Anesthetics general. Medical search

Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.

Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.

Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)

Agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p.173)

Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)

A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.

A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)

The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.

A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.

A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3.

A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.

Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)

An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.

A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.

An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180)

Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.

A widely used local anesthetic agent.

Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.

A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.

A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.

A range of methods used to reduce pain and anxiety during dental procedures.

A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.

Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.

Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.

A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.

Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.

A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).

A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.

A specialty concerned with the study of anesthetics and anesthesia.

A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)

A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006)

A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)

Process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream.

A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.

A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.

A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.

Injection of an anesthetic into the nerves to inhibit nerve transmission in a specific part of the body.

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.

Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage.

An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.

The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.

A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth.

Procedure in which an individual is induced into a trance-like state to relieve pain. This procedure is frequently performed with local but not general ANESTHESIA.

A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)

Pregnane derivatives in which two side-chain methyl groups or two methylene groups in the ring skeleton (or a combination thereof) have been oxidized to keto groups.

A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses.

An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.

The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).

Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.

Isomeric forms and derivatives of octanol (C8H17OH).

Hospital department responsible for the administration of functions and activities pertaining to the delivery of anesthetics.

Pain during the period after surgery.

Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.

Drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic.

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.

A phase transition from liquid state to gas state, which is affected by Raoult's law. It can be accomplished by fractional distillation.

A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.

A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.

A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.

A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used as HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES, as ANESTHETICS, or as ANTICONVULSANTS.

Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.

Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen.

Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.

A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals.

A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Devices used to assess the level of consciousness especially during anesthesia. They measure brain activity level based on the EEG.

Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.

A 3:1 mixture of alfaxalone with alfadolone acetate that previously had been used as a general anesthetic. It is no longer actively marketed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1445)

A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)

A procedure involving placement of a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to provide a patient with oxygen and anesthesia.

Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.

Facilities equipped for performing surgery.

Investigations conducted on the physical health of teeth involving use of a tool that transmits hot or cold electric currents on a tooth's surface that can determine problems with that tooth based on reactions to the currents.

Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.

Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.

Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.

An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.

Sense of awareness of self and of the environment.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

A imidazole derivative that is an agonist of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. It is closely-related to MEDETOMIDINE, which is the racemic form of this compound.

A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.

Interventions to provide care prior to, during, and immediately after surgery.

The period during a surgical operation.

A hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of INSOMNIA.

The elimination of PAIN, without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, during OBSTETRIC LABOR; OBSTETRIC DELIVERY; or the POSTPARTUM PERIOD, usually through the administration of ANALGESICS.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

A subclass of ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of specific LIGANDS.

Isomeric forms and derivatives of hexanol (C6H11OH).

The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Potassium channels that contain two pores in tandem. They are responsible for baseline or leak currents and may be the most numerous of all K channels.

An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)

Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The injection of drugs, most often analgesics, into the spinal canal without puncturing the dura mater.

Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.

The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.

The protein components of ferritins. Apoferritins are shell-like structures containing nanocavities and ferroxidase activities. Apoferritin shells are composed of 24 subunits, heteropolymers in vertebrates and homopolymers in bacteria. In vertebrates, there are two types of subunits, light chain and heavy chain. The heavy chain contains the ferroxidase activity.

Inhalation anesthesia where the gases exhaled by the patient are rebreathed as some carbon dioxide is simultaneously removed and anesthetic gas and oxygen are added so that no anesthetic escapes into the room. Closed-circuit anesthesia is used especially with explosive anesthetics to prevent fires where electrical sparking from instruments is possible.

Sharp instruments used for puncturing or suturing.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.

Apparatus for removing exhaled or leaked anesthetic gases or other volatile agents, thus reducing the exposure of operating room personnel to such agents, as well as preventing the buildup of potentially explosive mixtures in operating rooms or laboratories.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel and are usually inhibitory.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.

Operations carried out for the correction of deformities and defects, repair of injuries, and diagnosis and cure of certain diseases. (Taber, 18th ed.)

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)

Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the benzene ring structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobenzoate structure.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Loss of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment combined with markedly reduced responsiveness to environmental stimuli. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp344-5)

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.

The killing of animals for reasons of mercy, to control disease transmission or maintain the health of animal populations, or for experimental purposes (ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION).

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919)

Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.

Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.

The aftermost permanent tooth on each side in the maxilla and mandible.

Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.

A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.

A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.

A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.

A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.

A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.

A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Batrachotoxin is the 20-alpha-bromobenzoate of batrachotoxin A; they are toxins from the venom of a small Colombian frog, Phyllobates aurotaenia, cause release of acetylcholine, destruction of synaptic vesicles and depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers.

Surgery restricted to the management of minor problems and injuries; surgical procedures of relatively slight extent and not in itself hazardous to life. (Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)

A group of methane-based halogenated hydrocarbons containing one or more fluorine and chlorine atoms.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

Specially trained personnel to assist in routine technical procedures in the operating room.

A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The specialty or practice of nursing in the care of patients in the recovery room following surgery and/or anesthesia.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.

Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

Substances that do not act as agonists or antagonists but do affect the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor-ionophore complex. GABA-A receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-A) appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which BENZODIAZEPINES act by increasing the opening frequency of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride channels; a site at which BARBITURATES act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act. GENERAL ANESTHETICS probably act at least partly by potentiating GABAergic responses, but they are not included here.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Methods of delivering drugs into a joint space.

Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place.

Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Exposure of myocardial tissue to brief, repeated periods of vascular occlusion in order to render the myocardium resistant to the deleterious effects of ISCHEMIA or REPERFUSION. The period of pre-exposure and the number of times the tissue is exposed to ischemia and reperfusion vary, the average being 3 to 5 minutes.

Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.

Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.

Occurence of a patient becoming conscious during a procedure performed under GENERAL ANESTHESIA and subsequently having recall of these events. (From Anesthesiology 2006, 104(4): 847-64.)

Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.

Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.

Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.

Interruption of sympathetic pathways, by local injection of an anesthetic agent, at any of four levels: peripheral nerve block, sympathetic ganglion block, extradural block, and subarachnoid block.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.

Fluid propulsion systems driven mechanically, electrically, or osmotically that are used to inject (or infuse) over time agents into a patient or experimental animal; used routinely in hospitals to maintain a patent intravenous line, to administer antineoplastic agents and other drugs in thromboembolism, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS is also available), and other disorders.

A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.

Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Instruments used for injecting or withdrawing fluids. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

Any materials used in providing care specifically in the hospital.

The functions of the professional nurse in the operating room.

Dependence of explicit and implicit memory on hypnotic state in trauma patients. (1/226)

BACKGROUND: It is still unclear whether memory of intraoperative events results entirely from moments of inadequate anesthesia. The current study was designed to determine whether the probability of memory declines with increasing depth of the hypnotic state. METHOD: A list of words was played via headphones during surgery to patients who had suffered acute trauma. Several commonly used indicators of anesthetic effect, including the bispectral index, were recorded during word presentation. First, these indicators served as predictors of the memory performance in a postoperative word stem completion test. Second, general memory performance observed in the first part was separated into explicit and implicit memory using the process dissociation procedure, and then two models of memory were compared: One model assumed that the probability of explicit and implicit memory decreases with increasing depth of hypnotic state (individual differences model), whereas the other assumed equal memory performance for all patients regardless of their level of hypnotic state. RESULTS: General memory performance declined with decreasing bispectral index values. None of the other indicators of hypnotic state were related to general memory performance. Memory was still significant at bispectral index levels between 60 and 40. A comparison of the two models of memory resulted in a better fit of the individual differences model, thus providing evidence of a dependence of explicit and implicit memory on the hypnotic state. Quantification of explicit and implicit memory revealed a significant implicit but no reliable explicit memory performance. CONCLUSIONS: This study clearly indicates that memory is related to the depth of hypnosis. The observed memory performance should be interpreted in terms of implicit memory. Auditory information processing occurred at bispectral index levels between 60 and 40. (+info)

Changes in core temperature compartment size on induction of general anaesthesia. (2/226)

A two-compartment model of temperature distribution estimates the core compartment to occupy 66% of body mass at rest, while the peripheral compartment comprises the remainder. General anaesthesia impairs thermoregulation by central and peripheral actions. Peripheral vasodilatation accelerates heat transfer from the core to peripheral compartment causing the core compartment to cool and expand in size. Core hypothermia may be a significant cause of postoperative morbidity. This undocumented change in the size of the core compartment on induction of anaesthesia can be calculated. Core size increased from the established value of 66% before induction of general anaesthesia to 71.2 (SD 6)% of body mass, 20 min after induction of anaesthesia (P = 0.0001). On induction of general anaesthesia, the core compartment cools and expands while the peripheral compartment warms and contracts by a corresponding amount. Measurement of the magnitude of changes in core:periphery heat distribution on induction of anaesthesia contribute to a clearer understanding of the pathophysiology of perioperative hypothermia. (+info)

Structural consequences of anesthetic and nonimmobilizer interaction with gramicidin A channels. (3/226)

Although interactions of general anesthetics with soluble proteins have been studied, the specific interactions with membrane bound-proteins that characterize general anesthesia are largely unknown. The structural modulations of anesthetic interactions with synaptic ion channels have not been elucidated. Using gramicidin A as a simplified model for transmembrane ion channels, we have recently demonstrated that a pair of structurally similar volatile anesthetic and nonimmobilizer, 1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluorocyclobutane (F3) and 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (F6), respectively, have distinctly different effects on the channel function. Using high-resolution NMR structural analysis, we show here that neither F3 nor F6 at pharmacologically relevant concentrations can significantly affect the secondary structure of the gramicidin A channel. Although both the anesthetic F3 and the nonimmobilizer F6 can perturb residues at the middle section of the channel deep inside the hydrophobic region in the sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles, only F3, but not F6, can significantly alter the chemical shifts of the tryptophan indole N-H protons near the channel entrances. The results are consistent with the notion that anesthetics cause functional change of the channel by interacting with the amphipathic domains at the peptide-lipid-water interface. (+info)

Multisecond oscillations in firing rate in the basal ganglia: robust modulation by dopamine receptor activation and anesthesia. (4/226)

Multisecond oscillations in firing rate in the basal ganglia: robust modulation by dopamine receptor activation and anesthesia. Studies of CNS electrophysiology have suggested an important role for oscillatory neuronal activity in sensory perception, sensorimotor integration, and movement timing. In extracellular single-unit recording studies in awake, immobilized rats, we have found that many tonically active neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus (n = 15), globus pallidus (n = 31), and substantia nigra pars reticulata (n = 31) have slow oscillations in firing rate in the seconds-to-minutes range. Basal oscillation amplitude ranged up to +/-50% of the mean firing rate. Spectral analysis was performed on spike trains to determine whether these multisecond oscillations were significantly periodic. Significant activity in power spectra (in the 2- to 60-s range of periods) from basal spike trains was found for 56% of neurons in these three nuclei. Spectral peaks corresponded to oscillations with mean periods of approximately 30 s in each nucleus. Multisecond baseline oscillations were also found in 21% of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. The dopamine agonist apomorphine (0.32 mg/kg iv, n = 10-15) profoundly affected multisecond oscillations, increasing oscillatory frequency (means of spectral peak periods were reduced to approximately 15 s) and increasing the regularity of the oscillations. Apomorphine effects on oscillations in firing rate were more consistent from unit to unit than were its effects on mean firing rates in the entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra. Apomorphine modulation of multisecond periodic oscillations was reversed by either D1 or D2 antagonists and was mimicked by the combination of selective D1 (SKF 81297) and D2 (quinpirole) agonists. Seventeen percent of neurons had additional baseline periodic activity in a faster range (0.4-2.0 s) related to ventilation. Multisecond periodicities were rarely found in neurons in anesthetized rats (n = 29), suggesting that this phenomenon is sensitive to overall reductions in central activity. The data demonstrate significant structure in basal ganglia neuron spiking activity at unexpectedly long time scales, as well as a novel effect of dopamine on firing pattern in this slow temporal domain. The modulation of multisecond periodicities in firing rate by dopaminergic agonists suggests the involvement of these patterns in behaviors and cognitive processes that are affected by dopamine. Periodic firing rate oscillations in basal ganglia output nuclei should strongly affect the firing patterns of target neurons and are likely involved in coordinating neural activity responsible for motor sequences. Modulation of slow, periodic oscillations in firing rate may be an important mechanism by which dopamine influences motor and cognitive processes in normal and dysfunctional states. (+info)

A single amino acid confers barbiturate sensitivity upon the GABA rho 1 receptor. (5/226)

Many structurally diverse general anaesthetics enhance inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system by interacting with the GABAA receptor. By contrast, GABA receptors composed of the rho 1 subunit are anaesthetic-insensitive. Here, we demonstrate that both delta-hexachlorocyclohexane (delta-HCH; 1-100 microM), a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, and the anaesthetic pentobarbitone (10-600 microM) have no effect on GABA-evoked currents mediated by wild-type rho 1 recombinant receptors (expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes). By contrast, these agents produce up to a 10 fold enhancement of GABA responses transduced by a rho 1 receptor in which a transmembrane located isoleucine residue is replaced by serine. However, not all general anaesthetics were similarly influenced by this mutation, because propofol and 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one (5 beta 3 alpha) remained ineffective. These data are discussed in relation to the specificity of general anaesthetic action. (+info)

Distinctly different interactions of anesthetic and nonimmobilizer with transmembrane channel peptides. (6/226)

Although it plays no clinical role in general anesthesia, gramicidin A, a transmembrane channel peptide, provides an excellent model for studying the specific interaction between volatile anesthetics and membrane proteins at the molecular level. We show here that a pair of structurally similar volatile anesthetic and nonimmobilizer (nonanesthetic), 1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluorocyclobutane (F3) and 1, 2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (F6), respectively, interacts differently with the transmembrane peptide. With 400 microM gramicidin A in a vesicle suspension of 60 mM phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylglycerol (PC/PG), the intermolecular cross-relaxation rate constants between (19)F of F3 and (1)H in the chemical shift regions for the indole and backbone amide protons were 0.0106 +/- 0.0007 (n = 12) and 0.0105 +/- 0.0014 (n = 8) s(-1), respectively. No cross-relaxation was measurable between (19)F of F6 and protons in these regions. Sodium transport study showed that with 75 microM gramicidin A in a vesicle suspension of 66 mM PC/PG, F3 increased the (23)Na apparent efflux rate constant from 149.7 +/- 7.2 of control (n = 3) to 191.7 +/- 12.2 s(-1) (n = 3), and the apparent influx rate constant from 182.1 +/- 15.4 to 222.8 +/- 21.7 s(-1) (n = 3). In contrast, F6 had no effects on either influx or efflux rate. It is concluded that the ability of general anesthetics to interact with amphipathic residues near the peptide-lipid-water interface and the inability of nonimmobilizer to do the same may represent some characteristics of anesthetic-protein interaction that are of importance to general anesthesia. (+info)

General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. (7/226)

The molecular mechanisms of general anaesthetics have remained largely obscure since their introduction into clinical practice just over 150 years ago. This review describes the actions of general anaesthetics on mammalian neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. As a result of research during the last several decades, ligand-gated ion channels have emerged as promising molecular targets for the central nervous system effects of general anaesthetics. The last 10 years have witnessed an explosion of studies of anaesthetic modulation of recombinant ligand-gated ion channels, including recent studies which utilize chimeric and mutated receptors to identify regions of ligand-gated ion channels important for the actions of general anaesthetics. Exciting future directions include structural biology and gene-targeting approaches to further the understanding of general anaesthetic molecular mechanisms. (+info)

Comparison of bispectral index, 95% spectral edge frequency and approximate entropy of the EEG, with changes in heart rate variability during induction of general anaesthesia. (8/226)

We have compared bispectral index (BIS), 95% spectral edge frequency (SEF) and approximate entropy (ApEn) in 37 patients during induction and recovery from a short general anaesthetic. Heart rate variability (HRV) was also compared during induction only. These indices were noted at the start of induction, when a syringe held between the thumb and fingertips was dropped, at insertion of a laryngeal mask or tracheal tube (tube insertion), at incision, at the end of surgery, on return of the gag reflex and when the patient could follow a verbal command. When indices at the start of induction were compared with those at tube insertion, all four decreased significantly. BIS decreased from a mean of 95.38 (SEM 1.02) to 44.22 (1.05), mean SEF from 20.91 (1.19) to 14.14 (0.70) Hz, mean HRV from 37.1 (7.75) to 17.9 (3.6) bpm2 and ApEn from 0.90 (0.06) to 0.65 (0.04). Using logistic regression, the indices were compared both individually and in combination as to the power of distinguishing awake (at pre-induction) from asleep (at tube insertion) states. BIS had the best predictive power, with a sensitivity of 97.3%, specificity 94.4%, positive predictive value 94.7% and negative predictive value 97.1%. A combination of the indices conferred no additional predictive advantage. (+info)

Wollweber, Hartmund (2000). "Anesthetics, General". doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_289. ... is a barbiturate derivative which was under development as a short-acting anesthetic. However, development was discontinued, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buthalital

Maher, T.J. (2013). Anesthetic agents: General and local anesthetics. In: T.L. Lemke & D.A. Williams (editors). Foye's ... and xenon are used as general anesthetics. These and similar drugs like dextromethorphan and methoxetamine also produce ... Ketamine is another example of drug with slightly shorter dwell time but still excessive and it is used as anesthetic. Chemical ... Antagonists of the NMDA receptor are used as anesthetics for animals and sometimes humans, and are often used as recreational ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor

Vlisides, P; Xie, Z. (2012). "Neurotoxicity of general anesthetics: an update". Curr Pharm Design. 18 (38): 6232-40. doi: ... After desflurane, it is the volatile anesthetic with the fastest onset and offset. It is one of the most commonly used volatile ... The exact mechanism of the action of general anaesthetics have not been delineated. Sevoflurane is thought to potentially act ... Burns, William; Edmond I Eger II (August 2011). "Ross C. Terrell, PhD, an Anesthetic Pioneer". Anesth. Analg. 113 (2): 387-9. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevoflurane

General Anesthetics and Therapeutic Gases". Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). New York ... In the general population, IOP ranges between 10 and 21 mm Hg with a mean of about 15 or 16 mm Hg (plus or minus 3.5 mm Hg ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraocular_pressure

Requirements for anesthetics may be reduced in sepsis. Inhalational anesthetics can reduce the level of proinflammatory ... General anesthesia is recommended for people with sepsis who require surgical procedures to remove the infective source. ... Sepsis Alliance is a charitable organization that was created to raise sepsis awareness among both the general public and ... Yuki, Koichi; Murakami, Naoka (6 Jan 2016). "Sepsis Pathophysiology and Anesthetic Consideration". Cardiovascular & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis

It is carried out under general anesthetic. Professor Kenji Takagi in Tokyo has traditionally been credited with performing the ... Cleveland Clinic contribution to SpineUniverse.com Wray D, Stenhouse D, Lee D, Clark AJ (2003). Textbook of general and oral ... Arthroscopic procedures treat Spinal disc herniation and degenerative discs spinal deformity tumors general spine trauma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthroscopy

For example, the blood/gas partition coefficient of a general anesthetic measures how easily the anesthetic passes from gas to ... ISBN 978-0-07-160393-5. Golan DE, Tashjian AH, Armstrong EJ, Armstrong AW (2008). "Chapter 15: General Anesthetic Pharmacology ... This method in general gives better results than atomic based methods, but cannot be used to predict partition coefficients for ... While this method is generally the least accurate, the advantage is that it is the most general, being able to provide at least ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_coefficient

... (1-aminoanthracene) (an organic compound with the chemical formula C14H11N.) is a fluorescent general anesthetic. ... "Identification of a fluorescent general anesthetic, 1-aminoanthracene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthramine

How does general anesthetic work? Neural computation: What are all the different types of neuron and what do they do in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_neuroscience

In the 1930s, physicians started to augment inhaled general anesthetics with intravenous general anesthetics. The drugs used in ... ketamine and inhaled general anesthetics. The advantage of sedation over a general anesthetic is that it generally does not ... and the type of anesthetic (regional anesthetics are lower risk than general anesthetics). Obstetrical, the very young and the ... The most common approach to reach the endpoints of general anesthesia is through the use of inhaled general anesthetics. Each ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia

292-. ISBN 0-323-03707-0. Hemmings, Hugh C. (2009). "Molecular Targets of General Anesthetics in the Nervous System". ... G. H. W. Lucas; V. E. Henderson (1 August 1929). "A New Anesthetic: Cyclopropane : A Preliminary Report". Can Med Assoc J. 21 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopropane

Baudoin Z. General anesthetics and anesthetic gases. In Dukes MNG and Aronson JK (Eds.). Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs 2000. ... Propofol is a general anesthetic, however its abuse for recreational purpose has been documented (120). Using control drugs ... Krasowski MD, Jenkins A, Flood P, Kung AY, Hopfinger AJ, Harrison NL (April 2001). "General anesthetic potencies of a series of ... To induce general anesthesia, propofol is the drug used nearly 100% of the time,[12]and for maintenance of general anesthesia ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propofol

Some general anesthetics act by reducing the effects of glutamate; most tranquilizers exert their sedative effects by enhancing ... In general, smaller animals tend to have larger brains, measured as a fraction of body size. For mammals, the relationship ... Genes determine the general form of the brain, and genes determine how the brain reacts to experience. Experience, however, is ... In the first stages of development, each axon from the retina is guided to the right general vicinity in the midbrain by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

The brain is not shut off under general anesthesia. Instead, anesthetics induce highly structured oscillations between key ... Anesthetic-induced oscillations are also akin to what happens when a hum in a phone line makes it impossible to sustain a ... He is the Warren M. Zapol Professor of Anesthesia at Harvard Medical School and at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and a ... Brown also shows that, contrary to common dogma general anesthesia is not sleep, but rather a reversible coma. Brown's research ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emery_N._Brown

In general, narcosis II is characterized by greater toxicity than narcosis I. Thus, Baseline-narcosis models should be used for ... Toxicants that induce narcosis are known as narcotics or anesthetics. Alcohol is an example of a narcotic and can result in ... In general, narcotics are non-reactive. Many organic chemicals in high enough concentrations induce narcotic symptoms. Thus, ... General responses to narcotics include: lethargy, unconsciousness, and overall depression in respiratory-cardiovascular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_acute_toxicity_syndrome

The patient will receive a local anesthetic. If a patient cannot tolerate local anesthesia, the surgeon may use general ... capable of inducing tolerance to the transplanted islets would allow recipients to maintain their grafts without general ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islet_cell_transplantation

General: adrenergic neurone blocker, astringent. *Diagnostic: topical anesthetics, sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, ... Some anesthetics include Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates. For musculo-skeletal disorders[edit]. The main categories of drugs ... General: β-receptor blockers ("beta blockers"), calcium channel blockers, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics, ... Antibiotics, sympathomimetics, antihistamines, anticholinergics, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, antiseptics, local anesthetics, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug

Hussain, M; Berger, M; Eckenhoff, RG; Seitz, DP (2014). "General anesthetic and the risk of dementia in elderly patients: ... Screening the general population for the disorder is not recommended. There is no known cure for dementia. Cholinesterase ... 2003). "Age-associated prevalence and risk factors of Lewy body pathology in a general population: the Hisayama study". Acta ... On the other hand, the General Practitioner Assessment Of Cognition combines both, a patient assessment and an informant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia

This is among the most important reasons that diethyl ether has fallen out of favor as a general anesthetic. Diethyl ether is ... Halogenated ethers have the advantages of being non-flammable as well as less toxic than earlier general anesthetics. ... Examples of halogenated ethers include the general anesthetics isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane. However, not all ... Inhalation anesthetics are vaporized and mixed with other gases prior to their inhalation by the patient before or during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenated_ether

General anesthetics, analgesic agents and psycholeptics potentiate the sedative effect of chloropyramine. Allergosan, Sopharma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloropyramine

... is an ultra short-acting phenylacetate general anesthetic. It was originally introduced by Bayer in 1963 but ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanidid

Patients who undergo cerebral embolization or portal vein embolization are usually given a general anesthetic. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolisation

She was a general surgeon and able executive. In public health, Dr. Anna E. Rude was the Director of the Child Hygiene Division ... In anesthetics, Dr. Mary Botsford educated younger women in this specialty. In tuberculosis, Dr. Martha Patrick of Los Angeles ... Sara E. Brown, M. D. From this small beginning, in 1875, the hospital grew to become a general hospital. It was one of the ... including the general surgery of women and children and no men; two women on obstetrics and no men; three women on pediatrics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Dispensary_for_Women_and_Children

Crawford Long, physician noted for early use of diethyl ether as an anesthetic. Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb, Confederate general ... William M. Browne, general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Sampson Willis Harris, United States ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oconee_Hill_Cemetery

The anesthetic Halothane (CF3CHBrCl) is 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane. In general ketones (R-CO-R) take the suffix "- ... In general carboxylic acids are named with the suffix -oic acid (etymologically a back-formation from benzoic acid). Similar to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry

Eileen Blair died while under general anesthetic in the hospital. She was buried in nearby Jesmond Cemetery. Other notable ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernwood_House

The use of the mandibular infiltration anesthetic technique in adults. Meechan JG. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995 Oct;53(10):1178 ... "Anaesthesia (UK) - Local and General anaesthesia information - Patient". Patient. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011 Sep;142 Suppl 3:19S-24S ... The lingual nerve supplies general somatic afferent innervation from the mucous membrane of the anterior two-thirds of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingual_nerve

... and are able to apply all of the accepted anesthetic techniques-general, regional, local, or sedation. Nurse Anesthetists are ... Anesthesiologist Assistants are another group who participate in anesthetic care. They earn a master's degree and can practice ... performing the anesthetic and associated procedures (e.g neuraxial anesthesia, specialized intravascular access), following up ... Anesthesiologists Provide Or Participate In 90 Percent Of All Annual Anesthetics". ASA. Archived from the original on 2007-02- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia_provision_in_the_United_States

General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine (PDF). WHO/EDM/TRM/2001.1. Geneva: ... Some herbal remedies can cause dangerous interactions with chemotherapy drugs, radiation therapy, or anesthetics during surgery ... The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine points to confusions in the general population - a person may attribute ... There is a general scientific consensus that alternative therapies lack the requisite scientific validation, and their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative_medicine

General Chiropractic Council. Retrieved 2010-09-30.. [permanent dead link] *^ NBCE (2014), About Chiropractic, National Board ... involves sedation or local anesthetic and is done by a team that includes an anesthesiologist; a 2008 systematic review did not ... "The General Chiropractic Council". Retrieved 2008-07-26.. *^ "About Us". Councils on Chiropractic Education International. ... The World Health Organization found chiropractic care in general is safe when employed skillfully and appropriately.[45] There ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropractors

Medical and anesthetic use of Opium: Avicenna.. *Kegunaan kaedah istimewa untuk mengekal antisepsis sebelum dan sewaktu ... Kennedy, Edward S. (1962), "Review: The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory by Aydin ... Regis Morelon, "General Survey of Arabic Astronomy", pp. 9-10, in (Rashed & Morelon 1996, pp. 1-19) ...

https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reka_cipta_pada_zaman_pertengahan_Islam

Within 30 years, many other barbiturates were developed and found use as sedatives, sleep aids and general anesthetics. ... In general, the more lipid-soluble the barbiturate, the more rapid its onset, the shorter its duration and the greater the ... Selye H (1 January 1941). "Anesthetic Effect of Steroid Hormones". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 46 (1): 116-121. doi: ... Although barbiturates fell out of favor, they continue to serve as a short-acting anesthetic and anti-epileptic drugs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator

The conditions do increase the anesthetic risk and the rate of post-operative complications. Surgeons may require overweight ... including their general physical health.[29] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery

After earning a medical degree (M.D. or D.O.), the length of training in the United States for a general dermatologist to be ... Jeffrey A. Klein) adapted the procedure to local infusion of dilute anesthetic called tumescent liposuction. This method is now ... 2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. Page 3. ISBN 0-07-138076-0. ... Two to three years training in general medicine to obtain a higher degree in medicine and become a member of the Royal College ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatology?utm_source=website&utm_medium=txt-link&utm_term=dermatology&utm_content=wikipedia&utm_campaign=trichology-services

As described earlier regarding medical simulation in general, the operational, patient care and clinical use of simulation will ... isoflurane and other anesthetic gases. PediaSIM HPS also responds to drug administration with a unique Drug Recognition System ... Many medical professionals are skeptical about simulation, saying that medicine, surgery, and general healing skills are too ... and general practice. Combined with methods in debriefing, it is now also used to train students in anatomy, physiology, and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_simulation

... is often practiced prior to surgery or other procedures that require general anesthetics because of the risk of ... In general, fasting remains optional in most Protestant groups and is less popular than among other Christian denominations.[50 ... oil (interpreted variously as abstention from olive oil only, or as abstention from all cooking oils in general), and ... "The General Rules of the Methodist Church," written by the founder of Methodism, John Wesley, wrote that "It is expected of all ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasted

The veins are filled with the anesthetic, with the anesthetic setting into local tissue after approximately 6-8 minutes, after ... "Anesthesia-controlled time and turnover time for ambulatory upper extremity surgery performed with regional versus general ... or Bier's block anesthesia is an anesthetic technique on the body's extremities where a local anesthetic is injected ... Cardiotoxic local anesthetic agents like bupivacaine and etidocaine are strictly contraindicated.[1][2][7] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_regional_anesthesia

... does occur even more frequently in people with Down syndrome than in the general population. A little ... RFA is usually performed in an outpatient setting, using either local anesthetics or conscious sedation anesthesia, the ... breathing is likely to be a risk factor for hypertension and consequent cardiovascular morbidity in the general population.. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea

A pacemaker is typically inserted into the patient through a simple surgery using either local anesthetic or a general ... anesthetic. The patient may be given a drug for relaxation before the surgery as well. An antibiotic is typically administered ... pacemaker based upon observations by cardio-thoracic surgeons Wilfred Gordon Bigelow and John Callaghan at Toronto General ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker

GHB, a general anesthetic and treatment for narcolepsy-cataplexy and alcohol withdrawal with a limited safe dosage range and ... In addition, 21 U.S.C. § 811(h) allows the Attorney General to temporarily place a substance in Schedule I "to avoid an ... Cocaine: used as a topical anesthetic and to stop severe epistaxis. *Codeine (pure) and any drug for non-parenteral ... Under the authority vested in the Attorney General by section 201(a) of the CSA (21 USC 811(a)), and delegated to the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act

... which is similar to the rate of malformations in the general population.[48][49] It is known that lamotrigine is a weak ... Local anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine). *Mexiletine. *TCAs (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline, desipramine) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine

General: adrenergic neurone blocker, astringent, ocular lubricant. *Diagnostic: topical anesthetics, sympathomimetics, ... Some anesthetics include Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates. For musculo-skeletal disordersEdit. The main categories of drugs for ... General: β-receptor blockers ("beta blockers"), calcium channel blockers, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics, ... Antibiotics, sympathomimetics, antihistamines, anticholinergics, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, antiseptics, local anesthetics, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical

Dexamethasone (Decadron) is given in low dose at the onset of a general anesthetic as an effective antiemetic. It is also used ... Antiemetics are typically used to treat motion sickness and the side effects of opioid analgesics, general anaesthetics, and ... cytotoxic drugs and general anaesthetics. Side effects include muscle spasms and restlessness.[3] *Domperidone (Motilium) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetic

In a retrospective observational cohort study, patients on tranylcypromine undergoing general anesthesia had a lower incidence ... Pharmacokinetic interactions with anesthetics are unlikely, given that tranylcypromine is a high-affinity substrate for CYP2A6 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranylcypromine

One hose carries inhaled anesthetic gas to the mask and the other brings exhaled anesthetic gas back to the machine. Anesthesia ... Most commercial aircraft are fitted with oxygen masks for use when cabin pressurization fails.[7][8] In general, commercial ... Brantigan JW (March 1980). "Investigation of flow rates of oxygen systems used in general aviation". Aviat Space Environ Med. ... Anesthesia masks are either made of anti-static silicone or rubber, as a static electricity spark may ignite some anesthetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_mask

Local anesthetics (e.g., cocaine, lidocaine). *Mexiletine. *Nefopam. *Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline#) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indantadol

This depends on the problem, the length of the operation, and whether or not general anesthetic was used. Additionally, people ... The goal of this evaluation is to determine the general treatment regimen for the individual. If the results of the general ... In general, a chest X-ray is performed only if a pulmonary cause of atrial fibrillation is suggested, or if other cardiac ... In general, a non-invasive transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) is performed in newly diagnosed AF, as well as if there is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation

These topical anesthetics contain anesthetic drugs such as lidocaine, tetracaine, benzocaine, and prilocaine in a cream, ... Thus, the COX2 inhibitors were developed to inhibit only the COX2 enzyme (traditional NSAIDs block both versions in general). ... Lidocaine, an anesthetic, and steroids may be injected into joints for longer-term pain relief. Lidocaine is also used for ... They are distinct from anesthetics, which temporarily affect, and in some instances completely eliminate, sensation. Analgesics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algesic

... and do not hydrolyze ester anesthetics such as procaine. This results in a prolonged period of high levels of the anesthetic in ... but for this surgeons preferred general anesthesia. Dentists, however, found it very useful.[7] ... Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is most commonly used in dental procedures to numb the area ... Prior to the discovery of amylocaine and procaine, cocaine was a commonly used local anesthetic.[6] Einhorn wished his new ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novocaine

General[edit]. *As with any surgical procedure, immediate complications of neutering include the usual anesthetic and surgical ... In one study the risk of anesthetic-related death (not limited to neutering procedures) was estimated at 0.05% for healthy dogs ... general good)[75] or "choos[ing] the lesser of two evils".[76] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sterilization

"Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Central Drugs Standard ... nasal congestion and as anesthetics.[24] Drugs used to treat obesity are called anorectics and generally include drugs that ... It is important to recognize, however, that stimulants act not only on working memory function, but also on general levels of ... although it sees clinical use as a local anesthetic, in particular in ophthalmology. Most cocaine use is recreational and its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulants

AIDS, the Surgeon General, and the Politics of Public Health *^ "The C. Everett Koop Papers: AIDS, the Surgeon General, and the ... He invented anesthetic and surgical techniques for small bodies and metabolisms and participated in the separation of several ... Surgeon General of the United States[edit]. Koop with his wife, Betty, Senator Orrin Hatch of Utah, and Secretary of Health and ... Koop was Surgeon General when public health authorities first began to take notice of AIDS.[25] For his first four years in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Everett_Koop

Anesthetic complications. *Infection (at about a 2% rate. Drainage is an important part of treatment.),[2][3] possibly an ... General, endocrine or head and neck surgeons often perform a thyroidectomy when a patient has thyroid cancer or some other ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroidectomy

"Annual Report of the Surgeon General United States Army Fiscal Year 1961". U.S. Army. Retrieved July 31, 2017.. ... The J-Tip is being used as a prenumber for needle procedures by giving an anesthetic effect within 1-2 minutes. It is being ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_injector

An example of a niche use is as an anesthetic agent (in an 85% ethylene/15% oxygen ratio).[15] It can also be used to hasten ... ethylene was used as an anesthetic.[55][5] It remained in use through the 1940s use even while chloroform was being phased out ... "Advantages of Ethylene-Oxygen as an anesthetic". California and Western Medicine. 27 (2): 216-218. PMC 1655579. PMID 18740435 ... "Ethylene as a gas anesthetic". Current Researches in Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2 (6): 221-229. doi:10.1213/00000539-192312000- ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/اتیلن?match=en

In general, this is a temporary effect, and frequently resolves within a week of finishing treatment. However, a high index of ... For these regimens, in general, a better toxicity profile is expected.[3]:55-59 ... cancer are more than 13 times as likely to get a secondary neoplasm during the 30 years after treatment than the general ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapeutics

Anesthetics *General. *Local. *Anorectics. *Anti-ADHD agents. *Antiaddictives. *Anticonvulsants. *Antidementia agents. * ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decongestant

Local anesthetics (e.g., cocaine, lidocaine). *Mexiletine. *Nefopam. *Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline#) ... In general: ℞ (Prescription only). Identifiers. IUPAC name. *(1S,6S)-1,4-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-1,6-methano-4- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptazocine

General Anesthesia. General anesthesia is treatment with medications that induce a state of deep sleep and unconsciousness in ... which act in a similar manner to some general anesthetics by blocking the NMDA receptor, can cause brain injury in immature ... Some types of anesthetics used in humans to perform medical procedures act by blocking this receptor, raising the question of ... by Rajshri on October 24, 2009 at 8:09 PM General Health News ... General Health News. General Anesthetics Cause Learning ...

http://www.medindia.net/news/General-Anesthetics-Cause-Learning-Disabilities-59871-1.htm

Study General Anesthetics flashcards from B C ... General Anesthetics Flashcards Preview Pharm , General ...

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/general-anesthetics-4122491/packs/6042691

Something like a general, I wouldnt risk doing anything against the rules.......just incase. I have no idea what the worst ... You normally wont be allowed to eat or drink anything before having a general anaesthetic. This is because when you are under ... If it was me, and I was going under a general; Id do as I was [email protected]@dy told! ...

http://www.retrobike.co.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=28706

Study Flashcards On Pharm General Anesthetics at Cram.com. Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. Cram.com makes it ... "Pharm General Anesthetics","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/pharm-general-anesthetics-473787","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA- ... Why is the combination of IV general anesthetics and inhalation anesthetics useful? ... which IV general anesthetics does not shows prolonged emergence due to prolonged infusion? What does this mean for its use as a ...

http://www.cram.com/flashcards/pharm-general-anesthetics-473787

... are mostly used to supplement regional anesthesia in hip replacement surgery - heres a straightforward ... Home: Anesthetics , General Anesthetics. General Anesthetics. General anesthesia act on the brain and nervous system. They ... Why? Because general anesthetics are expensive and have multiple side effects.. Administration. Administration of general ... Generally speaking a patient wont feel pain whilst under a general anesthetic unless the effectiveness of the anesthetia ...

http://www.hip-replacement-and-recovery.com/general-anesthetics.html

Anesthetics usually bind at intersubunit sites (Chiara et al. 2013). Etomidate and propofol are potent general anesthetics that ... are the targets for many general anesthetics, including volatile anesthetics, etomidate, propofol, and barbiturates. ... cholesterol or general anesthetics (Hénault et al. 2019). This site is shaped by an M4-helix kink and a Trp-Arg-Pro triad that ... General anesthetic binding site(s) have been identified (Chiara et al., 2012; Woll et al. 2018). Hydrophobic anions potently ...

http://tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=1.A.9.8

I had my very first anesthetic six weeks ago and then another four weeks later. I too was very anxious however the anesthetist ... Ive had 15 generals, the last one I remember talking about trees (they asked me what I did for a living and thats the way the ... Is it true that they automatically put in a catheter when you have a general even if they dont tell you they will? ... All patients receiving a general anaesthetic will have some form of airway . The type of airway you will receive depends on ...

https://www.mumsnet.com/Talk/general_health/1975297-General-Anaesthetic

CNS Pharmacology General anesthetics Dr. Hiwa K. Saaed, H.D, M.Sc, Ph.D Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology College of ... General anesthetics * 1. CNS Pharmacology General anesthetics Dr. Hiwa K. Saaed, H.D, M.Sc, Ph.D Department of Pharmacology & ... 2. CLASSIFICATION General anesthetics Inhalational Gas Nitrous oxide Zenon Volatile liquids Ether halothane enflurane ... Nitrous oxide (N2O) "laughing gas" • It is a potent analgesic but a weak general anesthetic. • Rapid onset and recovery: • Does ...

https://www.slideshare.net/Pharmacologist/2014-general-anesthetics

By discovering the ways in which general anesthetics do more than induce sleep, researchers open up opportunities to develop ... How general anesthetics affect the brain. Written by Catharine Paddock, Ph.D. on January 9, 2018. - Fact checked by Jasmin ... General anesthetics have a more widespread effect on the brain than inducing sleep, suggests a new study that could lead to ... He says that more work is needed to determine whether or not general anesthetics produce long-term side effects in these ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320564.php

... scientists have shown for the first time that anesthetics activate the same group of cells in the brain as that which induces ... General anesthetic may disrupt brain development in children New study finds that general anesthetic given to infant mice ... What to know about general anesthesia Surgeons have used general anesthetics since 1842. They induce a reversible coma, but ... and her team wondered if the same might be true of general anesthesia. What if general anesthetics did more than inhibit brain ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325025.php

View list of generic drugs that are classified under General Anesthetics along with ICD Code. Find related prescribing ... This medication is a general anesthetic, prescribed for induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia. ... General Anesthetics. ICD Code -Y48.2 Etomidate. This medication is a hypnotic agent, used as an anesthesia during short ... This medication is a hydrochloride salt, used as an anesthetic.. Methohexital This medication is a barbiturate anesthetic, ...

https://www.medindia.net/drugs/icd-codes/general-anesthetics.htm

For the inhalational general anesthetics, the IC50 concentrations were considerably less than the free aqueous concentrations ... The neuronal nAChRs were found to be much more sensitive to general anesthetics than were the muscle nAChRs, with IC50 ... Most previous work on the interactions of general anesthetics with nAChRs has involved the muscle-type receptor. The authors ... Differential sensitivities of mammalian neuronal and muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to general anesthetics.. Violet ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9105231?dopt=Abstract

... Christine Edwards,1 Vikram Kapoor,2 ... Christine Edwards, Vikram Kapoor, Christopher Samuel, Robert Issenman, and Herbert Brill, "General Anesthetic Versus Light ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cjgh/2013/201025/cta/

Our general interest e-newsletter keeps you up to date on a wide variety of health topics. ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/anesthetic-general-inhalation-route-parenteral-route-rectal-route/side-effects/drg-20069931

Effect of General Anesthetics on IOP in Elevated IOP Mouse Model. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the best recognized ... However, IOP is typically measured under general anesthesia in most studies using mouse models and many anesthetics affect the ... Wang P and Ning Tian characterized the effects of behavioral training and several commonly used general anesthetics on the ... reliably reflects the actual IOP and provides useful guidelines to avoid the artifacts due to the use of general anesthetics. ...

https://webvision.med.utah.edu/2011/07/effect-of-general-anesthetics-on-iop-in-elevated-iop-mouse-model/

General anesthetics are usually given by inhalation or by injection into a vein. However, certain anesthetics may be given ... General anesthetics are given only by or under the immediate supervision of a medical doctor or dentist trained to use them. If ... Although most general anesthetics can be used by themselves in producing loss of consciousness, some are often used together. ... General anesthetics normally are used to produce loss of consciousness before and during surgery. However, for obstetrics ( ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/anesthetic-general-inhalation-route-parenteral-route-rectal-route/description/drg-20069931

Repeated or lengthy use of general anesthetic and sedation drugs in children younger than 3 years or in pregnant women during ... Facts about General Anesthetics and Sedation Drugs. *General anesthetic and sedation drugs are used to put people into a deep ... we are requiring warnings to be added to the labels of general anesthetic and sedation drugs (see List of General Anesthetic ... General anesthetic and sedation drugs are widely used to ensure the health, safety, and comfort of children and adults ...

https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-review-results-new-warnings-about-using-general-anesthetics-and

Molecular modeling of a tandem two pore domain potassium channel reveals a putative binding site for general anesthetics.. ... Molecular Modeling of a Tandem Two Pore Domain Potassium Channel Reveals a Putative Binding Site for General Anesthetics ... Molecular Modeling of a Tandem Two Pore Domain Potassium Channel Reveals a Putative Binding Site for General Anesthetics ... Molecular Modeling of a Tandem Two Pore Domain Potassium Channel Reveals a Putative Binding Site for General Anesthetics ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25340635

Local Versus General Anesthetic for Carotid Endarterectomy. Kittipan Rerkasem, Peter M. Rothwell ... General anaesthesia versus local anaesthesia for carotid surgery (GALA): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. ... Local versus general anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. Cochrane. Database. Syst. Rev. 2004; CD000126.. ... We aimed to update the review of operative risks in RCT of carotid endarterectomy using LA vs general anesthesia.4 ...

http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/40/10/e584

Biotransoformation of General Anesthetics You will receive an email whenever this article is corrected, updated, or cited in ... B. RAYMOND FINK; Biotransoformation of General Anesthetics. Anesthesiology 1975;42(6):768. ...

http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1961646

The dentist recommended getting it done under general anesthetic. I responded, Ive had four wisdom tooth extracted under ... local anesthetic. Ive given birth to two children without medication. I think... ... the recommended charge for two units of general anesthetic is $228.62. A general anesthetic just about doubles the amount a ... showing that general anesthesia has an advantage over local anesthetics. If some studies say local is better than general, and ...

https://worthwhile.typepad.com/worthwhile_canadian_initi/2018/03/its-time-to-blunt-dentists-incentives-to-use-general-anesthetics.html

Whats the difference between a local and general anesthetic? Sleep. General anesthesia involves the patient being in a deep ... Local anesthesia can refer to a truly local anesthetic (numbing the skin of the operative area) or to a regional anesthetic ( ... Can a general anesthetic make you dumb? Also can a general anesthetic cause mental retardation? ... General anesthetics cause unconsciousness and total loss of sensation. Local anesthetics cause loss of sensation to a limited ...

https://www.healthtap.com/topics/hot-flashes-after-general-anesthetic

... the mouse barrel cortex is modified under the influence of different concentrations of chemically distinct general anesthetics ... the mouse barrel cortex is modified under the influence of different concentrations of chemically distinct general anesthetics ... General anesthetics are commonly used in animal models to study how sensory signals are represented in the brain. Here, we used ... General anesthetics are commonly used in animal models to study how sensory signals are represented in the brain. Here, we used ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2016.00064/full

BGPC = ratio of anesthetic concentration in blood compared to gaseous phase (when in partial pressure equilibrium). BGPC > 1 = ... How does blood flow to a tissue influence the tension of an anesthetics gas in that tissue? ... How does the blood:gas coefficient influences the onset of action (and termination) for inhaled anesthetics? ... How do the ventilation rate influence the onset of action for inhaled anesthetics? ...

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/general-anesthetics-5347327/packs/7928953

It has been demonstrated in some in vitro, animal, and human studies that some anesthetics are associated with increased ... Neither the route of anesthesia nor the type of anesthetic appears to be significantly associated with the development of ... Given the inconsistent evidence on the association between surgery, anesthetic type, and AD, well-designed and adequately ... Many points in this complex pathogenesis can potentially be influenced by both surgery and anesthetics. ...

https://www.dovepress.com/general-anesthetic-and-the-risk-of-dementia-in-elderly-patients-curren-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CIA

Multisite binding of a general anesthetic to the prokaryotic pentameric Erwinia chrysanthemi ligand-gated ion channel (ELIC).. ... including general anesthetics. Here, we report the x-ray crystal structure of the Erwinia chrysanthemi ligand-gated ion channel ... ELIC) in complex with a derivative of chloroform, which reveals important features of anesthetic recognition, involving ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/23364792

... should also be inhibited by general anesthetics. Previous studies have failed to clarify the effects of general anesthetics on ... 2003) Presynaptic actions of general anesthetics. in Neural Mechanisms of Anesthesia, eds Antognini JF, Carstens EE, Raines DE ... Selective Depression by General Anesthetics of Glutamate Versus GABA Release from Isolated Cortical Nerve Terminals. Robert I. ... Selective Depression by General Anesthetics of Glutamate Versus GABA Release from Isolated Cortical Nerve Terminals. Robert I. ...

https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/304/3/1188?ijkey=7d11bb0fe0e5aea085bbc94531479c1e84b567ef&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

A regional anesthetic was used for 632 CEAs, and a general anesthetic was used for 171 operations. There were no statistically ... than in the general anesthetic group (14 .6%, p , 0.0001). Patients undergoing CEA in which a regional anesthetic was used had ... Corson JDChang BBShah DMet al: The influence of anesthetic choice on carotid endarterectomy outcome. Arch Surg 122:807-8121987 ... Clinical outcomes after carotid endarterectomy: comparison of the use of regional and general anesthetics. ...

https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/92/2/article-p291.xml

Patients with SSS occasionally need temporary pacing during general anesthesia. The most common issue arising in the ... We have described the anesthetic management of a patient with SSS who required temporary pacing during general anesthesia for ... Before anesthetic induction, the patients HR was 62 bpm and his BP was 158/92 mmHg. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (120 ... The medical doctor determined to need for a temporary pacing during general anesthesia because this patient have no subjective ...

http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-1920340_55669.htm

Markets Report The 2019 Global Forecast for Anesthetics, including general, local, and - Market research report and industry ... 2019 Global Forecast for Anesthetics, including general, local, and topical (2020-2025 Outlook)-Manufacturing & ... The 2019 Global Forecast for Anesthetics, including general, local, and topical (2020-2025 Outlook)-Manufacturing Manufacturing ...

https://www.marketresearch.com/Barnes-Reports-v2737/Global-Forecast-Anesthetics-general-local-12025024/

The halogenated hydrocarbons, such as halothane, are widely used as anesthetics in clinical practice; however their application ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Halogenated-hydrocarbons%2C-general-anesthetics/336732

McCarren, H. S., Moore, J. T., Kelz, M. B. Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or ... Moore, J. T., et al. Direct Activation of Sleep-Promoting VLPO Neurons by Volatile Anesthetics Contributes to Anesthetic ... Kelz, M. B., et al. An essential role for orexins in emergence from general anesthesia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, (4 ... Anesthetics med en højere opløselighed end isofluran, såsom halothan, vil tage længere tid at nå deres fulde koncentration i ...

https://www.jove.com/video/51079/vurdere-ndringer-i-flygtige-narkose-flsomhed-af-mus-efter-lokale?language=Danish

Identification of a molecular target mediating the general anesthetic actions of pentobarbital. Anja Zeller, Margarete Arras, ... Identification of a molecular target mediating the general anesthetic actions of pentobarbital. Anja Zeller, Margarete Arras, ... Identification of a molecular target mediating the general anesthetic actions of pentobarbital. Anja Zeller, Margarete Arras, ... Identification of a molecular target mediating the general anesthetic actions of pentobarbital ...

http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2006/12/12/mol.106.030049

General anesthetics are commonly used in major surgery. To achieve the depth of anesthesia for surgery, patients are being ... of general anesthetic exposure to the brain and summarizes the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which general anesthetics ... Wu, L., Zhao, H., Weng, H. et al. Lasting effects of general anesthetics on the brain in the young and elderly: "mixed picture ... General anesthetics are commonly used in major surgery. To achieve the depth of anesthesia for surgery, patients are being ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00540-019-02623-7?error=cookies_not_supported&code=a1160bff-e3f1-47d5-a003-7fc8c727bb6e

Site of Action of the General Anesthetic Propofol in Muscarinic M1 Receptor Mediated Signal Transduction. Osamu Murasaki, ... Site of Action of the General Anesthetic Propofol in Muscarinic M1 Receptor Mediated Signal Transduction. Osamu Murasaki, ... Site of Action of the General Anesthetic Propofol in Muscarinic M1 Receptor Mediated Signal Transduction. Osamu Murasaki, ... Site of Action of the General Anesthetic Propofol in Muscarinic M1 Receptor Mediated Signal Transduction ...

http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2003/10/08/jpet.103.055772

Anesthesia plays a crucial role in modern medicine as it allows medical professionals to perform important and life-saving medical procedures that a patient wouldn't be able to endure without anesthetic. (rosenbaumfirm.com)
Regional anesthesia - affects a larger portion of the body than local anesthetic. (rosenbaumfirm.com)
General anesthesia - renders a patient totally unconscious. (rosenbaumfirm.com)
When a patient is under the effects of general anesthesia, proper monitoring is essential. (rosenbaumfirm.com)
General anesthesia can make a patient fall unconscious and will decrease pain sensations. (rosenbaumfirm.com)
Well, general anesthesia does carry risks. (health-local.com)
Although there are serious risks involved with general anesthesia, I could not imagine being awake for surgery. (health-local.com)
At least with general anesthesia you know you'll go for a quick nap, wake up and it will all be over. (health-local.com)

According to the Daily Mail , the Westbourne Clinic in Birmingham has begun performing elective surgeries using local anesthetic and sedation, instead of a general anesthetic which completely knocks you out. (health-local.com)

How does cardiac output affect inhalation anesthetics? (brainscape.com)

A physician will typically administer local anesthetic with a syringe injection. (rosenbaumfirm.com)

Anesthesiologists must also carefully monitor patients' vital signs to look for any indications that the anesthetic has stopped working or the patient is in distress. (rosenbaumfirm.com)

Using a technique known as single-molecule imaging microscopy, the scientists were able to explore the effect of propofol, a common general anesthetic, on single cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
We know from previous research,' says senior study author Bruno van Swinderen, an associate professor in the Queensland Brain Institute, 'that general anesthetics including propofol act on sleep systems in the brain, much like a sleeping pill. (medicalnewstoday.com)
While propofol and other general anesthetics do put us to sleep, it is their 'widespread disruption to synaptic connectivity' - or the communication pathways throughout the brain - that make surgery possible, he suggests. (medicalnewstoday.com)
A dual isotope method allowed simultaneous comparisons of the effects of a representative volatile (isoflurane) and intravenous (propofol) anesthetic on the release of glutamate and GABA from isolated rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes). (aspetjournals.org)
The recently published crystal structure of the general anesthetic propofol bound to Gloeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel (GLIC), a bacterial homolog of GABA(A) receptors, provided an opportunity to explore structure-based ligand discovery for pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs). (diva-portal.org)
We now use competition photolabeling with [ 3 H]azietomidate and [ 3 H]R-mTFD-MPAB to identify para-substituted propofol analogs and other drugs that bind selectively to intersubunit anesthetic sites. (aspetjournals.org)
In these mice, the suppression of noxious-evoked movements in response to the intravenous anesthetics etomidate and propofol is completely abolished, while only slightly decreased with the volatile anesthetics enflurane and halothane. (uzh.ch)
Taken together, our results demonstrate that a single molecular target, and indeed a specific residue (N265) located within the GABA(A) receptor beta3 subunit, is a major determinant of behavioral responses evoked by the intravenous anesthetics etomidate and propofol, whereas volatile anesthetics appear to act via a broader spectrum of molecular targets. (uzh.ch)
The general anesthetic propofol has been in clinical use for more than 30 years and has become the agent of choice for rapid intravenous induction. (springeropen.com)
Propofol was introduced to clinical practice as a general anesthetic in 1977 and has become the agent of choice for rapid intravenous induction. (springeropen.com)
Upregulation of mTOR is also seen with sevoflurane and propofol exposure, suggesting that this mechanism of developmental anesthetic neurotoxicity may occur with all the commonly used GAs in pediatric practice. (preprints.org)
TIVA' has become feasible thanks to the introduction of agents with a suitably short duration of action, including the injectable anesthetics propofol and etomidate, the analgesics alfentanil und remifentanil, and the muscle relaxant mivacurium. (mussenhealth.us)
Elderly people are especially sensitive to the effects of the barbiturate anesthetics (methohexital and thiopental), etomidate, propofol, and anesthetics given by inhalation. (thedrugslist.com)
Barbiturate anesthetics (methohexital and thiopental), halothane, and propofol pass into the breast milk. (thedrugslist.com)
Propofol takes the largest amount of usage in Chinese intravenous anesthetic market, the market size is around 770 million in 2014.AZN is the largest supplier of propofol in China, Fresenius ranks the sencond.Due to the fierce competition status, the growth of propofol will probably slow down. (sbwire.com)

We propose that our isoflurane-2P imaging paradigm can serve as an attractive model system to dissect cellular and molecular mechanisms that induce the anesthetic state, and it might also provide important insight into sleep-like brain states and consciousness. (frontiersin.org)
New research publishing July 6 in the open access journal PLOS Biology by Eunchai Kang, David Mintz and colleagues now shows that early postnatal mice exposed to isoflurane -- a standard and widely used inhaled general anesthetic agent -- leads to chronic, abnormal activation of the mTOR pathway, a signaling system critical for normal brain development. (imusenvironmentalhealth.org)
Several studies, including some performed Zhongcong Xie, M.D., Ph.D., and colleagues, have found evidence that the inhaled anesthetic isoflurane can cause biochemical changes associated with Alzheimer pathology. (alz.org)
When used as an anesthetic for an abortion, enflurane, halothane, or isoflurane may cause increased bleeding. (thedrugslist.com)

General anesthetics have a more widespread effect on the brain than inducing sleep, suggests a new study that could lead to improved drugs for use in surgery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The cells, which consist mainly of neuroendocrine cells, sit "in and near the supraoptic nucleus" in the hypothalamus and "are persistently and commonly activated by multiple classes of [general anesthetic] drugs," they write. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Some types of anesthetics used in humans to perform medical procedures act by blocking this receptor, raising the question of whether such anesthetics could produce similar side effects in children exposed to the drugs at a young age. (medindia.net)
12-14-2016 ] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is warning that repeated or lengthy use of general anesthetic and sedation drugs during surgeries or procedures in children younger than 3 years or in pregnant women during their third trimester may affect the development of children's brains. (fda.gov)
Consistent with animal studies, recent human studies suggest that a single, relatively short exposure to general anesthetic and sedation drugs in infants or toddlers is unlikely to have negative effects on behavior or learning. (fda.gov)
To better inform the public about this potential risk, we are requiring warnings to be added to the labels of general anesthetic and sedation drugs (see List of General Anesthetic and Sedation Drugs Affected by this Label Change). (fda.gov)
Anesthetic and sedation drugs are necessary for infants, children, and pregnant women who require surgery or other painful and stressful procedures, especially when they face life-threatening conditions requiring surgery that should not be delayed. (fda.gov)
Discuss with parents, caregivers, and pregnant women the benefits, risks, and appropriate timing of surgery or procedures requiring anesthetic and sedation drugs. (fda.gov)
Published studies in pregnant animals and young animals have shown the use of general anesthetic and sedation drugs for more than 3 hours caused widespread loss of nerve cells in the brain. (fda.gov)
FDA has been investigating the potential adverse effects of general anesthetic and sedation drugs on children's brain development since the first animal study on this topic was published in 1999. (fda.gov)
We urge health care professionals, patients, parents, and caregivers to report side effects involving anesthetic and sedation drugs or other medicines to the FDA MedWatch program, using the information in the "Contact FDA" box at the bottom of the page. (fda.gov)
So, yes, there are costs to administering anesthetics (including the costs of the drugs themselves). (typepad.com)
General anesthetics, like most other neuroactive drugs, modulate synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. (aspetjournals.org)
It is known that most of the currently used anesthetic drugs have either NMDA receptor blocking or gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor activating properties. (eurekaselect.com)
Not infrequently, general anesthetics are combined with drugs that block neuromuscular impulse transmission. (britannica.com)
If general anesthetics are generally fat soluble, why do drugs take so long to equilibate in fatty tissue? (cram.com)
Inflammation increases the number of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors expressed on the surface of neurons, which supports the hypothesis that inflammation increases up-regulation of GABAA receptor activity by anesthetics, thereby enhancing the behavioral sensitivity to these drugs. (smarttots.org)
A wide variety of drugs are used in modern anesthetic practice. (wikipedia.org)
The U.S. Food and Drug administration (FDA) has recently issued a safety advisory warning that exposure to anesthetic and sedative drugs during the period of time between the third trimester of prenatal development and the first three years of life may have lasting adverse effects on cognitive function. (imusenvironmentalhealth.org)
Local anesthetics are broken down into 2 categories: ester-linked and amide-linked drugs. (wikipedia.org)
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of inhaled anesthetic drugs upon diastolic heart function (heart suction and filling performance) in patients who are undergoing coronary bypass surgery. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Drugs given to induce general anaesthesia can be either as gases or vapours ( inhalational anaesthetics ), or as injections ( intravenous anaesthetics or even intramuscular ). (wikipedia.org)
VAs are small hydrophobic drugs that readily partition into lipid bilayers and in vivo anesthetic potency has long been known to correlate with lipid solubility, a relationship that holds true over a wide range of structurally diverse anesthetic agents ( Sonner and Cantor, 2013 ). (elifesciences.org)
Drugs used for general anaesthetics contain greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide, which can stay in the atmosphere for up to 114 years and contribute to global warming. (yahoo.com)
Medications that can alter or reduce taste responsiveness include antiviral medications, many antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, general an. (reference.com)

beta3(N265M) mice also display a profound reduction in the loss of righting reflex duration in response to intravenous but not volatile anesthetics. (uzh.ch)
All other anesthetic agents not in the above categories of volatile anesthetic agents and depolarizing muscle relaxants are considered safe. (mhaus.org)
This research will determine the feasibility of using this carbon filter to quickly reduce the breathing circuit gas concentration of volatile anesthetic in the clinical setting. (clinicaltrials.gov)
After baseline use of volatile anesthetic, this group will have carbon filter placed in-line. (clinicaltrials.gov)
At regular intervals (2 minutes) after application of the filters, the concentration of the volatile anesthetic will be measured. (clinicaltrials.gov)
According to their mode of application, general anesthetics in the restricted sense are divided into inhalational (gaseous, volatile) and injectable agents. (mussenhealth.us)
Administration of the volatile anesthetic must then be titrated in such a manner as to counterbalance the waning effect of the injectable agent. (mussenhealth.us)

Halothane, a inhalational general anesthetic was synthesized by Charles Suckling in 1956. (preceden.com)

Lidocaine, is a local anesthetic used to relieve itching, burning and pain from skin inflammations, it can be injected as a dental anesthetic but the main use is for minor surgery. (preceden.com)

Amide local anesthetics (such as lidocaine , prilocaine , bupivicaine , levobupivacaine , ropivacaine , mepivacaine , dibucaine and etidocaine ) are generally heat-stable, with a long shelf life (around two years). (wikipedia.org)
Lidocaine is an amide local anesthetic used in a 0.5-1% concentration in combination with bupivacaine (50:50 mixture). (medscape.com)
Pharmaceutical Raw Materials Local Anesthetic Agent Lidocaine HCl Lidocaine for Pain Killer Min order: 1gram/bag Get HOT steroid raw powders for 100grams price list ? (chinaqualitycrafts.com)

Patients and surgeons can choose either anesthetic technique, depending on the clinical situation and preferences. (ahajournals.org)
Dentists have a strong financial incentive to put patients under a general anesthetic. (typepad.com)
On the other hand, this study found no differences between patients receiving a general anesthetic and those receiving epidurals in terms of cognitive functioning three months post-surgery - although patients receiving an epidural had better surgical, as well as better short-term cognitive, outcomes. (typepad.com)
The authors analyzed their series of carotid endarterectomies (CEAs), which were performed after administration of either a general or regional anesthetic, to determine whether the choice of anesthetic affected patients' clinical outcomes and length of hospital stay. (thejns.org)
Contingency-table statistical analysis was used to compare the incidence of comorbid medical states and perioperative complications between patients who underwent CEA in which either a regional or general anesthetic was used. (thejns.org)
Patients undergoing CEA in which a regional anesthetic was used had a significantly lower incidence of cardiopulmonary complications (myocardial infarction and postoperative intubation), cervical complications (neck hematomas and cranial nerve injuries), and urological complications (urinary retention) than patients who underwent surgery after receiving a general anesthetic. (thejns.org)
How can you give a general anesthetic but still treat patients as a day case? (cadoganclinic.com)
1. MAC = minimum alveolar concentration anesthetic needed to produce immobility in 50% of patients… 2. (cram.com)
All patients are given an inhalation mix of nitrous oxide and oxygen (even if the maintenance anesthetic is given intravenously). (hip-replacement-and-recovery.com)
In general, use a low initial starting dose in elderly patients given their greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. (rxlist.com)
Twelve (12) patients will undergo standard anesthetic induction using inhalational anesthetic (Sevoflurane®) and maintained on 3% for 30 minutes to attain steady state concentrations.1 At that time, a total intravenous anesthetic technique will be started and maintained throughout the case. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Although most equipment that comes into contact with patients is disposable, there is still a risk of contamination from the anesthetic machine itself or because of bacterial passage through protective filters. (anesthesiologistassistant.com)
By suppressing memory and consciousness - two components of the mind - anesthetics provide great relief to surgical patients and elicit wonder in clinicians and scientists. (springer.com)

Previously, using photoreactive analogs of etomidate ([ 3 H]azietomidate) and mephobarbital ([ 3 H]R-mTFD-MPAB), we identified two homologous but pharmacologically distinct classes of general anesthetic binding sites in the α1β3γ2 GABA A R transmembrane domain at β + -α - (β + -sites) and α + -β - /γ + -β - (β - -sites) subunit interfaces. (aspetjournals.org)

1 However, benefit requires a low operative risk, 1 which may depend on the type of anesthetic used. (ahajournals.org)

The majority of currently used anesthetic agents are derived from or associated with natural products, especially plants, as evidenced by cocaine that was isolated from coca ( Erythroxylum coca , Erythroxylaceae) and became a prototype of modern local anesthetics and by thymol and eugenol contained in thyme ( Thymus vulgaris , Lamiaceae) and clove ( Syzygium aromaticum , Myrtaceae), respectively, both of which are structurally and mechanistically similar to intravenous phenolic anesthetics. (mdpi.com)

Model of LyTASK illustrating the positions of two established determinants of anesthetic sensitivity: L159 and the critical sequence of ILRFLT amino acids. (nih.gov)

However, further research is needed to fully characterize how early life anesthetic exposure affects children's brain development. (fda.gov)
For years after its advent, it was believed that general anesthetics (GAs) exert reversible, temporary effect on the central nervous system, which would return to its pristine state once the anesthetic exposure is ceased. (springer.com)
The long-lasting effects including cellular signaling changes and their impact after anesthetic exposure are enormous [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
Various anesthetic protocols have been used in pediatric medicine for many years in the absence of clear systematic assessment concerning drug exposure and possible adverse effects. (eurekaselect.com)
Accentuated neurodegenerative mechanisms in the immature brain can thus increase neuronal susceptibility to exposure to anesthetic agents. (eurekaselect.com)
In normal neurons before exposure to anesthetics, GABA at low concentrations (1-3 x 10(-6) M) induced a small sustained inward current. (mysciencework.com)
Human epidemiologic studies and laboratory investigations in animal models suggest that exposure to general anesthetic agents (GAs) have harmful effects on brain development. (preprints.org)

Enflurane, which is no longer in common use, is an inhalational anesthetic which is vaporized readily, but a liquid at room temperature. (preceden.com)

The ideal anesthetic vapor or gas should be non-flammable, non-explosive, and lipid-soluble. (wikipedia.org)

The influence of anesthetic technique on perioperative complications after carotid endarterectomy. (thejns.org)
834 - 843 1994 Allen BT Anderson CB Rubin BG et al: The influence of anesthetic technique on perioperative complications after carotid endarterectomy. (thejns.org)
In recent decades perioperative adverse reactions had more attention and the general view is that immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions are largely under reported and causes remain often unknown. (springer.com)

Rerkasem K, Bond R, Rothwell PM. Local versus general anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. (ahajournals.org)
General anaesthesia versus local anaesthesia for carotid surgery (GALA): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. (ahajournals.org)
I responded, 'I've had four wisdom tooth extracted under local anesthetic. (typepad.com)
Eventually the dentist agreed to extract the tooth under a local anesthetic, and I was presented with an estimate for procedure - $350. (typepad.com)
This study finds that general and local anesthetics produces similar outcomes, but local is cheaper. (typepad.com)
This one found that epidurals produced better patient outcomes than general anesthetics, and this one also comes down in favour of the local option. (typepad.com)
What's the difference between a local and general anesthetic? (healthtap.com)
At the same time, local anesthetic (2 mL of 3% prilocaine) was infiltrated into the maxillary submucosa. (scirp.org)
The 2019 Global Forecast for Anesthetics, including general, local, and topical (2020-2025 Outlook)-Manufacturing Manufacturing & Markets Report, Markets Report , published by Barnes Reports, contains timely and accurate market statistics and forecasts on the market for over 140 countries. (marketresearch.com)
Anesthetic , also spelled anaesthetic , any agent that produces a local or general loss of sensation, including pain . (britannica.com)
Thus, local anesthetics are useful in minor surgical procedures, such as the extraction of teeth . (britannica.com)
The first known and generally used local anesthetic was cocaine , an alkaloid (a naturally occurring organic nitrogen -containing compound) extracted from coca leaves obtained from various species of Erythroxylum . (britannica.com)
general anesthetics , which result in a reversible loss of consciousness , and local anesthetics , which cause a reversible loss of sensation for a limited region of the body without necessarily affecting consciousness. (wikipedia.org)
Each of the local anesthetics have the suffix "-caine" in their names. (wikipedia.org)
Local anesthetics can be either ester - or amide -based. (wikipedia.org)
Pethidine also has local anesthetic properties, in addition to its opioid effects. (wikipedia.org)
Local anesthetic nerve block (local anesthetic regional nerve blockade, or often simply nerve block) is a short-term nerve block involving the injection of local anesthetic as close to the nerve as possible for pain relief. (wikipedia.org)
The local anesthetic bathes the nerve and numbs the area of the body that is innervated by that nerve. (wikipedia.org)
Local anesthetics act on the voltage-gated sodium channels that conduct electrical impulses and mediate fast depolarization along nerves. (wikipedia.org)
Most of the local anesthetics target open channels and prevent ion flow. (wikipedia.org)
Local anesthetics also act on potassium channels, but they block sodium channels more. (wikipedia.org)
Local anesthetic toxicity is indicated by numbness and tingling around the mouth, metallic taste, or ringing in the ears. (wikipedia.org)
Vasoconstriction caused by local anesthetic may be further enhanced synergistically with the addition of epinephrine, the most widely used additive. (wikipedia.org)
The duration of the nerve block depends on the type of local anesthetics used and the amount injected around the target nerve. (wikipedia.org)
Local anesthetic nerve blocks are sterile procedures that can be performed with the help of anatomical landmarks, ultrasound, fluoroscopy (a live X-ray), or CT. (wikipedia.org)
The searched phytochemicals include terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids because they have been frequently reported to possess local anesthetic, general anesthetic, antinociceptive, analgesic or sedative property. (mdpi.com)
Anesthetics are categorized into two classes: general anesthetics, which cause a reversible loss of consciousness, and local anesthetics, which cause a reversible loss of sensation for a limited region of the body while maintaining consciousness. (wikipedia.org)
A Local Anesthetic with cocaine was used in 1855. (preceden.com)
Treatment of iliohypogastric or ilioinguinal nerve entrapment may include local injection of an anesthetic. (medscape.com)
A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of pain sensation. (wikipedia.org)
When it is used on specific nerve pathways ( local anesthetic nerve block ), paralysis (loss of muscle power) also can be achieved. (wikipedia.org)
Diagnostic tests such as bone marrow aspiration, lumbar puncture (spinal tap) and aspiration of cysts or other structures are made to be less painful upon administration of local anesthetic before insertion of larger needles. (wikipedia.org)
When this occurs a surgeon will inject a local anesthetic or provide a general anesthetic if necessary. (aaofl.com)
While local anesthetics are highly successful in delivering pain relief, occasional problems can occur. (aaofl.com)
Because of this, there are limits concerning how much local anesthetic medication can be administered safely. (aaofl.com)
Additionally, epinephrine (adrenaline) is often added to the local anesthetic solution to constrict blood vessel and reduce blood flow to the area. (aaofl.com)
This slows absorption and lowers the blood levels of the local anesthetic drug. (aaofl.com)
Using local instead of general anaesthetic for hip, knee and other operations could help cut greenhouse gas emissions, according to a new study. (yahoo.com)
It takes three to five hours for the effects of novocaine and other local dental anesthetics to wear off completely, according to Jonathan G. Campbell, D.D.S. The tooth remains numb for one to two hours, while the tongue and lips remain numb for up to five hours. (reference.com)
Comfort: Not only are the dental chairs and the dentistry office environment more comfortable and pleasant, improvements in the use of local anesthetics and new equipment provide more comfort than ever before. (1stsedationdentist.com)

Inflammation Increases Neuronal Sensitivity to General Anesthetics. (smarttots.org)
These results provide proof-of-concept evidence that inflammation increases the sensitivity of neurons to general anesthetics. (smarttots.org)
This increase in anesthetic up-regulation of GABAA receptor activity in vitro correlates with enhanced sensitivity for GABAA receptor-dependent behavioral endpoints in vivo. (smarttots.org)
When choosing the type and amount of anesthetic, the dentist considers the type of procedure, whether or not infection is present and the patient's sensitivity to anesthetics, notes Dr. Campbell. (reference.com)
In addition to the absence of type II theta oscillations, the TASK-3 KO animals show marked alterations in both anesthetic sensitivity and natural sleep behavior. (pnas.org)

Moreover, we will review emerging evidence regarding the neuroprotective property of xenon and anesthetic adjuvant dexmedetomidine in the immature and mature brains. (springer.com)

General anesthetics are usually given by inhalation or by injection into a vein. (mayoclinic.org)
Anesthetics given by inhalation and ketamine have been tested in children and have not been shown to cause different side effects or problems in children than they do in adults. (pharmacypedia.org)

This paper by Ding C, Wang P and Ning Tian characterized the effects of behavioral training and several commonly used general anesthetics on the measurements of IOP of mice with normal and elevated IOP. (utah.edu)
The results demonstrated that the IOP measured from awake mice after behavioral training most accurately and reliably reflects the actual IOP and provides useful guidelines to avoid the artifacts due to the use of general anesthetics. (utah.edu)
To mimic inflammation in vivo, mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide, and several anesthetic-related behavioral endpoints were examined. (smarttots.org)
In wild-type mice, a highly-tuned anesthetic-induced peak in the theta band of frequencies (4-9 Hz), which appeared at around the concentrations that induced a loss of righting reflex, was absent in the TASK-3 knockout (KO) animals. (pnas.org)

In contemporary practice intravenous anesthetics are usually used for induction. (hip-replacement-and-recovery.com)

Anesthetics are thought to mediate a portion of their activity via binding to and modulation of potassium channels. (nih.gov)

Molecular modeling of a tandem two pore domain potassium channel reveals a putative binding site for general anesthetics. (nih.gov)
While the exact molecular structure of all K2P forms remains unknown, significant progress has been made toward understanding their structure and interactions with anesthetics via the methods of molecular modeling, coupled with the recently released higher resolution structures of homologous potassium channels to act as templates. (nih.gov)
Molecular modeling derived from the consensus overlap of templates reveals a putative general anesthetic binding site. (nih.gov)
Numerous studies have highlighted a number of molecular changes induced by anesthetic substances, regarding the redox balance [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Molecular dynamics simulations of TREK1 in the presence of VA found multiple neighboring residues on TREK1 TM2, TM3, and TM4 that contribute to anesthetic binding. (elifesciences.org)

The authors investigate the effects of general anesthetics on defined mammalian neuronal and muscle nAChRs expressed in Xenopus oocytes. (nih.gov)
Presynaptic effects of general anesthetics on glutamate release have been demonstrated directly at the neurochemical level using isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes). (aspetjournals.org)
Elucidation of the effects of general anesthetics on release of the major excitatory transmitter glutamate and major inhibitory transmitter GABA is essential to understanding the neurophysiological outcomes of presynaptic anesthetic actions. (aspetjournals.org)

The role of presynaptic mechanisms in general anesthetic depression of excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission and facilitation of GABA-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission is unclear. (aspetjournals.org)
Electrophysiological evidence supports both presynaptic (effects on neurotransmitter release) and postsynaptic (receptor interactions) mechanisms for the synaptic actions of general anesthetics. (aspetjournals.org)
In pharmacodynamics of inhaled anesthetics , the central respiratory control mechanisms are initiated by chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the upper airways, lungs and chest wall with signal transmitted by the vagus and spinal nerves. (anesthesiageneral.com)
General anaesthetics are a structurally diverse group of compounds whose mechanisms encompasses multiple biological targets involved in the control of neuronal pathways. (wikipedia.org)

An anesthetic that causes loss of sensation only to the area to which it is applied. (dictionary.com)

Most previous work on the interactions of general anesthetics with nAChRs has involved the muscle-type receptor. (nih.gov)

[1] Anesthetics are distinct from analgesics , which block only sensation of painful stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
General anaesthetics do not act as analgesics and should also not be confused with sedatives . (wikipedia.org)

Such models reveal the convergence of amino acid regions that are known to modulate anesthetic activity onto a common three- dimensional cavity that forms a putative anesthetic binding site. (nih.gov)
General anesthetics modulate GABA receptor channel complex in. (mysciencework.com)
General anesthetics modulate GABA receptor channel complex in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. (mysciencework.com)

sic, an injectable anesthetic, a short-acting muscle relaxant, and a low dose of a neuroleptic. (mussenhealth.us)

The duration of the block is mostly influenced by the amount of time the anesthetic is near the nerve. (wikipedia.org)
Block duration can be prolonged with use of a vasoconstrictor such as epinephrine, which decreases the diffusion of the anesthetic away from the nerve. (wikipedia.org)

For barbiturate anesthetics (methohexital and thiopental)-Methohexital has not been studied in pregnant women. (thedrugslist.com)

Differential sensitivities of mammalian neuronal and muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to general anesthetics. (nih.gov)
The neuronal nAChRs were found to be much more sensitive to general anesthetics than were the muscle nAChRs, with IC50 concentrations being 10- to 35-fold less for the neuronal receptors. (nih.gov)
Anesthetics block brain nicotinic receptors. (nih.gov)
Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs), such as nicotinic acetylcholine, glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid GABA(A/C) receptors, and the Gloeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel (GLIC), are receptors that contain multiple allosteric binding sites for a variety of therapeutics, including general anesthetics. (sigmaaldrich.com)
GABA(A) receptors play a crucial role in the actions of general anesthetics. (diva-portal.org)
Mutant receptors also provided insight about the position of the binding sites and the relevance of the receptor's conformation for anesthetic actions. (diva-portal.org)
Anesthetics that block NMDA or activate GABA receptors consistently increase cell death in the neonatal brain, suggesting that the physiological stimulation of NMDA receptors is necessary for normal neuronal synaptogenesis, differentiation, and survival during development. (eurekaselect.com)
It is postulated that general anaesthetics exert their action by the activation of inhibitory central nervous system (CNS) receptors, and the inactivation of CNS excitatory receptors . (wikipedia.org)

Previous studies showed that synaptic transmission is affected by general anesthetics, but an anesthetic dose response in freely moving animals has not been done. (anesthesiaexperts.com)
Network disruption could help explain the impairment of hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions with low-dose anesthetic. (anesthesiaexperts.com)

The influence of anesthetic choice on carotid endarterectomy outcome. (thejns.org)
807 - 812 1987 Corson JD Chang BB Shah DM et al: The influence of anesthetic choice on carotid endarterectomy outcome. (thejns.org)

When anesthetics are used concomitantly with vasoconstrictors, their anesthetic effect is prolonged and the pain threshold increased. (medscape.com)

Spinal anesthetics are frequently blamed for the development of chronic low back pain later in life. (aaofl.com)
Side effects have been greatly minimized by refinements in the size and shape of the needles used to administer spinal anesthetics. (aaofl.com)

Here, we used two-photon (2P) calcium activity imaging with cellular resolution to investigate how neuronal activity in layer 2/3 of the mouse barrel cortex is modified under the influence of different concentrations of chemically distinct general anesthetics. (frontiersin.org)
It has been reported that anesthetics such as ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, cause neuronal cell death in rodents when administered during critical periods of development. (eurekaselect.com)
The window of vulnerability to the neuronal effects of pediatric anesthetics seems to be restricted to the period of rapid synaptogenesis, also known as the brain growth-spurt period. (eurekaselect.com)

We use a variant of the general anaesthesia technique called TIVA (Total Intravenous Anaesthesia) that is delivered by our team of top anaesthetists. (cadoganclinic.com)

He says that more work is needed to determine whether or not general anesthetics produce long-term side effects in these vulnerable groups. (medicalnewstoday.com)
What are the side effects of general anesthetic? (healthtap.com)
What are the long term side effects of general anesthetic? (healthtap.com)
Because general anesthetics are expensive and have multiple side effects. (hip-replacement-and-recovery.com)
While all general anesthetics produce a relatively similar anesthetic state, they differ in their secondary actions (side effects) on other organ systems. (pharmacologicalsciences.us)

Procedural sedation | anesthesia | Britannica.com (britannica.com)

Dental Anesthetic (1stsedationdentist.com)

Lopressor (Metoprolol Tartrate): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning (rxlist.com)

Verapamil | Side Effects, Dosage, Uses & More (healthline.com)

Lopressor HCT (Metoprolol Tartrate and Hydochlorothiazide): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning (rxlist.com)

How general anesthetics affect the brain (medicalnewstoday.com)

DailyMed - NADOLOL tablet (dailymed.nlm.nih.gov)

Carotid Bypass and Reconstruction Medication: Anesthetic Agents, Neuromuscular Blockers, Nondepolarizing (emedicine.medscape.com)

10 Bizarre Medieval Medical Practices - Listverse (listverse.com)

Research Uncovers a Novel Mechanism of Common Anesthetic Propofol | News & Events (news.rpi.edu)

Anesthesia analgesia in the amygdala | Nature Neuroscience (nature.com)

Federal Register
::
Anesthetic and Analgesic Drug Products Advisory Committee; Notice of Meeting — Federal Register :: Anesthetic and Analgesic Drug Products Advisory Committee; Notice of Meeting (federalregister.gov)

Controversies in the Anesthetic Management of the Obese Surgical | Yigal Leykin | Springer (springer.com)

Anesthetic, General (Inhalation Route, Parenteral Route, Rectal Route) Side Effects - Mayo Clinic (mayoclinic.org)

Anesthetic, General (Inhalation Route, Parenteral Route, Rectal Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo Clinic (mayoclinic.org)

Anatomy15

Organisms7

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs121

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment68

Psychiatry and Psychology6

Phenomena and Processes26

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Named Groups1

Health Care18

Dependence of explicit and implicit memory on hypnotic state in trauma patients. (1/226)

Changes in core temperature compartment size on induction of general anaesthesia. (2/226)

Structural consequences of anesthetic and nonimmobilizer interaction with gramicidin A channels. (3/226)

Multisecond oscillations in firing rate in the basal ganglia: robust modulation by dopamine receptor activation and anesthesia. (4/226)

A single amino acid confers barbiturate sensitivity upon the GABA rho 1 receptor. (5/226)

Distinctly different interactions of anesthetic and nonimmobilizer with transmembrane channel peptides. (6/226)

General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. (7/226)

Comparison of bispectral index, 95% spectral edge frequency and approximate entropy of the EEG, with changes in heart rate variability during induction of general anaesthesia. (8/226)

Anesthetics

Anesthetics, Local

Anesthetics, Inhalation

Anesthetics, General

Anesthetics, Intravenous

Isoflurane

Halothane

Anesthetics, Combined

Enflurane

Lidocaine

Methyl Ethers

Anesthesia

Anesthetics, Dissociative

Propofol

Anesthesia, Local

Methoxyflurane

Anesthesia, General

Bupivacaine

Anesthesia, Inhalation

Benzocaine

Ketamine

Anesthesia, Dental

Tetracaine

Nitrous Oxide

Nerve Block

Prilocaine

Thiopental

Etomidate

Procaine

Ether

Anesthesiology

Pentobarbital

Dibucaine

Mepivacaine

Anesthesia, Intravenous

Etidocaine

Carticaine

Chloroform

Anesthesia, Conduction

Anesthesia, Epidural

Adjuvants, Anesthesia

Xylazine

Anesthesia Recovery Period

Anesthesia, Obstetrical

Ethers

Hypnosis, Anesthetic

Fentanyl

Pregnanediones

Xenon

Anesthesia, Spinal

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Chlorofluorocarbons

Medetomidine

Monitoring, Intraoperative

Hypnotics and Sedatives

Octanols

Anesthesia Department, Hospital

Pain, Postoperative

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures

Preanesthetic Medication

Amides

Receptors, GABA-A

Mandibular Nerve

Volatilization

Chloralose

Ethyl Ethers

Midazolam

Acepromazine

Barbiturates

Pain Measurement

Urethane

Tiletamine

Zolazepam

1-Octanol

Consciousness Monitors

Injections

Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture

Conscious Sedation

Intubation, Intratracheal

Malignant Hyperthermia