Aneugens
Micronucleus Tests
Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective
Mutagens
Aneuploidy
The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).
Colchicine
Mitomycin
Thimerosal
Preservatives, Pharmaceutical
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)
Mercury
A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.
Cosmetics
Substances intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions. Included in this definition are skin creams, lotions, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations, permanent waves, hair colors, toothpastes, and deodorants, as well as any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. (U.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Office of Cosmetics Fact Sheet (web page) Feb 1995)
Cell Death
Catfishes
Acetanilides
Herbicides
Lipid Peroxidation
Antioxidants
Catalase
Superoxide Dismutase
Mutagenicity Tests
Biotransformation
The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.
Microsomes, Liver
Salmonella typhimurium
Aroclors
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Benzodiazepines
Mass Spectrometry
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.
High-Throughput Screening Assays
Factor Analysis, Statistical
A set of statistical methods for analyzing the correlations among several variables in order to estimate the number of fundamental dimensions that underlie the observed data and to describe and measure those dimensions. It is used frequently in the development of scoring systems for rating scales and questionnaires.
Drug Design
The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship
Informatics
Rhodium
Palladium
Structure-Activity Relationship
Human meiosis: model organisms address the maternal age effect. (1/30)
Studies in Drosophila support the view that a failure of cohesion between sister chromatids may contribute to meiotic nondisjunction in humans. Moreover, the demonstration of a meiotic aneugen in mice provides important clues to the higher frequencies of nondisjunction observed in older women. (+info)The small molecule Hesperadin reveals a role for Aurora B in correcting kinetochore-microtubule attachment and in maintaining the spindle assembly checkpoint. (2/30)
The proper segregation of sister chromatids in mitosis depends on bipolar attachment of all chromosomes to the mitotic spindle. We have identified the small molecule Hesperadin as an inhibitor of chromosome alignment and segregation. Our data imply that Hesperadin causes this phenotype by inhibiting the function of the mitotic kinase Aurora B. Mammalian cells treated with Hesperadin enter anaphase in the presence of numerous monooriented chromosomes, many of which may have both sister kinetochores attached to one spindle pole (syntelic attachment). Hesperadin also causes cells arrested by taxol or monastrol to enter anaphase within <1 h, whereas cells in nocodazole stay arrested for 3-5 h. Together, our data suggest that Aurora B is required to generate unattached kinetochores on monooriented chromosomes, which in turn could promote bipolar attachment as well as maintain checkpoint signaling. (+info)Noscapine hydrochloride-induced numerical aberrations in cultured human lymphocytes: a comparison of FISH detection methods and multiple end-points. (3/30)
The cytokinesis block in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay in combination with CREST staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome-specific DNA probes allows mechanistic information on the induction of numerical chromosomal aberrations to be obtained through a rapid and simple microscopic analysis. These techniques can now be used to investigate relationships between the induction of chromosomal loss, non-disjunction and polyploidy by aneuploidy-inducing agents. In the present study, we treated 72 h cultured lymphocytes for the last 24 h of culture with various concentrations of the cough medicine noscapine hydrochloride (NOS) (3.9-120 micro g/ml) in the presence of either cytochalasin B (CYB) (3 micro g/ml) or 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) (1 micro M). Using the CREST staining modified MN assay in the CYB-treated cultures, we detected significant increases in CREST-positive but not CREST-negative MN in both binucleated and, to a lesser extent, mononucleated cells, demonstrating the ability of this compound to induce chromosomal loss. In addition, using FISH with chromosome 1- and 9-specific classical satellite probes, a significant induction of chromosomal non-disjunction in the binucleated lymphocytes and polyploidy in the mononucleated lymphocytes was seen, indicating that polyploidy induced by NOS may occur without progression through a normal anaphase and/or telophase. In the BrdU-treated cultures, a dose-dependent induction of hypodiploidy, hyperdiploidy and polyploidy was observed using FISH with a chromosome 9-specific alpha-satellite probe in the labeled cells. By comparison, in the unlabeled non-cycling cells, only a slight increase in hyperdiploidy/polyploidy but not hypodiploidy was seen. A comparison of the effects seen at different concentrations shows that at the lower effective concentrations, all three types of numerical aberrations, chromosomal loss, non-disjunction and polyploidy, contributed to the numerical aberrations seen, whereas at the highest concentration tested, polyploidy was the predominant alteration. These studies indicate that FISH in combination with CYB or BrdU immunfluorescent staining can be sensitive tools for the identification of aneuploidy-inducing agents. (+info)Aneugenic potential of okadaic acid revealed by the micronucleus assay combined with the FISH technique in CHO-K1 cells. (4/30)
Okadaic acid (OA) is a major toxin involved in diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in humans and has been shown to be both a potent tumor promoter in rodent skin and stomach and an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases, specifically PP1 and PP2A. The research on the genotoxic potential of OA amounts to only a few studies, which give conflicting results. In order to evaluate the ability of OA to induce DNA damage, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay was performed in the CHO-K1 cell line. A statistically significant induction of micronuclei without strong cytotoxicity was obtained after a 24 h treatment with 20 (approximately 5-fold) and 30 nM (approximately 10-fold) OA. Then, in order to discriminate between a clastogenic or aneugenic effect of OA, the micronucleus assay was carried out in combination with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a (TTAGGG)(n) DNA probe for centromere detection. FISH analysis showed that OA mainly induced centromere-positive micronuclei (68.9% induction with 20 nM OA and 77.0% with 30 nM). Therefore, OA can be considered aneugenic. Using the same assay, biotransformation of OA was studied after a 4 h treatment with and without metabolic activation. The results show that reactive metabolites of OA were generated with a significant increase in genotoxic potential. The relationship between the different components involved in the mitotic process and OA inhibition of protein phosphatase is also discussed. (+info)Diethylsulphate and methylnitrosourea affect different targets in Chinese hamster fibroblasts: possible mechanisms of aneuploidy induction by these agents. (5/30)
It has been shown that the ethylating agent diethylsulphate (DES) induces centromere-containing micronuclei with kinetics suggesting that molecules other than DNA could be targets. In quiescent Chinese hamster fibroblasts CHEF/18, O6-alkylated bases inhibit ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1), the terminal member of a kinase cascade responsible for an increased rate of protein synthesis, but not extracellular signal-activated kinases (ERK1/2) or terminal kinases of a second cascade which activates transcription. The inhibition correlates with the appearance of abnormal metaphases at the following mitosis, suggesting that alkylation of the nucleotide pool and inhibition of S6K1 could be one of the mechanisms leading to chromosome loss by alkylating agents. To clarify the role of protein kinases in chromosome loss induced by alkylating agents, we have studied the effects of DES and methylnitrosourea (MNU) on S6K1 and ERK1/2 activation by growth factors. The alkylating agents were studied in a battery of Chinese hamster fibroblasts (CHEF/18, CHO and ClB) with normal and mutated p53 to control for DNA damage-induced activation of p53, which could indirectly inhibit protein kinases. The role of repair in induction of micronuclei was studied in mismatch repair-proficient CHO and repair-deficient ClB cells. Our results indicate that DES induced micronuclei in a mismatch repair-independent manner, within 8 h of treatment, in agreement with a role for S6K1 inhibition in micronucleus formation. MNU induced centromere-containing micronuclei only in CHO cells, one cell cycle after treatment, without any detectable influences on either kinase cascade, suggesting a role for mismatch repair in chromosome loss. (+info)Preantral follicle culture as a novel in vitro assay in reproductive toxicology testing in mammalian oocytes. (6/30)
The most common genetic disorder in humans, trisomy, is caused predominantly by errors in chromosome segregation during oogenesis. Isolated mouse oocytes resuming meiosis and progressing to metaphase II in vitro have recently been used to assess targets, aneugenic potential and sensitivity of oocytes to chemical exposures. In order to extend in vitro maturation tests to earlier stages of oogenesis, an in vitro assay with mouse preantral follicle cultures has been established. It permits the identification of direct and also indirect effects of environmental chemicals on the somatic compartment, the follicle and theca cells, that may lead to disturbances of oocyte growth, maturation and chromosome segregation. Early preantral follicles from prepubertal female mice are cultured in microdroplets for 12 days under strictly controlled conditions. The follicle-enclosed oocytes resume maturation, develop to metaphase II and become in vitro ovulated within 16 h after a physiological ovulatory stimulus with recombinant human gonadotrophins and epidermal growth factor. These oocytes grown and matured in vitro possess normal barrel-shaped spindles with well-aligned chromosomes. Their chromosomes segregate with high fidelity during anaphase I. The model aneugen colchicine induced a meiotic arrest and aneuploidy in these in vitro grown, follicle-enclosed oocytes in a dose-dependent manner, comparable to in vivo tests. Therefore, preantral follicle culture appears to provide an effective and reliable method to assess the influences of environmental mutagens, pharmaceutical agents and potentially endocrine disrupting chemicals on the fidelity of female meiosis. (+info)Micronuclei induced by aneugens and clastogens in mononucleate and binucleate cells using the cytokinesis block assay. (7/30)
The human in vitro micronucleus (MN) test has become a fast and reliable assay for mutagenicity testing. Currently, this assay is mostly performed with cytochalasin B, which prevents cytokinesis, resulting in polynucleated cells. The number of nuclei per cell indicates the number of nuclear divisions that have occurred since the addition of cytochalasin B. It is recommended that MN are only counted in binucleated lymphocytes, because these cells have finished one nuclear division. Therefore, almost no attention has been paid to MN in mononucleated cells. However, recent studies have indicated that aneugens, but not clastogens, also induce MN in mononucleates. In order to evaluate mononucleates to distinguish between aneugenic and clastogenic effects, we tested some typical aneugens and clastogens in whole blood lymphocyte cultures of four donors with the cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. Results showed that the aneugens diethylstilbestrol (80 microM), griseofulvin (25 microg/ml) and vincristine sulphate (15 microg/ml) increased MN frequencies in mononucleated and binucleated cells, whilst the clastogens mitomycin C (500 ng/ml), bleomycin (6 microg/ml) and doxorubicin (20 microg/ml) increased MN frequency only in binucleates. We also tested the Y heterochromatin decondensing drug berenil (300 microg/ml). Berenil induced an extremely high number of MN in mononucleated as well as in binucleated cells, indicating an aneugenic action. This was confirmed by centromere labelling. The results suggest that MN in mononucleates may be an interesting additional parameter in the CBMN assay. Future studies should clarify whether the micronucleated mononucleate cells have escaped the cytokinesis block and become polyploid. (+info)Tripterygium hypoglaucum (level) Hutch induces aneuploidy of chromosome 8 in mouse bone marrow cells and sperm. (8/30)
Aneuploidy of mouse chromosome 8 induced by a Chinese medicinal herb, Tripterygium hypoglaucum (level) Hutch (THH) was investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in vivo. Male mice were treated with THH (single i.p. injection) at doses of 120, 240 and 480 mg/kg. Colchicine (COL, 1.5 mg/kg i.p.) was used as a positive control. Bone marrow cells and epididymal sperm were collected 24 h and 22 days after treatment, respectively. Chromosome 8 aneuploidies induced by THH in bone marrow cells and sperm were determined by FISH with a biotin-16-dUTP labelled DNA probe corresponding to the centromeric region of chromosome 8. The hybridized probe was detected with avidin-FITC. The frequencies of trisomy 8 in bone marrow cells were 0.16% in the solvent control group, 0.39% in the COL-treated group and 0.33, 0.41 and 0.41% in the THH-treated groups, respectively. The frequencies of disomy 8 sperm were 0.11% in the solvent control group, 0.27% in the COL-treated group and 0.23, 0.27 and 0.27% in the THH-treated groups, respectively. The experiment showed that induced aneuploidy frequencies were higher in bone marrow cells than in sperm with COL and the two higher doses of THH (P < 0.05). All groups were significantly different from the corresponding solvent controls (P < 0.01-0.001), but there was no dose-related increase in either cell type. Considering the present results together with our previous studies, it appears that THH is a potent mammalian aneugen which may pose a genetic risk to human patients. (+info)
British Library EThOS: An investigation into the effects of aneugens in the mouse lymphoma assay - a genetic toxicological...
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The effect of coexposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields and an aneugen on human lymphocytes, determined by the cytokinesis block...
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Clastogen
Vanhauwaert, A. (2001-01-01). "The in vivo gut micronucleus test detects clastogens and aneugens given by gavage". Mutagenesis ...
List of MeSH codes (D27)
... aneugens MeSH D27.888.569.504 - neurotoxins MeSH D27.888.569.540 - oxidants MeSH D27.888.569.540.631 - oxidants, photochemical ...
The ability of the mouse lymphoma TK assay to detect aneugens.
... can detect aneugens, and this is accepted in the current International Conference on Harmonisation guidance for testing ... Consequently, aneugens with diverse mechanisms of action were tested in the MLA using 24-h exposure. No evidence of increased ... There is some evidence that the mouse lymphoma TK assay (MLA) can detect aneugens, and this is accepted in the current ... In conclusion, it appears that the TFT-resistant mutants resulting from treatment with toxic concentrations of some aneugens ...
Use of Ciliogenesis to Detect Aneugens: The Role of Primary Cilia - Current Protocols
Use of Ciliogenesis to Detect Aneugens: The Role of Primary Cilia. Kathyayini V. Divi1, Yvona Ward2, Miriam C. Poirier1, Ofelia ... Cilium formation may, therefore, become a useful end point signaling exposure to genotoxins or aneugens. Here we have used the ... Since cilia are derived from centrosomes, and aneugens can induce centrosomal amplification, the production of multiple cilia ...
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Synopsis of the in vivo results obtained with the 10 known or suspected aneugens tested in the CEC collaborative study. Adler ( ... An overview of the results of testing of known or suspected aneugens using mammalian cells in vivo. Natarajan (1993).Mutat. Res ... The cytochalasin-B micronucleus/kinetochore assay in vitro.: studies with 10 suspected aneugens. Lynch and Parry (1993). Mutat ... detection of mitotic aneuploidy using 10 known or suspected aneugens. Warr et al., (1993). Mutat. Res. 287:29-46. (7683382) ...
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Effect of aneugens and clastogens on the rate of HAC mis-segregation during mitotic divisions. We next investigated whether the ... In this study, the HAC-based CIN assay has been verified using a set of well-known aneugens and clastogens. This new assay has ... Moreover, we found that aneugens with proposed similar mechanisms of action and cytotoxicity may greatly differ from each other ... HT1080 cells with an autonomously propagated EGFP-HAC were treated with eight known aneugens: taxol (pacilitaxel), docetaxel, ...
An Automated Method to Perform The In Vitro Micronucleus Assay using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry | Protocol
3. Exposure of cells to clastogens and/or aneugens. *Add 1 mL of desired chemical (e.g. Mitomycin C) to 9 mL of cells at ~7- ... The protocol outlines all steps required to expose TK6 cells to clastogens and aneugens, describes how to culture, process and ... Prepare appropriate stock concentrations of desired clastogens and aneugens. For example, for Mitomycin C, dissolve a full 2 mg ... 2. Preparation of clastogens and/or aneugens and Cytochalasin B. * ...
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Clastogens and aneugens9
- The micronucleus test (MN) is a widely used in vivo screening test to detect clastogens and aneugens. (usp.br)
- Development of a high-throughput Gaussia luciferase reporter assay for the activation of the GADD45a gene by mutagens, promutagens, clastogens, and aneugens. (semanticscholar.org)
- Expression of the human GADD45a gene is increased in TK6 cells exposed to mutagens, clastogens and aneugens. (ovid.com)
- The in vitro micronucleus test (MNT) is a main-stay of most regulatory genotoxicity testing strategies, and is used to detect in vitro clastogens and aneugens. (environmental-expert.com)
- Genotoxicity defines the potential of a chemical to damage DNA, and such DNA-damaging agents are differentiated into three classes: mutagens, clastogens, and aneugens. (springer.com)
- They allow for identification of DNA lesions resulting from mutagens, clastogens, and aneugens and are composed of human primary cells which eliminate the species barrier and, at the same time, resemble human skin in terms of bioavailability of a dermally exposed substance as well as in terms of an organ- and species-specific xenobiotic metabolism. (springer.com)
- A data analysis template created specifically for this application allows for the determination of both genotoxicity and cytotoxicity following treatment with known clastogens and aneugens. (merckmillipore.com)
- However, when a test compound showed no cytotoxicity, it was fixed to 500 μg/ml for clastogens and aneugens and to 2000 μg/ml for non-mutagens. (biomedcentral.com)
- The model for λgt10-lacZ transgene organisation, and the PCR-based methods for assessing copy number, integrity and rearrangements, potentially extends the use of Muta™Mouse construct for direct, genomic-type assays that detect the effects of clastogens and aneugens, without depending on an E.coli host, for reporting effects. (nih.gov)
Mutagens2
- The presentations clearly demonstrated the existence of thresholds for DNA damaging mutagens as well as aneugens, thus changing the paradigm that "one molecule is sufficient to cause cancer' even for classes of genotoxins (such as alkylating agents) for which linear dose response relations have been considered to be the norm. (ecetoc.org)
- The tested compounds included 14 clastogens, 4 aneugens, and 12 non-mutagens (Table 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Detect5
- The ability of the mouse lymphoma TK assay to detect aneugens. (biomedsearch.com)
- There is some evidence that the mouse lymphoma TK assay (MLA) can detect aneugens, and this is accepted in the current International Conference on Harmonisation guidance for testing pharmaceuticals. (biomedsearch.com)
- However, these data show that the MLA cannot be used as a routine screen to detect aneugens. (biomedsearch.com)
- The Microplate in vitro Micronucleus test (Micro MN) is a method to detect aneugens and clastogens. (nucro-technics.com)
- Another in vitro assay chromosome aberration assay also provides the same performance and limitations as MLA (Kirkland et al 2005) however MLA offers advantages such as simplicity less time consuming and able to detect some aneugens (Lorge et al 2007). (wheretobuykratombulk.com)
Assay5
- Frequently, aneugens are detected using the in vitro micronucleus assay (IVM), with either centromere or kinetochore labeling. (bvsalud.org)
- To investigate whether chromosome distribution analysis, specifically of nondisjunction, using chromosome-specific centromeric probes provides a more sensitive assay for aneugen detection, six reference aneugens with differing modes of action were tested on human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. (bvsalud.org)
- Aneugens can be detected using the micronucleus assay [OECD, 2016c,d], but these methods are not specific to aneugens. (aopwiki.org)
- It should be noted that although the micronucleus assay is confirmatory when the Salmonella assay indicates the potential for mutagenicity, the micronucleus assay response can also be elicited by nongenotoxicants such as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization and of microtubular integrity, as well as by aneugens (59,60). (thefreedictionary.com)
- Although an option in the international guidelines for genotoxicity testing, in general, this assay is beginning to be superceded by the in vitro micronucleus test, which has the advantage of detecting aneugens as well as clastogens more easily ( Lynch and Parry, 1993). (smadsignaling.com)
Endpoints2
- The combination of differential activation of these endpoints is a unique and very powerful means to separate clastogens from aneugens, as well as to identify potential tubulin poisons and cell cycle kinase inhibitors. (toxys.com)
- 1996]. Recently, flow cytometry approaches have been developed that are using multiple endpoints to discriminate aneugens from other classes of chemicals [Bryce et al. (aopwiki.org)
Chromosome segregation1
- Micronucleus induction is a key characteristic of genotoxic compounds and analysis of micronuclei formation resulting from DNA strand breakage (clastogens) or interference with chromosome segregation (aneugens) is an important component of toxicology screening of new drug candidates. (bio-medicine.org)
Taxol1
- In conclusion, it appears that the TFT-resistant mutants resulting from treatment with toxic concentrations of some aneugens such as taxol and carbendazim have undergone complex genetic changes. (biomedsearch.com)
Chromosomes1
- Increases in micronuclei in the cytoplasm of interphase cells are indicative of either chromosome breaks (clastogens), or abnormal segregation of chromosomes during mitosis (aneugens). (gentronix.co.uk)
Assays1
- The biological relevance of these effects has led to the development of assays specifically detecting aneugens. (uab.cat)
Mechanistic1
- In their June 2020 Editor's Choice article, "Image analysis of mechanistic protein biomarkers for the characterization of genotoxicants: Aneugens, clastogens, and reactive oxygen species inducers" Wilde et al. (emgs-us.org)
Compounds3
- Thus, we measured NS for 14 compounds (clastogens) that are known to induce structural CAs, 4 aneugens, and 12 non-mutagenes. (biomedcentral.com)
- The differentiation between aneugens and clastogens is important in the hazard assessment of our pharmaceutical compounds. (toxys.com)
- The screening process uses flow cytometry to quickly and efficiently screen for clastogens, aneugens and non-genotoxicants (CAN) in pharmaceutical compounds, agricultural chemicals, flavors, fragrances and consumer products. (emdgroup.com)
Human health1
- In view of the tendency to have children at advanced maternal ages it appears relevant to pursue studies on consequences of ageing on the susceptibility of human oocytes to the induction of meiotic error by aneugens and establish models to assess risks to human health by environmental exposures. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Present1
- High concentrations of these aneugens induced LOH at all loci examined indicating only one chromosome 11 was present but, perhaps surprisingly, all were found to have two copies of chromosome 11 using FISH. (biomedsearch.com)
Specific1
- The SAC has been identified in spermatogenesis and oogenesis, but gender-differences may contribute to sex-specific differential responses to aneugens. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Cell2
- For cell exposure to clastogens and/or aneugens, add one millimeter of the chemical of interest to seven to eight times 10 to the fifth of the experimental cells in nine milliliters of the appropriate cell culture medium in a T25 flask and one milliliter of water to the control cultures. (jove.com)
- Aneugens and clastogens can be detected by analyzing the frequency of microneuclei in cells that have undergone cell mitosis during or after exposure to the test chemical. (creative-bioarray.com)
Chemical1
- A primary aim of the project was to develop and validate suitable in vitro protocols for the detection and assessment of potential chemical aneugens, including chemicals that may be present in the workplace. (hse.gov.uk)