dogs during controlled mechanical ventilation. (8/1416)

Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists

Receptors, Angiotensin

Angiotensin II

Losartan

Tetrazoles

Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers

Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1

Biphenyl Compounds

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Antihypertensive Agents

Imidazoles

Renin-Angiotensin System

Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2

Angiotensin I

Hypertension

Blood Pressure

Angiotensin III

Benzimidazoles

Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein

Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Angiotensins

Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

1-Sarcosine-8-Isoleucine Angiotensin II

Valine

Saralasin

Benzoates

Rats, Wistar

Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A

Renin

Pyridines

Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists

Kidney

Vasoconstrictor Agents

Histamine H2 Antagonists

Piperidines

Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists

Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists

Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists

Dopamine Antagonists

Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists

Hormone Antagonists

Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists

Drug Therapy, Combination

Fumarates

Aldosterone

Lisinopril

Receptors, Endothelin

Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists

Enalapril

Diuretics

Bradykinin

Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists

Cells, Cultured

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists

Benzazepines

Proteinuria

Narcotic Antagonists

Histamine H1 Antagonists

Amlodipine

Spironolactone

Angiotensinogen

Rats, Inbred SHR

Vasoconstriction

Disease Models, Animal

Time Factors

Muscarinic Antagonists

Heart Failure

Calcium Channel Blockers

RNA, Messenger

Receptor, Endothelin A

Ramipril

Hydrochlorothiazide

GABA-A Receptor Antagonists

Serotonin Antagonists

Histamine Antagonists

GABA Antagonists

Sialoglycoproteins

Muscle, Smooth, Vascular