Angiotensin ii type 2 receptor blockers. Medical search

An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS.

An angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in a variety of adult tissues including the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, the KIDNEY, the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM and the NERVOUS SYSTEM. Activation of the type 1 angiotensin receptor causes VASOCONSTRICTION and sodium retention.

Cell surface proteins that bind ANGIOTENSINS and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

An angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in fetal tissues. Many effects of the angiotensin type 2 receptor such as VASODILATION and sodium loss are the opposite of that of the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

Agents that antagonize the ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 2 RECEPTOR.

An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.

Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES.

A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.

A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; and angiotensinase. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to ANGIOTENSIN II, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, leading to retention of salt and water in the KIDNEY and increased arterial blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. Angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down BRADYKININ, a powerful vasodilator and component of the KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM.

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).

Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxybenzene structure.

Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.

Oligopeptides which are important in the regulation of blood pressure (VASOCONSTRICTION) and fluid homeostasis via the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. These include angiotensins derived naturally from precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, and those synthesized.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

An ANGIOTENSIN II analog which acts as a highly specific inhibitor of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of natural angiotensins. Upon successive enzyme cleavages, angiotensinogen yields angiotensin I, II, and III with amino acids numbered at 10, 8, and 7, respectively.

Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

A strain of Rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke.

A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.

A strain of Rattus norvegicus used as a normotensive control for the spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR).

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.

Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.

A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.

A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.

A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.

The circulation of the BLOOD through the vessels of the KIDNEY.

The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.

One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.

The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.

A family of neutral serine proteases with CHYMOTRYPSIN-like activity. Chymases are primarily found in the SECRETORY GRANULES of MAST CELLS and are released during mast cell degranulation.

The main trunk of the systemic arteries.

A flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the univalent reduction of OXYGEN using NADPH as an electron donor to create SUPEROXIDE ANION. The enzyme is dependent on a variety of CYTOCHROMES. Defects in the production of superoxide ions by enzymes such as NADPH oxidase result in GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTORS by MINERALOCORTICOIDS such as ALDOSTERONE.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.

A constitutively expressed subtype of bradykinin receptor that may play a role in the acute phase of the inflammatory and pain response. It has high specificity for intact forms of BRADYKININ and KALLIDIN. The receptor is coupled to G-PROTEIN, GQ-G11 ALPHA FAMILY and G-PROTEIN, GI-GO ALPHA FAMILY signaling proteins.

The geometric and structural changes that the HEART VENTRICLES undergo, usually following MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. It comprises expansion of the infarct and dilatation of the healthy ventricle segments. While most prevalent in the left ventricle, it can also occur in the right ventricle.

A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

Sodium chloride used in foods.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.

General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).

KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.

The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and a potent intravenously administered angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.

Cell surface receptors that bind BRADYKININ and related KININS with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The identified receptor types (B-1 and B-2, or BK-1 and BK-2) recognize endogenous KALLIDIN; t-kinins; and certain bradykinin fragments as well as bradykinin itself.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.

Inbred rats derived from Sprague-Dawley rats and used for the study of salt-dependent hypertension. Salt-sensitive and salt-resistant strains have been selectively bred to show the opposite genetically determined blood pressure responses to excess sodium chloride ingestion.

Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)

The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.

A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.

The renal tubule portion that extends from the BOWMAN CAPSULE in the KIDNEY CORTEX into the KIDNEY MEDULLA. The proximal tubule consists of a convoluted proximal segment in the cortex, and a distal straight segment descending into the medulla where it forms the U-shaped LOOP OF HENLE.

The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 18-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-specific flavoprotein. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B2 gene, is important in the conversion of CORTICOSTERONE to 18-hydroxycorticosterone and the subsequent conversion to ALDOSTERONE.

Implanted fluid propulsion systems with self-contained power source for providing long-term controlled-rate delivery of drugs such as chemotherapeutic agents or analgesics. Delivery rate may be externally controlled or osmotically or peristatically controlled with the aid of transcutaneous monitoring.

Regulatory proteins that down-regulate phosphorylated G-protein membrane receptors, including rod and cone photoreceptors and adrenergic receptors.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.

A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. In biological systems, they may be generated during the normal catalytic function of a number of enzymes and during the oxidation of hemoglobin to METHEMOGLOBIN. In living organisms, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE protects the cell from the deleterious effects of superoxides.

A generic term used to describe a group of polypeptides with related chemical structures and pharmacological properties that are widely distributed in nature. These peptides are AUTACOIDS that act locally to produce pain, vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, and the synthesis of prostaglandins. Thus, they comprise a subset of the large number of mediators that contribute to the inflammatory response. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p588)

A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to INULIN clearance.

A diet which contains very little sodium chloride. It is prescribed by some for hypertension and for edematous states. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Heterocyclic compounds in which an oxygen is attached to a cyclic nitrogen.

Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.

NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).

Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A CALCIUM-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric oxide synthase found primarily in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.

An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.

Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

Injections into the cerebral ventricles.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).

The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.

The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.

A proline analog that acts as a stoichiometric replacement of proline. It causes the production of abnormal proteins with impaired biological activity.

A structure, situated close to the intraventricular foramen, which induces DRINKING BEHAVIOR after stimulation with ANGIOTENSIN II.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Highly differentiated epithelial cells of the visceral layer of BOWMAN CAPSULE of the KIDNEY. They are composed of a cell body with major CELL SURFACE EXTENSIONS and secondary fingerlike extensions called pedicels. They enwrap the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS capillaries with their cell surface extensions forming a filtration structure. The pedicels of neighboring podocytes interdigitate with each other leaving between them filtration slits that are bridged by an extracellular structure impermeable to large macromolecules called the slit diaphragm, and provide the last barrier to protein loss in the KIDNEY.

Excision of kidney.

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.

Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.

The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

Non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cells found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They are derived from specialized myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SMOOTH MUSCLE).

Compounds based on reduced IMIDAZOLINES which contain no double bonds in the ring.

A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).

Diabetes mellitus induced experimentally by administration of various diabetogenic agents or by PANCREATECTOMY.

The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).

A fibrillar collagen consisting of three identical alpha1(III) chains that is widely distributed in many tissues containing COLLAGEN TYPE I. It is particularly abundant in BLOOD VESSELS and may play a role in tissues with elastic characteristics.

A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta1 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. Defects in the gene that encodes TGF-beta1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.

A group of compounds that contain the structure SO2NH2.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.

A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.

Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.

The consumption of liquids.

The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.

Sodium excretion by URINATION.

Cell surface proteins that bind ENDOTHELINS with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.

A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for MONOCYTES and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. It is produced by LEUKOCYTES of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by FIBROBLASTS during tissue injury. It has specificity for CCR2 RECEPTORS.

Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind MINERALOCORTICOIDS and mediate their cellular effects. The receptor with its bound ligand acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of specific segments of DNA.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.

An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.

A subtype of endothelin receptor found predominantly in the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It has a high affinity for ENDOTHELIN-1 and ENDOTHELIN-2.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.

A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.

The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

An inbred strain of Long-Evans rats that develops hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and mild obesity, mostly in males, that resembles non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in humans. It was developed from outbred Long-Evans stock in 1983.

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A response by the BARORECEPTORS to increased BLOOD PRESSURE. Increased pressure stretches BLOOD VESSELS which activates the baroreceptors in the vessel walls. The net response of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral VASCULAR RESISTANCE and by lowering CARDIAC OUTPUT. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure.

A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters.

Non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing.

Any of the tubular vessels conveying the blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins).

A nuclear transcription factor. Heterodimerization with RETINOID X RECEPTOR ALPHA is important in regulation of GLUCOSE metabolism and CELL GROWTH PROCESSES. It is a target of THIAZOLIDINEDIONES for control of DIABETES MELLITUS.

A family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein alpha subunits that activate TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES dependent signaling pathways. The Gq-G11 part of the name is also spelled Gq/G11.

Long convoluted tubules in the nephrons. They collect filtrate from blood passing through the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS and process this filtrate into URINE. Each renal tubule consists of a BOWMAN CAPSULE; PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE; LOOP OF HENLE; DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCT leading to the central cavity of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS) that connects to the URETER.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

Angiotensin receptor subtype 1 mediates angiotensin II enhancement of isoproterenol-induced cyclic AMP production in preglomerular microvascular smooth muscle cells. (1/154)

In a previous study, we found that angiotensin (Ang) II enhances beta-adrenoceptor-induced cAMP production in cultured preglomerular microvascular smooth muscle cells (PMVSMCs) obtained from spontaneously hypertensive rats. The purpose of the present investigation was to identify the Ang receptor subtypes that mediate this effect. In our first study, we compared the ability of Ang II, Ang III, Ang (3-8), and Ang (1-7) to increase cAMP production in isoproterenol (1 microM)-treated PMVSMCs. Each peptide was tested at 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 nM. Both Ang II and Ang III increased intracellular (EC50s, 1 and 11 nM, respectively) and extracellular (EC50s, 2 and 14 nM, respectively) cAMP levels in a concentration-dependent fashion. In contrast, Ang (3-8) and Ang (1-7) did not enhance either intracellular or extracellular cAMP levels at any concentration tested. In our second study, we examined the ability of L 158809 [a selective Ang receptor subtype 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist] to inhibit Ang II (100 nM) and Ang III (100 nM) enhancement of isoproterenol (1 microM)-induced cAMP production in PMVSMCs. L 158809 (10 nM) abolished or nearly abolished (p <.001) Ang II and Ang III enhancement of isoproterenol-induced intracellular and extracellular cAMP levels. In contrast, PD 123319 (300 nM; a selective AT2 receptor antagonist) did not significantly alter Ang II enhancement of isoproterenol-induced intracellular or extracellular cAMP levels. We conclude that AT1 receptors, but not AT2, Ang (3-8), nor Ang (1-7) receptors mediate Ang II and Ang III enhancement of beta-adrenoceptor-induced cAMP production in cultured PMVSMCs. (+info)

Angiotensin II antagonist prevents electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. (2/154)

BACKGROUND: The blockade of angiotensin II (Ang II) formation has protective effects on cardiovascular tissue; however, the role of Ang II in atrial electrical remodeling is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of candesartan and captopril on atrial electrical remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 24 dogs, the atrial effective refractory period (AERP) was measured before, during, and after rapid atrial pacing. Rapid atrial pacing at 800 bpm was maintained for 180 minutes. The infusion of saline (n=8), candesartan (n=5), captopril (n=6), or Ang II (n=5) was initiated 30 minutes before rapid pacing and continued throughout the study. In the saline group, AERP was significantly shortened during rapid atrial pacing (from 149+/-11 to 132+/-16 ms, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in AERP shortening between the saline group and the Ang II group. However, in the candesartan and captopril groups, shortening of the AERP after rapid pacing was completely inhibited (from 142+/-9 to 147+/-12 ms with candesartan, from 153+/-15 to 153+/-14 ms with captopril, P=NS). Although rate adaptation of the AERP was lost in the saline group, this phenomenon was preserved in the candesartan and captopril groups. CONCLUSIONS: The inhibition of endogenous Ang II prevented AERP shortening during rapid atrial pacing. These results indicate for the first time that Ang II may be involved in the mechanism of atrial electrical remodeling and that the blockade of Ang II may lead to the better therapeutic management of human atrial fibrillation. (+info)

Angiotensin II inhibits rat arterial KATP channels by inhibiting steady-state protein kinase A activity and activating protein kinase Ce. (3/154)

We used whole-cell patch clamp to investigate steady-state activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP) of rat arterial smooth muscle by protein kinase A (PKA) and the pathway by which angiotensin II (Ang II) inhibits these channels. Rp-cAMPS, an inhibitor of PKA, did not affect KATP currents activated by pinacidil when the intracellular solution contained 0.1 mM ATP. However, when ATP was increased to 1.0 mM, inhibition of PKA reduced KATP current, while the phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A caused a small increase in current. Ang II (100 nM) inhibited KATP current activated by the K+ channel opener pinacidil. The degree of inhibition was greater with 1.0 mM than with 0.1 mM intracellular ATP. The effect of Ang II was abolished by the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan. The inhibition of KATP currents by Ang II was abolished by a combination of PKA inhibitor peptide 5-24 (5 microM) and PKC inhibitor peptide 19-27 (100 microM), while either alone caused only partial block of the effect. In the presence of PKA inhibitor peptide, the inhibitory effect of Ang II was unaffected by the PKC inhibitor Go 6976, which is selective for Ca2+-dependent isoforms of PKC, but was abolished by a selective peptide inhibitor of the translocation of the epsilon isoform of PKC. Our results indicate that KATP channels are activated by steady-state phosphorylation by PKA at normal intracellular ATP levels, and that Ang II inhibits the channels both through activation of PKCepsilon and inhibition of PKA. (+info)

Reactive oxygen species-mediated homologous downregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor mRNA by angiotensin II. (4/154)

Recent studies suggest a crucial role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for the signaling of angiotensin (Ang) II through Ang II type 1 receptor (AT(1)-R). However, the role of ROS in the regulation of AT(1)-R expression has not been explored. In this study, we examined the effect of an antioxidant on the homologous downregulation of AT(1)-R by Ang II. Ang II (10(-6) mol/L) decreased AT(1)-R mRNA with a peak suppression at 6 hours of stimulation in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Preincubation of vascular smooth muscle cells with N:-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant, almost completely inhibited the Ang II-induced downregulation of AT(1)-R mRNA. The effect of NAC was due to stabilization of the AT(1)-R mRNA that was destabilized by Ang II. The Ang II-induced AT(1)-R mRNA downregulation was also blocked by PD98059, an extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) kinase inhibitor. Ang II-induced ERK activation was inhibited by NAC as well as by PD98059. Exogenous H(2)O(2) also suppressed AT(1)-R mRNA. These results suggest that the production of ROS and the activation of ERK are critical for the downregulation of AT(1)-R mRNA. The generation of ROS through stimulation of AT(1)-R not only mediates signaling of Ang II but also may play a crucial role in the adaptation process of AT(1)-R to the sustained stimulation of Ang II. (+info)

Chronotropic effect of angiotensin II via type 2 receptors in rat brain neurons. (5/154)

Previously, we determined that angiotensin II (Ang II) elicits an Ang II type 2 (AT(2)) receptor-mediated increase of neuronal delayed rectifier K(+) (I(KV)) current in neuronal cultures from newborn rat hypothalamus and brain stem. This requires generation of lipoxygenase (LO) metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) and activation of serine/threonine phosphatase type 2A (PP-2A). Enhancement of I(KV) results in a decrease in net inward current during the action potential (AP) upstroke as well as shortening of the refractory period, which may lead to alterations in neuronal firing rate. Thus, in the present study, we used whole-cell current clamp recording methods to investigate the AT(2) receptor-mediated effects of Ang II on the firing rate of cultured neurons from the hypothalamus and brain stem. At room temperature, these neurons exhibited spontaneous APs with an amplitude of 77.72 +/- 2.7 mV (n = 20) and they fired at a frequency of 0.8 +/- 0.1 Hz (n = 11). Most cells had a prolonged early after-depolarization that followed an initial fully developed AP. Superfusion of Ang II (100 nM) plus losartan (LOS, 1 microM) to block Ang II type 1 receptors elicited a significant chronotropic effect that was reversed by the AT(2) receptor inhibitor PD 123,319 (1 microM). LOS alone had no effect on any of the parameters measured. The chronotropic effect of Ang II was reversed by the general LO inhibitor 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (10 microM) or by the selective PP-2A inhibitor okadaic acid (1 nM) and was mimicked by the 12-LO metabolite of AA 12-(S)-hydroxy-(5Z, 8Z, 10E, 14Z)-eicosatetraynoic acid. These data indicate that Ang II elicits an AT(2) receptor-mediated increase in neuronal firing rate, an effect that involves generation of LO metabolites of AA and activation of PP-2A. (+info)

Reversible renal impairment induced by treatment with the angiotensin II receptor antagonist candesartan in a patient with bilateral renal artery stenosis. (6/154)

BACKGROUND: It is well established that ACE-inhibitors should be avoided in patients with renal artery stenosis. In recent years it has also been recommended that caution should be demonstrated when angiotensin II blockers are used in the same type of patients but the evidence is based only on few cases. RESULTS: We describe a case where use of the angiotensin II antagonist candesartan (Atacand) induced renal failure in a patient with bilateral renal artery stenosis. The course of the case is enlighted by results from sequential renography, selective renal vein catheterisation for measurement of renin, and angiographic findings. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with renal artery stenosis the angiotensin II antagonist candesartan should be avoided. (+info)

Use of positron emission tomography to study AT1 receptor regulation in vivo. (7/154)

Increased sodium intake and enhanced sodium sensitivity are implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and in the control of a major regulator of BP, the type 1 angiotensin receptor (AT(1) receptor). An in vivo technique to study changes of renal AT(1) receptors by dietary sodium was developed that uses positron emission tomography (PET). PET revealed that renal cortical AT(1) receptor binding was increased in sodium-loaded compared with sodium-deprived dogs, which correlated with ex vivo estimations of AT(1) receptor numbers. Plasma renin activity, angiotensin II, and aldosterone were inversely related to changes in AT(1) receptor binding. These results demonstrate, for the first time in vivo, that the renal AT(1) receptor is inversely related to the activity of the renin angiotensin system, which may provide a compensatory mechanism to prevent inappropriate fluctuations in arterial BP. The ability to measure AT(1) receptor binding in vivo has potential significance for clinical studies of AT(1) receptors, because PET is a noninvasive imaging technique that is readily applicable in humans. (+info)

Angiotensin II type 1 and 2 receptors in conduit arteries of normal developing microswine. (8/154)

OBJECTIVE: To identify vascular cells capable of responding to angiotensin II (Ang II) generated in conduit arteries, we examined the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R) in the thoracic aorta (TA) and abdominal aorta (AA) and branches in 90-day fetal, 3-week postnatal, and 6-month adult microswine. METHODS AND RESULTS: By autoradiography ((125)I-[Sar(1)Ile(8)]-Ang II with or without AT1R- or AT2R-selective analogues or (125)I-CGP 42112), there were striking rostrocaudal differences in (1) AT2R binding at all ages (prominent in AA wall and branches, sparse in TA wall and branches) and (2) a non-AT2R binding site for CGP 42112 (consistently evident in postnatal TA and branches but absent in AA and branches). Furthermore, patterns of AT2R distribution in infradiaphragmatic arteries were developmentally distinct. In fetal AAs, high-density AT2Rs occupied the inner 60% of the medial-endothelial wall. In postnatal AAs, AT2Rs were sparse in the medial-endothelial wall but prominent in a circumferential smooth muscle alpha-actin-negative cell layer at the medial-adventitial border, occupying approximately 20% to 25% of the AA cross-sectional area. AT1R density in the TA and AA medial-endothelial wall increased with age, whereas AT2R density decreased after birth. CONCLUSIONS: A novel AT2R-positive cell layer confined to postnatal infradiaphragmatic arteries physically links adventitial and medial layers, appears optimally positioned to transduce AT2R-dependent functions of local Ang II, and suggests that adventitial Ang II may elicit regionally distinct vascular responses. (+info)

... formally angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers, angiotensin II receptor ... also known as angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), are a family of agents that bind to and inhibit the angiotensin II type 1 ... angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers: class effects versus molecular effects". Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone ... Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Medicine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_blocker

May 2014). "Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, ... "Sharing electronic records with patients led to improved control of type two diabetes". NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). ... Type 1 and type 2 diabetes can typically be distinguished based on the presenting circumstances. If the diagnosis is in doubt ... The World Health Organization definition of diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) is for a single raised glucose reading with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes

... olol for beta blockers (e.g. atenolol) -pril for ACE inhibitors (e.g. captopril) -sartan for angiotensin II receptor ... It has been defined as a form to which affixes (of any type) can be attached. Under a different and apparently more common view ... This combination of two antibiotic agents in one tablet has been available as a generic for decades, but the brand names ... Examples are: -anib for angiogenesis inhibitors (e.g. pazopanib) -anserin for serotonin receptor antagonists, especially 5-HT2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name

Unger T (November 1999). "Significance of angiotensin type 1 receptor blockade: why are angiotensin II receptor blockers ... It is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and works by blocking the effects of angiotensin II. Valsartan was patented in 1990 ... As valsartan acts at the receptor, it can provide more complete angiotensin II antagonism since angiotensin II is generated by ... It belongs to a class of medications referred to as angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). It is a reasonable initial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsartan

... and decreases angiotensin II, microvascular leakage, and vasospasm through its function similar to calcium channel blockers.[ ... Patients with type 2 diabetes and a magnesium deficiency have a higher risk of heart failure, atrial fibrillation and ... Furthermore, it makes skeletal and muscle receptors less sensitive to parathyroid hormone. Magnesium is needed for the adequate ... In two trials of magnesium oxide, one of the most common forms in magnesium dietary supplements because of its high magnesium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency

"Clinical Efficacy of a New Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blocker, Pratosartan, in Hypertensive Patients", Hypertension ... The angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), also called angiotensin (AT1) receptor antagonists or sartans, are a group of ... "The distribution of angiotensin II type 1 receptors, and the tissue renin-angiotensin systems", Molecular Medicine Today, 1 (1 ... no matter how high the concentration of Ang II is. The angiotensin receptor blockers can inhibit the receptor in a competitive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_angiotensin_receptor_blockers

... angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers. Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists work by antagonizing the activation of angiotensin receptors. azilsartan candesartan ... thiazide-type diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, or angiotensin II receptor antagonists. The first large ... On the other hand, β-blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and aldosterone receptor antagonists ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug

Burnier M (February 2001). "Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers". Circulation. 103 (6): 904-12. doi:10.1161/01.cir.103.6. ... fimasartan blocks angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1 receptors), reducing pro-hypertensive actions of angiotensin II, such as ... Harada K, Sugaya T, Murakami K, Yazaki Y, Komuro I (November 1999). "Angiotensin II type 1A receptor knockout mice display less ... an angiotensin receptor type 1 blocker, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy Korean male ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimasartan

... and the first combination of chlorthalidone and angiotensin-receptor blocker in India. His research has helped introduce new ... The couple have two children, Abhishek Pareek and Aditya Pareek. Pareek has published his research in scientific journals. Dr. ... It is the first anti-inflammatory agent approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. His research work also led to the ... July 2014). "Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double blind, randomized ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Pareek

... competitive angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) antagonist, reducing the end organ responses to angiotensin II. Losartan ... Anemia may occur, due to inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. As with other angiotensin receptor blockers, losartan may ... angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II; angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and ... angiotensin II, and ultimately decreasing blood pressure. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists include losartan, valsartan, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losartan

... shows considerably less binding affinities in case of all angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Angiotensin II receptor type 1 ... Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) is the best characterized angiotensin receptor. It is encoded in humans by the AGTR1 gene ... "Angiotensin II receptor blocker", Wikipedia, 2022-07-26, retrieved 2022-08-10 Wilson JX (1984). "The renin-angiotensin system ... The angiotensin receptor is activated by the vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin II. The activated receptor in turn couples to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_1

Anemia may occur, due to inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. As with other angiotensin receptor blockers, candesartan ... As with other angiotensin II receptor antagonists, candesartan is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. Candesartan has ... the role of candesartan specifically in reducing progression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes is still up for debate. Results from ... "Prevention of atrial fibrillation with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: a meta- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candesartan

... has the common structural features seen within the Angiotensin-II Receptor blockers or ARB medications. The medicine ... "Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes". N ... It is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and works by blocking the effects of angiotensin II. Irbesartan was patented in ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Sanofi, Bristol Myers Squibb, Tetrazoles, Biphenyls, Lactams, Spiro compounds, Nitrogen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbesartan

Previous research in laboratory mice has suggested that the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan, which appears to block ... There are five types of the syndrome, labelled types I through V, which are distinguished by their genetic cause. Type 1, Type ... a cardioselective beta-1 blocker, with or without losartan, is sometimes prescribed to reduce the heart rate to prevent any ... Type 3, Type 4 and Type 5 are caused by mutations in TGFBR1, TGFBR2, SMAD3, TGFB2, and TGFB3 respectively. These five genes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loeys–Dietz_syndrome

Receptors Regular insulin A type of insulin that is fast acting. Renal Related to the kidneys. Renal threshold When the blood ... Insulin is a hormone as are glucagon, adrenaline, and angiotensin II. Human insulin Man-made insulins that is identical to the ... ARB Angiotensisn Receptor Blocker. An agent which interferes with the renin (kidney-lung-heart blood pressure control) cycle. ... Most Type II diabetics are without clinically obvious symptoms for some time (often years) before they are diagnosed as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_diabetes

Kalaitzidis, R; Bakris, G. L. (2009). "Effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers on diabetic nephropathy". Journal of ... An example of this is the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. The opposite of antagonism is synergy. It is a negative type of ... For example, not only do angiotensin receptor blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors work to lower blood ... For instance, a receptor antagonist is an agent that reduces the response that a ligand produces when the receptor antagonist ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonism_(chemistry)

... angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), or both ACEIs and ARBs should be used. Corticosteroids are used to suppress the immune ... ARBs block angiotensin II from acting. The patient's diet should also be changed. The patient should restrict salt intake to ... This causes damage to the kidneys and does not allow for proper filtration.[citation needed] The presentation of all types ... inhibitors versus angiotensin receptor blockers for primary hypertension". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_proliferative_nephritis

There are several types of drugs which includes ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and renin inhibitors ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers, can be used to prevent angiotensin II from ... Angiotensin I may have some minor activity, but angiotensin II is the major bio-active product. Angiotensin II has a variety of ... The decapeptide is known as angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to an octapeptide, angiotensin II by angiotensin- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin–angiotensin_system

In heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, ... Ejection fraction is given as a percentage with the normal range being between 50 and 75%. The two types are: 1) Heart failure ... Quadruple medical therapy using a combination of angiotensin-receptor neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI), beta blockers, ... or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) if the person develops a long-term cough as a side effect of the ACE-I. Use of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure

... is prevented through angiotensin II activation of a tyrosine phosphatase". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental ... The alpha-7 nicotinic receptor, also known as the α7 receptor, is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor implicated in long ... α7 subtype preferring blocker α3β2-Nicotinic receptor α3β4-Nicotinic receptor α4β2-Nicotinic receptor RIC3, a chaperone protein ... Although ethanol inhibition of the α7-receptor is likely to involve the N-terminal region of the receptor, the site of action ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-7_nicotinic_receptor

... angiotensin ii type 1 receptor blockers MeSH D27.505.519.170 - antacids MeSH D27.505.519.186 - antimetabolites MeSH D27.505. ... calcium channel blockers MeSH D27.505.519.562.374 - ionophores MeSH D27.505.519.562.500 - potassium channel blockers MeSH ... potassium channel blockers MeSH D27.505.954.411.700 - sclerosing solutions MeSH D27.505.954.411.720 - sodium channel blockers ... ganglionic blockers MeSH D27.505.696.663.050.400 - ganglionic stimulants MeSH D27.505.696.663.050.495 - miotics MeSH D27.505. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D27)

... was found to have similar results as telmisartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker. "Ramipril Monograph for ... Ramipril, sold under the brand name Altace among others, is an ACE inhibitor type medication used to treat high blood pressure ... "A meta-analysis reporting effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients ... "Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists for preventing the progression of diabetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramipril

... is a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB, AT1 receptor blocker). Forasartan is indicated for the treatment of ... Naik P, Murumkar P, Giridhar R, Yadav MR (December 2010). "Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) selective nonpeptidic ... an orally active angiotensin II-receptor antagonist: inhibition of blood pressure response to angiotensin II challenges and ... Angiotensin II binds to AT1 receptors, increases contraction of vascular smooth muscle, and stimulates aldosterone resulting in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forasartan

The combination of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) is one of the suggested ... The two types of drugs act on different pathways to produce an additive effect on lowering blood pressure without any increase ... "Rationale for triple fixed-dose combination therapy with an angiotensin II receptor blocker, a calcium channel blocker, and a ... The combination of angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB), Candesartan-cilexetil , and angiotensin-converting enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_effect

Low-dose thiazides are more effective at treating hypertension than beta blockers and are similar to angiotensin-converting ... When used this way, "thiazide" refers to a drug which acts at the thiazide receptor. The thiazide receptor is a sodium-chloride ... A case study of two brothers with the condition, two years of treatment with hydrochlorothiazide reduced the incidence of ... Inactivation of the CLCN5 gene causes Dent's disease Type 1. The rare nature of Dent's disease makes it difficult to coordinate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiazide

Angiotensin II receptor blocker Discovery and development of angiotensin receptor blockers Loop diuretic, also used to treat ... "Type 2 diabetes in adults: management". www.nice.org.uk. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). May 2017. ... angiotensin II receptor antagonists may be useful because they act to prevent the action of angiotensin II at the AT1 receptor ... due to inhibition of angiotensin II production by ACE inhibitors or competitive antagonism of the angiotensin II receptor by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibitor

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) antagonize the action of Ang II by binding and inhibiting angiotensin II type 1 receptor. ... One such effect is inducing hypertension via Ang II and Ang metabolites produced by the degradation of Ang I and Ang II. Ang II ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors essentially block the conversion of Ang I to Ang II. They cause relaxation of ... Ang I then gets converted to Ang II by the angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) which then goes on to produce a number of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension_and_the_brain

... alpha blockers, serotonin receptor antagonists, angiotensin II receptor inhibitors, statins, local nitrates or iloprost Digital ... Mycosis fungoides is a type of cutaneous T cell lymphoma, a rare cancer that causes rashes all over the body. Nephrogenic ... disease with antacids or prokinetics Kidney crises with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor ... Choctaw Native Americans are more likely than Americans of European descent to develop the type of scleroderma that affects ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleroderma

... have been treated with an Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) and/or an Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB) for at ... mixed type AIHA, or paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. Fostamatinib as a treatment for IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is in Phase II ... A phase II study of rheumatoid arthritis patients failing to respond to a biologic agent showed little efficacy as compared to ... Approval for treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is in Stage 1 of Phase II trials. This study is a Phase 2, multi- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fostamatinib

... spontaneous remission is much higher if anti-proteinuric therapy with ace inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers is ... One study has identified antibodies to an M-type phospholipase A2 receptor in 70% (26 of 37) cases evaluated. Testing for these ... immunosuppressive drugs and non-specific anti-proteinuric measures such as ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers. ... "M-type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy". The New England Journal of Medicine. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranous_glomerulonephritis

Theoretically, the usage of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and ACE inhibitors upregulating ACE2 expression might increase ... which is most abundant on the surface of type II alveolar cells of the lungs. The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein ... is the viral component that attaches to the host receptor via the ACE2 receptors. It includes two subunits: S1 and S2. S1 ... 19 because the virus accesses host cells via the receptor for the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19

... beta blockers (ICI Pharmaceuticals, 1964) ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. ACE inhibitors reduce the risk of ... Phase II can include pharmacokinetics and dosing in patients, and Phase III is a very large study of efficacy in the intended ... By the 1890s, the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search ... Ii, Thomas H. Maugh (13 April 2005). "Maurice R. Hilleman, 85; Scientist Developed Many Vaccines That Saved Millions of Lives ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry

Type II, membrane-damaging toxins, destroy cell membranes in order to enter and include hemolysins and phospholipases. Type III ... In 2017, the FDA approved angiotensin II injection for intravenous infusion to increase blood pressure in adults with septic or ... While there is tentative evidence for β-Blocker therapy to help control heart rate, evidence is not significant enough for its ... 2015). "Structural Relationship of the Lipid A Acyl Groups to Activation of Murine Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Lipopolysaccharides ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_shock

5-Alpha-reductase inhibitor Angiotensin II receptor antagonist ACE inhibitor Alpha-adrenergic agonist Beta blocker Cholinergic ... The definition of a mechanism of action also includes the type of activity at that biological target. For receptors, these ... Ion channel modulators include opener or blocker. The following are specific examples of drug classes whose definition is based ... In several dominant drug classification systems, these four types of classifications form a hierarchy. For example, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_class

May 2003). "Efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers in the management of left ventricular ... Severson DL (October 2004). "Diabetic cardiomyopathy: recent evidence from mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes". Can. J ... Also, AGEs can be exported to the intercellular space where they can bind AGE receptors (RAGE). This AGE/RAGE interaction ... Seferović, PM; Paulus, WJ (14 July 2015). "Clinical diabetic cardiomyopathy: a two-faced disease with restrictive and dilated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_cardiomyopathy

... calcium channel blockers, sympathetic nerve inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists or adrenergic antagonists. Elevated ... The studies were frequently small and limited, which caused contradictory results in the connection of mortality to the type of ... Two reviews of 2018 and 2019 found potentially an association between celiac disease and vascular dementia. Several specific ... These medications include angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_dementia

... blockers, proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and prokinetic agents. This medication tends to show results within two weeks; however ... These receptors include rapidly adapting receptors which respond to mechanical stimuli, slowly adapting receptors, and ... These coughing types include the following. A dry cough is a persistent cough where no mucus is present; this can be a sign of ... From this doctors can opt to use chest radiography if the patient does not smoke, takes any angiotensin-converting enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_cough

Tanahashi N (April 2009). "[Roles of angiotensin II receptor blockers in stroke prevention]". Nippon Rinsho (in Japanese). 67 ( ... Ferrari P, Krozowski Z (April 2000). "Role of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in blood pressure regulation". ... S2CID 34378084.[dead link] Wachtell K, Devereux RB, Lyle AP (August 2007). "The effect of angiotensin receptor blockers for ... Once blood pressure is found to be high in diabetics, there are ways to treat it: Medications like the Angiotensin-converting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complications_of_hypertension

... angiotensin receptor blockers (also called ARBs), and β-adrenergic blockers (also called beta blockers). Other medications with ... It is estimated that type 1 diabetics experience two mild, symptomatic episodes of hypoglycemia per week. Additionally, people ... The glycogen storage diseases associated with hypoglycemia include type 0, type I, type III, and type IV, as well as Fanconi ... Hypoglycemia is common in people with type 1 diabetes, and in people with type 2 diabetes taking insulin, glinides, or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycemia

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are beneficial in reducing proteinuria ... The sickling of the cells also contribute to two other mechanisms which are chronic hypoxia and chronic hemolysis. Hypoxia is ... Sickle cell nephropathy is a type of nephropathy associated with sickle cell disease which causes kidney complications as a ... This is because sFLT-1 prevents the binding of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a splice variant of its receptor ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_nephropathy

Snakes have this type of receptors in their pit organ to help them detect infrared radiation. However, frogs such as ... Herz JM, Buated W, Thomsen W, Mori Y (2020). "Novel TRPA1 Antagonists are Multimodal Blockers of Human TRPA1 Channels: Drug ... With respect to electrophiles, which activate the channel by covalent modification of two cysteines in the allosteric nexus, it ... January 2011). "Identification of genetic factors associated with susceptibility to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPA1

... angiotensin II receptor blockers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the antibiotic trimethoprim, and potassium supplements ... Moreover, men with congenital 5α-reductase type II deficiency, 5α-reductase being an enzyme that greatly potentiates the ... Positive results in the pairing of these two medications have been observed, although these results may not be seen for up to ... Current recommendations from the American Heart Association are to use spironolactone in patients with NYHA Class II-IV heart ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spironolactone

... such as angiotensin II receptor blockers or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. There is evidence that eating amyloid ... At this point, amyloid typing with immunochemical staining is necessary, as the differential diagnosis includes AA amyloidosis ... Booklet and explanatory video explaining the difference between the types of amyloidosis. Written by doctors at Mayo Clinic, ... 51 (2): 363-371. doi:10.1177/0300985813511128. PMID 24280941. UK NHS National Amyloidosis Centre Patient Information Site: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA_amyloidosis

Treatment with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker, which dilates the arteriole exiting ... RAGE is a signal transduction receptor found on a number of cell types including macrophages, endothelial cells, renal ... The status of diabetic nephropathy may be monitored by measuring two values: the amount of protein in the urine - proteinuria; ... An important way AGEs exert their effect is through a receptor-mediated mechanism, most importantly by the receptor for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy

90% of the patients in the study were receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and ... Half of the patients received a Coenzyme Q10 treatment of 100 milligrams three times daily for two years. The other half of the ... The positive effects could also be seen in N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels and on echocardiography ... standard heart failure therapies for two years. The patients in the Coenzyme Q10 adjunctive treatment group had significantly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-Symbio

The FDA published the method for testing angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) for nitrosamine impurities. That method is not ... The MHRA has issued an alert to healthcare professionals, as GlaxoSmithKline is recalling all unexpired stock of four types of ... "FDA updates and press announcements on Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB) recalls (Valsartan, Losartan, and Irbesartan)". U. ... for using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to test for NDMA in valsartan and angiotensin II receptor blockers. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranitidine

Wang JG (2009). "A combined role of calcium channel blockers and angiotensin receptor blockers in stroke prevention". Vascular ... Olmesartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and blocks part of the RAAS pathway. Amlodipine/perindopril if using ... It is a long-acting calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine type. Amlodipine was patented in 1982, and approved for ... Amlodipine-association edema can be avoided by adding ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonist. Of the other dose- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amlodipine

... angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, ritonavir, and pyrazinamide. The immunosuppressive drugs ciclosporin and ... About two o'clock in the morning he is awakened by a severe pain in the great toe; more rarely in the heel, ankle, or instep. ... each mention arthritis of the first metacarpophalangeal joint as a distinct type of arthritis. These ancient manuscripts cite ( ... Calcium channel blockers and losartan are associated with a lower risk of gout compared to other medications for hypertension. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout

... calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers are employed but do not have a proven benefit in ... In fact, in two studies appearing in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2006, evidence was presented to suggest that the ... October 2015). "Wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis as a cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". European ... June 2007). "Effect of angiotensin receptor blockade and antihypertensive drugs on diastolic function in patients with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure_with_preserved_ejection_fraction

... the RAS is targeted pharmacologically by ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists, also known as angiotensin ... receptor blockers (ARBs). The aldosterone system is directly targeted by spironolactone, an aldosterone antagonist. The fluid ... 2019). "Association between blood pressure variability, cardiovascular disease and mortality in type 2 diabetes: A systematic ... which is converted by angiotensin converting enzyme to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II then signals to the adrenal cortex to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure

Ballew JR, Fink GD (September 2001). "Characterization of the antihypertensive effect of a thiazide diuretic in angiotensin II- ... Epithelial sodium channel blockers: amiloride and triamterene. The term "calcium-sparing diuretic" is sometimes used to ... Other examples of high-ceiling loop diuretics include ethacrynic acid and torasemide.[citation needed] Thiazide-type diuretics ... a Selective Oral Vasopressin V2-Receptor Antagonist, for Hyponatremia". New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (20): 2099-2112. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic

... converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker, which can interfere with renal autoregulation and produce acute ... It is classified as a type of hypertensive emergency. Hypertensive encephalopathy is most commonly encountered in young and ... Nitroprusside acts within seconds and has a duration of action of only two to five minutes. Thus, hypotension can be easily ... Labetalol - an alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocker, given as an intravenous bolus or infusion. Bolus followed by infusion. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive_encephalopathy

Tunçdemir M, Ozturk M (Dec 2008). "The effects of ACE inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker on clusterin and apoptosis in ... Two independent genome-wide association studies found a statistical association between a SNP within the clusterin gene and the ... "Clusterin is expressed in normal synoviocytes and in tenosynovial giant cell tumors of localized and diffuse types: diagnostic ... disulfide-linked glycoprotein composed of two subunits of ~34-40 kDa α- and β-chains. Clusterin was first identified in ram ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusterin

Angiotensin II, a key effector peptide of the system, causes vasoconstriction and exerts multiple biological functions. ... The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis, as well as fluid and salt ... Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / pharmacology * Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / therapeutic use ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a central role in generating angiotensin II from angiotensin I, and capillary blood ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16581295/?dopt=Abstract

Sudden collapses in the heat in patients on angiotensin type 2 receptor blockers Radford P. ... Two decades since the introduction of quad bikes, they are the leading cause of death in Australian agriculture. This prompted ... Challenges of hepatitis C treatment in Native Americans in two North Dakota medical facilities Hossain S, Jalil S, Guerrero D, ... Management of type 2 diabetes: Australian rural and remote general practitioners knowledge, attitudes, and practices ...

https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/volume/14

... angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers; DHPs, dihydropyridines; PHA-2, pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2; PRA, plasma renin ... Elevation of angiotensin-II type-1-receptor autoantibodies titer in primary aldosteronism as a result of aldosterone-producing ... Familial hyperaldosteronism type II: description of a large kindred and exclusion of the aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene. J ... A novel genetic locus for low renin hypertension: familial hyperaldosteronism type II maps to chromosome 7 (7p22). J Med Genet ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/920713-68751/what-are-the-main-complications-of-primary-hyperaldosteronism

... angiotensin II receptor blocker; CBB, calcium channel blocker; ACEi, angiotensin converter enzyme inhibitor; Sglt2i, sodium- ... ii) examinations include highly specialized tests performed with last-generation type of equipment by fully licensed doctors ... Del Parigi A, Tang W, Liu D, Lee C, Pratley R. Machine Learning to Identify Predictors of Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: ... II Guidelines on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology and the ...

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1001063/v1

Randomized clinical trials assessing morbidity and mortality end points have included a range of patient types, including those ... N2 - Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. As a result, these agents provide beneficial ... AB - Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. As a result, these agents provide beneficial ... Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. As a result, these agents provide beneficial ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/preventing-cardiovascular-events-with-angiotensin-ii-receptor-blo

... were Calcium inhibitors and 7 were treated by Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (ARA). The inhibitor association of the ... The association of these two pathologies has many particularities in the sub-Saharan subject. The work related to this entity ... Hypertension is common in type 2 diabetes and increases cardiovascular risk. ... clinical and therapeutic characteristics at the Medical Clinic II of the Abass Ndao Hospital Center in Dakar. Patients Methods ...

https://file.scirp.org/Html/1-1980263_81990.htm

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting ... angiotensin II receptor blockers. angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. renin-angiotensin system (RAS). ... angiotensin II receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; renin-angiotensin system (RAS) ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection ...

https://journals.viamedica.pl/arterial_hypertension/article/view/70334

Data from patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria (n = 49) treated with irbesartan 300 mg/day were ... The classifier was externally validated in patients with type 1 diabetes and macroalbuminuria (n = 50) treated with ... Individual patients show a large variability in albuminuria response to angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). Identifying novel ... Pena, M.J., Heinzel, A., Rossing, P. et al. Serum metabolites predict response to angiotensin II receptor blockers in patients ...

https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-016-0960-3

... evidence with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers for treating early and preventing ... Parving HH, Hovind P. Microalbuminuria in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: ... angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers. Both of these agents have been determined to be ... Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5611a4.htm

The metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with multiple metabolic toxicities, which result ... ACE inhibitors - Angiotensin II receptor blockers: Both inhibiting the effect of angiotensin-II locally as well as systemically ... Affecting hemodynamic stress through their antihypertensive effect as well as the deleterious effects of angiotensin II on ... From: Vasa vasorum in plaque angiogenesis, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and atheroscleropathy: a malignant ...

https://cardiab.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2840-3-1/tables/5

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are medicines often used to treat ... Both types of drugs are used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. Evidence suggests that taking ACE inhibitors or ... Researchers reviewed 17 studies on how angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) ... Statin use was associated with lower chance of death, and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) were associated with lower odds ...

https://www.research.va.gov/covid-19-studies-of-note.cfm

Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran ... Kalaitzidis R, Bakris G. Management of hypertension in patients with diabetes: the place of angiotensin-II receptor blockers. ... Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran ... Other studies in the Islamic Republic of Iran indicated that there is a high prevalence of CHD in patients with type 2 DM and ...

https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-17/volume-17-issue-9/article-01.html

Avapro is an angiotensin II receptor blocker that is indicated for hypertension and treatment of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 ... Avalide is a combination of an angiotensin II receptor blocker with a diuretic indicated for hypertension. ...

https://www.empr.com/home/news/generics-news/teva-launches-generic-avapro-and-avalide-tablets/

Drugs called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), which help lower blood ... but they should be avoided in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus. ... which is the flexible two-layered sac that envelops the heart. The pericardium helps keep the heart in position, helps prevent ... Drugs called sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors can also slow deterioration in kidney function, ...

https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/kidney-failure/chronic-kidney-disease

... inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs).2 Thus, reasons for the racial/ethnic disparities seen in diabetic ... and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (odds ratio, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.06-3.23 for ... Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of adolescents and adults in two seasonal subpopulations from NHANES III. Bone 2002; 30: 771-7 ... Renoprotective role of the vitamin D receptor in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2008; 73: 163-71. ...

https://www.jabfm.org/content/22/5/521

... angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)], or patients with low systolic blood ... Fatal cases of ketoacidosis have been reported in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving sodium glucose co ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists: (Moderate) Monitor blood glucose during concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor and angiotensin ... angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and NSAIDs. Consider temporarily discontinuing dapagliflozin in any setting of reduced ...

https://pdr.net/drug-summary/Qtern-dapagliflozin-saxagliptin-24164

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are recommended for people with diabetes ... Nationally, just over two-thirds of people with type 2 diabetes are also taking ACE inhibitors or ARBs, and/or statins, in ... 68% were dispensed an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) ... There are two principle sources for estimating the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in New Zealand and both have limitations. The ...

https://bpac.org.nz/report/snippet/type-2-diabetes-national.aspx

Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI) and/or Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB) drugs, with or without ... Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosed after age 30 which has been treated with oral medications or insulin for at least one ... and/or Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB) Drugs, With or Without Spironolactone. Study design: Allocation: Randomized, ... Loop and thiazide diuretics or other antihypertensive medications (calcium channel blocker, beta-blocker, alpha-blocker, or ...

http://www.druglib.com/trial/47/NCT01371747.html

Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers [D27.505.519.162.500] Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers ... Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers - Preferred Concept UI. M0539835. Scope note. Agents that antagonize the ANGIOTENSIN II ... Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers Descriptor Spanish: Bloqueadores del Receptor Tipo 2 de Angiotensina II Spanish from ... Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers Entry term(s). Angiotensin 2 Receptor Antagonists Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=54126

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (also called ARBs) reduce the action of angiotensin II in your body. This helps relax your ... Several types of medicine are used to treat high blood pressure. Your provider will decide which type of medicine is right for ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (also called ACE inhibitors) reduce the production of angiotensin II in your body. ... You may need to take more than one type.. Each type of blood pressure medicine listed below comes in different brand and ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007484.htm

... the increased incidence in type 2 diabetes overall and the innovative therapeutic approaches that have permitted individuals ... The increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease is related to two major factors: ... the initiation of therapy with either an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) is indicated [41]. ... is then cleaved to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II raises blood pressure by triggering ...

https://www.netce.com/coursecontent.php?courseid=2285

COVID-19 is a two-phase disease being marked by (phase 1) increased virus transmission and infection rates due to the wide ... Here we discuss SARS-CoV-2 life cycle and a number of approaches aiming to suppress viral infection rates or propagation; ... Gaining further insights into SARS-CoV-2 routes of infection and the underlying pathobiology of COVID-19 will support the ... phase 2) host- and probably sex- and/or age-specific uncontrolled inflammatory immune responses which drive hyper-cytokinemia, ...

https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12929-020-00703-5/tables/3

Review of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) including effectiveness, side effects, precautions, drug interactions, and ... The angiotensin-II-receptor blocker irbesartan is effective in protecting against the progression of nephropathy due to type 2 ... Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) block angiotensin II receptors and prevent their stimulation, thus inhibiting the ... 48 - PMID 31217979 - Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers and Gastrointestinal Adverse Events of Resembling Sprue-Like Enteropathy ...

https://www.straighthealthcare.com/angiotensin-receptor-blockers.html

It is produced by the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II (AngII) activating AngII type 1 receptors (AT1Rs). RAAS ... Additionally, we have tested several angiotensin receptor blocker drugs (ARBs) at their ability to block adrenal βarrestin1 and ... Two ARBs, candesartan and valsartan, appear the most effective such blockers. Given that: a) adrenal ßarrestin1 is essential ... AngII receptors exert their cellular effects via either G proteins or the two βarrestins (βarrestin1 and -2). Over the past ...

https://www.nova.edu/academic-affairs/faculty-research-grant/winners1819/target-validation-adrenal-%CE%B2arrestin1.html

Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers, Confounding Factors (Epidemiology), Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diuretics, Humans, ...

https://www.rdm.ox.ac.uk/publications/67570

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers are intended to treat . Learn more about Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers. ... Avapro is indicated to treat hypertension and nephropathy in type 2 diabetes.. ... How much do angiotensin II receptor blockers cost?. Angiotensin II receptor blockers are very expensive with an average cost of ... What conditions are angiotensin II receptor blockers used to treat?. Angiotensin II receptor blockers are a class of ...

https://www.nicerx.com/classes/angiotensin-ii-receptor-blockers/

... angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers; DHPs, dihydropyridines; PHA-2, pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2; PRA, plasma renin ... Elevation of angiotensin-II type-1-receptor autoantibodies titer in primary aldosteronism as a result of aldosterone-producing ... which is then converted in the lungs into the octapeptide angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II ... The mechanism and gene locus have not yet been identified, though CYP11B and the renin and angiotensin II receptor genes have ...

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/920713-68741/what-is-the-prognosis-of-hyperaldosteronism-in-patients-with-glucocorticoid-remediable-aldosteronism-gra

BACKGROUND It is unknown whether either the angiotensin-II-receptor blocker irbesartan or the calcium-channel blocker ... Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. ... ACE : angiotensin-converting enzyme ACS : acute coronary syndrome ADP : adenosine diphosphate AF : atrial fibrillation AMI… ... Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Kidney-Failure%2C-Chronic/3962

... evidence with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers for treating early and preventing ... Most individuals with diabetes in this age-group are likely to have type 1 diabetes, and intensive insulin therapy has been ... Furthermore, new pharmacological agents, such as ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers, also have been determined to ... use ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and the percentage is nearly 80% among those aged 20-64 years (. 1. ). ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/4407/cdc_4407_DS7.txt

8 found ibuprofen isnt linked to adverse effects in people who were positive for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. ... Patients likely have increased ACE2 expression if theyre treated with ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II type I receptor blockers ... how long will it be before we know if this years shot is effective against the more prevalent flu types? ... 8 in PLOS Medicine found that NSAIDs arent linked to any adverse effects in people who were positive for SARS-CoV-2, the virus ...

https://www.healthline.com/health-news/study-finds-ibuprofen-likely-doesnt-make-covid19-symptoms-worse

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. (elsevier.com)
However, some blood pressure-independent properties of these two ARBs can be scrutinized from separate studies in the available literature. (elsevier.com)
During the pandemic, a hypothesis has been proposed that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) could be risk factors for the development of severe SARS-COV-2 infection. (viamedica.pl)
3 These disparities exist despite similar proportions of blacks, whites, and Hispanics meeting recommendations for glycolated hemoglobin and blood pressure control and similar proportions with rennin-angiotensin system blockade via use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs). (jabfm.org)
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (also called ARBs ) reduce the action of angiotensin II in your body. (medlineplus.gov)
Additionally, we have tested several angiotensin receptor blocker drugs (ARBs) at their ability to block adrenal βarrestin1 and aldosterone production. (nova.edu)
Two ARBs, candesartan and valsartan, appear the most effective such blockers. (nova.edu)
ARBs can be combined with other blood pressure medications such as diuretics, beta-blockers, or calcium channel blockers in hypertensive patients with severe heart disease. (nicerx.com)
ARBs selectively block or antagonize angiotensin II at the AT1 receptors in the tissues of your smooth muscle and adrenal gland. (nicerx.com)
Patients likely have increased ACE2 expression if they're treated with ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II type I receptor blockers (ARBs), or thiazolidinediones, according to an April study in The Lancet . (healthline.com)
Despite the first-line use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), there is still a large need to improve the prevention and progression of diabetic nephropathy and its associated cardiovascular events. (asnjournals.org)
BACKGROUND: Randomised controlled trials have shown a reduced risk of heart failure (HF) hospitalisation among users of ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs]), but these results have limited generalisability. (greenmedinfo.com)
Additionally, as proven by many randomized studies, ACEIs and ANG-II receptor blockers (ARBs) are effective agents minimizing the chance of DM (6,9). (tellcollab.org)
Angiotensin II receptor blockers ( ARBs ), also known as angiotensin receptor blockers , are a class of medication primarily used to treat high blood pressure , heart failure , coronary heart disease , and kidney disease . (mdwiki.org)
Those people taking angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) were 35-40% less likely to develop AD than those using other antihypertensives. (mdwiki.org)
Indeed, as a consequence of AT 1 blockade, ARBs increase angiotensin II levels several-fold above baseline by uncoupling a negative-feedback loop. (mdwiki.org)
Persons with diabetes (both type 1 and 2) who are treated with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II type I receptor blockers (ARBs) may have increased expression of ACE II. (oullins-patriote.com)
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) are drugs that are used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. (medmovie.com)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and calcium channel blockers, rather than beta-adrenergic blockers, should be considered as first-line therapy for hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are obese. (medscape.com)
Diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy, which will be defined as persistent albuminuria with urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) range [30-300 mg /gm], confirmed on at least two occasions 3-6 months apart, with or without decline in glomerular filtration rate at screening and receiving angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors therapy. (who.int)

20% were Calcium inhibitors and 7 were treated by Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (ARA). (scirp.org)
Fatal cases of ketoacidosis have been reported in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, including dapagliflozin. (pdr.net)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (also called ACE inhibitors ) reduce the production of angiotensin II in your body. (medlineplus.gov)
Renin inhibitors act by reducing the amount of angiotensin precursors thereby relaxing your blood vessels. (medlineplus.gov)
In 1975, Capoten (captopril) became the first drug approved by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in a new class called angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors). (nicerx.com)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors as a new therapy for atrial fibrillation? (mcmaster.ca)
Combination neurohormonal blockade with ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II antagonists and beta-blockers in patients with congestive heart failure: design of the Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) Pilot Study. (mcmaster.ca)
Take medications as prescribed by your doctor and ask them about blood pressure medicines called angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers, which may protect your kidneys in addition to lowering blood pressure. (diabetesvoice.org)
If you have type 2 diabetes, talk to your diabetes doctor about including in your treatment regimen one of the new class of diabetes medications called SGLT2 inhibitors *, which have now been shown to decrease the rate of progression of diabetic kidney disease. (diabetesvoice.org)
SGLT2 inhibitors are a class of medications used to treat type 2 diabetes. (diabetesvoice.org)
The goal of this activity is to describe the effect of blood pressure lowering per se on the risk for new-onset type 2 diabetes, based on a meta-analysis by the Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration of randomized controlled trials investigating the differential effects of five major classes of antihypertensive drugs, including renin-angiotensin system blockers (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers and calcium-channel blockers). (medscape.org)
There is ample evidence, both in primary renal disease and in nephropathy of type 1 or type 2 diabetes, that pharmacological blockade of the RAS by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ACEI or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers ATRB has blood pressure-independent renoprotective effects, and may reduce proteinuria. (anima-racio.hu)
Patients who need treatment with angiotensin II receptor blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are excluded. (elsevier.com)
ACE Inhibitors/Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists do not reduce hospitalisations in older patients with heart failure. (greenmedinfo.com)
[9] In the United States they are a first line treatment for high blood pressure, along with calcium channel blockers , thiazide diuretics , and ACE inhibitors. (mdwiki.org)
Of special note, however, is the apparent risk to people with type 1 diabetes as well as those with type 2 diabetes who take ACE inhibitors as part of their doctor-prescribed disease management, according to Heather de Vries McClintock, PhD, an assistant professor of public health at Arcadia University in Pennsylvania. (oullins-patriote.com)
DPP-4 inhibitors & SGL2 inhibitors are two class of medication for type2 diabetes, which parsian Pharmaceutical Co. is focused on producing the API of these type of medicines. (parsianpharma.com)
It is known that sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT 2i) has renal-protective effects, but the molecular mechanisms are still unknown. (parsianpharma.com)
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are members of a class of oral anti-hyperglycemic medicines that have been introduced as a new treatment option for mono and combination therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (parsianpharma.com)
Rather than lowering levels of angiotensin II (as ACE inhibitors do), angiotensin II receptor blockers prevent this chemical from having any effects on the heart and blood vessels. (medmovie.com)
Control of hypertension and the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and/or angiotensin II receptor blockers especially in those with proteinuria have been shown to protect against chronic kidney disease and delay its progression to kidney failure. (bvsalud.org)
In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are overweight or obese, antidiabetic medications that have additional actions to promote weight loss (such as glucagonlike peptide-1 [GLP-1] analogs or sodium-glucose-linked transporter-2 [SGLT-2] inhibitors) are suggested, in addition to the first-line agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, metformin. (medscape.com)

17 Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) have demonstrated renoprotective effects in experimental models of diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathy, 18 - 20 independent of their effects on BP, as well as in a preliminary clinical trial. (asnjournals.org)
The hyperglycemic group treated concurrently with ACEIs and bradykinin B1 and B2 receptor antagonists demonstrated a significant reduction in H2O2 focus set alongside the control hyperglycemic group. (tellcollab.org)
The issue of whether angiotensin II receptor antagonists slightly increase the risk of myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack) is currently being investigated. (mdwiki.org)
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers are also known as Angiotensin-2 Receptor Antagonists. (medmovie.com)
Telmisartan belongs to the class of drugs called Angiotensin II receptor antagonists that works by blocking the angiotensin II receptor, relaxing the blood vessels and lowering the blood pressure. (apollopharmacy.in)
Telmisartan belongs to the class of drugs called Angiotensin II receptor antagonists. (apollopharmacy.in)

1 In fact, compared to nondiabetics counterparts, individuals with diabetes have a 2-fold increased cardiovascular mortality, and a 4-fold increased risk of peripheral vascular disease and limb amputation. (researchsquare.com)
2 In addition, diabetes, alongside hypertension, remains a major cause of end-stage kidney disease and blindness, thus entailing significant loss of quality-adjusted life years. (researchsquare.com)
Randomized clinical trials assessing morbidity and mortality end points have included a range of patient types, including those with hypertension, hypertension with Type 2 diabetes, high CV risk without hypertension, ischemic heart disease, stroke and heart failure. (elsevier.com)
Introduction: High blood pressure (hypertension) and diabetes mellitus are two major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which is increasing rapidly in Africa and worldwide. (scirp.org)
Hypertension is common in type 2 diabetes and increases cardiovascular risk. (scirp.org)
In this way the objective of this study is to describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of type 2 hypertensive diabetes at the Medical Clinic II of the Abass Ndao Hospital Center in Dakar. (scirp.org)
Data from patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria (n = 49) treated with irbesartan 300 mg/day were used for discovery. (biomedcentral.com)
The classifier was externally validated in patients with type 1 diabetes and macroalbuminuria (n = 50) treated with losartan 100 mg/day. (biomedcentral.com)
Intervention in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has convincingly shown to delay progression of renal disease in patients with diabetes mellitus with elevated urinary albumin excretion (UAE) in several large trials. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, the aims of this study were to first discover and validate a serum metabolite classifier that predicts response in albuminuria to angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus and micro- or macroalbuminuria, and secondly, to integrate the identified metabolites in a molecular process model capturing disease pathophysiology at the interface of drug mechanism of action to decipher the underlying molecular processes driving albuminuria response to ARB. (biomedcentral.com)
Avapro is an angiotensin II receptor blocker that is indicated for hypertension and treatment of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes with hypertension. (empr.com)
ABSTRACT The aim of this study in 2006-08 was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of CVD in an Iranian population of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (who.int)
The high prevalence of CVD in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes underscores the importance of better detection and treatment of metabolic risk factors of CVD in these patients. (who.int)
2 Similarly, the incidence of reported end-stage renal disease in people with diabetes is more than 4 times as high in African Americans and 4 to 6 times as high in Mexican Americans than in the general population of diabetes patients. (jabfm.org)
For the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in combination with diet and exercise. (pdr.net)
saxagliptin is not indicated for the treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and should not be used for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). (pdr.net)
This report provides an overview of the clinical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes * including sex, age, ethnicity and the long-term use of other medicines. (bpac.org.nz)
Patients with type 2 diabetes were identified by having two or more dispensings of metformin, sulphonylureas, pioglitazone, vildagliptin, acarbose or combination formulations during 2018. (bpac.org.nz)
This is consistent with studies showing the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is higher in males than females. (bpac.org.nz)
This can be partly explained by the higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes which was estimated to be 15.7% for Pacific peoples, 9.3% for Māori and 5.2% for people of European/Other ethnicity in the 2017/18 New Zealand Health Survey in people aged over 25 years. (bpac.org.nz)
4 * However, due to difficulties in quantifying the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in New Zealand, and the number of patients managed by lifestyle interventions alone, it cannot be accurately determined whether this rate of prescribing is appropriate for each ethnicity. (bpac.org.nz)
Māori and Pacific peoples are not only more likely to develop type 2 diabetes they are more likely to develop it at an earlier age and more likely to develop diabetes-related complications. (bpac.org.nz)
It would therefore be expected that type 2 diabetes in Māori and Pacific peoples would be generally treated more intensively with higher dispensing rates for oral glucose-lowering medicines and less lifestyle only management than people of European ethnicity. (bpac.org.nz)
RLY5016-205 is an open-label, randomized, dose ranging study to determine the optimal starting dose, efficacy and safety of RLY5016 in treating hyperkalemia in hypertensive patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) receiving Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI) and/or Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB) drugs, with or without spironolactone. (druglib.com)
The increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease is related to two major factors: the increased incidence in type 2 diabetes overall and the innovative therapeutic approaches that have permitted individuals diagnosed with diabetes to live longer. (netce.com)
Avapro is indicated to treat hypertension and nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. (nicerx.com)
Cozaar is indicated to treat hypertension and nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. (nicerx.com)
Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. (semanticscholar.org)
Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. (semanticscholar.org)
In addition, the prevalence of diabetes continues to increase ( 2 ) with nearly 24 million adults in 2007 with the disease ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Blood pressure lowering and risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes: an individual participant data meta-analysis. (medscape.org)
Blood pressure lowering in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. (medscape.org)
This activity is intended for diabetologists/endocrinologists, family medicine/primary care clinicians, internists, cardiologists, nephrologists, public health and prevention officials, nurses, pharmacists, and other members of the health care team for patients with or at risk for type 2 diabetes. (medscape.org)
It is also indicated for the treatment of renal disease in adult patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus as part of an antihypertensive medicinal product regimen. (pillintrip.com)
This indicates that the activation of renal ET A receptors mediates renal inflammation and TGF-β production in diabetes. (asnjournals.org)
If you have type 1 diabetes, your pancreas no longer makes the insulin your body needs to use blood sugar for energy. (herokuapp.com)
hypertension emergency treatment with hyperkalemia or angiotensin II receptor blockers included the similar effect of type 2 diabetes or diabetes and hypertrophy. (haciendaparaisotulum.com)
We planned the INNOVATION study to determine whether telmisartan, an angiotensin-2-receptor blocker, delays the progression of renal disease from incipient nephropathy to overt nephropathy in hypertensive or normotensive Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (elsevier.com)
The INNOVATION study will determine whether telmisartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, provides clinical benefits in hypertensive or normotensive patients with diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. (elsevier.com)
Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). (bmj.com)
2019 update to: management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018 - a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). (bmj.com)
The natural history of progression from normal glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. (bmj.com)
Trends in incidence of total or type 2 diabetes: systematic review. (bmj.com)
7. Kahn SE, Cooper ME, Del Prato S. Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future. (bmj.com)
Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002-2012. (bmj.com)
Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk. (bmj.com)
Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. (bmj.com)
Irbesartan and losartan have trial data showing benefit in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes , [ citation needed ] and may delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy . (mdwiki.org)
For instance, a study of more than 72,000 cases of COVID-19 in mainland China published in the journal JAMA found that people with diabetes had more than triple the death rate of those without diabetes - about 7 percent compared with about 2 percent. (oullins-patriote.com)
Persons with diabetes - particularly type 1 - who experience a viral infection have a greater likelihood of having diabetic ketoacidosis, which inhibits the body's ability to mitigate sepsis, a major contributor to death among persons with COVID-19," McClintock told Healthline. (oullins-patriote.com)
Just take this opportunity how to control blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes the eighth level of the Arden Damron! (sc-celje.si)
Luz Catt had the Maribel Pekar in his hand, and the Sharie Pingree paid a great price for the Elida Stoval, what best medicines for diabetes lost healthy sugar levels for diabetics to turn best medicine for type 2 diabetes the entire fairyland and low sugar level treatment make up for the loss. (sc-celje.si)
The two could only take the unconscious Laner and fly to the depths of the Zonia Badon At the edge of the healthy sugar levels for diabetics the natural medicines diabetes stone house on the top of the mountain are still save on diabetes medicines . (sc-celje.si)
Lawanda Buresh waved his hand and smiled Don't say thank you, what is the relationship between me and my wife, if you say nature medicines diabetes will see you level 2 diabetes. (sc-celje.si)
If it were normal times, how could the bureaucrats of the Margherita Pecora dare to rush type 2 diabetes diagnosis Michele Stoval, but the bureaucrats of the Sharie Latson, despite their extremely humble status, Patanjali Ayurvedic medicines for diabetes seen the current situation and Laine Bureshchong is doomed. (sc-celje.si)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes, in which the blood glucose, is too high. (parsianpharma.com)
However type 2 diabetes is known as adult-onset diabetes, the increase in the number of children with obesity has led to more cases of this type in younger people. (parsianpharma.com)
More than 95% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, which is largely the result of physical inactivity and excess body weight. (parsianpharma.com)
Uncontrolled type 2 diabetes can lead to chronically high blood glucose levels, which can lead to serious complications and affect many major organs, including the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. (parsianpharma.com)
For many patients, type 2 diabetes can be properly managed. (parsianpharma.com)
Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major cause of chronic kidney disease. (bvsalud.org)
The blood test checks for the level of levels in people with diabetes or in people at risk of developing creatinine, a waste product produced by muscles, to see how type 2 diabetes. (cdc.gov)
In randomized controlled trials of patients with type 2 diabetes who were largely free of symptomatic HF at baseline, thiazolidinediones were associated with fluid retention and increased rates of HF . (medscape.com)
In obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who require insulin therapy, at least one of the following is suggested: metformin, pramlintide, or GLP-1 agonists to mitigate associated weight gain due to insulin. (medscape.com)
Type II diabetes mellitus confirmed by Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1C. (who.int)
This study identified English-language peer-reviewed research articles describing CCM-based interventions for managing type 1 and type 2 diabetes in US primary care settings (ie, hospital-network outpatient clinics, private practices, and community health centers). (cdc.gov)
In the Eastern Mediterranean Region, there has been a rapid increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus, mainly of type 2. (who.int)
Patients with diabetes exhibit a two to four-fold increase in risk of coronary events compared to non-diabetic individuals. (who.int)
It is important to emphasize that hypertension is but one element of the metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (who.int)
People with diabetes and hypertension have a two-fold increased risk of cardiovascular mortality compared to patients with diabetes alone. (who.int)

Avalide is a combination of an angiotensin II receptor blocker with a diuretic indicated for hypertension. (empr.com)
After early clinical trials showed Capoten to be an effective treatment of hypertension, researchers worked to determine if affecting other receptors or enzymes in this pathway may be beneficial. (nicerx.com)
4 The awareness of the important role of proteinuria has improved, leading to a more aggressive therapy of hypertension and blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). (asnjournals.org)
Angiotensin II receptor blockers are used primarily for the treatment of hypertension where the person is intolerant of ACE inhibitor therapy primarily because of persistent cough . (mdwiki.org)
The World Health Organization (WHO) has five classifications for pulmonary hypertension, and all except one of these groups can result in cor pulmonale (WHO Classification group 2 is pulmonary artery hypertension due to left ventricular [LV] dysfunction). (medscape.com)

Does Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade Protect Lupus Nephritis Patients From Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Events? (mcmaster.ca)

Volpe, M 2012, ' Preventing cardiovascular events with angiotensin II receptor blockers: A closer look at telmisartan and valsartan ', Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy , vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1061-1072. (elsevier.com)
Beispielhaft sei eine Dosisfindungsstudie mit verschiedenen Dosen Valsartan, Hydrochlorothiazid und diesen beiden Substanzen in Kombination dargestellt [2]. (arzneimitteltherapie.de)

A lot of the helpful ramifications of ACEIs derive from the reduction in ANG-II focus, upsurge in bradykinin bioavailability, and activation of intracellular bradykinin-dependent systems (10,11). (tellcollab.org)

Calcium channel blockers relax blood vessels by reducing calcium entering cells in the wall of the blood vessels. (medlineplus.gov)
Calcium channel blockers. (mayoclinic.org)
The two-induced promotes of all-cost capsules, calcium channels, and reducing blood pressure. (haciendaparaisotulum.com)
which blood pressure-lowering drug has the least side effects These are more simplified conditions, and for example, a fourth declines, calcium channel blockers, and vegetables a day, white coating. (sc-celje.si)

Individual patients show a large variability in albuminuria response to angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). (biomedcentral.com)
It is produced by the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II (AngII) activating AngII type 1 receptors (AT1Rs). (nova.edu)

Olkem Beta 50 Tablet 10's is a combination of two high blood pressure-lowering medicines: Telmisartan and Metoprolol. (apollopharmacy.in)

Increased levels of circulating angiotensin II result in unopposed stimulation of the AT 2 receptors, which are, in addition, upregulated. (mdwiki.org)

Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with heart failure. (mcmaster.ca)

In hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients, therapy should be initiated at 150 mg irbesartan once daily and titrated up to 300 mg once daily as the preferred maintenance dose for treatment of renal disease. (pillintrip.com)
The demonstration of renal benefit of irbesartan in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients is based on studies where irbesartan was used in addition to other antihypertensive agents, as needed, to reach target blood pressure. (pillintrip.com)

Types of diuretics include thiazide, loop and potassium-sparing. (mayoclinic.org)
First-line therapy recommendations include diuretics, a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor (such as an ARNI, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitor, or angiotensin II receptor blockers [ARB]), and a beta blocker. (medscape.com)

The kidneys release an enzyme (renin) that metabolizes angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted into angiotensin II by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). (nicerx.com)
Stimulating the AT1 receptor causes reabsorption of sodium from the kidneys, retention of water, vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, and sympathetic nervous system activation. (nicerx.com)
ACE2 is expressed by multiple cell types including the epithelial cells of the lungs, the intestine, the kidneys and endothelial cells [ 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
In normal anatomy, the two kidneys are located retroperitoneally in the abdominal cavity. (justia.com)

ACE2, a close homologue of ACE, functions as a negative regulator of the angiotensin system and was identified as a key receptor for SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) coronavirus infections. (nih.gov)
The mechanism of entry of SARS-COV-2 into the human host cell is through the ACE2 receptor. (viamedica.pl)
Early research claimed that SARS-CoV-2 binded to target cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). (healthline.com)
Recent studies have identified that similar to SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 binds to a specific human cell surface protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). (ersjournals.com)
1. COVID-19 enters lung cells by binding to ACE2 receptors [1]. (vitamindwiki.com)
2. ACE2 receptors utilize a specific interleukin (IL-6) when normally activated [2]. (vitamindwiki.com)
A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury. (vitamindwiki.com)

Saralasin was the first angiotensin II receptor antagonist developed in the 1970s. (nicerx.com)
EMA401, an orally administered highly selective angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagonist, as a novel treatment for postherpetic neuralgia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trial. (ox.ac.uk)

The final step in the RAAS is the synthesis of angiotensin II. (straighthealthcare.com)
Among the mechanisms by which nicotine contributes to CVD is elevation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity. (nova.edu)
The actions of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) within the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) were discovered in the late 1950s. (nicerx.com)

Angiotensin II receptor blockers are antihypertensive drugs that relax your blood vessels to lower blood pressure and increase blood flow from the heart. (nicerx.com)

animal studies suggest that receptor-mediated vitamin D actions have a renoprotective role in diabetic nephropathy. (jabfm.org)

The mechanisms through which blood pressure increases in renal disease comprise: salt and water retention, inappropriate activity of the renin angiotensin system RAS and of the sympathetic nerve system as well as impaired endothelial cell-mediated vasodilatation. (anima-racio.hu)

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis, as well as fluid and salt balance. (nih.gov)
Blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte balance is controlled by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (nicerx.com)
The principal regulators of aldosterone synthesis and secretion are the renin-angiotensin system and the potassium ion concentration. (medscape.com)
Mit der Einführung des ACE-Hemmers Captopril begann 1981 die Erfolgsgeschichte der therapeutischen Intervention in das Renin-Angiotensin-System (RAS) bei kardiovaskulären und renalen Erkrankungen. (arzneimitteltherapie.de)
Significant experimental and scientific evidence indicates a job from the renin-angiotensin program (RAS) in the pathogenesis of DM (5,6). (tellcollab.org)

Complete a free online enrollment application to find out if you're eligible to pay only $49 per month for your Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers medication with our help. (nicerx.com)
Bisoprolol Bisoprolol, sold under the brand name Zebeta among others, is a beta blocker medication used for heart diseases. (herokuapp.com)

The objective was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic characteristics at the Medical Clinic II of the Abass Ndao Hospital Center in Dakar. (scirp.org)
Improvement in albuminuria response prediction was assessed by calculating differences in R 2 between a reference model of clinical parameters and a model with clinical parameters and the classifier. (biomedcentral.com)
METHODS: In this multicentre, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, phase 2 clinical trial, we enrolled patients (aged 22-89 years) with postherpetic neuralgia of at least 6 months' duration from 29 centres across six countries. (ox.ac.uk)
Frequency and clinical correlates of antiphospholipid antibodies arising in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: findings from a multicentre study on 122 cases. (cdc.gov)
The clinical symptoms and pathobiology of COVID-19 are similar to those seen in infections caused by another coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which globally resulted in approximately 774 deaths in 2003 [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)

2 Thus, reasons for the racial/ethnic disparities seen in diabetic nephropathy are unclear. (jabfm.org)

The objective of the study was to conduct a meta-analysis of the association between ACEI or ARB use and SARS-COV-2 infection severity or mortality. (viamedica.pl)
We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Google scholar and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for observational studies published between December 2019 and August 4, 2020 Studies were included if they contained data on ACEI or ARB use and SARS-COV-2 infection severity or mortality. (viamedica.pl)
At present, the evidence available does not support the hypothesis of increased SARS-COV-2 risk with ACEI or ARB drugs. (viamedica.pl)

The SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE-2, is expressed on many different cell types: implications for ACE-inhibitor- and angiotensin II receptor blocker-based cardiovascular therapies. (cdc.gov)

Bradykinin exerts physiologic results through two types of G-protein-coupled receptors: type 2 (B2Rs) and type 1 (B1Rs). (tellcollab.org)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) gains entry into the lung epithelial cells by binding to the surface protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. (ersjournals.com)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a central role in generating angiotensin II from angiotensin I, and capillary blood vessels in the lung are one of the major sites of ACE expression and angiotensin II production in the human body. (nih.gov)
If your blood pressure is equal to or higher than 140/90 mm Hg, you have Stage 2 high blood pressure. (medlineplus.gov)
Two drugs may be started if you have stage 2 high blood pressure. (medlineplus.gov)
Several types of medicine are used to treat high blood pressure. (medlineplus.gov)
Each type of blood pressure medicine listed below comes in different brand and generic names. (medlineplus.gov)
Alpha-blockers help relax your blood vessels, which lowers your blood pressure. (medlineplus.gov)
These help relax blood vessels by preventing the formation of a body chemical (angiotensin) that narrows blood vessels. (mayoclinic.org)
Combining two drugs usually works better than a single drug to get blood pressure under control. (mayoclinic.org)
Molecular Testing of SARS-CoV-2 Infection from Blood Samples in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) and Elevated D-Dimer Levels. (cdc.gov)
The angiotensin II receptor blockers have differing potencies in relation to blood pressure control, with statistically differing effects at the maximal doses. (mdwiki.org)
5 grams of powdered fenugreek, divided equally into two times in a day, showing positive results 12 However, a lot of patients have shown improvement in their blood glucose levels after taking only 2. (sc-celje.si)
The increase in the renal excretion of glucose reduces levels of blood glucose and improves chronic hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic patients. (parsianpharma.com)
Post-radical prostatectomy pharmacological penile rehabilitation: In patients receiving concomitant antihypertensive medicinal 20mt, tadalafil 20mg mg may induce a blood pressure decrease, which with the exception of alpha-blockers -doxazosin see above is, in general, minor and not likely to be clinically relevant. (alfordhighschool.com)
Metoprolol belongs to the class of drugs known as beta-blockers which reduces blood pressure by allowing the blood to flow more smoothly. (apollopharmacy.in)
It works by blocking the angiotensin II receptor, thereby relaxing the blood vessels and lowering the blood pressure. (apollopharmacy.in)
Diagnosis should be made based on the mean of two or more blood pressure measurements, made while the patient is in the seated position. (who.int)

Angiotensin II, a key effector peptide of the system, causes vasoconstriction and exerts multiple biological functions. (nih.gov)
Converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II by this enzyme causes vasoconstriction, sympathetic nervous stimulation, and increased aldosterone production. (nicerx.com)

Pacific peoples (7.4%) are dispensed oral glucose-lowering medicines at a higher rate per population than Māori (3.8%) or people of European ethnicity (2.9%) (Figure 2) . (bpac.org.nz)

Angiotensin II stimulates a number of physiologic actions including vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, and sympathetic outflow. (straighthealthcare.com)
[ 1 , 2 ] Hyperaldosteronism represents part of a larger entity of hypermineralocorticoidism that may be caused by aldosterone, its mineralocorticoid precursors, or defects that modulate aldosterone effects on its target tissues. (medscape.com)

It's a drug called a beta blocker. (herokuapp.com)

does elouquis mix with it medications to treat it is not already angiotensin II receptor blocker, which is a very effective amount of it medications. (haciendaparaisotulum.com)
As long as you survive this level, you diabetics medications for type 2 diabetics dangerous, but Zhenhong chose to believe him and nodded in response. (sc-celje.si)
In women with a BMI of 27 kg/m 2 or more with comorbidities or a BMI of 30 kg/m 2 or more, seeking contraception, oral contraceptives are suggested over injectable medications because of weight gain with injectables, provided that women are well informed about the risks and benefits (ie, oral contraceptives are not contraindicated). (medscape.com)

AngII receptors exert their cellular effects via either G proteins or the two βarrestins (βarrestin1 and -2). (nova.edu)

However, recent data suggest AT 2 receptor stimulation may be less beneficial than previously proposed, and may even be harmful under certain circumstances through mediation of growth promotion, fibrosis , and hypertrophy , as well as eliciting proatherogenic and proinflammatory effects. (mdwiki.org)

This narrative review provides an update on the impact of vitamin D on hormone receptors, notably estrogen receptor subunits, and gives insights on possible therapeutic interventions to overcome breast cancer. (qualitycounts.com)

The first-line insulin for this type of patient should be basal insulin. (medscape.com)

Stereologic investigation of the kidney revealed significant glomerular enlargement 2. (anima-racio.hu)

The sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) which is responsible for more than 90% reabsorption of filtered glucose, is located in the proximal tubule of the kidney. (parsianpharma.com)

Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, also known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), can lead to death due to acute respiratory distress syndrome mediated by inflammatory immune cells and cytokines. (ersjournals.com)
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in Wuhan, China and quickly spread to become a pandemic. (ersjournals.com)
Considering that SARS-CoV-2 in severe cases activates a multitude of inflammatory immune cells leading to a cytokine storm, it is not surprising that the strategy of targeting one particular inflammatory signal has not been shown to be highly efficacious in trials [ 4 ]. (ersjournals.com)
About 2 in 5 adults with severe CKD do not know they have CKD. (cdc.gov)

These are rich in sodium intake, including nitrightine, and nitrate, which is recommended to be non-blockers to decrease the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. (sc-celje.si)

Newer drugs, such as eplerenone, that possess greater specificity for the mineralocorticoid receptor than spironolactone does are becoming available. (medscape.com)

Cohorts 1 and 2: urine ACR ≥ 30 mg/g at screening (S1) AND average urine ACR ≥ 30 mg/g at the beginning of Run-In Period (R0) based on up to 3 ACR values obtained starting at S1 and ending at the R0 Visit 2. (druglib.com)

21 Antifibrotic effects of ERAs in experimental disease that reduce proteinuria, renal fibrosis, and survival are mainly ET A receptor mediated. (asnjournals.org)

Anatomy34

Organisms14

Diseases28

Chemicals and Drugs121

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science1

Health Care5

Angiotensin receptor subtype 1 mediates angiotensin II enhancement of isoproterenol-induced cyclic AMP production in preglomerular microvascular smooth muscle cells. (1/154)

Angiotensin II antagonist prevents electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. (2/154)

Angiotensin II inhibits rat arterial KATP channels by inhibiting steady-state protein kinase A activity and activating protein kinase Ce. (3/154)

Reactive oxygen species-mediated homologous downregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor mRNA by angiotensin II. (4/154)

Chronotropic effect of angiotensin II via type 2 receptors in rat brain neurons. (5/154)

Reversible renal impairment induced by treatment with the angiotensin II receptor antagonist candesartan in a patient with bilateral renal artery stenosis. (6/154)

Use of positron emission tomography to study AT1 receptor regulation in vivo. (7/154)

Angiotensin II type 1 and 2 receptors in conduit arteries of normal developing microswine. (8/154)

Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers

Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1

Receptors, Angiotensin

Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2

Tetrazoles

Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists

Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers

Losartan

Benzimidazoles

Angiotensin I

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Imidazoles

Biphenyl Compounds

Renin-Angiotensin System

Antihypertensive Agents

Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A

Blood Pressure

Hypertension

Renin

Valine

Angiotensin III

Benzoates

Vasoconstrictor Agents

Angiotensins

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

1-Sarcosine-8-Isoleucine Angiotensin II

Angiotensinogen

Pyridines

Kidney

Saralasin

Calcium Channel Blockers

Rats, Inbred SHR

Aldosterone

Thiazepines

Enalapril

Rats, Inbred WKY

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Cells, Cultured

Muscle, Smooth, Vascular

Rats, Wistar

RNA, Messenger

Myocardium

Disease Models, Animal

Cardiomegaly

Hypertension, Renal

Captopril

Amlodipine

Hydralazine

Renal Circulation

Vasoconstriction

Bradykinin

Lisinopril

Proteinuria

Fibrosis

Chymases

Aorta

NADPH Oxidase

Signal Transduction

Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists

Hemodynamics

Ramipril

Receptor, Bradykinin B2

Ventricular Remodeling

Spironolactone

Norepinephrine

Diuretics

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Heart Rate

Heart Failure

Time Factors

Drug Therapy, Combination

Sodium Chloride, Dietary

Mice, Knockout

Oxidative Stress

Nitric Oxide

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists

Hypertrophy

Diabetic Nephropathies

Enalaprilat