Angiography digital subtraction. Medical search

A method of delineating blood vessels by subtracting a tissue background image from an image of tissue plus intravascular contrast material that attenuates the X-ray photons. The background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. The resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the vessel. This subtraction technique allows extraction of a high-intensity signal from the superimposed background information. The image is thus the result of the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues.

Combination or superimposition of two images for demonstrating differences between them (e.g., radiograph with contrast vs. one without, radionuclide images using different radionuclides, radiograph vs. radionuclide image) and in the preparation of audiovisual materials (e.g., offsetting identical images, coloring of vessels in angiograms).

Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.

Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.

Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.

Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)

Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.

Improvement in the quality of an x-ray image by use of an intensifying screen, tube, or filter and by optimum exposure techniques. Digital processing methods are often employed.

The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.

Substances used to allow enhanced visualization of tissues.

Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

A method of hemostasis utilizing various agents such as Gelfoam, silastic, metal, glass, or plastic pellets, autologous clot, fat, and muscle as emboli. It has been used in the treatment of spinal cord and INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS, renal arteriovenous fistulas, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hypersplenism, certain highly vascular tumors, traumatic rupture of blood vessels, and control of operative hemorrhage.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.

Congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities involving ARTERIES; VEINS; or venous sinuses in the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and MENINGES.

Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.

Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)

Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.

Computed tomography where there is continuous X-ray exposure to the patient while being transported in a spiral or helical pattern through the beam of irradiation. This provides improved three-dimensional contrast and spatial resolution compared to conventional computed tomography, where data is obtained and computed from individual sequential exposures.

Veins draining the cerebrum.

An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.

Calculi occurring in a salivary gland. Most salivary gland calculi occur in the submandibular gland, but can also occur in the parotid gland and in the sublingual and minor salivary glands.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.

A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.

Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect combined with real-time imaging. The real-time image is created by rapid movement of the ultrasound beam. A powerful advantage of this technique is the ability to estimate the velocity of flow from the Doppler shift frequency.

The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material).

The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.

Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image. This type of ultrasonography is well-suited to identifying the location of high-velocity flow (such as in a stenosis) or of mapping the extent of flow in a certain region.

Computer systems or networks designed to provide radiographic interpretive information.

A rapid, low-dose, digital imaging system using a small intraoral sensor instead of radiographic film, an intensifying screen, and a charge-coupled device. It presents the possibility of reduced patient exposure and minimal distortion, although resolution and latitude are inferior to standard dental radiography. A receiver is placed in the mouth, routing signals to a computer which images the signals on a screen or in print. It includes digitizing from x-ray film or any other detector. (From MEDLINE abstracts; personal communication from Dr. Charles Berthold, NIDR)

Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.

The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.

Localized or diffuse reduction in blood flow through the vertebrobasilar arterial system, which supplies the BRAIN STEM; CEREBELLUM; OCCIPITAL LOBE; medial TEMPORAL LOBE; and THALAMUS. Characteristic clinical features include SYNCOPE; lightheadedness; visual disturbances; and VERTIGO. BRAIN STEM INFARCTIONS or other BRAIN INFARCTION may be associated.

Screens which absorb the energy in the x-ray beam that has penetrated the patient and convert this energy into a light pattern which has as nearly as possible the same information as the original x-ray beam. The more light a screen produces for a given input of x-radiation, the less x-ray exposure and thus shorter exposure time are needed to expose the film. In most film-screen systems, the film is sandwiched between two screens in a cassette so that the emulsion on each side is exposed to the light from its contiguous screen.

Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis.

Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.

In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)

Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL). Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the CAUDATE NUCLEUS; INTERNAL CAPSULE; PUTAMEN; SEPTAL NUCLEI; GYRUS CINGULI; and surfaces of the FRONTAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

Triiodo-substituted derivatives of BENZOIC ACID.

An acquired or spontaneous abnormality in which there is communication between CAVERNOUS SINUS, a venous structure, and the CAROTID ARTERIES. It is often associated with HEAD TRAUMA, specifically basilar skull fractures (SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR). Clinical signs often include VISION DISORDERS and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION.

The first branch of the SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY with distribution to muscles of the NECK; VERTEBRAE; SPINAL CORD; CEREBELLUM; and interior of the CEREBRUM.

The anterior and posterior arteries created at the bifurcation of the popliteal artery. The anterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle and lies along the tibia at the distal part of the leg to surface superficially anterior to the ankle joint. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg, ankle, and foot. The posterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, lies behind the tibia in the lower part of its course, and is found situated between the medial malleolus and the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg and foot.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Large endothelium-lined venous channels situated between the two layers of DURA MATER, the endosteal and the meningeal layers. They are devoid of valves and are parts of the venous system of dura mater. Major cranial sinuses include a postero-superior group (such as superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, and occipital) and an antero-inferior group (such as cavernous, petrosal, and basilar plexus).

Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).

A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.

Improvement of the quality of a picture by various techniques, including computer processing, digital filtering, echocardiographic techniques, light and ultrastructural MICROSCOPY, fluorescence spectrometry and microscopy, scintigraphy, and in vitro image processing at the molecular level.

The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries.

Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that are invasive or surgical in nature, and require the expertise of a specially trained radiologist. In general, they are more invasive than diagnostic imaging but less invasive than major surgery. They often involve catheterization, fluoroscopy, or computed tomography. Some examples include percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, percutaneous transthoracic biopsy, balloon angioplasty, and arterial embolization.

A non-invasive technique using ultrasound for the measurement of cerebrovascular hemodynamics, particularly cerebral blood flow velocity and cerebral collateral flow. With a high-intensity, low-frequency pulse probe, the intracranial arteries may be studied transtemporally, transorbitally, or from below the foramen magnum.

Delivery of drugs into an artery.

An abnormal direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. An A-V fistula usually leads to the formation of a dilated sac-like connection, arteriovenous aneurysm. The locations and size of the shunts determine the degree of effects on the cardiovascular functions such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEART RATE.

Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.

Radiography of the SALIVARY GLANDS or ducts following injection of contrast medium.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.

The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.

A polygonal anastomosis at the base of the brain formed by the internal carotid (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL), proximal parts of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries (ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), the anterior communicating artery and the posterior communicating arteries.

Microsurgical revascularization to improve intracranial circulation. It usually involves joining the extracranial circulation to the intracranial circulation but may include extracranial revascularization (e.g., subclavian-vertebral artery bypass, subclavian-external carotid artery bypass). It is performed by joining two arteries (direct anastomosis or use of graft) or by free autologous transplantation of highly vascularized tissue to the surface of the brain.

A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters.

A radiopaque medium used for urography, angiography, venography, and myelography. It is highly viscous and binds to plasma proteins.

Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.

Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.

Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.

The amount of radiation energy that is deposited in a unit mass of material, such as tissues of plants or animal. In RADIOTHERAPY, radiation dosage is expressed in gray units (Gy). In RADIOLOGIC HEALTH, the dosage is expressed by the product of absorbed dose (Gy) and quality factor (a function of linear energy transfer), and is called radiation dose equivalent in sievert units (Sv).

Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project.

A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.

Technique involving the passage of X-rays through oral structures to create a film record while a central tab or wing of dental X-ray film is being held between upper and lower teeth.

Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the exterior of the head, the face, and the greater part of the neck.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

A noninflammatory, progressive occlusion of the intracranial CAROTID ARTERIES and the formation of netlike collateral arteries arising from the CIRCLE OF WILLIS. Cerebral angiogram shows the puff-of-smoke (moyamoya) collaterals at the base of the brain. It is characterized by endothelial HYPERPLASIA and FIBROSIS with thickening of arterial walls. This disease primarily affects children but can also occur in adults.

The measurement of visualization by radiation of any organ after a radionuclide has been injected into its blood supply. It is used to diagnose heart, liver, lung, and other diseases and to measure the function of those organs, except renography, for which RADIOISOTOPE RENOGRAPHY is available.

The degree to which BLOOD VESSELS are not blocked or obstructed.

Devices or objects in various imaging techniques used to visualize or enhance visualization by simulating conditions encountered in the procedure. Phantoms are used very often in procedures employing or measuring x-irradiation or radioactive material to evaluate performance. Phantoms often have properties similar to human tissue. Water demonstrates absorbing properties similar to normal tissue, hence water-filled phantoms are used to map radiation levels. Phantoms are used also as teaching aids to simulate real conditions with x-ray or ultrasonic machines. (From Iturralde, Dictionary and Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Imaging, 1990)

Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.

Maintenance of blood flow to an organ despite obstruction of a principal vessel. Blood flow is maintained through small vessels.

Radiographic visualization of the aorta and its branches by injection of contrast media, using percutaneous puncture or catheterization procedures.

The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.

Use of a balloon catheter for dilation of an occluded artery. It is used in treatment of arterial occlusive diseases, including renal artery stenosis and arterial occlusions in the leg. For the specific technique of BALLOON DILATION in coronary arteries, ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, CORONARY is available.

Gadolinium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.

INFLAMMATION of salivary tissue (SALIVARY GLANDS), usually due to INFECTION or injuries.

Endosseous dental implantation where implants are fitted with an abutment or where an implant with a transmucosal coronal portion is used immediately (within 1 week) after the initial extraction. Conventionally, the implantation is performed in two stages with more than two months in between the stages.

Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)

Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with frequency-shifted ultrasound reflections produced by moving targets (usually red blood cells) in the bloodstream along the ultrasound axis in direct proportion to the velocity of movement of the targets, to determine both direction and velocity of blood flow. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The continuation of the femoral artery coursing through the popliteal fossa; it divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)

Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called ATHERECTOMY.

Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

The arterial trunk that arises from the abdominal aorta and after a short course divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries.

Care given during the period prior to undergoing surgery when psychological and physical preparations are made according to the special needs of the individual patient. This period spans the time between admission to the hospital to the time the surgery begins. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).

Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.

An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.

Production of an image when x-rays strike a fluorescent screen.

A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Methods of creating machines and devices.

The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery.

A method of producing a high-quality scan by digitizing and subtracting the images produced by high- and low-energy x-rays.

Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.

A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.

Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs.

Negative test results in subjects who possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of diseased persons as healthy when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).

The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

Positive test results in subjects who do not possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of healthy persons as diseased when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.

A method in which either the observer(s) or the subject(s) is kept ignorant of the group to which the subjects are assigned.

The largest of the cerebral arteries. It trifurcates into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches supplying blood to most of the parenchyma of these lobes in the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These are the areas involved in motor, sensory, and speech activities.

Operative procedures for the treatment of vascular disorders.

Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.

The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.

Libraries in which a major proportion of the resources are available in machine-readable format, rather than on paper or MICROFORM.

A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.

Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.

The excision of the thickened, atheromatous tunica intima of a carotid artery.

The evaluation of incidents involving the loss of function of a device. These evaluations are used for a variety of purposes such as to determine the failure rates, the causes of failures, costs of failures, and the reliability and maintainability of devices.

Methods developed to aid in the interpretation of ultrasound, radiographic images, etc., for diagnosis of disease.

Three-dimensional representation to show anatomic structures. Models may be used in place of intact animals or organisms for teaching, practice, and study.

Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.

The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.

Device constructed of either synthetic or biological material that is used for the repair of injured or diseased blood vessels.

The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.

The inferior part of the lower extremity between the KNEE and the ANKLE.

Motion of an object in which either one or more points on a line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.

Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.

Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

A method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image.

An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.

Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of radiology services and facilities.

Types of spiral computed tomography technology in which multiple slices of data are acquired simultaneously improving the resolution over single slice acquisition technology.

The production of an image obtained by cameras that detect the radioactive emissions of an injected radionuclide as it has distributed differentially throughout tissues in the body. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph.

The region of the lower limb in animals, extending from the gluteal region to the FOOT, and including the BUTTOCKS; HIP; and LEG.

The veins and arteries of the HEART.

A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)

A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.

The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.

Computer-assisted processing of electric, ultrasonic, or electronic signals to interpret function and activity.

The two principal arteries supplying the structures of the head and neck. They ascend in the neck, one on each side, and at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, each divides into two branches, the external (CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL) and internal (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL) carotid arteries.

A film base coated with an emulsion designed for use with x-rays.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.

Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.

The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Disease having a short and relatively severe course.

Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy.

The use of ultrasound to guide minimally invasive surgical procedures such as needle ASPIRATION BIOPSY; DRAINAGE; etc. Its widest application is intravascular ultrasound imaging but it is useful also in urology and intra-abdominal conditions.

Transmission and interpretation of tissue specimens via remote telecommunication, generally for the purpose of diagnosis or consultation but may also be used for continuing education.

Combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass graft. (1/1139)

Atherosclerosis is a generalized disease which afflicts a considerable number of patients in both the carotid and coronary arteries. Although the risk of stroke or death use to combined carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is thought to be higher than that of each individual operation, the combined procedure is generally preferred over staged operations to treat such patients. We performed the combined procedure safely with the aid of intraoperative portable digital subtraction angiography (DSA). This report describes our experience with the operative strategy of simultaneous CEA and CABG. Ninety CEA and 404 CABG were carried out between January 1989 and December 1997. A total of six patients received the combined procedure with the aid of intraoperative DSA; they were studied retrospectively. Postoperative mortality and morbidity after the combined procedure was 0%. In the combined procedure, neurological complications are difficult to detect after CEA because the patient must be maintained under general anesthesia and extracorporeal circulation during the subsequent CABG. However, intraoperative DSA can confirm patency of the internal carotid artery and absence of flap formation after CEA, and the CABG can be performed safely. Intraoperative portable DSA between CEA and CABG is helpful in preventing perioperative stroke in the combined procedure. (+info)

Popliteal artery occlusion as a late complication of liquid acrylate embolization for cerebral vascular malformation. (2/1139)

Occlusion of arteriovenous malformations of the brain (BAVMs) by means of an endovascular approach with liquid acrylate glue is an established treatment modality. The specific hazards of this procedure are related to the central nervous system. In the case of unexpectedly rapid polymerization of the cyanoacrylate glue and adhesion of the delivering microcatheter to the BAVM, severing the catheter at the site of vascular access is considered an acceptable and safe management. We present a unique complication related to this technique that has not been described yet. Fragmentation and migration of the microcatheter, originally left in place, had caused popliteal artery occlusion, which required saphenous vein interposition, in a 25-year-old man. Suggestions for avoiding this complication are discussed. (+info)

Factors influencing the development of vein-graft stenosis and their significance for clinical management. (3/1139)

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of clinical and graft factors on the development of stenotic lesions. In addition the implications of any significant correlation for duplex surveillance schedules or surgical bypass techniques was examined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective three centre study, preoperative and peroperative data on 300 infrainguinal autologous vein grafts was analysed. All grafts were monitored by a strict duplex surveillance program and all received an angiogram in the first postoperative year. A revision was only performed if there was evidence of a stenosis of 70% diameter reduction or greater on the angiogram. RESULTS: The minimum graft diameter was the only factor correlated significantly with the development of a significant graft stenosis (PSV-ratio > or = 2.5) during follow-up (p = 0.002). Factors that correlated with the development of event-causing graft stenosis, associated with revision or occlusion, were minimal graft diameter (p = 0.001), the use of a venovenous anastomosis (p = 0.005) and length of the graft (p = 0.025). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the minimal graft diameter was the only independent factor that significantly correlated with an event-causing graft stenosis (p = 0.009). The stenosis-free rates for grafts with a minimal diameter < 3.5 mm, between 3.5-4.5 and > or = 4.5 mm were 40%, 58% and 75%, respectively (p = < 0.05). Composite vein and arm-vein grafts with minimal diameters > or = 3.5 mm were compared with grafts which consisted of a single uninterrupted greater saphenous vein with a minimal diameter of < 3.5 mm. One-year secondary patency rates in these categories were of 94% and 76%, respectively (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: A minimal graft diameter < 3.5 mm was the only factor that significantly correlated with the development of a graft-stenosis. However, veins with larger diameters may still develop stenotic lesions. Composite vein and arm-vein grafts should be used rather than uninterrupted small caliber saphenous veins. (+info)

Bilateral vertebral artery occlusion following cervical spine trauma--case report. (4/1139)

A 41-year-old female presented with a rare case of bilateral vertebral artery occlusion following C5-6 cervical spine subluxation after a fall of 30 feet. Digital subtraction angiography showed occlusion of the bilateral vertebral arteries. Unlocking of the facet joint, posterior wiring with iliac crest grafting, and anterior fusion were performed. The patient died on the 3rd day after the operation. This type of injury has a grim prognosis with less than a third of the patients achieving a good outcome. (+info)

Evaluation of cerebral aneurysms with high-resolution MR angiography using a section-interpolation technique: correlation with digital subtraction angiography. (5/1139)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The objective was to evaluate the results of high-resolution, fast-speed, section-interpolation MR angiography and digital subtraction angiography (DSA), thereby examining the potential use of a primary noninvasive screening test for intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: The images were obtained in 39 cerebral aneurysmal lesions from 30 patients with a time-of-flight MR angiographic technique using a 1.5-T superconducting MR system. The total image volume was divided into four slabs, with 48 partitions each. To save time, only 24 phase-encoded steps were measured and interpolated to 48. The parameters used included 30/6.4 (TR/TE), a flip angle of 25 degrees , a 160x512 matrix, a field of view of 150x200, 7 minutes 42 seconds of scan time, an effective thickness of 0.7 mm, and an entire thickness of 102.2 mm. Maximum intensity projection was used for the image analysis, and a multiplanar reconstruction technique was used for patients with intracranial aneurysms. RESULTS: Among 39 intracranial aneurysmal lesions in 30 patients, 21 were ruptured and 18 were unruptured. Twelve lesions were less than 2 mm in size, 12 were 3 to 5 mm, 12 were 6 to 9 mm, and three were larger than 10 mm. At initial examinations, 38 of 39 aneurysmal lesions were detected by both MR angiography and DSA, with 97% sensitivity. In confirming aneurysms in neck and parent vessels, multiplanar reconstruction was successful in detecting all 39 aneurysms, whereas MR angiography was successful in detecting 27 (69%) and DSA was successful in detecting 32 (82%) of the lesions. CONCLUSION: High-resolution MR angiography with a section-interpolation technique showed equal results to those of DSA for the detection of intracranial aneurysms and may be used as a primary noninvasive screening test. In the evaluation of aneurysms in neck and parent vessels, the concurrent use of MR angiography and multiplanar reconstruction was far superior to the use of either MR angiography or DSA alone. (+info)

Twinkling artifact on intracerebral color Doppler sonography. (6/1139)

Transcranial Doppler sonography shows potential as a noninvasive technique for long-term follow-up of treated intracranial saccular aneurysms. This technical note describes a color Doppler artifact related to microcoil architecture that might represent a potential pitfall in transcranial Doppler sonographic evaluation of aneurysmal cavity thrombosis, since it may be wrongly interpreted as residual flow or aneurysmal cavity recanalization. (+info)

Cerebral veins: comparative study of CT venography with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography. (7/1139)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our objective was to compare the reliability of CT venography with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in imaging cerebral venous anatomy and pathology. METHODS: In 25 consecutive patients, 426 venous structures were determined as present, partially present, or absent by three observers evaluating CT multiplanar reformatted (MPR) and maximum intensity projection (MIP) images. These results were compared with the results from intraarterial DSA and, in a second step, with the results of an intraobserver consensus. In addition, pathologic conditions were described. RESULTS: Using DSA as the standard of reference, MPR images had an overall sensitivity of 95% (specificity, 19%) and MIP images a sensitivity of 80% (specificity, 44%) in depicting the cerebral venous anatomy. On the basis of an intraobserver consensus including DSA, MPR, and MIP images (415 vessels present), the sensitivity/specificity was 95%/91% for MPR, 90%/100% for DSA, and 79%/91% for MIP images. MPR images were superior to DSA images in showing the cavernous sinus, the inferior sagittal sinus, and the basal vein of Rosenthal. Venous occlusive diseases were correctly recognized on both MPR and MIP images. Only DSA images provided reliable information of invasion of a sinus by an adjacent meningioma. CONCLUSION: CT venography proved to be a reliable method to depict the cerebral venous structures. MPR images were superior to MIP images. (+info)

A persistent pharyngohyostapedial artery: embryologic implications. (8/1139)

A 3-year-old child was examined because of otorrhagia. CT scans showed an unusual vessel, confirmed by angiography, related to a persistent pharyngohyostapedial artery. This embryonic persistent artery associated with the normal internal carotid artery would explain the "duplication" aspect of the internal carotid artery. (+info)

Intracranial aneurysms are relatively rare but can have serious consequences if they rupture and cause bleeding in the brain.

The symptoms of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm may include headaches, seizures, and visual disturbances.

If an intracranial aneurysm ruptures, it can lead to a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the space around the brain), which is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.

Diagnosis of an intracranial aneurysm typically involves imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and may also involve catheter angiography.

Treatment for intracranial aneurysms usually involves surgical clipping or endovascular coiling, depending on the size, location, and severity of the aneurysm.

Preventing rupture of intracranial aneurysms is important, as they can be difficult to treat once they have ruptured.

Endovascular coiling is a minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted into the affected artery and a small coil is inserted into the aneurysm, causing it to clot and preventing further bleeding.

Surgical clipping involves placing a small metal clip across the base of the aneurysm to prevent further bleeding.

In addition to these treatments, medications such as anticonvulsants and antihypertensives may be used to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

There are several types of intracranial AVMs, including:

1. Cerebral AVMs: These are the most common type of AVM and occur in the cerebral hemispheres of the brain.
2. Spinal AVMs: These occur in the spinal cord and are less common than cerebral AVMs.
3. Multiple AVMs: Some people may have multiple AVMs, which can be located in different parts of the brain or spine.

The symptoms of intracranial AVMs can vary depending on the location and size of the malformation. They may include:

1. Seizures: AVMs can cause seizures, which can be a sign of the malformation.
2. Headaches: Patients with AVMs may experience frequent and severe headaches.
3. Weakness or numbness: AVMs can cause weakness or numbness in the arms or legs.
4. Vision problems: AVMs can affect the vision, including blurriness, double vision, or loss of peripheral vision.
5. Confusion or disorientation: Patients with AVMs may experience confusion or disorientation.
6. Seizures: AVMs can cause seizures, which can be a sign of the malformation.
7. Cranial nerve deficits: AVMs can affect the cranial nerves, leading to problems with speech, hearing, or facial movements.
8. Hydrocephalus: AVMs can cause hydrocephalus, which is an accumulation of fluid in the brain.

The diagnosis of intracranial AVMs is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, neuroimaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and angiography. Angiography is a test that uses dye and X-rays to visualize the blood vessels in the brain.

Treatment of intracranial AVMs usually involves a multidisciplinary approach, including neurosurgeons, interventional neuroradiologists, and neurologists. Treatment options may include:

1. Observation: Small AVMs that are not causing symptoms may be monitored with regular imaging studies to see if they grow or change over time.
2. Endovascular embolization: This is a minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a blood vessel in the leg and directed to the AVM in the brain. Once there, the catheter releases tiny particles that block the flow of blood into the AVM, causing it to shrink or disappear.
3. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the AVM. This is usually done when the AVM is large or in a location that makes it difficult to treat with endovascular embolization.
4. Radiation therapy: This may be used to shrink the AVM before surgery or as a standalone treatment.
5. Chemotherapy: This may be used in combination with radiation therapy to treat AVMs that are caused by a genetic condition called hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT).

The choice of treatment depends on the location and size of the AVM, as well as the patient's overall health and other medical conditions. In some cases, a combination of treatments may be necessary to achieve the best outcome.

Here are some examples of how 'Aneurysm, Ruptured' is used in different contexts:

1. Medical literature: "The patient was rushed to the hospital with a ruptured aneurysm after experiencing sudden severe headaches and vomiting."
2. Doctor-patient communication: "You have a ruptured aneurysm, which means that your blood vessel has burst and is causing bleeding inside your body."
3. Medical research: "The study found that patients with a history of smoking are at increased risk of developing a ruptured aneurysm."
4. Emergency medical services: "The patient was transported to the hospital with a ruptured aneurysm and was in critical condition upon arrival."
5. Patient education: "To prevent a ruptured aneurysm, it is important to manage high blood pressure and avoid smoking."

The different types of CNSVMs include:

1. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs): These are abnormal connections between arteries and veins that can cause bleeding, seizures, and neurological deficits.
2. Cavernous malformations: These are abnormal collections of blood vessels that can cause seizures, headaches, and neurological deficits.
3. Capillary telangiectasia: These are small, fragile blood vessels that can cause seizures, headaches, and neurological deficits.
4. Venous malformations: These are abnormalities of the veins that can cause neurological symptoms and cosmetic deformities.

The diagnosis of CNSVMs is based on a combination of clinical presentation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and angiography. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the malformation and may include observation, surgery, embolization, or radiosurgery. The prognosis for CNSVMs varies depending on the specific type and location of the malformation, as well as the severity of the symptoms. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

Types of Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis is a condition where plaque builds up inside the arteries, leading to narrowing or blockages that can restrict blood flow to certain areas of the body.
2. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): PAD is a condition where the blood vessels in the legs and arms become narrowed or blocked, leading to pain or cramping in the affected limbs.
3. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): CAD is a condition where the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart, become narrowed or blocked, leading to chest pain or a heart attack.
4. Carotid Artery Disease: Carotid artery disease is a condition where the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, become narrowed or blocked, leading to stroke or mini-stroke.
5. Renal Artery Stenosis: Renal artery stenosis is a condition where the blood vessels that supply the kidneys become narrowed or blocked, leading to high blood pressure and decreased kidney function.

Symptoms of Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Pain or cramping in the affected limbs
2. Weakness or fatigue
3. Difficulty walking or standing
4. Chest pain or discomfort
5. Shortness of breath
6. Dizziness or lightheadedness
7. Stroke or mini-stroke

Treatment for Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Medications: Medications such as blood thinners, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and blood pressure medications may be prescribed to treat arterial occlusive diseases.
2. Lifestyle Changes: Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.
3. Endovascular Procedures: Endovascular procedures such as angioplasty and stenting may be performed to open up narrowed or blocked blood vessels.
4. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat arterial occlusive diseases, such as bypass surgery or carotid endarterectomy.

Prevention of Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle
2. Quit smoking and avoid exposure to secondhand smoke
3. Exercise regularly
4. Manage high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes
5. Avoid excessive alcohol consumption
6. Get regular check-ups with your healthcare provider

Early detection and treatment of arterial occlusive diseases can help manage symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and prevent complications such as heart attack or stroke.

There are two main types of carotid stenosis:

1. Internal carotid artery stenosis: This type of stenosis occurs when the internal carotid artery, which supplies blood to the brain, becomes narrowed or blocked.
2. Common carotid artery stenosis: This type of stenosis occurs when the common carotid artery, which supplies blood to the head and neck, becomes narrowed or blocked.

The symptoms of carotid stenosis can vary depending on the severity of the blockage and the extent of the affected area. Some common symptoms include:

* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Vertigo (a feeling of spinning)
* Blurred vision or double vision
* Memory loss or confusion
* Slurred speech
* Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body

If left untreated, carotid stenosis can lead to a stroke or other serious complications. Treatment options for carotid stenosis include medications to lower cholesterol and blood pressure, as well as surgical procedures such as endarterectomy (removing plaque from the artery) or stenting (placing a small mesh tube in the artery to keep it open).

In conclusion, carotid stenosis is a serious medical condition that can lead to stroke and other complications if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The term "calculus" refers to a small, hard deposit that has formed within the salivary gland ducts or sacs. These deposits are made up of crystallized minerals, such as calcium phosphate, ammonium urate, or magnesium ammonium phosphate, which can accumulate in the salivary glands over time due to a variety of factors.

Salivary gland calculi are relatively rare, but they can be quite painful and can cause significant discomfort and difficulty for patients. Treatment options for salivary gland calculi include medications to dissolve the calculi, surgery to remove the calculi, or sialography, a minimally invasive procedure that uses dye to visualize the salivary glands and locate any blockages or stones.

The medical field recognizes several types of salivary gland calculi, including:

1. Parotid calculi: These are the most common type of salivary gland calculus and form in the parotid gland, which is located in front of the ear.
2. Submandibular calculi: These form in the submandibular gland, which is located under the tongue.
3. Sublingual calculi: These form in the sublingual gland, which is located under the tongue.
4. Warthin's tumor: This is a rare type of salivary gland calculus that forms in the parotid gland and can be benign or malignant.

In summary, salivary gland calculi are small, hard deposits that can form within the salivary glands, causing pain, swelling, and difficulty opening the mouth. Treatment options include medications to dissolve the calculi, surgery to remove the calculi, or sialography. The medical field recognizes several types of salivary gland calculi, including parotid, submandibular, sublingual, and Warthin's tumor.

Some examples of pathologic constrictions include:

1. Stenosis: A narrowing or constriction of a blood vessel or other tubular structure, often caused by the buildup of plaque or scar tissue.
2. Asthma: A condition characterized by inflammation and constriction of the airways, which can make breathing difficult.
3. Esophageal stricture: A narrowing of the esophagus that can cause difficulty swallowing.
4. Gastric ring constriction: A narrowing of the stomach caused by a band of tissue that forms in the upper part of the stomach.
5. Anal fissure: A tear in the lining of the anus that can cause pain and difficulty passing stools.

Pathologic constrictions can be caused by a variety of factors, including inflammation, infection, injury, or genetic disorders. They can be diagnosed through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or endoscopies, and may require surgical treatment to relieve symptoms and improve function.

AVMs are characterized by a tangle of abnormal blood vessels that can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

* Headaches
* Seizures
* Stroke-like episodes
* Neurological deficits such as weakness or numbness
* Vision problems
* Pain

AVMs can be diagnosed through a combination of imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and catheter angiography. Treatment options for AVMs include:

* Endovascular embolization, which involves using a catheter to inject materials into the abnormal blood vessels to block them off
* Surgery to remove the AVM
* Radiation therapy to shrink the AVM

The goal of treatment is to prevent bleeding, seizures, and other complications associated with AVMs. In some cases, treatment may not be necessary if the AVM is small and not causing any symptoms. However, in more severe cases, prompt treatment can significantly improve outcomes.

The condition is often caused by atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can reduce blood flow to the brain and cause damage to the blood vessels. Other factors that can contribute to vertebrobasilar insufficiency include blood clots, high blood pressure, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes and high cholesterol.

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency is typically diagnosed through a physical examination, imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, andDoppler ultrasound. Treatment options for the condition may include lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and stress management, as well as medications to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to improve blood flow to the brain.

It is important to note that vertebrobasilar insufficiency can be a serious condition and can lead to more severe complications such as stroke if left untreated. If you are experiencing symptoms of the condition, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible.

The most common carotid artery disease is atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque in the inner lining of the arteries. This buildup can lead to a narrowing or blockage of the arteries, reducing blood flow to the brain and increasing the risk of stroke. Other conditions that can affect the carotid arteries include:

1. Carotid artery stenosis: A narrowing of the carotid arteries caused by atherosclerosis or other factors.
2. Carotid artery dissection: A tear in the inner lining of the arteries that can cause bleeding and blockage.
3. Carotid artery aneurysm: A bulge in the wall of the arteries that can lead to rupture and stroke.
4. Temporal bone fracture: A break in the bones of the skull that can cause damage to the carotid arteries and result in stroke or other complications.

Carotid artery diseases are typically diagnosed using imaging tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) angiography, or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Treatment options for carotid artery diseases depend on the underlying condition and its severity, but may include lifestyle changes, medications, surgery, or endovascular procedures.

Prevention of carotid artery diseases is key to reducing the risk of stroke and other complications. This includes managing risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes, as well as maintaining a healthy lifestyle and getting regular check-ups with your doctor.

The term "carotid-cavernous sinus fistula" is not commonly used in medical practice or medical literature. Instead, this condition is more often referred to as a carotid-cavernous fistula or a cavernous sinus fistula.

Carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas are classified into two types: direct and indirect. Direct fistulas occur when there is a direct connection between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, while indirect fistulas occur when there is a connection through a shared blood vessel or through the internal carotid artery.

The exact cause of carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas is not well understood, but they are thought to be due to trauma, surgical complications, or certain medical conditions such as high blood pressure or aneurysms.

Diagnosis of a carotid-cavernous sinus fistula typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options for this condition include endovascular embolization or surgical ligation of the fistula.

Overall, carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas are a rare and complex vascular abnormality that can have serious consequences if left untreated. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

If you suspect vasospasm, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare professional will perform a physical examination and order imaging tests, such as CT or MRI scans, to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options may include medications to dilate blood vessels, surgery to relieve pressure on affected areas, or other interventions depending on the severity of the condition.

Preventing vasospasm can be challenging, but some measures can reduce the risk of developing this condition. These include managing underlying conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or high cholesterol levels; avoiding head injuries by wearing protective gear during sports and other activities; and adopting a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Early diagnosis and treatment are critical in managing vasospasm and preventing long-term damage to the brain tissue. If you experience any symptoms suggestive of vasospasm, seek medical attention promptly to receive appropriate care and improve outcomes.

1. Stroke: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted, either due to a blockage or a rupture of the blood vessels. This can lead to cell death and permanent brain damage.
2. Cerebral vasospasm: Vasospasm is a temporary constriction of the blood vessels in the brain, which can occur after a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the space surrounding the brain).
3. Moyamoya disease: This is a rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches. It can lead to recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIs) or stroke.
4. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: This is a condition where abnormal protein deposits accumulate in the blood vessels of the brain, leading to inflammation and bleeding.
5. Cavernous malformations: These are abnormal collections of blood vessels in the brain that can cause seizures, headaches, and other symptoms.
6. Carotid artery disease: Atherosclerosis (hardening) of the carotid arteries can lead to a stroke or TIAs.
7. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency: This is a condition where the blood flow to the brain is reduced due to narrowing or blockage of the vertebral and basilar arteries.
8. Temporal lobe dementia: This is a type of dementia that affects the temporal lobe of the brain, leading to memory loss and other cognitive symptoms.
9. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the blood vessels in the brain, leading to recurrent stroke-like events.
10. Moyamoya disease: This is a rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches, leading to decreased blood flow to the brain and increased risk of stroke.

It's important to note that this list is not exhaustive and there may be other causes of stroke and TIAs that are not included here. A proper diagnosis can only be made by a qualified medical professional after conducting a thorough examination and reviewing the individual's medical history.

The AVF is created by joining a radial or brachial artery to a vein in the forearm or upper arm. The vein is typically a radiocephalic vein, which is a vein that drains blood from the hand and forearm. The fistula is formed by sewing the artery and vein together with a specialized suture material.

Once the AVF is created, it needs time to mature before it can be used for hemodialysis. This process can take several weeks or months, depending on the size of the fistula and the individual patient's healing response. During this time, the patient may need to undergo regular monitoring and testing to ensure that the fistula is functioning properly.

The advantages of an AVF over other types of hemodialysis access include:

1. Improved blood flow: The high-flow path created by the AVF allows for more efficient removal of waste products from the blood.
2. Reduced risk of infection: The connection between the artery and vein is less likely to become infected than other types of hemodialysis access.
3. Longer duration: AVFs can last for several years, providing a reliable and consistent source of hemodialysis access.
4. Improved patient comfort: The fistula is typically located in the arm or forearm, which is less invasive and more comfortable for the patient than other types of hemodialysis access.

However, there are also potential risks and complications associated with AVFs, including:

1. Access failure: The fistula may not mature properly or may become blocked, requiring alternative access methods.
2. Infection: As with any surgical procedure, there is a risk of infection with AVF creation.
3. Steal syndrome: This is a rare complication that occurs when the flow of blood through the fistula interferes with the normal flow of blood through the arm.
4. Thrombosis: The fistula may become occluded due to clotting, which can be treated with thrombolysis or surgical intervention.

In summary, an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a type of hemodialysis access that is created by connecting an artery and a vein, providing a high-flow path for hemodialysis. AVFs offer several advantages over other types of hemodialysis access, including improved blood flow, reduced risk of infection, longer duration, and improved patient comfort. However, there are also potential risks and complications associated with AVFs, including access failure, infection, steal syndrome, and thrombosis. Regular monitoring and testing are necessary to ensure that the fistula is functioning properly and to minimize the risk of these complications.

There are several types of aneurysms, including:

1. Thoracic aneurysm: This type of aneurysm occurs in the chest cavity and is usually caused by atherosclerosis or other conditions that affect the aorta.
2. Abdominal aneurysm: This type of aneurysm occurs in the abdomen and is usually caused by high blood pressure or atherosclerosis.
3. Cerebral aneurysm: This type of aneurysm occurs in the brain and can cause symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and stroke.
4. Peripheral aneurysm: This type of aneurysm occurs in the peripheral arteries, which are the blood vessels that carry blood to the arms and legs.

Symptoms of an aneurysm can include:

1. Pain or discomfort in the affected area
2. Swelling or bulging of the affected area
3. Weakness or numbness in the affected limb
4. Shortness of breath or chest pain (in the case of a thoracic aneurysm)
5. Headaches, seizures, or stroke (in the case of a cerebral aneurysm)

If an aneurysm is not treated, it can lead to serious complications such as:

1. Rupture: This is the most serious complication of an aneurysm and occurs when the aneurysm sac bursts, leading to severe bleeding and potentially life-threatening consequences.
2. Stroke or brain damage: If a cerebral aneurysm ruptures, it can cause a stroke or brain damage.
3. Infection: An aneurysm can become infected, which can lead to serious health problems.
4. Blood clots: An aneurysm can form blood clots, which can break loose and travel to other parts of the body, causing blockages or further complications.
5. Kidney failure: If an aneurysm is not treated, it can cause kidney failure due to the pressure on the renal arteries.
6. Heart problems: An aneurysm in the aorta can lead to heart problems such as heart failure or cardiac arrest.
7. Sepsis: If an aneurysm becomes infected, it can lead to sepsis, which is a life-threatening condition that can cause organ failure and death.

Treatment options for an aneurysm include:

1. Observation: Small aneurysms that are not causing any symptoms may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored with regular check-ups to see if they are growing or changing.
2. Surgery: Open surgery or endovascular repair are two common methods for treating aneurysms. In open surgery, the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen to repair the aneurysm. In endovascular repair, a small tube is inserted into the affected blood vessel through an incision in the groin, and then guided to the site of the aneurysm where it is expanded to fill the aneurysm sac and seal off the aneurysm.
3. Embolization: This is a minimally invasive procedure where a small catheter is inserted into the affected blood vessel through an incision in the groin, and then guided to the site of the aneurysm where it releases tiny particles or coils that fill the aneurysm sac and seal off the aneurysm.
4. Medications: Certain medications such as antibiotics and blood thinners may be prescribed to treat related complications such as infection or blood clots.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of an aneurysm, such as sudden severe headache, vision changes, difficulty speaking, weakness or numbness in the face or limbs, as prompt treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Intracranial arteriosclerosis is often caused by high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and smoking, as well as other factors such as age, family history, and diabetes. The condition can be diagnosed using imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and may be treated with medications to manage underlying risk factors, or surgery to open up narrowed arteries.

There are several types of salivary gland diseases, including:

1. Parotid gland disease: This type of disease affects the parotid gland, which is located in the jaw and produces saliva to aid in digestion.
2. Sublingual gland disease: This type of disease affects the sublingual gland, which is located under the tongue and produces saliva to keep the mouth moist.
3. Submandibular gland disease: This type of disease affects the submandibular gland, which is located below the jaw and produces saliva to aid in digestion.
4. Mucocele: This is a benign tumor that occurs in the salivary glands and can cause swelling and pain.
5. Mucoceles: These are benign tumors that occur in the salivary glands and can cause swelling and pain.
6. Salivary gland stones: This is a condition where small stones form in the salivary glands and can cause pain and swelling.
7. Salivary gland cancer: This is a type of cancer that affects the salivary glands and can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.
8. Sialadenitis: This is an inflammation of the salivary glands that can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing.
9. Sialosis: This is a condition where the salivary glands become blocked and cannot produce saliva.
10. Salivary gland cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that occur in the salivary glands and can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing.

Salivary gland diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment for these conditions depends on the specific type of disease and may include medications, surgery, or radiation therapy.

The symptoms of moyamoya disease typically begin in childhood or adolescence and can include:

* Recurring transient ischemic attacks (TIA, or "mini-strokes")
* Stroke or cerebral infarction
* Seizures
* Cognitive impairment or developmental delays
* Weakness or paralysis of the limbs
* Vision problems or blindness

The disease is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including:

* Genetic mutations that affect the formation and maintenance of blood vessels
* Environmental factors such as infections, trauma, or exposure to toxins

Moyamoya disease can be diagnosed through a variety of imaging tests, including:

* Computed tomography (CT) scans
* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
* Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
* Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

There is no cure for moyamoya disease, but various treatments can be used to manage its symptoms and slow its progression. These may include:

* Medications to prevent or treat seizures, high blood pressure, or other complications
* Surgical procedures to improve blood flow to the brain, such as direct revascularization or bypass surgery
* Rehabilitation therapies to help regain lost function and mobility

Early diagnosis and treatment of moyamoya disease can help manage its symptoms and improve quality of life for affected individuals. However, because the disease is so rare and complex, it can be challenging to diagnose and treat effectively.

Symptoms of sialadenitis may include:

* Swelling and tenderness of the salivary gland
* Pain in the jaw, cheek, or neck
* Difficulty swallowing
* Fever
* Redness and warmth of the affected area

The diagnosis of sialadenitis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics for bacterial infections, anti-inflammatory medications, or drainage of the abscess if present.

Sialadenitis can lead to complications such as abscess formation, cellulitis, and permanent damage to the salivary gland if left untreated. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Example sentence: "The patient experienced a transient ischemic attack, which was caused by a temporary blockage in one of the blood vessels in their brain."

Synonyms: TIA, mini-stroke.

Causes of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea may include:

1. Skull fracture or depression: Trauma to the skull can cause a tear in the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, leading to CSF leakage.
2. Spinal tap or lumbar puncture: This medical procedure can sometimes result in a small amount of CSF leaking into the nasopharynx.
3. Infection: Meningitis or encephalitis can cause CSF to leak into the nose and throat.
4. Brain tumors: Tumors in the brain can cause CSF to leak out of the sinuses or nose.
5. Cerebral aneurysm: A ruptured aneurysm in the brain can cause CSF to leak out of the nose or sinuses.
6. Vasculitic diseases: Conditions such as Wegener's granulomatosis or Takayasu arteritis can cause inflammation and damage to blood vessels, leading to CSF leakage.
7. Congenital conditions: Some individuals may have a congenital skull defect or abnormality that allows CSF to escape into the nasopharynx or sinuses.

Symptoms of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea may include:

1. Clear, colorless discharge from the nose or sinuses
2. Thick, sticky discharge or pus in the nose or sinuses
3. Headache, fever, or neck stiffness
4. Nausea, vomiting, or dizziness
5. Weakness or numbness in the face, arms, or legs
6. Seizures or convulsions
7. Change in mental status or consciousness

Diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests to rule out other possible causes of nasal discharge. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, or surgery to repair any defects or obstructions in the skull or sinuses.

The term ischemia refers to the reduction of blood flow, and it is often used interchangeably with the term stroke. However, not all strokes are caused by ischemia, as some can be caused by other factors such as bleeding in the brain. Ischemic stroke accounts for about 87% of all strokes.

There are different types of brain ischemia, including:

1. Cerebral ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the cerebrum, which is the largest part of the brain and responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thought, emotion, and voluntary movement.
2. Cerebellar ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the cerebellum, which is responsible for coordinating and regulating movement, balance, and posture.
3. Brainstem ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the brainstem, which is responsible for controlling many of the body's automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
4. Territorial ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to a specific area of the brain, often caused by a blockage in a blood vessel.
5. Global ischemia: This refers to the reduction of blood flow to the entire brain, which can be caused by a cardiac arrest or other systemic conditions.

The symptoms of brain ischemia can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Weakness or paralysis of the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body
2. Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
3. Sudden vision loss or double vision
4. Dizziness or loss of balance
5. Confusion or difficulty with memory
6. Seizures
7. Slurred speech or inability to speak
8. Numbness or tingling sensations in the face, arm, or leg
9. Vision changes, such as blurred vision or loss of peripheral vision
10. Difficulty with coordination and balance.

It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of these symptoms, as brain ischemia can cause permanent damage or death if left untreated.

Renal artery obstruction can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries): This is the most common cause of renal artery obstruction and occurs when plaque builds up in the arteries, leading to narrowing or blockages.
2. Stenosis (narrowing of the arteries): This can be caused by inflammation or scarring of the arteries, which can lead to a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys.
3. Fibromuscular dysplasia: This is a rare condition that causes abnormal growth of muscle tissue in the renal arteries, leading to narrowing or blockages.
4. Embolism (blood clot): A blood clot can break loose and travel to the kidneys, causing a blockage in the renal artery.
5. Renal vein thrombosis: This is a blockage of the veins that drain blood from the kidneys, which can lead to decreased blood flow and oxygenation of the kidneys.

Symptoms of renal artery obstruction may include:

1. High blood pressure
2. Decreased kidney function
3. Swelling in the legs or feet
4. Pain in the flank or back
5. Fatigue
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Weight loss

Diagnosis of renal artery obstruction is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:

1. Ultrasound: This can help identify any blockages or narrowing in the renal arteries.
2. Computed tomography (CT) scan: This can provide detailed images of the renal arteries and any blockages or narrowing.
3. Magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA): This is a non-invasive test that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the renal arteries.
4. Angiography: This is a minimally invasive test that involves inserting a catheter into the renal artery to visualize any blockages or narrowing.

Treatment for renal artery obstruction depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Some possible treatment options include:

1. Medications: Drugs such as blood thinners, blood pressure medication, and anticoagulants may be prescribed to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.
2. Endovascular therapy: This is a minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted into the renal artery to open up any blockages or narrowing.
3. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove any blockages or repair any damage to the renal arteries.
4. Dialysis: This is a procedure in which waste products are removed from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to do so.
5. Kidney transplantation: In severe cases of renal artery obstruction, a kidney transplant may be necessary.

It is important to note that early detection and treatment of renal artery obstruction can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients.

The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries is often caused by high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and a family history of heart disease. The plaque can also rupture, causing a blood clot to form, which can completely block the flow of blood to the heart muscle, leading to a heart attack.

CAD is the most common type of heart disease and is often asymptomatic until a serious event occurs. Risk factors for CAD include:

* Age (men over 45 and women over 55)
* Gender (men are at greater risk than women, but women are more likely to die from CAD)
* Family history of heart disease
* High blood pressure
* High cholesterol
* Diabetes
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Lack of exercise

Diagnosis of CAD typically involves a physical exam, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as:

* Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
* Stress test
* Echocardiogram
* Coronary angiography

Treatment for CAD may include lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and quitting smoking. Medications such as beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and statins may also be prescribed to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. In severe cases, surgical intervention such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be necessary.

Prevention of CAD includes managing risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes, quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and getting regular exercise. Early detection and treatment of CAD can help to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life for those affected by the disease.

The severity of coronary stenosis can range from mild to severe, with blockages ranging from 15% to over 90%. In mild cases, lifestyle changes and medication may be enough to manage symptoms. However, more severe cases typically require interventional procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

There are several types of ischemia, including:

1. Myocardial ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, which can lead to chest pain or a heart attack.
2. Cerebral ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the brain, which can lead to stroke or cognitive impairment.
3. Peripheral arterial ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the legs and arms.
4. Renal ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
5. Hepatic ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the liver.

Ischemia can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment for ischemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgical interventions.

Cerebral infarction can result in a range of symptoms, including sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, sudden vision loss, dizziness, and confusion. Depending on the location and severity of the infarction, it can lead to long-term disability or even death.

There are several types of cerebral infarction, including:

1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of cerebral infarction, accounting for around 87% of all cases. It occurs when a blood clot blocks the flow of blood to the brain, leading to cell death and tissue damage.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of cerebral infarction occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, leading to bleeding and cell death.
3. Lacunar infarction: This type of cerebral infarction affects the deep structures of the brain, particularly the basal ganglia, and is often caused by small blockages or stenosis (narrowing) in the blood vessels.
4. Territorial infarction: This type of cerebral infarction occurs when there is a complete blockage of a blood vessel that supplies a specific area of the brain, leading to cell death and tissue damage in that area.

Diagnosis of cerebral infarction typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and location of the infarction, but may include medication to dissolve blood clots, surgery to remove blockages, or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Symptoms of PVD may include:

* Cramping pain in the legs during exercise or at rest
* Weakness or numbness in the legs
* Coldness in the lower limbs
* Difficulty healing wounds on the feet or legs
* Poor circulation
* Varicose veins

Treatment for PVD depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Some common treatments include:

* Medications to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, or lower cholesterol levels
* Lifestyle changes such as exercise, smoking cessation, and a healthy diet
* Surgical procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow
* Compression stockings to improve circulation

Prevention of PVD includes:

* Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and not smoking
* Managing underlying conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or diabetes
* Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider to monitor your risk factors and detect any early signs of PVD.

Example sentences for 'Aneurysm, False'

The patient was diagnosed with a false aneurysm after experiencing sudden severe pain in his leg following a fall.
The surgeon treated the false aneurysm by inserting a catheter into the affected blood vessel and using it to deliver a special coil that would seal off the dilated area.

1. Atherosclerosis: A condition in which plaque builds up inside the arteries, causing them to narrow and harden. This can lead to heart disease, heart attack, or stroke.
2. Hypertension: High blood pressure that can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other conditions.
3. Peripheral artery disease (PAD): A condition in which the blood vessels in the legs and arms become narrowed or blocked, leading to pain, cramping, and weakness in the affected limbs.
4. Raynaud's phenomenon: A condition that causes blood vessels in the hands and feet to constrict in response to cold temperatures or stress, leading to discoloration, numbness, and tissue damage.
5. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A condition in which a blood clot forms in the deep veins of the legs, often caused by immobility or injury.
6. Varicose veins: Enlarged, twisted veins that can cause pain, swelling, and cosmetic concerns.
7. Angioplasty: A medical procedure in which a balloon is used to open up narrowed blood vessels, often performed to treat peripheral artery disease or blockages in the legs.
8. Stenting: A medical procedure in which a small mesh tube is placed inside a blood vessel to keep it open and improve blood flow.
9. Carotid endarterectomy: A surgical procedure to remove plaque from the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, to reduce the risk of stroke.
10. Bypass surgery: A surgical procedure in which a healthy blood vessel is used to bypass a blocked or narrowed blood vessel, often performed to treat coronary artery disease or peripheral artery disease.

Overall, vascular diseases can have a significant impact on quality of life and can increase the risk of serious complications such as stroke, heart attack, and amputation. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early diagnosis and treatment can help to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes.

Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.

In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.

Symptoms of cerebral hemorrhage may include sudden severe headache, confusion, seizures, weakness or numbness in the face or limbs, and loss of consciousness. The condition is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests to determine the cause of the bleeding.

Treatment for cerebral hemorrhage depends on the location and severity of the bleeding, as well as the underlying cause. Medications may be used to control symptoms such as high blood pressure or seizures, while surgery may be necessary to repair the ruptured blood vessel or relieve pressure on the brain. In some cases, the condition may be fatal, and immediate medical attention is essential to prevent long-term damage or death.

Some of the most common complications associated with cerebral hemorrhage include:

1. Rebleeding: There is a risk of rebleeding after the initial hemorrhage, which can lead to further brain damage and increased risk of death.
2. Hydrocephalus: Excess cerebrospinal fluid can accumulate in the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
3. Brain edema: Swelling of the brain tissue can occur due to the bleeding, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
4. Seizures: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause seizures, which can be a sign of a more severe injury.
5. Cognitive and motor deficits: Depending on the location and severity of the bleeding, cerebral hemorrhage can result in long-term cognitive and motor deficits.
6. Vision loss: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause vision loss or blindness due to damage to the visual cortex.
7. Communication difficulties: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause difficulty with speech and language processing, leading to communication difficulties.
8. Behavioral changes: Depending on the location and severity of the bleeding, cerebral hemorrhage can result in behavioral changes, such as irritability, agitation, or apathy.
9. Infection: Cerebral hemorrhage can increase the risk of infection, particularly if the hemorrhage is caused by a ruptured aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM).
10. Death: Cerebral hemorrhage can be fatal, particularly if the bleeding is severe or if there are underlying medical conditions that compromise the patient's ability to tolerate the injury.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

Coronary disease is often caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, obesity, and a lack of physical activity. It can also be triggered by other medical conditions, such as diabetes and kidney disease.

The symptoms of coronary disease can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Swelling of the legs and feet
* Pain in the arms and back

Coronary disease is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and cardiac imaging. Treatment for coronary disease may include lifestyle changes, medications to control symptoms, and surgical procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

Preventative measures for coronary disease include:

* Maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine
* Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption
* Managing high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and other underlying medical conditions
* Reducing stress through relaxation techniques or therapy.

1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 87% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked, reducing blood flow to the brain.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain. High blood pressure, aneurysms, and blood vessel malformations can all cause hemorrhagic strokes.
3. Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Also known as a "mini-stroke," a TIA is a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain that lasts for a short period of time, usually less than 24 hours. TIAs are often a warning sign for a future stroke and should be taken seriously.

Stroke can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the damage to the brain. Some common symptoms include:

* Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
* Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
* Sudden vision loss or double vision
* Dizziness, loss of balance, or sudden falls
* Severe headache
* Confusion, disorientation, or difficulty with memory

Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and can have a significant impact on the quality of life for survivors. However, with prompt medical treatment and rehabilitation, many people are able to recover some or all of their lost functions and lead active lives.

The medical community has made significant progress in understanding stroke and developing effective treatments. Some of the most important advances include:

* Development of clot-busting drugs and mechanical thrombectomy devices to treat ischemic strokes
* Improved imaging techniques, such as CT and MRI scans, to diagnose stroke and determine its cause
* Advances in surgical techniques for hemorrhagic stroke
* Development of new medications to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke

Despite these advances, stroke remains a significant public health problem. According to the American Heart Association, stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of long-term disability. In 2017, there were over 795,000 strokes in the United States alone.

There are several risk factors for stroke that can be controlled or modified. These include:

* High blood pressure
* Diabetes mellitus
* High cholesterol levels
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Lack of physical activity
* Poor diet

In addition to these modifiable risk factors, there are also several non-modifiable risk factors for stroke, such as age (stroke risk increases with age), family history of stroke, and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).

The medical community has made significant progress in understanding the causes and risk factors for stroke, as well as developing effective treatments and prevention strategies. However, more research is needed to improve outcomes for stroke survivors and reduce the overall burden of this disease.

Arteriosclerosis can affect any artery in the body, but it is most commonly seen in the arteries of the heart, brain, and legs. It is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide and is often associated with aging and other factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking.

There are several types of arteriosclerosis, including:

1. Atherosclerosis: This is the most common type of arteriosclerosis and occurs when plaque builds up inside the arteries.
2. Arteriolosclerosis: This type affects the small arteries in the body and can cause decreased blood flow to organs such as the kidneys and brain.
3. Medial sclerosis: This type affects the middle layer of the artery wall and can cause stiffness and narrowing of the arteries.
4. Intimal sclerosis: This type occurs when plaque builds up inside the innermost layer of the artery wall, causing it to become thick and less flexible.

Symptoms of arteriosclerosis can include chest pain, shortness of breath, leg pain or cramping during exercise, and numbness or weakness in the limbs. Treatment for arteriosclerosis may include lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and regular exercise, as well as medications to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to open up or bypass blocked arteries.

Examples of acute diseases include:

1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.

Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

"Introduction to Digital Subtraction Angiography". The cost-effectiveness of digital subtraction angiography in the diagnosis of ... Hence the term "digital subtraction angiography. Subtraction angiography was first described in 1935 and in English sources in ... Intravenous digital subtraction angiography (IV-DSA) is a form of angiography which was first developed in the late 1970s. IV- ... D'Alotto C, Pelz DM, Rankin RN (September 1985). "A comparison of angiography, intravenous digital subtraction angiography and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subtraction_angiography

Major complications in cerebral angiography such as in digital subtraction angiography or contrast MRI are also rare but ... One common cerebral angiographic procedure is neuro-vascular digital subtraction angiography. Pulmonary angiography is used to ... If digital subtraction angiography is used instead, the risks are considerably reduced because the catheter does not need to be ... For all structures except the heart, the images are usually taken using a technique called digital subtraction angiography or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiography

Computed Tomography Angiography Intravenous digital subtraction angiography "microangiography". The Free Dictionary. Takeshita ... "Micro-angiography for tumor vessel imaging" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-06-10. Bollinger A, Amann-Vesti BR (June 2007). "Fluorescence ... Microangiography (/ˌmaɪkroʊˌændʒiˈɒɡrəfi/ MY-kroh-AN-jee-OG-rə-fee) is a type of angiography that consists of the radiography ... While most other types of angiography cannot produce images of vessels smaller than 200 µm in diameter, microangiography does ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microangiography

Digital subtraction angiography is the main technique of imaging the cerebral blood vessels. Catheter should be advanced over ... December 2016). "Comparison of High-Resolution MR Imaging and Digital Subtraction Angiography for the Characterization and ... April 2019). "Digital Subtraction Neuroangiography: What a Resident Should Know". Journal of Clinical Interventional Radiology ... Cerebral angiography is a form of angiography which provides images of blood vessels in and around the brain, thereby allowing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_angiography

compared the quality of DVA and DSA (digital subtraction angiography) images in a prospective observational crossover study, ... Comparison to Digital Subtraction Angiography". Radiology. 290 (1): 246-253. doi:10.1148/radiol.2018172927. ISSN 0033-8419. ... "Digital Variance Angiography as a Paradigm Shift in Carbon Dioxide Angiography". Investigative Radiology. 54 (7): 428-436. doi: ... which investigated the feasibility of digital variance angiography (DVA) in lower extremity carbon-dioxide angiography and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_variance_angiography

Comparison to Digital Subtraction Angiography". Radiology. 290 (1): 246-253. doi:10.1148/radiol.2018172927. ISSN 0033-8419. ... "Digital Variance Angiography as a Paradigm Shift in Carbon Dioxide Angiography". Investigative Radiology. 54 (7): 428-436. doi: ... See also: Digital variance angiography The diagnostic value of radiographic images is limited by image quality, which can be ... Digital variance angiography X-ray imaging Fluoroscopy Signal-to-noise ratio Szigeti, K.; Máthé, D.; Osváth, S. (2014-10-01). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_imaging

... magnetic resonance angiography and CT scan. A cerebral digital subtraction angiography (DSA) enhances visualization of the ... High resolution digital subtraction angiography may help in classifying CCF into dural and direct type and thus formulate a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid-cavernous_fistula

The gold standard is cerebral angiography (with or without digital subtraction angiography). This involves puncture of a large ... MR angiography). They use smaller amounts of contrast and are not invasive. CT angiography and MR angiography are more or less ... When MR angiography is used, the best results are achieved in the T1 setting using a protocol known as "fat suppression". ... Angiography also does not directly demonstrate the blood in the vessel wall, as opposed to more modern modalities. The only ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_artery_dissection

The DR 960 was introduced in 1982 as a digital subtraction angiography device. Rather than injecting contrast material into an ... A digital image was acquired without contrast and one with, and the images subtracted from each other leaving the arterial ... essentially a digital x-ray that was produced by moving the body through the gantry with the x-ray tube stationary. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicare

In 1989, capability for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was introduced. Northern ... Radiology & Medical Imaging: NWH uses digital imaging techniques to provide accurate test results including MRI, PET/CT scans, ... CAT scans, ultrasounds and digital X-rays. Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Offering both the Gamma Knife and the Novalis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Westchester_Hospital

... validated by digital subtraction angiography". AJNR. 27 (7): 1565-72. PMID 16908582. Greathouse, David G.; Halle, John S.; ... "MR Angiography and CT Angiography of the Artery of Adamkiewicz: Noninvasive Preoperative Assessment of Thoracoabdominal Aortic ... Nijenhuis RJ, Mull M, Wilmink JT, Thron AK, Backes WH (2006). "MR angiography of the great anterior radiculomedullary artery ( ... Its location can be identified with computed tomographic angiography. It is named for Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz. Milen, Mark ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery_of_Adamkiewicz

Alternatively, digital subtraction angiography can be used at a fram rate of 1 frame per second. Lower limb venography is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venography

"Comparison of computed tomography angiography with digital subtraction angiography in the assessment of clipped intracranial ... CT Angiography and MR Angiography for Detection - Prospective Blinded Comparison in a Large Patient Cohort". Radiology. 219 (3 ... Once suspected, intracranial aneurysms can be diagnosed radiologically using magnetic resonance or CT angiography. But these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_aneurysm

... by Digital Subtraction Imaging". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 30 (2): 235-241. PMID 10484138. "Magnetic Resonance ... Angiography using X-rays or magnetic resonance angiography are methods to visualize blood vessels. The term "anatomy" is ... "Angiography". National Health Service. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2014. Dorit, R. L.; ... Gribble N, Reynolds K (1993). "Use of Angiography to Outline the Cardiovascular Anatomy of the Sand Crab Portunus pelagicus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy

Today, the gold standard imaging remains invasive pulmonary angiography (PAG) using native angiograms or a digital subtraction ... of ventilation/perfusion scanning and multidetector computed tomography pulmonary angiography with pulmonary angiography". ... Both V/Q scanning and modern multidetector CT angiography (CTPA) may be accurate methods for the detection of CTEPH, with ... scan and specific diagnostic signs for CTEPH seen by multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCT), magnetic resonance ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_thromboembolic_pulmonary_hypertension

Another technique is digital subtraction angiography which allows verification of the diagnosis and endovascular treatment in a ... Angiography provides important information regarding the perfusion and patency of distal arteries (e.g. femoral artery). The ... However, angiography should only be used if symptoms warrant surgical intervention. Treatment involves revascularization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortoiliac_occlusive_disease

The position of the correct artery or vein supplying the pathology in question is located by digital subtraction angiography ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolization

... with professors Michel Tonnelier and Francis Besse and helped them with the development of digital subtraction angiography. Dr ... Following it, he did residency in diagnostic radiology as well as in angiography and interventional radiology at the Centre ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_J._Schonholz

Techniques such as conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to find and ... Cerebral angiography and magnetic resonance imaging, family medical history, symptoms, a complete physical examination, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_vasculitis

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a two-dimensional imaging technique for the visualization of blood vessels in the ... "Current Status of Digital Angiography in Vascular Imaging". Radiologic Clinics of North America. 33 (1): 1-14. doi:10.1016/ ... Rotational angiography is a technique to acquire CT-like 3D images intraoperatively with a fixed C-Arm. To do that, the C-Arm ... Rotational angiography visualizes the bronchial tree in 3D during the procedure. The air thereby serves as a 'natural' contrast ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_operating_room

The services provided at hospitals are X-Ray and Ultrasound, MRI, CT scan, Digital Subtraction Angiography, Colour Doppler ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Ziauddin_Hospitals

... digital subtraction angiography, and new technologies. An additional focus is that of contrast media research, primarily for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_Radiology

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and CT angiography (CTA) are confirmatory imaging ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_ultrasonography

... comparison with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography". World Journal of Surgery. 27 (3): 278-83. doi:10.1007/s00268- ... with contrast-enhanced three-dimensional fast imaging with steady-state precession magnetic resonance angiography: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

Cardiology and Interventional Radiology with Digital subtraction angiography. It has been chosen as one of the international ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_International_Hospital

With the advent of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) technique in 1980s, CO2 has evolved into a safe and useful alternative ... J. Caridi, I. Hawkins, S. Klioze, R. LeVeen, "Carbon Dioxide Digital Subtraction Angiography: The Practical Approach", ... Since CO2 is a non-radio-opaque contrast medium, angiographic procedures need to be performed in subtraction angiography (DSA ... CO2 angiography is intended only for peripheral procedures. In case of procedures in the arterious system it is allowed to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_angiography

... digital subtraction angiography), radiation therapy, radiation dosimeters and nuclear medicine. Radiographers in the Republic ... The change from Film to Digital imaging has changed training as film quality assurance and quality control is largely obsolete ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiographer

... or digital subtraction angiography (DSA) may be necessary. MRI is particularly useful as it can differentiate between cytotoxic ... However, CT scan can be limited in determining the exact cause of cerebral edema in which cases, CT angiography (CTA), MRI, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_edema

Angiography: Sometimes referred to as traditional angiography, catheter angiography or digital subtraction angiography (DSA.) A ... Plaque and blood flow can be evaluated using ultrasound, CT angiography, MR angiography, and catheter-based angiography to ... created may be modified by computer to better visualize the structures as is in the case with digital subtraction angiography, ... Angiography provides the basis for all endovascular therapy. Balloon angiography: The foundational IR procedure. Small balloons ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventional_radiology

Charles Mistretta in 1979 invented digital subtraction angiography (DSA), the technique currently in use. It consists of ... Diagnostic angiography Cerebral angiography was developed by Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz at the University of Lisbon, in ... He performed the first brain angiography in Lisbon in 1927 by injecting an iodinated contrast medium into the internal carotid ... In 1964, the Norwegian radiologist Per Amudsen was the first to perform a complete brain angiography with a transfemoral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventional_neuroradiology

... a name by which the Regulation 2022/2065 is known Digital subtraction angiography, a fluoroscopy technique Distinguished ... US Digital Signature Algorithm, a cryptographic standard for digital signatures Directory System Agent, an IT standard, part of ... a per diem contribution for UNDP staff members Das Schwarze Auge role-playing game Dental surgery assistant Digital Services ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSA

... analog subtraction angiography for the assessment of cardiac structures via video fluoroscopy and the earliest predecessor (The ... Sass, DJ; Nolan, AC; Wood, EH (January 1974). "Digital computer analysis of circulatory and respiratory pressures in water- ... analog subtraction angiography, and eventually the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR), a predecessor to modern high speed ... methods for the digital conversion of analog physiologic signals allowing for computer-based monitoring of vascular signals ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Wood

MRI scans of the brain and orbit with and without contrast, magnetic resonance angiography or digital subtraction angiography ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolosa–Hunt_syndrome

Contrast material is injected through the sheath or a catheter under fluoroscopic imaging or digital subtraction angiography ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatic_artery_embolization

Lewin, J.M.; Isaacs, P.K.; Vance, V.; Larke, F.J. (2003). "Dual-energy contrast-enhanced digital subtraction mammography: ... "Cervical and cranial computed tomographic angiography with automated bone removal: Dual energy computed tomography versus ... "New contrast media designed for X-ray energy subtraction imaging in digital mammography". Investig. Radiol. 38 (9): 602-608. ... "Generalized image combinations in dual kVp digital radiography". Medical Physics. 8 (5): 659-667. doi:10.1118/1.595025. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_imaging_(radiography)

... digital subtraction angiography MeSH H01.671.606.799.484.802.440 - radiography, dental, digital MeSH H01.671.606.799.484.802. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(H01)

... to diagnose myocardial infarction Arteriography of the affected extremity or organ Digital subtraction angiography is useful in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_embolism

... digital subtraction angiography) of carotid artery to see the extension of tumors and feeding vessels[citation needed] Antro- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_angiofibroma

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) suite for all interventional procedures along with Mammography, sonography and digital X- ... The institute also continued with its paperless system, aligned with the Government "Digital India" initiative. The year ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Jodhpur

The development of this is the digital radiological subtraction. It consists in overlapping two radiographs of the same ... Fluoroscopy and angiography are special applications of X-ray imaging, in which a fluorescent screen and image intensifier tube ... In digital radiography the sensors shape a plate, but in the EOS system, which is a slot-scanning system, a linear sensor ... Digital mammography: use of a computer to produce images of the breast Global radiology: improving access to radiology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology

... a combination of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and heparin injection for stroke patients. He claimed his method was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terawan_Agus_Putranto

... thrombus perviousness/permeability in animal and laboratory studies and in humans using digital subtraction angiography (DSA) ... Development and validation of intracranial thrombus segmentation on ct angiography in patients with acute ischemic stroke. PLoS ... CT-angiography, in short CTA). Pervious thrombi may let more blood pass through to the ischemic brain tissue, and/or have a ... and CT angiography (CTA) images. Two measures for thrombus perviousness have been introduced: (1) the void fraction and (2) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombus_perviousness

... magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) brain, or digital subtraction angiography (DSA). DSA is important to determine whether ... Computed tomography angiography (CT angiography) or Magnetic resonance angiography (MR angiography) should be done if fracture ... CT angiography (CTA) of brain can be performed to investigate the source of bleeding. An image during the delayed phase of the ... Besides, intracranial hemorrhage that are atypical for trauma should also be investigated further with CT or MR angiography to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_hemorrhage

Digital Subtraction Pulmonary Angiography. Digital subtraction pulmonary angiography (DSPA) is the criterion standard or ... digital subtraction pulmonary angiography (DSPA), pulmonary computed tomography angiography (PCTA), and pulmonary magnetic ... Because digital subtraction pulmonary angiography (DSPA) is perceived to be invasive and requires the use of iodinated contrast ... Pulmonary angiography. Digital subtraction pulmonary angiogram shows splaying of the arterial branches of the right upper lobe ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/421904-overview

... Jan 1, 1987 , Magazine: Revista de ... We think that the acquisition of the digital subtraction angiography in the diagnostic of this specific pathology is a great ...

https://www.cun.es/en/research/scientific-publications/digital-subtraction-angiography-in-arteriovenous-fistulas-of-patients-on-hemodialysis

... ... Time-resolved Vessel-selective Digital Subtraction MR Angiography of the Cerebral Vasculature with Arterial Spin Labeling.pdf ( ... "Time-resolved Vessel-selective Digital Subtraction MR Angiography of the Cerebral Vasculature with Arterial Spin Labeling." ... and vessel-specific information similar to that obtained with x-ray digital subtraction angiography (DSA) without the use of ...

https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/37369354

... study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of portal vein puncture with a new guidance system using double C-arm digital ... subtraction angiography (DSA) during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement. MATERIAL AND METHODS:The ... Figure 2. Double C-arm digital subtraction angiography (DSA) guidance for portal vein (PV) puncture. (A) Angiography via a ... Figure 2. Double C-arm digital subtraction angiography (DSA) guidance for portal vein (PV) puncture. (A) Angiography via a ...

https://medscimonit.com/abstract/full/idArt/938912/s/A

Faculty who have authored publications indexed to the term Angiography, Digital Subtraction. Name. Title. Department. ...

https://fcd.mcw.edu/?search/showDetails/willing/0/type/publicationIndexing/mesh_id/68015901

Digital subtraction angiography. Digital subtraction angiography can also aid in the diagnosis ... CT angiography. CT angiography is the standard diagnostic test for the diagnosis of abdominal angina. ...

https://wikidoc.org/index.php/Abdominal_angina_other_imaging_findings

Cerebral angiography is a procedure that uses a special dye (contrast material) and x-rays to see how blood flows through the ... Cervicocerebral catheter-based angiography; Intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography; IADSA ... This is called digital subtraction angiography (DSA).. After the x-rays are taken, the catheter is withdrawn. Pressure is ... Angiography with a catheter is used less often now. This is because MRA (magnetic resonance angiography) and CT angiography ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003799.htm

Flow Quantification using 4D Digital Subtraction Angiography. The goal of this project is to improve image quality of 4D DSA ... of cardiac chambers from rotational angiography acquisitions. Two approaches are investigated: Motion-compensated analytic ...

https://www5.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/research/groups/ctarm/index.html

Comparison of gadodiamide-enhanced MR angiography to intraarterial digital subtraction angiography for evaluation of renal ... ACC/AHA recommends catheter angiography, [66] while ESC recommends digital subtraction angiography. [67] ... Accuracy of computed tomographic angiography and magnetic resonance angiography for diagnosing renal artery stenosis. Ann ... Renal artery stenosis: evaluation with conventional angiography versus gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. Radiology. 1999 Feb ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/245023-76090/what-are-guidelines-for-first-line-treatments-of-renal-artery-stenosis-ras

Mask-Free Three-Dimensional Digital Subtraction Angiography (3D-DSA) Using a Convolutional Neural Networks-Based Deep-Learning ...

https://www.aapm.org/meetings/2017AM/PRAbs.asp?mid=127&aid=38010

Cerebral angiography (also called intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography). In this test, a catheter is inserted into an ... Magnetic resonance angiography. In this test, dye is also injected through a catheter. Then a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ... It is not as accurate as cerebral angiography or MRI to diagnose the presence and location of an aneurysm. Sometimes contrast ... Cerebral angiography can show doctors exactly where an aneurysm is and how big it is. ...

https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/intracranial-aneurysms.html

IA-DSA = Intra-Arterial Digital Subtraction Angiography. Carotid Arteries. 10 to 14 mL. 5 to 8 mL. Usually Not to Exceed 175 mL ... Intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (270 and 320 mg Iodine/mL).. *Angiocardiography (left ventriculography and ... Similar studies with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were completed with comparable findings noted in cerebral ... Intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (IA-DSA) (270 and 320 mg Iodine/mL) ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=e9d87b8c-7695-4c0f-8e81-000dedb5f66d&version=13

The Cost Effectiveness of Digital Subtraction Angiography in the Diagnosis of Cerebrovascular Disease. (1985), by United States ...

https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/browse?type=lcsubc&key=Depression%20in%20children%20--%20Diagnosis

... digital subtraction angiography, dual energy subtraction, etc.). Workstation design also should facilitate interfacing the ... DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY DISPLAYS AND WORKSTATIONS Release Date: April 13, 1999 PA NUMBER: PA-99-082 P.T. National ... A. Required Features Digital mammography examinations produce data sets immensely larger than can be presented or perceived at ... A digital mammographic examination generates four images of 20 to 200 megabytes each. A screening study will usually be ...

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-99-082.html

Cerebral veins: comparative study of CT venography with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol ... and noninvasive imaging is typically favored over cerebral angiography, which is the gold standard.. 72. CT venography, a ... and is a fairly reliable alternative to angiography with high sensitivity but low specificity.. 73. Magnetic resonance ...

https://journals.lww.com/continuum/Fulltext/2023/04000/Diagnosis_and_Treatment_of_Cerebral_Venous.10.aspx

In this context, our study analyzes the role of carotid testing with magnetic resonance angiography and carotid duplex scanning ... Comparison of magnetic resonance angiography, duplex ultrasound, and digital subtraction angiography in assessment of ... a comparative study between MR angiography and duplex scanning with respect to digital subtraction angiography. Carriero A, ... Assessing extracranial carotid stenosis: magnetic resonance angiography, duplex scanning, and digital angiography J Freeman 1 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8441927/

... digital subtraction angiography (DSA), dual-phase enhanced and unenhanced CBCT, and unenhanced conventional CT obtained 48 h ... Cone-Beam CT Angiography for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Status. Minami Y, Murakami T, Kitano M, Sakurai T, Nishida N, ... Patient 3: DSA post-embolization demonstrates subtraction artifact from the embolization microbeads and persistent enhancement ... Patient 3: DSA post-embolization demonstrates subtraction artifact from the embolization microbeads and persistent… ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27206503

Arterial and venous digital subtraction angiography. A current study technic for otorhinolaryngology].. Grevers G; Vogl T. ... Diagnostic and therapeutic angiography in the evaluation and treatment of glomus jugulare tumors. Apropos of 32 cases].. ... Intraoperative monitoring of intraarterial paraganglioma embolization by indocyaningreen fluorescence angiography.. Siedek V; ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=18098102&mod=related&page=2&proj=

Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae: Noninvasive Diagnosis with Dynamic MR Digital Subtraction Angiography Stuart C. Coley, Charles A ... Reproducibility Analysis of a New Objective Method for Measuring Arteriovenous Malformation Nidus Size at Angiography Steven G ... The Emergence of Time-Resolved Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging for Intracranial Angiography Timothy J. Carroll ...

https://www.ajnr.org/content/23/3

The authors recommend digital subtraction angiography, radionuclide studies, and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography as ... However, they suggest CT angiography and magnetic resonance angiography not be used. ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/935379

Renal and hepatic tolerance of nonionic and ionic contrast media in intravenous digital subtraction angiography. Langer, M., ... Monitoring of pancreas-graft perfusion by radionuclide and digital subtraction angiography. Rasmussen, K., Burcharth, F., ... Digital subtraction angiography with an intravenous bolus of 80 ml of a low-osmolar nonionic contrast medium (iopamidol) was ... Are ioxaglate and iopamidol equally safe and well tolerated in cardiac angiography? A randomized, double-blind clinical study. ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/chem/e/3734.html

1999) Gadolinium dimeglumine: an alternative contrast agent for digital subtraction angiography. Eur Radiol 9: 128-136 ... 2004) Gadolinium-based contrast media compared with iodinated media for digital subtraction angiography in azotaemic patients. ... 2002) Gadodiamide as an alternative contrast agent in intravenous digital subtraction angiography and interventional procedures ... 1999) Renal insufficiency: usefulness of gadodiamide-enhanced renal angiography to supplement CO2-enhanced renal angiography ...

https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/565694_5

Tomographic digital subtraction angiography for lung perfusion estimation in rodents.. 34:1546-1555. 2007 ... Quantitative blood flow measurements in the small animal cardiopulmonary system using digital subtraction angiography.. 36:5347 ... Computerized detection of masses in digital mammograms: analysis of bilateral subtraction images.. 18:955-963. 1991 ... Study On MOSFET Sensitivity Characteristics as a Function of Frame Rate in Modern Interventional Digital Pulsed Angiography/ ...

https://scholars.duke.edu/display/jou0094-2405

Figure 2 Digital subtraction angiography showing a cavity at the pulmonary artery. Under general anaesthesia with 1 lung ... The diagnosis was further confirmed by a digital subtraction angiography (Figure 2). The patient started to receive 1 mg/kg ... Massive hemoptysis complicating Behçets syndrome: the importance of early pulmonary angiography and operation. Annals of ...

https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-16-2010/volume-16-issue-3/article19.html

Various morphological parameters were measured using three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography images. Univariate and ... We intended to evaluate the accuracy of the point cloud neural network (PC-NN) in predicting CA rupture using MR angiography ( ... We included patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to an isolated PCA occlusion on CT angiography. Patients with ... We describe our technique of utilizing UACs for cerebral angiography and neurointerventions in newborns without catheter ...

https://www.journaltocs.ac.uk/index.php?action=browse&subAction=subjects&publisherID=23&journalID=23151&pageb=5&userQueryID=&sort=&local_page=1&sorType=DESC&sorCol=5

Popliteal artery branching patterns detected by digital subtraction angiography. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2011 Mar;17(1):80-3. doi: ... the dorsalis pedis artery branches into dorsal metatarsal arteries and ends as small dorsal digital arteries. ...

https://www.verywellhealth.com/dorsalis-pedis-artery-5097663

Digital Subtraction Angiography Subtraction Angiography, Digital NLM Classification #. WG 141.5.A3. Previous Indexing. ... Subtraction Technique [E01.370.350.760] * Angiography, Digital Subtraction [E01.370.350.760.060] * Radiography, Dual-Energy ... Angiography [E01.370.350.700.060] * Angiocardiography [E01.370.350.700.060.050] * Angiography, Digital Subtraction [E01.370. ... Angiography [E01.370.370.050] * Angiocardiography [E01.370.370.050.050] * Angiography, Digital Subtraction [E01.370.370.050.060 ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D015901

CT angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) continues to be the gold ... Non-qualitative imaging techniques include different angiographies such as DSA, ...

https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/moyamoya-disease-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatments-101675228288905.html

Intra-Arterial MR Perfusion Imaging of Meningiomas: Comparison to Digital Subtraction Angiography and Intravenous MR Perfusion ... and digital subtraction angiography: case report. J Neuroimaging. 2014 Sep-Oct; 24(5):520-3. Alexander M, McTaggart R, ... MR Angiography Series: Neurovascular MR Angiography. Radiographics. 2021 Nov-Dec; 41(7):E204-E205. Costello J, Alexander MD, ... chemotherapy distribution to the retina in pediatric retinoblastoma patients using quantitative digital subtraction angiography ...

https://profiles.ucsf.edu/matthew.alexander

... angiography). A CT angiogram with venous contrast or digital subtraction angiogram with arterial contrast was obtained in ... This was confirmed by formal digital subtraction angiography in ten cases and by CTA in eight cases. In ten patients an on- ... Multi-slice CT angiography for arterial evaluation in the injured lower extremity. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. ... Trauma angiography: the use of clinical findings to improve patient selection and case preparation. Journal of Trauma and Acute ...

http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1681-150X2016000100010&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

Radiologic modalities used for assessment include lung scintigraphy, digital subtraction pulmonary angiography (DSPA), pulmonary computed tomography angiography (PCTA), and pulmonary magnetic resonance angiography (PMRA). (medscape.com)
To demonstrate an arterial spin-labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance (MR) angiographic technique that covers the entire cerebral vasculature and yields transparent-background, time-resolved hemodynamic, and vessel-specific information similar to that obtained with x-ray digital subtraction angiography (DSA) without the use of exogenous contrast agents. (harvard.edu)
This is because MRA ( magnetic resonance angiography ) and CT angiography give clearer images. (medlineplus.gov)
Magnetic resonance angiography. (drugs.com)
Evaluation of a suspected CCF often involves non-invasive imaging techniques, including standard tonometry, pneumotonometry, ultrasound, computed tomographic scanning and angiography, and/or magnetic resonance imaging and angiography, but the gold standard for classification and diagnosis remains digital subtraction angiography. (nih.gov)
To the authors' knowledge, no large studies have been conducted to assess the sensitivity or specificity of CT angiography (CTA), time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), or contrast-enhanced MRA (CE MRA) in the diagnosis of craniocervical FMD. (medscape.com)
However, they suggest CT angiography and magnetic resonance angiography not be used. (medscape.com)
Diagnosis is confirmed by imaging a s s e s s m e n t w i t h a r t e r i o g r a p h y , computed tomography, magnetic resonance and digital subtraction angiography. (who.int)
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to evaluate adults with known or suspected renal or aorto-ilio-femoral occlusive vascular disease. (nih.gov)
HlthRes-DB also contains indicators on the availability of the following medical equipment: computed tomography (CT) scanners, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) units, positron emission tomography (PET) scanners, gamma cameras, digital subtraction angiography units, mammographs, radiation therapy equipment and lithotriptors. (who.int)

Cerebral angiography is a procedure that uses a special dye (contrast material) and x-rays to see how blood flows through the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
Cerebral angiography is done in the hospital or radiology center. (medlineplus.gov)
Cerebral angiography is most often used to identify or confirm problems with the blood vessels in or around the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
Cerebral angiography (also called intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography). (drugs.com)
Cerebral angiography can show doctors exactly where an aneurysm is and how big it is. (drugs.com)
It is not as accurate as cerebral angiography or MRI to diagnose the presence and location of an aneurysm. (drugs.com)
18. Comparison of iohexol and meglumine-Na diatrizoate in cerebral angiography. (nih.gov)

All UAEs were performed by two interventional radiologists using the same angiography machine. (bvsalud.org)
2002) Gadodiamide as an alternative contrast agent in intravenous digital subtraction angiography and interventional procedures of the upper extremity veins. (medscape.org)

CT angiography is the standard diagnostic test for the diagnosis of abdominal angina. (wikidoc.org)
Coronary angiography (CAG) has always been the main means for clinical examination and diagnosis of CHD, and it is also considered as the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of coronary artery diseases [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Integration of advanced hardware, software, and psychophysics research data is needed to optimize the early diagnosis of breast cancer using digital mammography. (nih.gov)
1999) Renal insufficiency: usefulness of gadodiamide-enhanced renal angiography to supplement CO 2 -enhanced renal angiography for diagnosis and percutaneous treatment. (medscape.org)

12. Comparison of iohexol with meglumine-Na diatrizoate for intravenous digital subtraction angiography. (nih.gov)

Angiography with a catheter is used less often now. (medlineplus.gov)

2000) Lower extremity arteriography with use of iodinated contrast material or gadodiamide to supplement CO 2 angiography in patients with renal insufficiency. (medscape.org)

This project focuses on time-resolved volumetric reconstruction (i.e., 4-D imaging) of cardiac chambers from rotational angiography acquisitions. (uni-erlangen.de)
9. Contrast agents for cardiac angiography: effects of a nonionic agent vs. a standard ionic agent. (nih.gov)
Dual Energy Imaging - Dual Energy Subtraction is a new tool for evaluating rib fractures, bone abnormalities, primary lung cancer, metastatic disease, pneumonia, cardiac disease and lung diseases. (rwjbh.org)

Conventional angiography remains the criterion standard to detect FMD and its associated vascular lesions (eg, aneurysms, dissections). (medscape.com)

Optimizing the Angiography Protocol to Reduce Radiation Dose in Uterine Artery Embolization: The Impact of Digital Subtraction Angiographies on Radiation Exposure. (bvsalud.org)

Implications for deriving physiologic measurements from computed tomography and digital cardiovascular imaging. (nih.gov)

One-hundred and twelve patients underwent CTA and intraarterial angiography, and 2205 vascular segments were examined to ascertain presence, visibility, and degree of arterial stenoses (n = 105) as well as anatomic variants. (nih.gov)
Our DSA unit provides digital high-resolution vascular imaging. (rwjbh.org)

In this study, dictionary learning and expectation maximization reconstruction (DLEM) was combined to denoise 64-slice spiral CT images, and results of coronary angiography (CAG) were used as standard to evaluate its clinical value in diagnosing coronary artery diseases. (hindawi.com)
Softcopy display is essential for optimizing the use and display of digital mammography data, both in the research and clinical setting. (nih.gov)

We think that the acquisition of the digital subtraction angiography in the diagnostic of this specific pathology is a great advance because the images are of excellent quality and the volume of contrast administered is low. (cun.es)
We attempted to determine the diagnostic value of intracranial CT angiography (CTA) of normal vasculature and variants as well as of stenoocclusive disease. (nih.gov)
The department is now digital thanks to new picture archiving and communications systems (PACS) technology that accepts digital images from diagnostic equipment, such as X-rays and MRIs, stores them in a long-term archive and immediate review. (rwjbh.org)

Normal variations of the vasculature were identified with ASL angiography. (harvard.edu)

ASL angiography can be used to acquire hemodynamic vessel-specific information similar to that obtained with x-ray DSA. (harvard.edu)
The goal of this project is to improve image quality of 4D DSA and estimate hemodynamic flow parameters from rotational angiography. (uni-erlangen.de)

The authors recommend digital subtraction angiography, radionuclide studies, and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography as ancillary tests based on blood flow in the brain. (medscape.com)

DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY DISPLAYS AND WORKSTATIONS Release Date: April 13, 1999 PA NUMBER: PA-99-082 P.T. National Cancer Institute PURPOSE The purpose of this Program Announcement is to alert the investigator community to the need for and NCI interest in a concerted effort to overcome the problems of display for digital mammograms. (nih.gov)
1999) Gadolinium dimeglumine: an alternative contrast agent for digital subtraction angiography. (medscape.org)

Evaluation of classic 2D time-of-flight MR angiography in the depiction of severe carotid stenosis. (nih.gov)
Digital subtraction angiogram of the right internal carotid artery demonstrates an irregular extracranial portion that is consistent with FMD. (medscape.com)

2004) Gadolinium-based contrast media compared with iodinated media for digital subtraction angiography in azotaemic patients. (medscape.org)

This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of portal vein puncture with a new guidance system using double C-arm digital subtraction angiography (DSA) during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement. (medscimonit.com)

Digital subtraction pulmonary angiogram shows splaying of the arterial branches of the right upper lobe and relative oligemia, which are consistent with emphysema (same patient as in the previous image). (medscape.com)
Further extensive effort is required for the successful development, testing and implementation of digital mammography displays and workstation design for image interpretation. (nih.gov)

Manufacturers of digital mammography systems have generally adapted existing workstations, developed for CT or MRI, to their digital mammography units. (nih.gov)

http://www.nih.gov/grants/funding/modular/modular.htm RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Background Digital Mammography is one of the most promising research areas for improving early detection of breast cancer. (nih.gov)

To our knowledge, no large-scale studies comparing the accuracy of CT angiography (CTA) to intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) of intracranial stenosis have been reported. (nih.gov)

Experts in the field agree that current softcopy (i.e., video) display systems remain an impediment to full realization of the potential of digital mammography. (nih.gov)

This PA, Development of Digital Mammography Displays And Workstations, is related to the priority area of cancer. (nih.gov)

Anatomy26

Diseases39

Chemicals and Drugs12

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment73

Phenomena and Processes12

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science13

Health Care17

Combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass graft. (1/1139)

Popliteal artery occlusion as a late complication of liquid acrylate embolization for cerebral vascular malformation. (2/1139)

Factors influencing the development of vein-graft stenosis and their significance for clinical management. (3/1139)

Bilateral vertebral artery occlusion following cervical spine trauma--case report. (4/1139)

Evaluation of cerebral aneurysms with high-resolution MR angiography using a section-interpolation technique: correlation with digital subtraction angiography. (5/1139)

Twinkling artifact on intracerebral color Doppler sonography. (6/1139)

Cerebral veins: comparative study of CT venography with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography. (7/1139)

A persistent pharyngohyostapedial artery: embryologic implications. (8/1139)

Angiography, Digital Subtraction

Subtraction Technique

Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Cerebral Angiography

Angiography

Intracranial Aneurysm

Coronary Angiography

Radiographic Image Enhancement

Imaging, Three-Dimensional

Contrast Media

Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations

Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Embolization, Therapeutic

Sensitivity and Specificity

Carotid Artery, Internal

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted

Aneurysm, Ruptured

Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations

Arterial Occlusive Diseases

Carotid Stenosis

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Tomography, Spiral Computed

Cerebral Veins

Iohexol

Salivary Gland Calculi

Reproducibility of Results

Fluorescein Angiography

Iopamidol

Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex

Observer Variation

Constriction, Pathologic

Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color

Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted

Radiography, Dental, Digital

Arteriovenous Malformations

Cerebral Arteries

Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency

X-Ray Intensifying Screens

Artifacts

Carotid Artery Diseases

Predictive Value of Tests

Gadolinium DTPA

Anterior Cerebral Artery

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Triiodobenzoic Acids

Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula

Vertebral Artery

Tibial Arteries

Retrospective Studies

Surgical Instruments

Prospective Studies

Cranial Sinuses

Vasospasm, Intracranial

Cerebrovascular Disorders

Image Enhancement

Basilar Artery

Radiography, Interventional

Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial

Injections, Intra-Arterial

Arteriovenous Fistula

Aneurysm

Sialography

Treatment Outcome

Myelography

Cerebrovascular Circulation

Circle of Willis

Cerebral Revascularization

Renal Artery

Iothalamate Meglumine

Carotid Arteries

Intracranial Arteriosclerosis

Neurosurgical Procedures

Salivary Gland Diseases

Radiation Dosage

Feasibility Studies

Blood Flow Velocity

Radiography, Bitewing

Carotid Artery, External

Follow-Up Studies

Moyamoya Disease