Anesthetics general. Medical search

Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.

Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.

Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)

Agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p.173)

Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)

A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.

A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)

The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.

A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.

A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3.

A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.

Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)

An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.

A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.

An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180)

Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.

A widely used local anesthetic agent.

Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.

A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.

A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.

A range of methods used to reduce pain and anxiety during dental procedures.

A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.

Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.

Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.

A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.

Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.

A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).

A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.

A specialty concerned with the study of anesthetics and anesthesia.

A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)

A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006)

A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)

Process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream.

A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.

A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.

A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.

Injection of an anesthetic into the nerves to inhibit nerve transmission in a specific part of the body.

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.

Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage.

An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.

The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.

A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth.

Procedure in which an individual is induced into a trance-like state to relieve pain. This procedure is frequently performed with local but not general ANESTHESIA.

A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)

Pregnane derivatives in which two side-chain methyl groups or two methylene groups in the ring skeleton (or a combination thereof) have been oxidized to keto groups.

A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses.

An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.

The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).

Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.

Isomeric forms and derivatives of octanol (C8H17OH).

Hospital department responsible for the administration of functions and activities pertaining to the delivery of anesthetics.

Pain during the period after surgery.

Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.

Drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic.

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.

A phase transition from liquid state to gas state, which is affected by Raoult's law. It can be accomplished by fractional distillation.

A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.

A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.

A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.

A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used as HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES, as ANESTHETICS, or as ANTICONVULSANTS.

Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.

Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen.

Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.

A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals.

A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Devices used to assess the level of consciousness especially during anesthesia. They measure brain activity level based on the EEG.

Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.

A 3:1 mixture of alfaxalone with alfadolone acetate that previously had been used as a general anesthetic. It is no longer actively marketed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1445)

A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)

A procedure involving placement of a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to provide a patient with oxygen and anesthesia.

Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.

Facilities equipped for performing surgery.

Investigations conducted on the physical health of teeth involving use of a tool that transmits hot or cold electric currents on a tooth's surface that can determine problems with that tooth based on reactions to the currents.

Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.

Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.

Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.

An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.

Sense of awareness of self and of the environment.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

A imidazole derivative that is an agonist of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. It is closely-related to MEDETOMIDINE, which is the racemic form of this compound.

A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.

Interventions to provide care prior to, during, and immediately after surgery.

The period during a surgical operation.

A hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of INSOMNIA.

The elimination of PAIN, without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, during OBSTETRIC LABOR; OBSTETRIC DELIVERY; or the POSTPARTUM PERIOD, usually through the administration of ANALGESICS.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

A subclass of ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of specific LIGANDS.

Isomeric forms and derivatives of hexanol (C6H11OH).

The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Potassium channels that contain two pores in tandem. They are responsible for baseline or leak currents and may be the most numerous of all K channels.

An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)

Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The injection of drugs, most often analgesics, into the spinal canal without puncturing the dura mater.

Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.

The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.

The protein components of ferritins. Apoferritins are shell-like structures containing nanocavities and ferroxidase activities. Apoferritin shells are composed of 24 subunits, heteropolymers in vertebrates and homopolymers in bacteria. In vertebrates, there are two types of subunits, light chain and heavy chain. The heavy chain contains the ferroxidase activity.

Inhalation anesthesia where the gases exhaled by the patient are rebreathed as some carbon dioxide is simultaneously removed and anesthetic gas and oxygen are added so that no anesthetic escapes into the room. Closed-circuit anesthesia is used especially with explosive anesthetics to prevent fires where electrical sparking from instruments is possible.

Sharp instruments used for puncturing or suturing.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.

Apparatus for removing exhaled or leaked anesthetic gases or other volatile agents, thus reducing the exposure of operating room personnel to such agents, as well as preventing the buildup of potentially explosive mixtures in operating rooms or laboratories.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel and are usually inhibitory.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.

Operations carried out for the correction of deformities and defects, repair of injuries, and diagnosis and cure of certain diseases. (Taber, 18th ed.)

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)

Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the benzene ring structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobenzoate structure.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Loss of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment combined with markedly reduced responsiveness to environmental stimuli. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp344-5)

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.

The killing of animals for reasons of mercy, to control disease transmission or maintain the health of animal populations, or for experimental purposes (ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION).

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919)

Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.

Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.

The aftermost permanent tooth on each side in the maxilla and mandible.

Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.

A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.

A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.

A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.

A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.

A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.

A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Batrachotoxin is the 20-alpha-bromobenzoate of batrachotoxin A; they are toxins from the venom of a small Colombian frog, Phyllobates aurotaenia, cause release of acetylcholine, destruction of synaptic vesicles and depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers.

Surgery restricted to the management of minor problems and injuries; surgical procedures of relatively slight extent and not in itself hazardous to life. (Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)

A group of methane-based halogenated hydrocarbons containing one or more fluorine and chlorine atoms.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

Specially trained personnel to assist in routine technical procedures in the operating room.

A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The specialty or practice of nursing in the care of patients in the recovery room following surgery and/or anesthesia.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.

Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

Substances that do not act as agonists or antagonists but do affect the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor-ionophore complex. GABA-A receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-A) appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which BENZODIAZEPINES act by increasing the opening frequency of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride channels; a site at which BARBITURATES act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act. GENERAL ANESTHETICS probably act at least partly by potentiating GABAergic responses, but they are not included here.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Methods of delivering drugs into a joint space.

Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place.

Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Exposure of myocardial tissue to brief, repeated periods of vascular occlusion in order to render the myocardium resistant to the deleterious effects of ISCHEMIA or REPERFUSION. The period of pre-exposure and the number of times the tissue is exposed to ischemia and reperfusion vary, the average being 3 to 5 minutes.

Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.

Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.

Occurence of a patient becoming conscious during a procedure performed under GENERAL ANESTHESIA and subsequently having recall of these events. (From Anesthesiology 2006, 104(4): 847-64.)

Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.

Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.

Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.

Interruption of sympathetic pathways, by local injection of an anesthetic agent, at any of four levels: peripheral nerve block, sympathetic ganglion block, extradural block, and subarachnoid block.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.

Fluid propulsion systems driven mechanically, electrically, or osmotically that are used to inject (or infuse) over time agents into a patient or experimental animal; used routinely in hospitals to maintain a patent intravenous line, to administer antineoplastic agents and other drugs in thromboembolism, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS is also available), and other disorders.

A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.

Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Instruments used for injecting or withdrawing fluids. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

Any materials used in providing care specifically in the hospital.

The functions of the professional nurse in the operating room.

Dependence of explicit and implicit memory on hypnotic state in trauma patients. (1/226)

BACKGROUND: It is still unclear whether memory of intraoperative events results entirely from moments of inadequate anesthesia. The current study was designed to determine whether the probability of memory declines with increasing depth of the hypnotic state. METHOD: A list of words was played via headphones during surgery to patients who had suffered acute trauma. Several commonly used indicators of anesthetic effect, including the bispectral index, were recorded during word presentation. First, these indicators served as predictors of the memory performance in a postoperative word stem completion test. Second, general memory performance observed in the first part was separated into explicit and implicit memory using the process dissociation procedure, and then two models of memory were compared: One model assumed that the probability of explicit and implicit memory decreases with increasing depth of hypnotic state (individual differences model), whereas the other assumed equal memory performance for all patients regardless of their level of hypnotic state. RESULTS: General memory performance declined with decreasing bispectral index values. None of the other indicators of hypnotic state were related to general memory performance. Memory was still significant at bispectral index levels between 60 and 40. A comparison of the two models of memory resulted in a better fit of the individual differences model, thus providing evidence of a dependence of explicit and implicit memory on the hypnotic state. Quantification of explicit and implicit memory revealed a significant implicit but no reliable explicit memory performance. CONCLUSIONS: This study clearly indicates that memory is related to the depth of hypnosis. The observed memory performance should be interpreted in terms of implicit memory. Auditory information processing occurred at bispectral index levels between 60 and 40. (+info)

Changes in core temperature compartment size on induction of general anaesthesia. (2/226)

A two-compartment model of temperature distribution estimates the core compartment to occupy 66% of body mass at rest, while the peripheral compartment comprises the remainder. General anaesthesia impairs thermoregulation by central and peripheral actions. Peripheral vasodilatation accelerates heat transfer from the core to peripheral compartment causing the core compartment to cool and expand in size. Core hypothermia may be a significant cause of postoperative morbidity. This undocumented change in the size of the core compartment on induction of anaesthesia can be calculated. Core size increased from the established value of 66% before induction of general anaesthesia to 71.2 (SD 6)% of body mass, 20 min after induction of anaesthesia (P = 0.0001). On induction of general anaesthesia, the core compartment cools and expands while the peripheral compartment warms and contracts by a corresponding amount. Measurement of the magnitude of changes in core:periphery heat distribution on induction of anaesthesia contribute to a clearer understanding of the pathophysiology of perioperative hypothermia. (+info)

Structural consequences of anesthetic and nonimmobilizer interaction with gramicidin A channels. (3/226)

Although interactions of general anesthetics with soluble proteins have been studied, the specific interactions with membrane bound-proteins that characterize general anesthesia are largely unknown. The structural modulations of anesthetic interactions with synaptic ion channels have not been elucidated. Using gramicidin A as a simplified model for transmembrane ion channels, we have recently demonstrated that a pair of structurally similar volatile anesthetic and nonimmobilizer, 1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluorocyclobutane (F3) and 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (F6), respectively, have distinctly different effects on the channel function. Using high-resolution NMR structural analysis, we show here that neither F3 nor F6 at pharmacologically relevant concentrations can significantly affect the secondary structure of the gramicidin A channel. Although both the anesthetic F3 and the nonimmobilizer F6 can perturb residues at the middle section of the channel deep inside the hydrophobic region in the sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles, only F3, but not F6, can significantly alter the chemical shifts of the tryptophan indole N-H protons near the channel entrances. The results are consistent with the notion that anesthetics cause functional change of the channel by interacting with the amphipathic domains at the peptide-lipid-water interface. (+info)

Multisecond oscillations in firing rate in the basal ganglia: robust modulation by dopamine receptor activation and anesthesia. (4/226)

Multisecond oscillations in firing rate in the basal ganglia: robust modulation by dopamine receptor activation and anesthesia. Studies of CNS electrophysiology have suggested an important role for oscillatory neuronal activity in sensory perception, sensorimotor integration, and movement timing. In extracellular single-unit recording studies in awake, immobilized rats, we have found that many tonically active neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus (n = 15), globus pallidus (n = 31), and substantia nigra pars reticulata (n = 31) have slow oscillations in firing rate in the seconds-to-minutes range. Basal oscillation amplitude ranged up to +/-50% of the mean firing rate. Spectral analysis was performed on spike trains to determine whether these multisecond oscillations were significantly periodic. Significant activity in power spectra (in the 2- to 60-s range of periods) from basal spike trains was found for 56% of neurons in these three nuclei. Spectral peaks corresponded to oscillations with mean periods of approximately 30 s in each nucleus. Multisecond baseline oscillations were also found in 21% of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. The dopamine agonist apomorphine (0.32 mg/kg iv, n = 10-15) profoundly affected multisecond oscillations, increasing oscillatory frequency (means of spectral peak periods were reduced to approximately 15 s) and increasing the regularity of the oscillations. Apomorphine effects on oscillations in firing rate were more consistent from unit to unit than were its effects on mean firing rates in the entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra. Apomorphine modulation of multisecond periodic oscillations was reversed by either D1 or D2 antagonists and was mimicked by the combination of selective D1 (SKF 81297) and D2 (quinpirole) agonists. Seventeen percent of neurons had additional baseline periodic activity in a faster range (0.4-2.0 s) related to ventilation. Multisecond periodicities were rarely found in neurons in anesthetized rats (n = 29), suggesting that this phenomenon is sensitive to overall reductions in central activity. The data demonstrate significant structure in basal ganglia neuron spiking activity at unexpectedly long time scales, as well as a novel effect of dopamine on firing pattern in this slow temporal domain. The modulation of multisecond periodicities in firing rate by dopaminergic agonists suggests the involvement of these patterns in behaviors and cognitive processes that are affected by dopamine. Periodic firing rate oscillations in basal ganglia output nuclei should strongly affect the firing patterns of target neurons and are likely involved in coordinating neural activity responsible for motor sequences. Modulation of slow, periodic oscillations in firing rate may be an important mechanism by which dopamine influences motor and cognitive processes in normal and dysfunctional states. (+info)

A single amino acid confers barbiturate sensitivity upon the GABA rho 1 receptor. (5/226)

Many structurally diverse general anaesthetics enhance inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system by interacting with the GABAA receptor. By contrast, GABA receptors composed of the rho 1 subunit are anaesthetic-insensitive. Here, we demonstrate that both delta-hexachlorocyclohexane (delta-HCH; 1-100 microM), a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, and the anaesthetic pentobarbitone (10-600 microM) have no effect on GABA-evoked currents mediated by wild-type rho 1 recombinant receptors (expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes). By contrast, these agents produce up to a 10 fold enhancement of GABA responses transduced by a rho 1 receptor in which a transmembrane located isoleucine residue is replaced by serine. However, not all general anaesthetics were similarly influenced by this mutation, because propofol and 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one (5 beta 3 alpha) remained ineffective. These data are discussed in relation to the specificity of general anaesthetic action. (+info)

Distinctly different interactions of anesthetic and nonimmobilizer with transmembrane channel peptides. (6/226)

Although it plays no clinical role in general anesthesia, gramicidin A, a transmembrane channel peptide, provides an excellent model for studying the specific interaction between volatile anesthetics and membrane proteins at the molecular level. We show here that a pair of structurally similar volatile anesthetic and nonimmobilizer (nonanesthetic), 1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluorocyclobutane (F3) and 1, 2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (F6), respectively, interacts differently with the transmembrane peptide. With 400 microM gramicidin A in a vesicle suspension of 60 mM phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylglycerol (PC/PG), the intermolecular cross-relaxation rate constants between (19)F of F3 and (1)H in the chemical shift regions for the indole and backbone amide protons were 0.0106 +/- 0.0007 (n = 12) and 0.0105 +/- 0.0014 (n = 8) s(-1), respectively. No cross-relaxation was measurable between (19)F of F6 and protons in these regions. Sodium transport study showed that with 75 microM gramicidin A in a vesicle suspension of 66 mM PC/PG, F3 increased the (23)Na apparent efflux rate constant from 149.7 +/- 7.2 of control (n = 3) to 191.7 +/- 12.2 s(-1) (n = 3), and the apparent influx rate constant from 182.1 +/- 15.4 to 222.8 +/- 21.7 s(-1) (n = 3). In contrast, F6 had no effects on either influx or efflux rate. It is concluded that the ability of general anesthetics to interact with amphipathic residues near the peptide-lipid-water interface and the inability of nonimmobilizer to do the same may represent some characteristics of anesthetic-protein interaction that are of importance to general anesthesia. (+info)

General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. (7/226)

The molecular mechanisms of general anaesthetics have remained largely obscure since their introduction into clinical practice just over 150 years ago. This review describes the actions of general anaesthetics on mammalian neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. As a result of research during the last several decades, ligand-gated ion channels have emerged as promising molecular targets for the central nervous system effects of general anaesthetics. The last 10 years have witnessed an explosion of studies of anaesthetic modulation of recombinant ligand-gated ion channels, including recent studies which utilize chimeric and mutated receptors to identify regions of ligand-gated ion channels important for the actions of general anaesthetics. Exciting future directions include structural biology and gene-targeting approaches to further the understanding of general anaesthetic molecular mechanisms. (+info)

Comparison of bispectral index, 95% spectral edge frequency and approximate entropy of the EEG, with changes in heart rate variability during induction of general anaesthesia. (8/226)

We have compared bispectral index (BIS), 95% spectral edge frequency (SEF) and approximate entropy (ApEn) in 37 patients during induction and recovery from a short general anaesthetic. Heart rate variability (HRV) was also compared during induction only. These indices were noted at the start of induction, when a syringe held between the thumb and fingertips was dropped, at insertion of a laryngeal mask or tracheal tube (tube insertion), at incision, at the end of surgery, on return of the gag reflex and when the patient could follow a verbal command. When indices at the start of induction were compared with those at tube insertion, all four decreased significantly. BIS decreased from a mean of 95.38 (SEM 1.02) to 44.22 (1.05), mean SEF from 20.91 (1.19) to 14.14 (0.70) Hz, mean HRV from 37.1 (7.75) to 17.9 (3.6) bpm2 and ApEn from 0.90 (0.06) to 0.65 (0.04). Using logistic regression, the indices were compared both individually and in combination as to the power of distinguishing awake (at pre-induction) from asleep (at tube insertion) states. BIS had the best predictive power, with a sensitivity of 97.3%, specificity 94.4%, positive predictive value 94.7% and negative predictive value 97.1%. A combination of the indices conferred no additional predictive advantage. (+info)

... general anesthetics, which result in a reversible loss of consciousness, and local anesthetics, which cause a reversible loss ... any inhaled anesthetic agent can be used for induction of general anesthesia. However, most of the halogenated anesthetics are ... Wollweber, Hartmund (2000). "Anesthetics, General". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi: ... Local anesthetics can be either ester- or amide-based. Ester local anesthetics (such as procaine, amethocaine, cocaine, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthetic

The advantages of nerve blocks over general anesthesia include faster recovery, monitored anesthesia care vs. intubation with ... Local anesthetic nerve block (local anesthetic regional nerve blockade, or often simply nerve block) is a short-term nerve ... Since the plexus is located deep, there is an increased risk of local anesthetic toxicity, so less toxic anesthetics like ... The local anesthetic bathes the nerve and numbs the area of the body that is supplied by that nerve. The goal of the nerve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic_nerve_block

Amylocaine Anesthetic General anesthetic List of cocaine analogues List of local anesthetics Ryan T, Hodge A, Holyoak R, Vlok R ... as opposed to a general anesthetic. When it is used on specific nerve pathways (local anesthetic nerve block), paralysis (loss ... General systemic adverse effects are due to the pharmacological effects of the anesthetic agents used. The conduction of ... A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of pain sensation. In the context of surgery, a local anesthetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic

Wollweber H (2000). "Anesthetics, General". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/ ... General anesthetics, Thiobarbiturates, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, Abandoned drugs, Allyl compounds, All ... is a barbiturate derivative which was under development as a short-acting anesthetic. However, development was discontinued, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buthalital

6, p. 395 Wollweber, Hartmund (2000). "Anesthetics, General". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley- ... When treated with strong base, it gives divinyl ether, an anesthetic: O(CH2CH2Cl)2 + 2 KOH → O(CH=CH2)2 + 2 KCl + 2 H2O The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis(chloroethyl)_ether

Satoskar RS, Bhandarkar SD, Rege NN (1973). "General Anesthetics". Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics. Popular Prakashan. pp ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride

Wollweber, Hartmund (2000). "Anesthetics, General". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi: ... Vinyl ether is a potent anesthetic giving it a large safety margin; the ratio of the anesthetic to lethal dose for vinyl ether ... General anesthetics, Monomers, Vinyl compounds, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators). ... The anesthetic product was inhibited with .01% phenyl-α-napthylamine which gave it a faint violet fluorescence. Vinyl ether ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinyl_ether

Wollweber, Hartmund (2000). "Anesthetics, General". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi: ... 292-. ISBN 978-0-323-03707-5. Hemmings, Hugh C. (2009). "Molecular Targets of General Anesthetics in the Nervous System". ... General anesthetics, Cyclopropanes, NMDA receptor antagonists, Nicotinic antagonists, AMPA receptor antagonists, Gases). ... G. H. W. Lucas; V. E. Henderson (1 August 1929). "A New Anesthetic: Cyclopropane : A Preliminary Report". Can Med Assoc J. 21 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopropane

New research has been carried out to test what people can remember after a general anesthetic in an effort to more clearly ... This may serve as a warning sign that the anesthetic depth is inadequate. Movement under general anesthesia does not imply full ... Under certain circumstances, a general anesthetic, whereby the patient is completely unconscious, may be unnecessary or ... The aim of conscious sedation or monitored anesthetic care is to provide a safe and comfortable anesthetic while maintaining ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia_awareness

... are affected by general anesthetics. While it has not been determined that general anesthetics bind directly to these channels ... While general anesthesia induction may be facilitated by one general anesthetic, others may be used in parallel or subsequently ... General anesthetics elicit a state of general anesthesia. It remains somewhat controversial regarding how this state should be ... It is used in parallel with other general anesthetics to help maintain a state of general anesthesia, in an off-label capacity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_anaesthetic

How do general anesthetics work? Noogenesis - the emergence and evolution of intelligence: What are the laws and mechanisms - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_neuroscience

Maher, T.J. (2013). Anesthetic agents: General and local anesthetics. In: T.L. Lemke & D.A. Williams (editors). Foye's ... and xenon are used as general anesthetics. These and similar drugs like dextromethorphan and methoxetamine also produce ... synthetic novel site partial agonist Antagonists of the NMDA receptor are used as anesthetics for animals and sometimes humans ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor

Vlisides P, Xie Z (2012). "Neurotoxicity of general anesthetics: an update". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 18 (38): 6232-40. ... General anesthetics, Ethers, Organofluorides, AbbVie brands, GSK plc brands, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, ... "Anesthetic May Affect Tau Spread in the Brain to Promote Alzheimer's Disease Pathology". Neuroscience News. 2021-05-16. ... "Anesthetic May Affect Tau Spread in the Brain to Promote Alzheimer's Disease Pathology". Neuroscience News. 2021-05-16. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevoflurane

General Anesthetics and Therapeutic Gases". Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). New York ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraocular_pressure

"General Anesthetic Pentothal". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. "Niacin ... Their effectiveness in bonding metal and general versatility have also made them popular for use in simple woodworking, ... "California Megan's Law - California Department of Justice - Office of the Attorney General" (PDF). California Department of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries

The design of the drawover vaporizer is much simpler: in general it is a simple glass reservoir mounted in the breathing ... is a device generally attached to an anesthetic machine which delivers a given concentration of a volatile anesthetic agent. It ... Gas in the vaporizing chamber becomes fully saturated with volatile anesthetic vapor. This gas is then mixed with the gas in ... The plenum vaporizer is driven by positive pressure from the anesthetic machine, and is usually mounted on the machine. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthetic_vaporizer

Requirements for anesthetics may be reduced in sepsis. Inhalational anesthetics can reduce the level of proinflammatory ... General anesthesia is recommended for people with sepsis who require surgical procedures to remove the infective source. ... Sepsis Alliance is a charitable organization that was created to raise sepsis awareness among both the general public and ... Yuki K, Murakami N (6 January 2016). "Sepsis pathophysiology and anesthetic consideration". Cardiovascular & Hematological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis

General: adrenergic neurone blocker, astringent. Diagnostic: topical anesthetics, sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, ... For consciousness (anesthetic drugs) Some anesthetics include benzodiazepines and barbiturates. The main categories of drugs ... General: β-receptor blockers ("beta blockers"), calcium channel blockers, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics, ... The main classes of painkillers are NSAIDs, opioids and local anesthetics. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication

It includes local anesthetics, sedation, and general anesthesia. In dentistry, the most commonly used local anesthetic is ... Dentists who have completed a training program in anesthesiology may also administer general IV and inhalation anesthetic ... General anesthesia drugs such as midazolam, ketamine, propofol and fentanyl are used to put a person in a twilight state or ... A dental syringe is a syringe for the injection of a local anesthetic. It consists of a breech-loading syringe fitted with a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_anesthesia

For example, the blood/gas partition coefficient of a general anesthetic measures how easily the anesthetic passes from gas to ... ISBN 978-0-07-160393-5. Golan DE, Tashjian AH, Armstrong EJ, Armstrong AP (2008). "Chapter 15: General Anesthetic Pharmacology ... This method in general gives better results than atomic-based methods, but cannot be used to predict partition coefficients for ... While this method is generally the least accurate, the advantage is that it is the most general, being able to provide at least ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_coefficient

Johnstone GA (August 1927). "Advantages of Ethylene-Oxygen as a General Anesthetic". California and Western Medicine. 27 (2): ... General anesthetics, Monomers, Commodity chemicals, Petrochemicals, Industrial gases, Organic compounds with 2 carbon atoms). ... An example of a niche use is as an anesthetic agent (in an 85% ethylene/15% oxygen ratio). Another use is as a welding gas. ... Following experimentation by Luckhardt, Crocker, and Carter at the University of Chicago, ethylene was used as an anesthetic. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene

... (1-aminoanthracene) (an organic compound with the chemical formula C14H11N.) is a fluorescent general anesthetic. v ... "Identification of a fluorescent general anesthetic, 1-aminoanthracene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthramine

In the 1930s, physicians started to augment inhaled general anesthetics with intravenous general anesthetics. The drugs used in ... ketamine and inhaled general anesthetics. The advantage of sedation over a general anesthetic is that it generally does not ... and the type of anesthetic (regional anesthetics are lower risk than general anesthetics).: 984 Obstetrical, the very young and ... The most common approach to reach the endpoints of general anesthesia is through the use of inhaled general anesthetics. Each ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia

... optimal anesthetic drug administration regimens, and anesthetic drug interactions. Egan served as a board member, treasurer, ... After completing a preliminary residency in general surgery at the University of Utah in 1988, he pursued postgraduate training ... Are opioids indispensable for general anaesthesia? Br J Anaesth. 2019;122(6):e127-e135. "Celebrating the Past, Present, and ... 2] Egan T. D. (2003). Target-controlled drug delivery: progress toward an intravenous "vaporizer" and automated anesthetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmage_Egan

A general anaesthetic (or anesthetic) is a drug that brings about a reversible loss of consciousness. These drugs are generally ... Tang P, Xu Y (2002). "Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of general anesthetic effects on the ion channel in the fully ... Chiara DC, Dostalova Z, Jayakar SS, Zhou X, Miller KW, Cohen JB (2012). "Mapping general anesthetic binding site(s) in human ... Franks, Nicholas P.; Lieb, William R. (1985). "Mapping of general anesthetic target sites provides a molecular basis for cutoff ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_general_anaesthetic_action

Garcia, Paul; Kolesky, Scott; Jenkins, Andrew (2010-03-01). "General Anesthetic Actions on GABAA Receptors". Current ... By using Dixon up-down method, a trial has shown that the effect in producing anesthetic effects between propofol and ... For example, propofol and sevoflurane can both produce anesthetic effects. Propofol can potentiate the activity of GABAA ... Actions of the anesthetics propofol and pentobarbital. Molecular Pharmacology, 47(2), 213. Jones, M., Harrison, N., Pritchett, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_effect

Allison, A.C; Nunn, J.F (December 1968). "Effects of General Anæsthetics on Microtubules". The Lancet. 292 (7582): 1326-1329. ... What might anesthetics do to microtubules to cause loss of consciousness? A highly disputed theory put forth in the mid-1990s ... In a study Hameroff was part of, Jack Tuszyński of the University of Alberta demonstrated that anesthetics hasten the duration ... This cannot be the mechanism of anesthetic action, however, because human anesthesia is performed at 1 MAC. At ~1 MAC halothane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestrated_objective_reduction

Some general anesthetics act by reducing the effects of glutamate; most tranquilizers exert their sedative effects by enhancing ... In general, smaller animals tend to have larger brains, measured as a fraction of body size. For mammals, the relationship ... Genes determine the general form of the brain, and genes determine how the brain reacts to experience. Experience, however, is ... In the first stages of development, each axon from the retina is guided to the right general vicinity in the midbrain by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

John B. Glen (1977); a globally-used surgical anesthetic common in general surgery cases. In 2018 Dr. Glen received a Lasker ... first general manager and director-general of the British Broadcasting Corporation RADAR: A significant contribution made by ... Pelfrey, William (2006). Billy, Alfred, and General Motors: The Story of Two Unique Men, a Legendary Company, and a Remarkable ... General anaesthetic: Pioneered by Scotsman James Young Simpson and Englishman John Snow Identifying the mosquito as the carrier ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries

The brain is not shut off under general anesthesia. Instead, anesthetics induce highly structured oscillations between key ... Anesthetic-induced oscillations are also akin to what happens when a hum in a phone line makes it impossible to sustain a ... He is the Warren M. Zapol Professor of Anesthesia at Harvard Medical School and at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and a ... Brown also shows that, contrary to common dogma general anesthesia is not sleep, but rather a reversible coma. Brown's research ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emery_N._Brown

During a C section, the patient is usually numbed with an epidural or a spinal block, but general anesthesia can be used as ... The baby's father or other support person may also choose to hold the baby SSC until the mother recovers from the anesthetic. ... Some family practitioners or general practitioners also perform obstetrical surgery. Obstetrical procedures include cesarean ... family practitioners and general practitioners whose training, skills and practices include obstetrics, and in some contexts ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth

Subsequently, at the Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology[3], he studied structure and function of the NMDA- ... developing as a leader in the actions of local anesthetics and toxins on membrane excitability and building up one of the three ... He moved again to the Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology as a Senior Research Scientist (1988-2014). There in ... the mechanisms of C-type inactivation in voltage-gated ion channels and the effects of neurotoxins and local anesthetics on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Khodorov

Since returning to Scotland he has collaborated in Aberdeen with Anesthetics, ICU, General Practice, Oncology, & Respiratory ... Medicine Departments, and in Edinburgh (Neuro ICU, Western General Hospital). Currently the focus of his work is with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_H._Sleeman

As Montag escapes the scene, the Mechanical Hound attacks him, managing to inject his leg with an anesthetic. He destroys the ... He notes that the book burnings themselves became a form of entertainment for the general public. In a 1994 interview, Bradbury ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit_451

General anesthetics, Hypnotics, Sedatives, Trifluoromethyl compounds, Imidazolines). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midaflur

There is minimal discomfort so usually no anesthetic is given because the patient feels only a slight stinging when the ... Early phenol peel solutions were very painful and most practitioners would perform it under either general anesthesia, ... usually in conjunction with local anesthetic injections. List of cutaneous conditions Hill r.n., Pamela (2006). Milady's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_peel

Hartland, J., "The General Principles of Suggestion", The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, Vol.9, No.3, January 1967, pp ... Joseph DeLee, an obstetrician, stated in the early 20th century that hypnosis was the only risk-free childbirth anesthetic. ... 1-8. Hartland, J., "The General Principles and Construction of Therapeutic Suggestion", Terpnos Logos, the Australian Journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-hypnosis

In general, sedating properties of anti-depressant agents are related to antagonism of serotonin 5HT2, histamines, and α-1 ... and as a local anesthetic). The potencies of doxepin in terms of its receptor antagonism specifically are as follows: Extremely ... In general, the demethylated variants of tertiary amine TCAs like nordoxepin are much more potent inhibitors of norepinephrine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin

Some general anesthetics may cause confusion or delirium upon waking in persons with Lewy body dementias, and may result in ... published the first general description of diffuse Lewy body disease. With Japanese, UK, and US researchers finding in the ... DLB was included in the fourth text revision of the DSM (DSM-IV-TR, published in 2000) under "Dementia due to other general ... There is general agreement that there are three core EFs: inhibition [inhibitory control, including self-control (behavioral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies

In August 2021, she underwent a four-hour surgery that required general anesthetic. In September 2021, she was hospitalised ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlene,_Princess_of_Monaco

Varicose veins for example can now be treated by local anesthetic endovenous surgery. Rates of CVI are higher in women than in ... "Incidence and risk factors for venous reflux in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2014 ... "Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study ... making patients more susceptible than the general population to contact sensitization and subsequent dermatitis. Atrophie ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_venous_insufficiency

In general, fat is removed via a cannula (a hollow tube) and aspirator (a suction device). Liposuction techniques can be ... The lipedema fat is removed using a fan-shaped jet of water, which includes the anesthetic. In contrast to tumescent ... The procedure may be performed under general, regional, or local anesthesia. It involves using a cannula and negative pressure ... Paik, AM; Daniali, LN; Lee, ES; Hsia, HC (2014). "Local anesthetic use in tumescent liposuction: an American Society of Plastic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposuction

Within 30 years, many other barbiturates were developed and found use as sedatives, sleep aids and general anesthetics. ... In general, the more lipid-soluble the barbiturate, the more rapid its onset, the shorter its duration and the greater the ... Although barbiturates fell out of favor, they continue to serve as a short-acting anesthetic and anti-epileptic drugs. ... In a rat brain slice preparation, the synthetic steroidal anesthetic alphaxalone (5α-pregnan-3α-ol-11,20 dione) enhanced both ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator

"General Information About Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma" from the National Cancer Institute Pheochromocytoma and ... or during anesthetic induction. While the above symptoms are classic, other common clinical manifestations have been reported ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheochromocytoma

... following general anesthesia, potentiate meperidine and barbiturates, and use in pre-anesthetic adjunctive therapy should be ... in general practice". California Medicine. 88 (6): 443-444. PMC 1512309. PMID 13536863. Smith E, Narang P, Enja M, Lippmann S ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyzine

In general, people are exposed to low levels of naturally occurring aluminum in nearly all foods and drinking water. The amount ... and the use of anæsthetics". A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. New York: Appleton. Bazin H ( ... The general public was left with greater fear of the vaccination campaign than the virus itself, and vaccination policies, in ... No Compulsory Vaccination was one of the demands of the 1900 Labour Party General Election Manifesto. This was done as a matter ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy

"General recommendation No. 35 on gender-based violence against women, updating general recommendation No. 19" (PDF). Human ... "Anesthetic Gases - Reproductive Health , NIOSH , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2022-03-17. "Hazardous Drug Exposures ... paragraph 18 of its General recommendation No. 35 on gender based violence against women, updating general recommendation No. ... "I.General comment No. 36 (2018) on article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on the right to life ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health

"Snow blindness". General Practice Notebook. Retrieved November 19, 2008. "Sun Safety". University of California, Berkeley. ... Khakshoor, Hamid (October 2012). "Anesthetic keratopathy presenting as bilateral Mooren-like ulcers". Clinical Ophthalmology. 6 ... General Practice Notebook". 2007-03-25. Archived from the original on 2007-03-25. Retrieved 2012-02-07. Porter, Daniel ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photokeratitis

A 1998 UN General Assembly Special Session on the World Drug Problem report noted: Between 1971 and 1995, there was a nearly ... anesthetics) sodium thiopental (barbiturate) zaleplon (depressant z-drug) zopiclone (depressant z-drug) and its stereoisomer ... The Secretary-General of the United Nations scheduled a conference for early 1971 to finalize the treaty. Meanwhile, countries ... Later that year, the UN General Assembly requested that ECOSOC call upon its Commission on Narcotic Drugs to "give urgent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances

Abdel-Aziz, Mosaad; El-Bosraty, Hussam (2010). ""Nasal encephalocele: Endoscopic excision with anesthetic consideration"". ... is 5-10 times greater compared to the general population. Inadequate levels of folate (vitamin B9) and vitamin B12 during ... in individuals However a comparison of general population outcomes across many countries with different approaches to ... increasing folate consumption has found that only general food fortification with folic acid reduces neural tube defects. While ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_tube_defect

Surgical applications usually require general anesthesia.[citation needed] Restylane, a non-animal, clear gel that is reported ... Some patients are allergic to the common local anesthetics like lidocaine and probably should not consider lip injections. Some ... starting in the early 1960s but was abandoned thirty years later due to fears about the effects of silicone on general health ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip_augmentation

Computed Radiography for general X-ray and mammography applications; and X-ray film for general and mammography applications. ... The dental X-ray film and anesthetics business were not included in the agreement and remain with Carestream Health. Products ... Carestream Dental provides imaging systems and practice management software for general and specialist dental practices. ... Digital radiography rooms and mobile/portable X-ray for general X-ray; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carestream_Health

In general, behavioral neuroscientists study similar themes and issues as academic psychologists, though limited by the need to ... Temporary lesions - Neural tissue is temporarily disabled by cooling or by the use of anesthetics such as tetrodotoxin. ... Journal of General Psychology. 120 (1): 5. Carlson, Neil (2007). Physiology of Behavior (9th ed.). Allyn and Bacon. pp. 11-14. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience

In general, it is preferred when large amounts of blood replacement fluids are needed or when low blood pressure or other ... One study utilized IP injections to study pain in the abdomen after a hysterectomy when administering anesthetic continuously ... The results depicted that ketobemidone consumption was significantly lower when patients controlled anesthetic through IP. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection

Ascaris have an aversion to some general anesthetics and may exit the body, sometimes through the mouth, when an infected ... individual is put under general anesthesia. The larva of Ascaris lumbricoides developing in the egg Ascaris lumbricoides adult ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascariasis

As of 2010[update], it is the most commonly used benzodiazepine in anesthetic medicine. In acute medicine, midazolam has become ... for the induction of general anesthesia, and for sedation of people who are ventilated in critical care units. Midazolam is ... Olkkola KT, Ahonen J (2008). "Midazolam and other benzodiazepines". Modern Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midazolam

In general, a trained neurophysiologist attaches a computer system to the patient using stimulating and recording electrodes. ... EEG measures taken during anesthesia exhibit stereotypic changes as anesthetic depth increases. These changes include complex ... As anesthetic depth increases from light surgical levels to deep anesthesia, the EEG exhibits disrupted rhythmic waveforms, ... loss of consciousness and anesthetic depth. Monitors have been developed using various algorithms for signal analysis and are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraoperative_neurophysiological_monitoring

The convulsant properties of flurothyl pose a challenge to unifying theories of general anesthetics such as the Meyer-Overton ... Krasowski MD (July 2003). "Contradicting a unitary theory of general anesthetic action: a history of three compounds from 1901 ... There is some evidence that flurothyl may actually possess general anesthetic properties at high concentrations that are masked ... and diethyl ether itself are general anesthetics, and flurothyl is a substituted diethyl ether. Even more strikingly, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flurothyl

General Anesthetics, Systemic. Class Summary. These agents stabilize the neuronal membrane so the neuron is less permeable to ... Propofol, an IV anesthetic agent, is active on the glutamate and GABA-A receptors, whereas benzodiazepines are active only ... This prevents the initiation and transmision of nerve impulses, thereby producing anesthetic effect ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1157902-120206/what-are-the-goals-of-drug-treatment-for-brain-metastasis

General Anesthetics. Class Summary. After standard monitoring equipment is attached and peripheral venous access achieved but ... It has general anesthetic properties when administered intravenously. Propofol IV produces rapid hypnosis, usually within 40 ... Local Anesthetics. Class Summary. Local anesthetic agents are used to increase patient comfort during the procedure. ... Assar A Rather, MBBS, MD, FACS Minimally Invasive General and Colorectal Surgeon, Bayhealth Kent General Hospital. Assar A ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/189563-medication

The role of anesthetics used during surgery in cancer metastasis and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here we ... The effects of anesthetics on cancer metastasis are largely unknown. Here, the authors show in two preclinical mouse models ... Our study provides the preclinical evidence informing the distinct effects of anesthetics on metastasis of breast cancers ... Distinct effects of general anesthetics on lung metastasis mediated by IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway in mouse models. *Ru Li ORCID: ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-14065-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=7457fb26-65f1-42de-898c-cd9b1ebb9d44

Outrage of the Month: Unethical Human Experiments That Tested Powerful General Anesthetic for Agitation. Health Letter, ... paramedics sedate people by injecting them with the dangerous general anesthetic ketamine, sometimes over the objections of ...

https://www.citizen.org/news/outrage-of-the-month-unethical-human-experiments-that-tested-powerful-general-anesthetic-for-agitation/

We show that general anesthetics can allosterically favor closed channels by binding in the pore or favor open channels via ... Structural Basis for a Bimodal Allosteric Mechanism of General Anesthetic Modulation in Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels. ... Ion channel modulation by general anesthetics is a vital pharmacological process with implications for receptor biophysics and ... and they provide atomic details of both potentiation and inhibition by one of the most common general anesthetics. ...

https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/structural-basis-for-a-bimodal-allosteric-mechanism-of-general-anesthetic-modulation-in-pentameric-ligand-gated-ion-channels-2/

Cortical Processing of Complex Auditory Stimuli during Alterations of Consciousness with the General Anesthetic Propofol Gilles ... AUDITORY perception is obviously disrupted by general anesthetics, but it is unclear at what stage the disturbances occur. This ... Clark DL, Rosner BS: Neurophysiologic effects of general anesthetics: I. The electroencephalogram and sensory evoked responses ... Cortical Processing of Complex Auditory Stimuli during Alterations of Consciousness with the General Anesthetic Propofol. ...

https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/104/3/448/8803/Cortical-Processing-of-Complex-Auditory-Stimuli

BackgroundLigand-gated ion channels are considered to be potential general anesthetic targets. Although most general ... Glutamate receptors were inhibited by gaseous anesthetics more markedly than by isoflurane, but less than by ethanol. NMDA ... Glycine and GABAA receptors were potentiated by gaseous anesthetics much less than by isoflurane, whereas nitrous oxide ... The nACh receptors were inhibited by gaseous and volatile anesthetics, but ethanol potentiated them. The sensitivity was ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effects-of-Gaseous-Anesthetics-Nitrous-Oxide-and-on-Yamakura-Harris/bf70f9e510731a36c8879a61564ee8eb8b6a5f24

This Alert presents control measures for preventing or greatly reducing exposure to N2O during the administration of anesthetic ... as the sole anesthetic agent in dental operatories and exposures there tend to be more difficult to control than in general ... Anesthetic delivery. Excessive exposure to N2O may occur as a result of leaks from the anesthetic delivery system during ... the hoses connected to the anesthetic machine, and the anesthetic machine (especially the on-demand valve). Low-pressure leaks ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/94-100/default.html

General Dentistry. 2014;. 62. (6):70-75. *84. Foster RH, Markham A. Levobupivacaine a review of its pharmacology and use as a ... Local anesthetics bind to serum α1-acid glycoproteins and other proteins. The duration of action for local anesthetics is based ... Local anesthetics. Current Opinions Anaesthesiology. 2007;. 20. :336-342. *72. Nysora, Gadsden J. Local Anesthetics: Clinical ... 6. Alkaloids with anesthetic effects and the related mechanisms. Local anesthetics are the most effective drugs used for the ...

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/56301

It has general anesthetic properties when administered intravenously. Propofol IV produces rapid hypnosis, usually within 40 ... Propofol, an IV anesthetic agent, is active on the glutamate and GABA-A receptors, similar to alcohol itself, whereas ... The drug exhibits anticonvulsant properties in anesthetic doses. Because a barbiturate-induced respiratory depression may occur ...

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/166032-46151/are-there-medication-recommendations-for-the-treatment-of-delirium-tremens-dts

March 26th, 2015. From the desk of Dr. Fass. Weve certainly come a long way since the early days of Novocaine. That was the first widely used drug for numbing a local area for dental procedures. Novocaine had some drawbacks, not the least of which was some severe allergic reactions in some patients. Read More ». ...

http://www.altamontgeneraldentistry.com/index.php/tag/dental-anesthetic/

They apply to all general anesthetics, regional anesthetics and monitored anesthesia care. This set of standards addresses only ... Qualified anesthesia personnel shall be present in the room throughout the conduct of all general anesthetics, regional ... Standards for Basic Anesthetic Monitoring. Developed By: Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters (CSPP). Last Affirmed: ... Every patient receiving general anesthesia shall have, in addition to the above, circulatory function continually evaluated by ...

https://www.asahq.org/standards-and-guidelines/standards-for-basic-anesthetic-monitoring

... predictable changes in brain waves that can help anesthesiologists personalize anesthesia and develop anesthetic-based ... Anesthetics & Neuronal Receptors. General anesthetics work by altering the activity of specific neurons in the brain. One main ... How is general anesthesia achieved?. One of the most conspicuous features of general anesthesia is the profound state of ... General anesthesia as treatment. In the last several decades, research on brain activity patterns and general anesthesia has ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/features/general-anesthesia-causes-telltale-brain-activity-patterns-65501

How is anesthetic administered?. The method used by the Anesthesiologist also depends on the type of procedure being performed ... Local Anesthesia numbs a body part, Regional Anesthesia numbs the entire area of the body, and General Anesthesia makes the ... An Anesthesiologist closely monitors patients vital signs and adjusts the anesthetics appropriately during surgery. Some minor ... There are three types of anesthesia that Anesthesiologists use: local, regional, and general. ...

https://www.wellness.com/find/anesthesiologist/zip-code/21093

He continues to amputate his own limbs to use as a food source, ingesting the heroin as a crude anesthetic during the ... He was elected to the Provincial Assembly in General Elections 2002 (Pakistan Muslim League party), and served as Chairman of ...

https://3549.neocities.org/posts/eating-and-drinking-before-general-anesthetic-for-surgery.html

General anaesthesia would be preferred for long procedures, requiring total immobility.. Regional Anesthetic Techniques. Local/ ... General Anesthesia. General anesthesia can involve either inhalational or intravenous techniques, or a combination of both. The ... Evaluation of general condition and neurological status of the patients and impact of CNS injury on various other systemic ... Conscious sedation, neurolept anaesthesia and general anaesthesia have all been described 8,11,12,13,14,15 . The goal of ...

http://ispub.com/IJA/19/1/11318

Anesthetics and mechanisms of general anesthesia was published by on 2015-03-19. Find more similar flip PDFs like Anesthetics ... Download Anesthetics and mechanisms of general anesthesia PDF for free. ... Check Pages 1-15 of Anesthetics and mechanisms of general anesthesia in the flip PDF version. ... anesthetic molecules in the neuronal cell membrane providing anesthetic effect. Chemical structure of anesthetics per se ...

https://fliphtml5.com/xrgx/vtxv/basic

Definition, thesaurus and related words for general anesthetic. Synonyms, antonyms, hypernyms, hyponyms, meronyms, usage ... Noun general anesthetic has 1 sense. *general anesthetic, general anaesthetic - an anesthetic that anesthetizes entire body and ... inhalation anesthetic, inhalation anaesthetic, inhalation general anesthetic, inhalation general anaesthetic; ketamine, ... 1 is a kind of anesthetic, anaesthetic, anesthetic agent, anaesthetic agent. --1 has particulars: ...

http://wordnet-online.com/general_anesthetic.shtml

No narcotics or regional anesthetics were used during surgery. RESULTS All patients underwent the procedure successfully ... used an endoscopic technique for interbody fusion combined with percutaneous screw fixation to obviate the need for general ... Elder JB, , Hoh DJ, & Wang MY: Postoperative continuous para-vertebral anesthetic infusion for pain control in lumbar spinal ... Elder JB, , Hoh DJ, & Wang MY: Postoperative continuous para-vertebral anesthetic infusion for pain control in lumbar spinal ...

https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/40/2/article-pE13.xml

DRD Dental has been providing general anesthetic wisdom teeth Services for several years in the Summerlin, NV. ... Choose a local Summerlin, NV company that handles general anesthetic wisdom teeth Services. If you need general anesthetic ... Get started on your general anesthetic wisdom teeth Services Experience!. Get a local Summerlin, NV Free Estimate ... Diana and her team at DRD Dental in the Summerlin, NV area provide complete state of the art general anesthetic wisdom teeth ...

https://www.drddental.com/general-anesthetic-wisdom-teeth/Summerlin-NEVADA/

We are proud to offer in-house general anesthetic and IV sedation to make your visit stress free.. ... Dental Service Group specializes in general anesthetic dentistry in Edmonton, Alberta and offers a range of sedation dentistry ... Awake or Asleep...We will keep you comfortable at every visit with our General Anesthesia or in office sedation options. ... From general & preventative dentistry to restorative services including crowns, bridges and implants, we are with you every ...

https://www.dentalservicegroup.ca/

Medicines or general anesthetics to calm seizures Sometimes a person with cerebral hypoxia is cooled to slow down the activity ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001435.htm

Anesthetics, Intravenous. Anesthetics, General. Anesthetics. Analgesics. Sensory System Agents. Peripheral Nervous System ... Ketamine, an intravenous anesthetic agent which is a non-competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors can block the ... Anesthetics, Dissociative. Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists. Excitatory Amino Acid Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular ... receptor antagonist ketamine as a first line agent in refractory status epilepticus versus traditional general anesthetic ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03115489

The NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) for N2O was 25ppm averaged over the duration of anesthetic administration. General ... General dental office levels ranged from 22 to 51ppm and lobby levels ranged from 14 to 27ppm. The authors conclude that N2O ... Anesthetics; Nitrogen-oxides; Indoor-air-pollution; Ventilation-systems; Indoor-environmental-quality; Author Keywords: Offices ... and Clinics of Dentists; nitrous oxide; waste anesthetic gas; ventilation; scavengers ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/00221245.html

Anesthetics; Halogenated-hydrocarbons; Nitrogen-oxides; Air-contamination; Author Keywords: General Medical & Surgical ... The 0.5ppm REL for halogenated anesthetic compounds used with NO2 was exceeded by one of three samples. Some of the high levels ... The author concludes that a potential exists for overexposure to nitrous-oxide and halogenated anesthetic agents for workers in ... In the four operating rooms where general anesthesia was being administered, area and personal air samples were analyzed for ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=nitrous+oxide&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=7&RecNo=65&View=f&

... and Adverse Reactions of Anesthetics and Analgesics - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780128202371, 9780128202388 ... which is made more complex with the use of analgesics and local or general anesthetics. This volume works to clarify all of the ... Treatments, Mechanisms, and Adverse Reactions of Anesthetics and Analgesics. Black Friday Event. :. save up to 30% on print and ... 3. Intraperitoneal local anesthetic agents in the management of post-operative pain. Karlin Sevensma. 4. Automatic control of ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/treatments-mechanisms-and-adverse-reactions-of-anesthetics-and-analgesics/rajendram/978-0-12-820237-1

The information has general applicability but is particularly relevant to developing countries, where limited availability ... ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Anesthetics&type=mesh

Benzodiazepines and other sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, ... phenothiazines or general anesthetics) [see Drug Interactions ( 7)] . Monitor these patients for signs of hypotension after ... general anesthetics, antipsychotics, other opioids, alcohol). Because of these risks, reserve concomitant prescribing of these ... In general, use caution when selecting a dosage for an elderly patient, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=cc23de03-2569-920f-e053-2995a90a3699

Thus, vigorous preclinical studies are needed to define the role of anesthesia in cancer and to unravel the molecular mechanism of anesthetics in cancer metastasis. (nature.com)
The extent to which complex auditory stimuli are processed and differentiated during general anesthesia is unknown. (asahq.org)
mean +/- SD), general anesthesia (4.62 +/- 0.57 microg/ml), and recovery. (asahq.org)
This report investigates the extent of auditory cortical activations during general anesthesia with propofol and whether specialized cortical areas remain capable of distinguishing different classes of complex stimuli. (asahq.org)
The persistence of component Pa of the auditory middle latency evoked response during general anesthesia 1 suggests that processing of clicks or tone bursts persists in the primary auditory cortex (Heschl gyrus [HG]), in agreement with animal studies. (asahq.org)
They apply to all general anesthetics, regional anesthetics and monitored anesthesia care. (asahq.org)
This set of standards addresses only the issue of basic anesthetic monitoring, which is one component of anesthesia care. (asahq.org)
Qualified anesthesia personnel shall be present in the room throughout the conduct of all general anesthetics, regional anesthetics and monitored anesthesia care. (asahq.org)
Inspired gas: During every administration of general anesthesia using an anesthesia machine, the concentration of oxygen in the patient breathing system shall be measured by an oxygen analyzer with a low oxygen concentration limit alarm in use. (asahq.org)
General anesthesia may be needed for pediatric patients. (medscape.com)
The drugs lead to widespread, predictable changes in brain waves that can help anesthesiologists personalize anesthesia and develop anesthetic-based treatments. (the-scientist.com)
B efore the advent of general anesthesia in the mid-19th century, surgery was a traumatic experience for everyone involved-the patient, of course, but also the medical staff and anyone who happened to walk by the surgery room and could hear the screams. (the-scientist.com)
Because general anesthesia was such a game changer in medicine, these drugs were implemented in the operating room many decades before researchers understood how they worked. (the-scientist.com)
More recently, direct observation of the raw EEG signals and their breakdown in time by frequencies, the spectrogram, is gaining traction for monitoring patients during general anesthesia. (the-scientist.com)
By tracking brain activity during general anesthesia, researchers are also uncovering a wealth of new information that helps them understand the biological basics of how brain function is altered in an anesthetized state. (the-scientist.com)
In addition, general anesthesia has provided new options to treat a range of ailments, from sleep problems to depression. (the-scientist.com)
Morton contacted Harvard Medical School surgeon Henry Bigelow, and together they organized what would become known as the first public demonstration of surgery performed under general anesthesia. (the-scientist.com)
http://www.nematodes.org/Caenorhabditis/C_elegans_genome/Celegans_acedb.shtml Unraveling the mystery of general anesthesia mechanism… Genes and genesets that control the behavior of C. elegans in volatile anesthetics have beenidentified…Genetic data fail to identify a single protein or channel that is uniquelyresponsible for the effects of anesthetics! (fliphtml5.com)
In this case series, the authors used an endoscopic technique for interbody fusion combined with percutaneous screw fixation to obviate the need for general anesthesia. (thejns.org)
We are a private surgical center providing dental treatment under General Anesthesia and IV Sedation. (dentalservicegroup.ca)
In the four operating rooms where general anesthesia was being administered, area and personal air samples were analyzed for nitrous - oxide (10024972) (NO2) and halogenated anesthetic agents. (cdc.gov)
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) is a rare but life-threatening complication of regional anesthesia administration. (asra.com)
In 2008, ASRA created a Practice Advisory on Neurological Complications of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and in 2010, the ASRA Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity checklist was developed to guide management. (asra.com)
Our aim was to determine the degree of surgical trauma caused by CEA and to define differences related to the use of locoregional or general anesthesia. (elsevier.com)
Patients were stratified for demographics and risk factors and operated on under locoregional (LA) or general anesthesia (GA) depending on both the surgeon preference and patient's compliance. (elsevier.com)
Patient was assessed with ASA III physical status, proceeding with General Anesthesia-Oral Tracheal Tube (GA-OTT). (researchbib.com)
Studies have shown, however, that the state of general anesthesia is a controlled and reversible coma that bears little resemblance to natural sleep. (theatlantic.com)
The commonly used stimulant methylphenidate may hasten recovery from general anesthesia. (theatlantic.com)
This study is the first demonstration in mammals of a safe and effective way to induce arousal from general anesthesia. (theatlantic.com)
The full study, "Methylphenidate Actively Induces Emergence from General Anesthesia," is published in the journal Anesthesiology . (theatlantic.com)
There are three types of anesthesia that Anesthesiologists use: local, regional, and general. (wellness.com)
Local Anesthesia numbs a body part, Regional Anesthesia numbs the entire area of the body, and General Anesthesia makes the patient unconscious. (wellness.com)
use as an opioid analgesic supplement in general or regional anesthesia. (nih.gov)
administration with a neuroleptic as an anesthetic premedication, for the induction of anesthesia and as an adjunct in the maintenance of general and regional anesthesia. (nih.gov)
Regional anesthesia refers to the focused delivery of anesthetic agent(s) to a given part of the body. (medscape.com)
Regional anesthesia is used extensively for various purposes, including as a primary anesthetic technique for surgery, as an analgesic modality to manage pain in the perioperative period, and as an analgesic modality for various other forms of acute and/or chronic pain. (medscape.com)
Regional anesthesia can reduce operative anesthetic requirements and in some cases allow avoidance of general anesthesia altogether. (medscape.com)
This can be beneficial to a variety of patient populations, including those at risk for cognitive dysfunction after general anesthesia. (medscape.com)
Intrathecal (IT), often referred to as "spinal," anesthesia refers to the delivery of anesthetic agents to the subarachnoid layer of the spinal column into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the spinal cord. (medscape.com)
IT opioids can be administered as an adjunct to general anesthesia (e.g., for scoliosis surgery) or combined with local anesthetics and administered during spinal anesthesia (e.g., for total hip arthroplasty). (medscape.com)
It is recommened that all Pet Dental Procedures must be performed while the patients are under general anesthesia. (animalpowerfielddays.org)
General anesthesia allows us to carefully evaluate your Dog's Oral Health and perform the necessary procedures while they are safely sedated. (animalpowerfielddays.org)
This group comprises agents which produce general anesthesia, surgical analgesia or neuroleptanalgesia. (whocc.no)
Globally, propofol is the most frequently used intravenous (IV) anesthetic for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
If your son is going under general anesthesia this will most definitely be provided by an anesthesiologist (as you mentioned). (metafilter.com)
At this time, general anesthesia had been used for several decades, whereas local anesthesia became feasible only after the synthesis of cocaine in 1891. (medscape.com)
Our hospital offers many general surgery services that include a variety of common and elective procedures performed under general anesthesia. (vcahospitals.com)
Uncontrolled shivering can also occur due to the use of general anesthesia during surgery. (fromhealthy.com)
This is because the use of general anesthesia can affect the body's ability to regulate temperature. (fromhealthy.com)
No general anesthesia is required. (blackhawkhair.com)
The following table illustrates the choices of anesthesia, a description of the anesthetic technique, and the usual indications for that technique. (omswinnebago.com)
Local anesthetic is used in conjunction with the other methods of anesthesia in all oral surgery procedures. (omswinnebago.com)
Usual Indications General anesthesia is available for all types of oral surgery. (omswinnebago.com)
A patient may choose general anesthesia for simple procedures depending on their level of anxiety. (omswinnebago.com)
Most people having their wisdom teeth removed or having a dental implant placed will choose general anesthesia. (omswinnebago.com)
General anesthesia may be necessary if local anesthesia fails to anesthetize the surgical site which often occurs in the presence of infection. (omswinnebago.com)
Also indicated for patients with medical conditions such as heart disease or lung disease who require general anesthesia. (omswinnebago.com)
To administer general anesthesia in the office, an oral surgeon must have completed at least three months of hospital based anesthesia training. (omswinnebago.com)
The examiner observes an actual surgical procedure during which general anesthesia is administered to the patient. (omswinnebago.com)
If the examiner reports successful completion of the evaluation process, the state dental board will issue the doctor a license to perform general anesthesia. (omswinnebago.com)
General anesthesia is available for all types of oral surgery. (danvilleoms.com)
Elective low-risk surgery requiring general anesthesia, the duration of which is shorter than 2 hours and 30 minutes (e.g. (who.int)
Less risks are typically included with nonsurgical cosmetic procedures because you don't require general anesthesia or big cuts. (collagenrestore.net)
At our clinic, dental cleaning is done under general anesthesia. (elainklinikkasaari.fi)
This is done under general anesthesia, and the pet is given analgesics and local anesthetics. (elainklinikkasaari.fi)
This surgery is usually performed in an operating room under regional or general anesthesia on an outpatient basis as day surgery. (orthopedicsurgeonsventura.com)
The patient receives general or spinal anesthesia, but if the procedure is in very small areas, it may be local anesthesia. (fitoont.com)
3 , 5 , - , 15 Allogeneic blood transfusion, not uncommon in large abdominal procedures, is also widely recognized as immunosuppressive, as are general anesthesia 16 , - , 19 and opioid analgesics. (silverchair.com)
In fact, general anesthesia is a type of medically induced coma. (frapier.net)
In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination, and conduction velocity of affected nerve fibers. (centerwatch.com)

Ketamine, an intravenous anesthetic agent which is a non-competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors can block the flow of Ca and Na and by combining with phencyclidine binding sites inside the ion channel of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, reduce the epileptiform burst discharges and after potential. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Administration of propofol, the most frequently used intravenous anesthetic worldwide, has been associated with several iatrogenic infections despite its relative safety. (cdc.gov)

Propofol, an IV anesthetic agent, is active on the glutamate and GABA-A receptors, whereas benzodiazepines are active only against the GABA receptors. (medscape.com)
In this study, we show that the mice receiving volatile anesthetic sevoflurane during surgical removal of primary tumor develop more lung metastases than those receiving propofol. (nature.com)
Here, we report ten X-ray structures and electrophysiological characterization of GLIC variants in the presence and absence of general anesthetics, including the surgical agent propofol. (pasteur.fr)
2013 ). Etomidate and propofol are potent general anesthetics that act via GABAA receptor allosteric co-agonist sites located at transmembrane beta+/alpha- inter-subunit interfaces. (tcdb.org)
The Los Angeles County coroner, ruling that Jackson's death was a homicide, said in a news release Friday that the anesthetic drug propofol and the sedative lorazepam were found to be the primary drugs responsible for Jackson's death. (cnn.com)
Adding these drugs to propofol, commonly used as a general anesthetic for surgeries and diagnostic procedures, amplifies the sedative effect and increases the risk of respiratory arrest, said Dr. Eugene Viscusi, anesthesiologist and director of pain management at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (cnn.com)
Lidocaine, an anesthetic that the coroner said was also found in Jackson's body, is sometimes used in hospitals to alleviate the burning sensation that may accompany propofol, Viscusi said. (cnn.com)
Murray said each night, he gave Jackson 50 mg of propofol diluted with the anesthetic lidocaine via an intravenous drip, according to the affidavit. (cnn.com)

The discriminative stimulus effects of sub-anesthetic concentrations of isoflurane vapor appear to be mediated by both positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors as well as antagonism of NMDA receptors. (semanticscholar.org)
In a series of lab experiments, researchers led by Harvard Medical School professor Ken Solt administered methylphenidate (Ritalin), a drug widely used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or saline to rats that were previously given isoflurane, a general anesthetic. (theatlantic.com)
2019. Differential Inhibition of Neuronal Sodium Channel Subtypes by the General Anesthetic Isoflurane. . (cornell.edu)
Multiple binding sites for the general anesthetic isoflurane identified in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor transmembrane domain. (ibpc.fr)

aminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABAA), the gaseous anesthetics nitrous oxide and xenon are reported to have little effect on GABAA receptors but inhibit N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. (semanticscholar.org)
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) requests assistance in controlling exposures of workers to nitrous oxide (N2O) during the administration of anesthetic gas in medical, dental, and veterinary operatories. (cdc.gov)
The author concludes that a potential exists for overexposure to nitrous - oxide and halogenated anesthetic agents for workers in the surgery service. (cdc.gov)
One such alert, Request for Assistance in Controlling Exposures to Nitrous Oxide During Anesthetic Administration (1), was published recently and is available to the public. (cdc.gov)
Nitrous oxide is used as an anesthetic agent in medical, dental, and veterinary operatories. (cdc.gov)
in a 1991 survey by the American Dental Association, 58% of dentists reported having nitrous oxide anesthetic equipment. (cdc.gov)
This alert presents control measures for preventing or substantially reducing exposure to nitrous oxide during administration of anesthetic gas. (cdc.gov)

This work environment was chosen because N2O is frequently used as the sole anesthetic agent in dental operatories and exposures there tend to be more difficult to control than in general operating theaters. (cdc.gov)
as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)

Lidocaine is an amide local anesthetic used in a 0.5-1% concentration in combination with bupivacaine (50:50 mixture). (medscape.com)
Epinephrine prolongs the duration of the anesthetic effects from lidocaine by causing vasoconstriction of the blood vessels surrounding the nerve axons. (medscape.com)
In this study, four local anesthetics , lidocaine , levobupivacaine , bupivacaine , and ropivacaine , were applied to two breast tumor cell types, TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells and triple-positive breast cancer BT-474 cells . (bvsalud.org)
A local anesthetic (e.g. lidocaine) is administered in the area where the surgery is to be performed. (omswinnebago.com)

Conclusions Intraoperative surgical stress was higher under LA and was blunted by carotid shunting under both LA and GA. Within 2 hours after surgery the anesthetic modality no longer had any impact on surgical trauma. (elsevier.com)
At the end of a surgical procedure, patients typically regain consciousness on their own as doctors simply let anesthetic drugs wear off. (theatlantic.com)
In this review, we revisit the literature on surgical stress, and outline the mechanisms by which surgical stress, including ischemia/reperfusion injury, activation of sympathetic nervous system, inflammation, systemically hypercoagulable state, immune suppression and effects of anesthetic agents, promotes tumor metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Most pacemakers are inserted under the chest wall through a small incision during a short surgical procedure using only a local anesthetic. (termland.com)
You will also administer medications and anesthetics for tooth extractions, root canals, and other surgical procedures. (dentalcareerservices.com)
Local anesthetics effectively inhibit the invasion of cancer cells at concentrations that are used in surgical procedures . (bvsalud.org)
Cancer recurrence after surgery may be affected by immunosuppressive factors such as surgical stress, anesthetic drugs, and opioids. (silverchair.com)

We offer full service general dentistry and we can help you meet your oral health goals. (dentalservicegroup.ca)
Dental Service Group specializes in general anesthetic dentistry in Edmonton, Alberta and offers a range of sedation dentistry services that cater to your individual needs. (dentalservicegroup.ca)
From general & preventative dentistry to restorative services including crowns, bridges and implants, we are with you every step of the way. (dentalservicegroup.ca)
We all know what the term "frontline of defense" refers to, especially when discussing general or preventative dentistry. (brianclarkdds.com)

connexon oligomer and leads to closure.Endogenous anesthetic oleamide (amide of oleic acid) potentiates sleep andlowers temperature through closing gap junction channels. (fliphtml5.com)
Zynrelef contains bupivacaine, an amide local anesthetic, and meloxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). (centerwatch.com)

Local anesthetic agents are used to increase patient comfort during the procedure. (medscape.com)
Scavenging systems use local exhaust ventilation to collect waste gases from anesthetic breathing systems and remove them from the workplace. (cdc.gov)
For more information, see Local Anesthetic Agents, Infiltrative Administration. (medscape.com)
The choice of the type and concentration of local anesthetic for radial nerve blockade is based on the desired duration. (medscape.com)
Table 1 provides onset times and duration for some commonly used local anesthetics mixtures. (medscape.com)
This can range from Monitored Anaesthesia Care (MAC) to general anaesthesia or regional / local anaesthesia. (ispub.com)
The etiology of pain is complex and multi-factorial, which is made more complex with the use of analgesics and local or general anesthetics. (elsevier.com)
Practitioners should be prepared to respond quickly to a local anesthetic overdose. (asra.com)
LAST, Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity. (asra.com)
Administer general and local anesthetics. (onetonline.org)
Commonly used IT analgesic agents specifically in the perioperative setting include local anesthetics, opioids, and adjuncts such as epinephrine. (medscape.com)
In the late 19th century, William Stewart Halsted (1852-1922), while training at Bellevue Hospital, New York, experimented with cocaine as a local anesthetic agent. (medscape.com)
Apoptosis, Proliferation, and Autophagy Are Involved in Local Anesthetic-Induced Cytotoxicity of Human Breast Cancer Cells. (bvsalud.org)
In addition to the induction of apoptosis and the suppression of the cellular proliferation rate, the four local anesthetics decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species and increased the autophagy elongation indicator in both cell types. (bvsalud.org)
Our study demonstrated that the four local anesthetics can reduce tumor growth and proliferation and promote apoptosis and autophagy . (bvsalud.org)
You will sit upright, and a local anesthetic will be applied. (blackhawkhair.com)
A doctor may inject a local anesthetic to numb the affected knee only. (snghospital.com)
The toxic effects of local anesthetics are additive. (centerwatch.com)
Avoid additional use of local anesthetics within 96 hours following administration of Zynrelef. (centerwatch.com)
Bupivacaine: Local anesthetics block the generation and the conduction of nerve impulses presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. (centerwatch.com)
Pocket reduction surgery may be performed under local or general anesthetic depending on the preferences of the patient. (completedental-al.com)
Based on the preference of the doctor and/or the patient, a local anesthetic could be used to numb the areas where the teeth will be extracted. (worlddental200.com)
The administration of local anesthetics in the subarachnoid space produces motor, sensitive and sympathetic block, with latencies and variable and independent block levels. (bvsalud.org)
Administration of local anesthetics into the intrathecal space blocks sensory, motor and sympathetic nerve conduction. (bvsalud.org)

Control is more difficult in dental operatories because only the patient's nose is covered during anesthetic administration and scavenging, but both the nose and mouth can be covered in general operating theaters. (cdc.gov)
In the event that an emergency requires the temporary absence of the person primarily responsible for the anesthetic, the best judgment of the anesthesiologist will be exercised in comparing the emergency with the anesthetized patient's condition and in the selection of the person left responsible for the anesthetic during the temporary absence. (asahq.org)
During all anesthetics, the patient's oxygenation, ventilation, circulation and temperature shall be continually evaluated. (asahq.org)
An Anesthesiologist closely monitors patient's vital signs and adjusts the anesthetics appropriately during surgery. (wellness.com)
Most invasive procedures require dentists to administer anesthetic to keep their patient's pain to a minimum. (theclassroom.com)

To delineate the underlying mechanisms, we evaluate the effects of anesthetics on cancer cells, cytokine levels and lung microenvironment, primarily in 4T1 model for the complete immunity of the subject mice. (nature.com)
Nowadays, researchers and anesthesiologists know much more about the mechanisms underlying the effects of anesthetic drugs and how they produce the profound change in behavioral state that implies a total lack of perception. (the-scientist.com)
Treatments, Mechanisms, and Adverse Reactions of Anesthetics and Analgesics is an essential read for anyone working in pain management. (elsevier.com)
Mechanisms of Volatile Anesthetic-Induced Myocardial Protection" by Lynda M. Ludwig, Judy R. Kersten et al. (marquette.edu)
This article will review recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms responsible for volatile anesthetic-induced myocardial protection. (marquette.edu)
and Pagel, Paul S., "Mechanisms of Volatile Anesthetic-Induced Myocardial Protection" (2003). (marquette.edu)
2019. Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of Anesthetic Mechanisms of Action: A Decade of Discovery. . (cornell.edu)
2021. Relevance of Cortical and Hippocampal Interneuron Functional Diversity to General Anesthetic Mechanisms: A Narrative Review. . (cornell.edu)

The role of anesthetics used during surgery in cancer metastasis and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. (nature.com)
An on-going controversy is whether anesthetics used during surgery substantially influence the outcome of cancer patients 2 . (nature.com)
No narcotics or regional anesthetics were used during surgery. (thejns.org)
An environmental survey was conducted at the Veterans Administration Medical Center (SIC-8062), Ann Arbor, Michigan, because of the requester's concerns regarding the adequacy of the anesthetic gas scavenging system used in the fourth floor Surgery Service. (cdc.gov)
use as an anesthetic agent with oxygen in selected high risk patients, such as those undergoing open heart surgery or certain complicated neurological or orthopedic procedures. (nih.gov)
A dentist may provide general dental care or specialize in a particular area, such as orthodontics or oral surgery. (theclassroom.com)
Many medications can cause acute nausea and vomiting, such as chemotherapy and general anesthetics used for surgery. (healthgrades.com)

We are proud to offer in-house general anesthetic and IV sedation to make your visit stress free. (dentalservicegroup.ca)
Asian rhinoplasty is usually carried out under intravenous sedation, although a general anesthetic can also be used if the patient desires. (drlornebrown.com)

Furthermore, the effects of anesthetics in cancer metastasis and potential mechanism remains largely unknown and difficult to be addressed in clinical studies, partially due to the heterogeneity in both patients and diseases. (nature.com)
Our results support an integrated, multi-site mechanism for allosteric modulation, and they provide atomic details of both potentiation and inhibition by one of the most common general anesthetics. (pasteur.fr)
The subunit requirement of various drugs such as anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, general anesthetics, barbiturates, ethanol and neurosteroids, which are known to elicit at least some of their pharmacological effects via the GABAA receptors, have been investigated during the last few years so as to understand their exact mechanism of action. (nih.gov)

Subject: Anesthetics, Inhalation. (woodlibrarymuseum.org)
There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. (bvsalud.org)

And herein lies the difference in the potency, time of onset and duration of the various anesthetics. (fliphtml5.com)
The NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) for N2O was 25ppm averaged over the duration of anesthetic administration. (cdc.gov)
analgesic action of short duration during the anesthetic periods, premedication, induction and maintenance, and in the immediate postoperative period (recovery room) as the need arises. (nih.gov)

On June 15, 2018, the Minneapolis Star Tribune reported that Minneapolis police officers repeatedly requested over the past three years that emergency medical system (EMS) paramedics sedate people by injecting them with the dangerous general anesthetic ketamine, sometimes over the objections of those being drugged and in some cases when no apparent crime had been committed. (citizen.org)
The study will investigate the efficacy of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine as a first line agent in refractory status epilepticus versus traditional general anesthetic agents used for burst suppression that target the gamma-aminobutyric acid adrenergic receptors. (clinicaltrials.gov)

General anaesthesia was defined as a drug-induced unconsciousness characterised by a controlled and reversible depression of the central nervous system and analgesia, sufficient to allow endotracheal intubation. (nih.gov)

1901This correlation is accurate for a broad range of general anesthetics:alkanols, volatileagents, and barbiturates. (fliphtml5.com)

conductance of membrane or increasing Cl- conductance To affect ion channels, the anesthetic molecules must actually enter membrane of the nerve. (fliphtml5.com)
PURPOSE: the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of anesthetic blockage of the auriculotemporal nerve as a treatment for temporomandibular joint disorders. (bvsalud.org)
CONCLUSION: anesthetic blockage of the auriculotemporal nerve may be used in acute cases of pain in the temporomandibular joint. (bvsalud.org)

Conclusion: Consideration in perioperative management and the use of anesthetic agents are absolutely necessary especially in geriatric patients. (researchbib.com)
The low-dose anesthetic apparently triumphed in these patients where other treatments including oral antidepressants, which can take 8 weeks or longer to 'kick in' failed. (psychiatrictimes.com)
It was such a success that in early 1845 after using it with some of his patients, Wells gave a demonstration to medical professionals at the Massachusetts General Hospital. (woodlibrarymuseum.org)
It highlights the importance of a general anaesthetic in the minds' of patients. (lasecosmetic.com)
Not all patients require a general anaesthetic, but if it is necessary we ensure it is as safe as possible and has been planned as an integral part of the service we offer. (lasecosmetic.com)

Also, volatile anesthetics are generally additive in theireffects: a mixture of a half dose of two different volatile anesthetics was in fact equalto a full dose of either drug in isolation. (fliphtml5.com)
Volatile anesthetics protect myocardium against reversible and irreversible ischemic injury. (marquette.edu)
Thus, administration of volatile anesthetics may represent a novel therapeutic approach that reduces morbidity and mortality associated with perioperative myocardial ischemia and infarction. (marquette.edu)
2014. Volatile anesthetics inhibit sodium channels without altering bulk lipid bilayer properties. . (cornell.edu)

BackgroundLigand-gated ion channels are considered to be potential general anesthetic targets. (semanticscholar.org)
AnestheticIsoflurane was showed to cause ''flickering'' of the acetylcholine receptor Richard A. Lerner PNAS Vol. 94, pp. 13375-13377, 1997 Identification of genes of anesthetic targets in C. Elegance The whole genome (~1000 genes) completely solved! (fliphtml5.com)
Extrasynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABA A Rs),which contribute generalized inhibitory tone to the mammalian brain, are major targets for general anesthetics. (jbc.org)

AMPA receptors, when assayed in heterologous expression systems, showed a sensitivity to inhalational anesthetics that was minimal when glutamate was applied rapidly at high concentrations, which concludes that AMPA receptors are unlikely to play a major role in the production of the anesthetic state by inhalational agents. (semanticscholar.org)

At concentrations close to anesthetic 50% effective concentration, urethane had modest effects on all channels tested, suggesting the lack of a single predominant target for its action, which may account for its usefulness as a veterinary anesthetic. (semanticscholar.org)
N2O is used as an anesthetic agent* in medical, dental, and veterinary operatories. (cdc.gov)
We begin with a comprehensive veterinary dental exam to determine if your pet is a good candidate for the non-anesthetic dental cleaning. (greendogdental.com)

The Meyer-Overton rule correlation for anestheticsThe more the drug is soluble in olive oil the more potent as an anesthetic! (fliphtml5.com)
Allopregnanolone (3α5α-P), pregnanolone, and their synthetic derivatives are potent positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of GABA A receptors (GABA A Rs) with in vivo anesthetic, anxiolytic, and anti-convulsant effects. (jbc.org)
In this report, we used 11β-( p -azidotetrafluorobenzoyloxy)allopregnanolone (F 4 N 3 Bzoxy-AP), a general anesthetic and photoreactive allopregnanolone analog that is a potent GABA A R PAM, to characterize steroid-binding sites in the Torpedo α 2 βγδ nAChR in its native membrane environment. (jbc.org)
Fentanyl Citrate Injection should be administered only by persons specifically trained in the use of intravenous anesthetics and management of the respiratory effects of potent opioids. (nih.gov)

Academic libraries that covers the neuroscience of pain, anesthetics and analgesics. (elsevier.com)

Sigmund Freud was another prominent physician who experimented with cocaine as an anesthetic agent and also became an addict, at least for part of his professional career. (medscape.com)

Anesthetics primarily act on receptors located in the brain and produce oscillations in the brain's circuits, leading to a state of consciousness that it is much. (the-scientist.com)
Theoretical interpretations of Meyer-Overton empiric rule: 3) Protein Hypothesis (specific interactions)1998 GABA A receptors, glutamate receptors When anesthetics bind to hydrophopic pockets on membrane proteins which undergo conformational changes and alter ion flux. (fliphtml5.com)

Before a tooth is extracted, the area surrounding the tooth is numbed with a topical/and or injectable anesthetic such as Novocaine. (robertcarpenterdds.com)

To ensure adequate oxygen concentration in the inspired gas and the blood during all anesthetics. (asahq.org)

There is a domestic shortage of the anesthetic thiopental sodium, which is used for lethal injections in every state but Oklahoma. (jdjournal.com)

There are always dangers when it comes to general anesthetic, but considering your son's honest anxiety about the procedure, if it were my son, I'd opt for general. (metafilter.com)
Powerful pain-killing medications known as anesthetics not only help a patient avoid discomfort during a procedure, but post-operatively as well. (eggnatzwestondentistry.com)
Others will prefer to go under a general anesthetic so that they will be sedated during the procedure. (worlddental200.com)

The nature of retrospective studies and inconsistent reports precludes the conclusion on the role of anesthetics in patient outcome. (nature.com)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Anesthetic management of right atrial mass removal and pulmonary artery thrombectomy in a patient with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. (who.int)
This patient was a current smoker (30 pack-years) with a history of gastroesophageal reflux disease and of four uneventful general anesthetics. (asahq.org)

Dentists use a wide array of pain management tools, including: Anesthetics such as Novocaine. (eggnatzwestondentistry.com)

2017. Clinical concentrations of chemically diverse general anesthetics minimally affect lipid bilayer properties. . (cornell.edu)

Two in every three maternal deaths are caused by eclampsia, raptured uterus, severe anemia, embolism and anesthetic complications. (who.int)

Our study provides the preclinical evidence informing the distinct effects of anesthetics on metastasis of breast cancers through change of cytokines and the tumor microenvironment. (nature.com)
Results suggest that inhibition of the (&agr;7)5 nACh receptor by N2O and Xe may play a role in their anesthetic effects. (semanticscholar.org)
2017. Divergent effects of anesthetics on lipid bilayer properties and sodium channel function. . (cornell.edu)
2021. Effects of general anesthetics on synaptic transmission and plasticity. . (cornell.edu)

NIOSH requests that safety and health officials, editors of appropriate journals, manufacturers of anesthetic equipment, union representatives, employers, and managers bring the recommendations in this Alert to the attention of all workers who are at risk. (cdc.gov)

In general, splints have shown modest active therapeutic eff ects in reducing TMD pain, compared to a placebo control in more severe cases, and results comparable to other treatments. (bvsalud.org)

http://www.anes.upmc.edu/anesnews/volume/2003winter_spring/articles/focus.html Theoretical interpretations of Meyer-Overton empiric rule1954 1) First Nonspecific unitary theory of narcosis: distortion of the lipid bilayer is caused by accumulation of anesthetic molecules in the neuronal cell membrane providing anesthetic effect. (fliphtml5.com)

All drugs and techniques that induce the anesthetic state act in some way in the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). (bvsalud.org)

The type of anesthetic used to numb pain will depend on the extent of the arthroscopy. (snghospital.com)
If both knees are affected, the doctor may use a regional anesthetic to numb the person from the waist down. (snghospital.com)

Recently, R- 1-methyl-5-allyl-5-( m -trifluoromethyl-diazirinylphenyl) barbituric acid ( R-m TFD-MPAB), an anesthetic and GABA A R potentiator, has been shown to inhibit Torpedo α 2 βγδ nAChRs, binding in the ion channel and to a γ + -α − subunit interface site similar to its GABA A R intersubunit binding site. (jbc.org)

This Alert presents control measures for preventing or greatly reducing exposure to N2O during the administration of anesthetic gas. (cdc.gov)
Increased risk of hypotension if ability to maintain blood pressure has been compromised by a reduced blood volume or concurrent administration of certain CNS depressant drugs (eg, phenothiazines or general anesthetics). (medscape.com)

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Anatomy15

Organisms7

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs121

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment68

Psychiatry and Psychology6

Phenomena and Processes26

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Named Groups1

Health Care18

Dependence of explicit and implicit memory on hypnotic state in trauma patients. (1/226)

Changes in core temperature compartment size on induction of general anaesthesia. (2/226)

Structural consequences of anesthetic and nonimmobilizer interaction with gramicidin A channels. (3/226)

Multisecond oscillations in firing rate in the basal ganglia: robust modulation by dopamine receptor activation and anesthesia. (4/226)

A single amino acid confers barbiturate sensitivity upon the GABA rho 1 receptor. (5/226)

Distinctly different interactions of anesthetic and nonimmobilizer with transmembrane channel peptides. (6/226)

General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. (7/226)

Comparison of bispectral index, 95% spectral edge frequency and approximate entropy of the EEG, with changes in heart rate variability during induction of general anaesthesia. (8/226)

Anesthetics

Anesthetics, Local

Anesthetics, Inhalation

Anesthetics, General

Anesthetics, Intravenous

Isoflurane

Halothane

Anesthetics, Combined

Enflurane

Lidocaine

Methyl Ethers

Anesthesia

Anesthetics, Dissociative

Propofol

Anesthesia, Local

Methoxyflurane

Anesthesia, General

Bupivacaine

Anesthesia, Inhalation

Benzocaine

Ketamine

Anesthesia, Dental

Tetracaine

Nitrous Oxide

Nerve Block

Prilocaine

Thiopental

Etomidate

Procaine

Ether

Anesthesiology

Pentobarbital

Dibucaine

Mepivacaine

Anesthesia, Intravenous

Etidocaine

Carticaine

Chloroform

Anesthesia, Conduction

Anesthesia, Epidural

Adjuvants, Anesthesia

Xylazine

Anesthesia Recovery Period

Anesthesia, Obstetrical

Ethers

Hypnosis, Anesthetic

Fentanyl

Pregnanediones

Xenon

Anesthesia, Spinal

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Chlorofluorocarbons

Medetomidine

Monitoring, Intraoperative

Hypnotics and Sedatives

Octanols

Anesthesia Department, Hospital

Pain, Postoperative

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures

Preanesthetic Medication

Amides

Receptors, GABA-A

Mandibular Nerve

Volatilization

Chloralose

Ethyl Ethers

Midazolam

Acepromazine

Barbiturates

Pain Measurement

Urethane

Tiletamine

Zolazepam

1-Octanol

Consciousness Monitors

Injections

Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture

Conscious Sedation

Intubation, Intratracheal

Malignant Hyperthermia