Anesthetics dissociative. Medical search

Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.

Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.

Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)

Agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p.173)

Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)

A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.

A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)

The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.

A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.

A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3.

A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.

Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)

An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.

A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.

An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180)

Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.

A widely used local anesthetic agent.

Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.

A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.

A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.

A range of methods used to reduce pain and anxiety during dental procedures.

A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.

Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.

Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.

A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.

Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.

A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).

A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.

A specialty concerned with the study of anesthetics and anesthesia.

A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)

A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006)

A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)

Process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream.

A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.

A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.

A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.

Injection of an anesthetic into the nerves to inhibit nerve transmission in a specific part of the body.

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.

Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage.

An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.

The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.

A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth.

Procedure in which an individual is induced into a trance-like state to relieve pain. This procedure is frequently performed with local but not general ANESTHESIA.

A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)

Pregnane derivatives in which two side-chain methyl groups or two methylene groups in the ring skeleton (or a combination thereof) have been oxidized to keto groups.

A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses.

An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.

The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).

Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.

Isomeric forms and derivatives of octanol (C8H17OH).

Hospital department responsible for the administration of functions and activities pertaining to the delivery of anesthetics.

Pain during the period after surgery.

Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.

Drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic.

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.

A phase transition from liquid state to gas state, which is affected by Raoult's law. It can be accomplished by fractional distillation.

A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.

A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.

A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.

A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used as HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES, as ANESTHETICS, or as ANTICONVULSANTS.

Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.

Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen.

Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.

A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals.

A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Devices used to assess the level of consciousness especially during anesthesia. They measure brain activity level based on the EEG.

Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.

A 3:1 mixture of alfaxalone with alfadolone acetate that previously had been used as a general anesthetic. It is no longer actively marketed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1445)

A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)

A procedure involving placement of a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to provide a patient with oxygen and anesthesia.

Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.

Facilities equipped for performing surgery.

Investigations conducted on the physical health of teeth involving use of a tool that transmits hot or cold electric currents on a tooth's surface that can determine problems with that tooth based on reactions to the currents.

Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.

Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.

Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.

An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.

Sense of awareness of self and of the environment.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

A imidazole derivative that is an agonist of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. It is closely-related to MEDETOMIDINE, which is the racemic form of this compound.

A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.

Interventions to provide care prior to, during, and immediately after surgery.

The period during a surgical operation.

A hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of INSOMNIA.

The elimination of PAIN, without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, during OBSTETRIC LABOR; OBSTETRIC DELIVERY; or the POSTPARTUM PERIOD, usually through the administration of ANALGESICS.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

A subclass of ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of specific LIGANDS.

Isomeric forms and derivatives of hexanol (C6H11OH).

The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Potassium channels that contain two pores in tandem. They are responsible for baseline or leak currents and may be the most numerous of all K channels.

An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)

Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The injection of drugs, most often analgesics, into the spinal canal without puncturing the dura mater.

Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.

The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.

The protein components of ferritins. Apoferritins are shell-like structures containing nanocavities and ferroxidase activities. Apoferritin shells are composed of 24 subunits, heteropolymers in vertebrates and homopolymers in bacteria. In vertebrates, there are two types of subunits, light chain and heavy chain. The heavy chain contains the ferroxidase activity.

Inhalation anesthesia where the gases exhaled by the patient are rebreathed as some carbon dioxide is simultaneously removed and anesthetic gas and oxygen are added so that no anesthetic escapes into the room. Closed-circuit anesthesia is used especially with explosive anesthetics to prevent fires where electrical sparking from instruments is possible.

Sharp instruments used for puncturing or suturing.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.

Apparatus for removing exhaled or leaked anesthetic gases or other volatile agents, thus reducing the exposure of operating room personnel to such agents, as well as preventing the buildup of potentially explosive mixtures in operating rooms or laboratories.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel and are usually inhibitory.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.

Operations carried out for the correction of deformities and defects, repair of injuries, and diagnosis and cure of certain diseases. (Taber, 18th ed.)

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)

Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the benzene ring structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobenzoate structure.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Loss of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment combined with markedly reduced responsiveness to environmental stimuli. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp344-5)

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.

The killing of animals for reasons of mercy, to control disease transmission or maintain the health of animal populations, or for experimental purposes (ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION).

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919)

Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.

Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.

The aftermost permanent tooth on each side in the maxilla and mandible.

Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.

A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.

A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.

A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.

A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.

A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.

A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Batrachotoxin is the 20-alpha-bromobenzoate of batrachotoxin A; they are toxins from the venom of a small Colombian frog, Phyllobates aurotaenia, cause release of acetylcholine, destruction of synaptic vesicles and depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers.

Surgery restricted to the management of minor problems and injuries; surgical procedures of relatively slight extent and not in itself hazardous to life. (Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)

A group of methane-based halogenated hydrocarbons containing one or more fluorine and chlorine atoms.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

Specially trained personnel to assist in routine technical procedures in the operating room.

A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The specialty or practice of nursing in the care of patients in the recovery room following surgery and/or anesthesia.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.

Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

Substances that do not act as agonists or antagonists but do affect the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor-ionophore complex. GABA-A receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-A) appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which BENZODIAZEPINES act by increasing the opening frequency of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride channels; a site at which BARBITURATES act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act. GENERAL ANESTHETICS probably act at least partly by potentiating GABAergic responses, but they are not included here.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Methods of delivering drugs into a joint space.

Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place.

Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Exposure of myocardial tissue to brief, repeated periods of vascular occlusion in order to render the myocardium resistant to the deleterious effects of ISCHEMIA or REPERFUSION. The period of pre-exposure and the number of times the tissue is exposed to ischemia and reperfusion vary, the average being 3 to 5 minutes.

Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.

Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.

Occurence of a patient becoming conscious during a procedure performed under GENERAL ANESTHESIA and subsequently having recall of these events. (From Anesthesiology 2006, 104(4): 847-64.)

Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.

Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.

Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.

Interruption of sympathetic pathways, by local injection of an anesthetic agent, at any of four levels: peripheral nerve block, sympathetic ganglion block, extradural block, and subarachnoid block.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.

Fluid propulsion systems driven mechanically, electrically, or osmotically that are used to inject (or infuse) over time agents into a patient or experimental animal; used routinely in hospitals to maintain a patent intravenous line, to administer antineoplastic agents and other drugs in thromboembolism, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS is also available), and other disorders.

A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.

Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Instruments used for injecting or withdrawing fluids. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

Any materials used in providing care specifically in the hospital.

The functions of the professional nurse in the operating room.

Mechanisms of bronchoprotection by anesthetic induction agents: propofol versus ketamine. (1/268)

BACKGROUND: Propofol and ketamine have been purported to decrease bronchoconstriction during induction of anesthesia and intubation. Whether they act on airway smooth muscle or through neural reflexes has not been determined. We compared propofol and ketamine to attenuate the direct activation of airway smooth muscle by methacholine and limit neurally mediated bronchoconstriction (vagal nerve stimulation). METHODS: After approval from the institutional review board, eight sheep were anesthetized with pentobarbital, paralyzed, and ventilated. After left thoracotomy, the bronchial artery was cannulated and perfused. In random order, 5 mg/ml concentrations of propofol, ketamine, and thiopental were infused into the bronchial artery at rates of 0.06, 0.20, and 0.60 ml/min. After 10 min, airway resistance was measured before and after vagal nerve stimulation and methacholine given via the bronchial artery. Data were expressed as a percent of baseline response before infusion of drug and analyzed by analysis of variance with significance set at P< or =0.05. RESULTS: Systemic blood pressure was not affected by any of the drugs (P>0.46). Baseline airway resistance was not different among the three agents (P = 0.56) or by dose (P = 0.96). Infusion of propofol and ketamine into the bronchial artery caused a dose-dependent attenuation of the vagal nerve stimulation-induced bronchoconstriction to 26+/-11% and 8+/-2% of maximum, respectively (P<0.0001). In addition, propofol caused a significant decrease in the methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction to 43+/-27% of maximum at the highest concentration (P = 0.05) CONCLUSIONS: The local bronchoprotective effects of ketamine and propofol on airways is through neurally mediated mechanisms. Although the direct effects on airway smooth muscle occur at high concentrations, these are unlikely to be of primary clinical relevance. (+info)

Acid-base disturbance during hemorrhage in rats: significant role of strong inorganic ions. (2/268)

The present study tests the hypothesis that changes in the strong inorganic ion concentrations contribute significantly to the acid-base disturbance that develops during hemorrhage in the arterial plasma of rats in addition to lactate concentration ([Lac-]) increase. The physicochemical origins for this acid-base disorder were studied during acute, graded hemorrhage (10, 20, and 30% loss of blood volume) in three groups of rats: conscious, anesthetized with ketamine, and anesthetized with urethan. The results support the hypothesis examined: strong-ion difference (SID) decreased in the arterial plasma of all groups studied because of an early imbalance in the main strong inorganic ions during initial hemorrhagic phase. Moreover, changes in plasma [Lac-] contributed to SID decrease in a later hemorrhagic phase (after 10% hemorrhage in urethan-anesthetized, after 20% hemorrhage in ketamine-anesthetized, and after 30% hemorrhage in conscious group). Inorganic ion changes were due to both dilution of the vascular compartment and ion exchange with extravascular space and red blood cells, as compensation for blood volume depletion and hypocapnia. Nevertheless, anesthetized rats were less able than conscious rats to preserve normal arterial pH during hemorrhage, mainly because of an impaired peripheral tissue condition and incomplete ventilatory compensation. (+info)

Actions of ketamine and its isomers on contractility and calcium transients in human myocardium. (3/268)

BACKGROUND: Ketamine has a species-dependent inotropic effect on myocardium. The authors' aim was to investigate the direct inotropic effect and the corresponding intracellular Ca2+ transients of ketamine and its isomers on human myocardium. METHODS: Right auricular myocardial strips obtained during open heart surgery were exposed to increasing concentrations (73 microM, 360 microM, and 730 microM) of racemic ketamine (n = 12), S(+)-ketamine (n = 12), or R(-)-ketamine (n = 11). Isometric force, isotonic shortening, contractility, relaxation, and time to maximal isotonic and isometric force were assessed. Ten muscle strips in each group were loaded with the calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye FURA-2/AM for simultaneous measurements of calcium transients. RESULTS: Compared with the initial control maximal isometric developed force, maximal isotonic shortening amplitude, contractility, and relaxation increased by 12.5-22.4% after perfusion with S(+)-ketamine at the concentration of 73 microM (P < 0.05). In contrast, no changes were seen after addition of 73 microM R(-)-ketamine. The effect of racemic ketamine (73 microM) was between that of the two isomers. At the highest concentration (730 microM) ketamine and its isomers decreased maximal isometric developed force, maximal shortening amplitude, contractility, and relaxation by 26.8-57.4% (P < 0.05), accompanied by a significant decrease of the intracellular calcium transient (by 21.0-32.2%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to R(-)-ketamine, S(+)-ketamine increased isometric force, isotonic shortening, contractility, and relaxation at low concentrations (73 microM) compared with the initial control. At higher concentrations (730 microM) a direct negative inotropic action was observed after perfusion with ketamine and its isomers, which was accompanied by a decreased intracellular Ca2+ transient. (+info)

Comparison of oral chloral hydrate with intramuscular ketamine, meperidine, and promethazine for pediatric sedation--preliminary report. (4/268)

Fifteen consecutive pediatric patients ranging from 3 to 5 years old were selected to receive one of three sedative/hypnotic techniques. Group 1 received oral chloral hydrate 50 mg/kg, and groups 2 and 3 received intramuscular ketamine 2 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg, respectively. In addition to ketamine, patients in groups 2 and 3 received transmucosal intramuscular injections of meperidine and promethazine into the masseter muscle. Sedation for the satisfactory completion of restorative dentistry was obtained for over 40 min on average in the chloral hydrate group, but completion of dental surgery longer than 40 min was achieved in groups 2 and 3 only by intravenous supplements of ketamine. (+info)

Effects of diazepam and ketamine administered individually or in combination on regional rates of glucose utilization in rat brain. (5/268)

The effects of diazepam, which acts at GABAA receptors to enhance the effects of GABA, and ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, on local rates of cerebral glucose utilization (ICMRglc) were examined in unrestrained rats. Four groups were studied: vehicle-injected controls; and ketamine-treated, diazepam-treated and combined ketamine- and diazepam-treated animals. Ketamine alone produced a heterogeneous pattern of changes in ICMRglc (e.g. significant increases in the corpus callosum, olfactory tubercle and the entire Papez circuit, in addition to other limbic areas, and significant decreases in lateral habenula and some components of the auditory system). Diazepam alone statistically significantly decreased ICMRglc in the brain as a whole and in most areas of the cerebral cortex, thalamus and limbic system. The most remarkable effects of the two drugs administered together on ICMRglc occurred in the limbic system where the dramatic increases observed with ketamine alone were prevented by treatment with diazepam. (+info)

Stereospecific effects of ketamine on dopamine efflux and uptake in the rat nucleus accumbens. (6/268)

In addition to being a general anaesthetic, ketamine is a recognized drug of abuse. Many, if not all, drugs of abuse have been shown to increase dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). As ketamine is optically active, we examined if its actions on dopamine efflux in the NAc were stereoselective. Slices of rat NAc were superfused with artificial CSF at 32 degrees C. Dopamine efflux was evoked by electrical stimulation (1 or 20 pulses, 100 Hz) and measured using fast cyclic voltammetry. (+/-)-Ketamine 100 mumol litre-1 increased dopamine efflux (to mean 174 (SEM 17)% of control, P < 0.05) and slowed dopamine uptake half-time (T1/2) to 164 (17)% of control, as did (+)-ketamine 100 mumol litre-1 (efflux 236 (16)% (P < 0.001); uptake T1/2 177 (25)% (P < 0.05)). The (-)-isomer was inactive. The effect of (+)-ketamine on dopamine efflux did not correlate with its action on dopamine uptake. (+)-Ketamine increased dopamine efflux on single pulse stimulation but to a lesser extent than on 20 pulse trains (P < 0.05). (+)-Ketamine was unable to block the inhibitory effect of quinpirole on single pulse dopamine efflux. Neither MK 801 10 mumol litre-1 nor metoclopramide 1 mumol litre-1 had any effect on dopamine release after short train stimuli (20 pulses, 100 Hz). We conclude that the (+)-isomer is the active form of ketamine and increases NAc dopamine efflux not by block of dopamine uptake; autoreceptors or NMDA receptors, but by mobilization of the dopamine storage pool to releasable sites. (+info)

Ketamine preserves and propofol potentiates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction compared with the conscious state in chronically instrumented dogs. (7/268)

BACKGROUND: The authors tested the hypothesis that ketamine and propofol anesthesia would alter the magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction compared with the conscious state. In addition, they assessed the extent to which cyclooxygenase pathway inhibition and adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel inhibition modulate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the conscious state, and whether these pathways are altered during propofol anesthesia. METHODS: Twenty conditioned, male mongrel dogs were chronically instrumented to measure the left pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationship. Pressure-flow plots were measured during normoxia and hypoxia (systemic arterial PO2 reduced to about 60 and about 50 mm Hg) on separate days in the conscious state, during ketamine anesthesia, and during propofol anesthesia. The effects of indomethacin and glibenclamide on the magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction were also assessed in the conscious and propofol-anesthetized states. RESULTS: Neither ketamine nor propofol had an effect on the baseline pressure-flow relationship during normoxia compared with the conscious state. Hypoxia resulted in stimulus-dependent pulmonary vasoconstriction (P<0.01) in the conscious state. Compared with the conscious state, the magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was preserved during ketamine but was potentiated (P<0.01) during propofol anesthesia. Indomethacin enhanced (P<0.01) hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in both the conscious and propofol-anesthetized states. In contrast, glibenclamide only enhanced (P<0.01) hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the conscious state and had no effect during propofol anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is preserved during ketamine anesthesia but is potentiated during propofol anesthesia. The potentiated response during propofol anesthesia appears to be caused by inhibition of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel-mediated pulmonary vasodilation. (+info)

Tooth pulp- and facial hair mechanoreceptor-evoked responses of trigeminal sensory neurons are attenuated during ketamine anesthesia. (8/268)

BACKGROUND: Evidence exists that ketamine, administered systemically using a dose required for inducing a state of anesthesia, may antagonize nociceptive but not innocuous input to lumbar dorsal horn neurons. However, it is unclear whether ketamine exerts this selective action on sensory inputs to trigeminal sensory neurons. The current study was undertaken to compare the responses evoked in trigeminal sensory neurons by electrical stimuli applied to the tooth pulp versus air-puff stimuli applied to facial hair mechanoreceptors (FHMs) during quiet wakefulness versus ketamine anesthesia. METHODS: Accordingly, responses of rostral trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC) and trigeminothalamic tract neurons evoked by tooth pulp (a source of small-diameter fiber input) and FHMs (a source of larger-diameter fiber input) were recorded extracellularly from chronically instrumented cats before, during, and after recovery from the anesthetic state induced by a single (2.2 mg/kg) intravenous injection of ketamine. RESULTS: Overall, tooth pulp-evoked responses of TSNC neurons were maximally suppressed by 50% within 5 min after the intravenous administration of ketamine. Ketamine also suppressed the FHM-evoked responses of TSNC and trigeminothalamic neurons by 45%. The time course of ketamine's suppressive action was equivalent for tooth pulp- and FHM-evoked responses. However, the recovery of tooth pulp-evoked TSNC neuronal responses at suprathreshold intensities was markedly prolonged compared with neuronal responses driven by threshold stimuli or FHM. CONCLUSIONS: These electrophysiologic results in the chronically instrumented cat preparation indicate that a nonselective suppression of orofacial somatosensory information occurs during ketamine anesthesia. The prolonged recovery of suprathreshold responses of TSNC neurons mediated by small-diameter afferent fiber input may partly underlie the analgesic action of ketamine that is clinically relevant at subanesthetic doses. (+info)

Halothane: an inhalational anesthetic. Isoflurane: an inhalational anesthetic. Ketamine: a dissociative hallucinogen with ... Phencyclidine: a dissociative anesthetic previously used in medicine, but its development was discontinued in the 1960s in ... Eticyclidine: a slightly more potent dissociative anesthetic than phencyclidine but with greater nausea/unpleasant taste, that ... an early anesthetic. Cyclopropane: an early anesthetic. Delucemine: also an SSRI with neuroprotective properties. Desflurane: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist

Liu GL, Cui YF, Lu C, Zhao P (March 2020). "Ketamine a dissociative anesthetic: Neurobiology and biomolecular exploration in ... Salvia divinorum, a plant native to Mexico, has strong dissociative and hallucinogenic properties when the dry leaves are ... Another class of hallucinogens, known as dissociatives, includes drugs such as ketamine, phencyclidine (PCP), and Salvia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopharmacology

Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, appears promising as a treatment for CRPS. It may be used in low doses if other treatments ... August 2007). "The neurocognitive effects of 5-day anesthetic ketamine for the treatment of refractory complex regional pain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_regional_pain_syndrome

... is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anesthetic drug. It was derived from ketamine with the intention of producing a ... Dissociative drugs, NMDA receptor antagonists, All stub articles, Pharmacology stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_35210

... is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and stimulant effects. It is around the same ... Dissociative drugs, Designer drugs, NMDA receptor antagonists, All stub articles, Hallucinogen stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCPr

... (TCP) is a dissociative anesthetic with psychostimulant effects. It was discovered by a team at Parke-Davis in ... Anesthetics, Arylcyclohexylamines, Dissociative drugs, Piperidines, Thiophenes, Designer drugs, Dopamine reuptake inhibitors, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenocyclidine

Dissociatives produce analgesia, amnesia and catalepsy at anesthetic doses. They also produce a sense of detachment from the ... Pender JW (October 1972). "Dissociative anesthesia". California Medicine Some Dissociatives Have General Depressant Effects as ... this does not fall under the usual classification of anesthetics in recreational doses (anesthetic doses of DXM may be ... though usually described as a very atypical dissociative. Some dissociatives can have CNS depressant effects, thereby carrying ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen

Like many other NMDA antagonists, memantine behaves as a dissociative anesthetic at supratherapeutic doses. Despite isolated ... Morris H, Wallach J (July 2014). "From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug ... a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug Testing and Analysis. 6 (7-8): 614-632. doi:10.1002/ ... Dissociative drugs, NMDA receptor antagonists, Sigma agonists, Treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Wikipedia medicine articles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memantine

... dissociative anesthetics, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, and narcotic analgesics. DREs often testify in court, where the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Recognition_Expert

It also developed Ketalar (ketamine hydrochloride), a general anesthetic and dissociative drug, in 1962. Parke-Davis marketed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parke-Davis

Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, is sometimes used as a recreational drug. Immortalists "Aaron Traywick - Inovium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Traywick

Hidalgo J, Dileo RM, Rikimaru MT, Guzman RJ, Thompson CR (Mar-Apr 1971). "Etoxadrol (CL-1848C) a new dissociative anesthetic: ... Traber DL, Priano LL, Wilson RD (November 1970). "Effects of CL 1848C, a new dissociative anesthetic, on the canine ... a new dissociative anesthetic in normal human volunteers". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 49 (2): 236-41. doi:10.1213/00000539- ... As an anesthetic, etoxadrol is more potent than ketamine, but less potent than PCP. Etoxadrol is also a potent analgesic. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoxadrol

Antagonism of the NMDA receptor confers anesthetic, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, and dissociative effects; blockade of the ... Morris H, Wallach J (2014). "From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug ... Morris H, Wallach J (2014). "From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug ... Arylcyclohexylamine anesthetics were intensively investigated at Parke-Davis, beginning with the 1956 synthesis of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine

... (PCE, CI-400) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic effects. It is similar in effects to ... PCE was developed by Parke-Davis in the 1970s and evaluated for anesthetic potential under the code name CI-400, but research ... Dissociative drugs, Designer drugs, NMDA receptor antagonists, All stub articles, Hallucinogen stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eticyclidine

... is a dissociative anesthetic and pharmacologically classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist. It is related ... Dissociative drugs, General anesthetics, Ketones, NMDA receptor antagonists, Thiophenes). ... as an injectable anesthetic for use in cats and dogs. It is sometimes used in combination with xylazine (Rompun) to chemically ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiletamine

... is a dissociative hallucinogen drug used as a general anesthetic and as an antidepressant for treatment of depression. It is ... Dissociative drugs, Dopamine reuptake inhibitors, Enantiopure drugs, General anesthetics, Ketones, Nicotinic antagonists, NMDA ... It is used as an anesthetic in the European Union and as an antidepressant in the United States and Canada. Due to misuse ... liability as a dissociative hallucinogen, esketamine is a controlled substance. Esketamine is a general anesthetic and is used ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esketamine

... is a dissociative anesthetic used medically for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. It is also used as a ... At sub-anesthetic doses ketamine produces a dissociative state, characterised by a sense of detachment from one's physical body ... At anesthetic doses, ketamine induces a state of "dissociative anesthesia", a trance-like state providing pain relief, sedation ... It suppresses breathing much less than most other available anesthetics. When used at anesthetic doses, ketamine usually ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine

Drugs that are often used as chemical restraints include antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and dissociative anesthetics such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_restraint

... anesthetic and dissociative drug of abuse; weak SNDRI action likely contributes to effects and abuse potential Phencyclidine ( ... discontinued anesthetic and dissociative psychostimulant drug of abuse; SNDRI action likely contributes to effects and abuse ... Esketamine (Ketanest S) - anesthetic; S-enantiomer of ketamine; weak SNDRI action likely contributes to effects and abuse ... In addition, cocaine has some serious limitations in terms of its cardiotoxicity due to its local anesthetic activity. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor

It is unclear if ketamine (a common general dissociative anesthetic used in surgery) is useful in bipolar disorder. Gabapentin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder

... (1,2-DEP, DPD, DND) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold as a designer drug. The synthesis of ... Helander A, Beck O, Bäckberg M (June 2015). "Intoxications by the dissociative new psychoactive substances diphenidine and ... 17 June 2016). "Pharmacological Investigations of the Dissociative 'Legal Highs' Diphenidine, Methoxphenidine and Analogues". ... and a dissociative agent, diphenidine". Legal Medicine. 17 (5): 421-6. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2015.06.005. PMID 26162997. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenidine

Drugs causing lack of smooth pursuit include depressants, some inhalants, and dissociative anesthetics (such as phencyclidine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_pursuit

... (DXE, DCK, 2'-Oxo-PCM) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold online as a designer drug. It has also ... Dissociative drugs, Ketones, NMDA receptor antagonists, All stub articles, Hallucinogen stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deschloroketamine

First synthesized in 1962 and later approved for use as an anesthetic in 1970, Ketamine has dissociative psychedelic effects. ... Ketamine is a useful anesthetic and is widely used throughout the world. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_treatments_for_trauma-related_disorders

While Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, does not suppress respiratory drive, it has been thought to be associated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cord_dysfunction

Chemically, PCP is a member of the arylcyclohexylamine class, and pharmacologically, it is a dissociative anesthetic. PCP works ... Phencyclidine or phenylcyclohexyl piperidine (PCP), also known as angel dust among other names, is a dissociative anesthetic ... although a range of potencies and varying mixtures of anesthetic, dissociative, and stimulant effects are known, depending on ... Dissociative drugs, Euphoriants, General anesthetics, German inventions, Medical mnemonics, Monoamine reuptake inhibitors, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine

4-Methoxyphencyclidine (methoxydine, 4-MeO-PCP) is a dissociative anesthetic drug that has been sold online as a research ... a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug Testing and Analysis. 6 (7-8): 614-632. doi:10.1002/ ... Dissociative drugs, Piperidines, Phenol ethers, Designer drugs, NMDA receptor antagonists). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-MeO-PCP

... (also known as NEDPA and EPE) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is ... a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug Testing and Analysis. 6 (7-8): 614-32. doi:10.1002/ ... Dissociative drugs, Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, Sigma receptor ligands). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephenidine

Secondly in the field of anesthesiology, the dissociative anesthesia of many general anesthetics is due to NMDA receptor ... Nitrous oxide, a common anesthetic for humans (especially in dentistry), has also been shown to cause vacuolization in rats' ... Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Beals J, Benshoff N, Olney J (2003). "Prolonged exposure to inhalational anesthetic nitrous oxide kills ... In medical settings, NMDA receptor antagonists are used as anesthetics, so GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney's_lesions

... (HNK), or 6-hydroxynorketamine, is a minor metabolite of the anesthetic, dissociative, and antidepressant ... As (2R,6R)-HNK, unlike ketamine, is not an NMDA receptor antagonist, and produces no dissociative or euphoric effects, it has ... In contrast to ketamine and norketamine, HNK is inactive as an anesthetic and psychostimulant. In accordance, it has only very ... "Sub-anesthetic concentrations of (R,S)-ketamine metabolites inhibit acetylcholine-evoked currents in α7 nicotinic acetylcholine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxynorketamine

... mecloqualone methaqualone Dissociatives: phencyclidine (PCP) Other: zipeprol Salts of all the substances covered by the four ... anesthetics) sodium thiopental (barbiturate) zaleplon (depressant z-drug) zopiclone (depressant z-drug) and its stereoisomer ... pyran-1-ol Dissociatives: eticyclidine (PCE) rolicyclidine (PHP, PCPy) tenocyclidine (TCP) Ergolines: LSD The stereoisomers of ... dissociative) and its stereoisomer esketamine modafinil (stimulant), its stereoisomer armodafinil, and a similar drug adrafinil ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances

Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, has a long history of being used in clubs and was one of the most popular substances used ... Ketamine produces a dissociative state, characterized by a sense of detachment from one's physical body and the external world ... ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. Such agents also have important therapeutic uses; cocaine, for example, is used as a local anesthetic ( ... Nitrous oxide is a dissociative inhalant that can cause depersonalisation, derealisation (feeling like the world is not real), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_drug

... anesthetic, hallucinogenic, or dissociative effects. It has been used to label the dopamine transporter. BCP was used to try to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benocyclidine

Dissociative drugs, Aerosol propellants, Industrial gases, General anesthetics). ... Anesthetic gases used for surgery, such as nitrous oxide or enflurane, are believed to induce anesthesia primarily by acting as ... This makes inhaled anesthetic gases different from other NMDA antagonists, such as ketamine, which bind to a regulatory site on ... Several medical anesthetics are used as recreational drugs, including diethyl ether (a drug that is no longer used medically, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalant

The direct antagonism of the NMDA receptor by the antibody, similar to the action of the classic dissociative anesthetics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-NMDA_receptor_encephalitis

Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Carter LB; Carter (2005). "The anesthetics nitrous oxide and ketamine are more neurotoxic to old than to ... a property that has led to its recreational use as a dissociative anaesthetic. It is on the World Health Organization's List of ... Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Beals J, Benshoff N, Olney JW (2003). "Prolonged exposure to inhalational anesthetic nitrous oxide kills ... CDC.gov NIOSH Alert: Controlling Exposures to Nitrous Oxide During Anesthetic Administration. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide

... in the clandestine synthesis of cyclidine dissociative anesthetic agents (the analogue of ketamine which is missing the 2- ... chloro group on the phenyl ring, and its N-ethyl analog) which are closely related to the well known anesthetic agent ketamine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylamine

Its emergence as a club drug differs from other club drugs (e.g., MDMA), however, due to its anesthetic properties (e.g., ... At subanesthetic doses-under-dosaged from a medical point of view-ketamine produces a dissociative state, characterised by a ... Curran HV, Morgan C (April 2000). "Cognitive, dissociative and psychotogenic effects of ketamine in recreational users on the ... Giannini AJ, Loiselle RH, Giannini MC, Price WA (1985). "Phencyclidine and the dissociatives". Psychiatric Medicine. 3 (3): 197 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine_in_society_and_culture

... or psilocybin and those of NMDAR antagonist dissociatives/anesthetics ketamine and phencycldine. The claustrum is the region of ... Centrally active KOR agonists have hallucinogenic or dissociative effects, as exemplified by salvinorin A (the active ... While these KOR agonists possess hallucinogenic and dissociative effects, they are mechanistically and qualitatively different ... by activation of KORs in these areas is primarily responsible for the profound consciousness-altering/dissociative hallucinogen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Κ-opioid_receptor

At high doses, dextromethorphan is classified as a dissociative general anesthetic and hallucinogen, similar to the controlled ... White, William E. "Erowid DXM Vault : This is your brain on dissociatives, the bad news is finally in" (TXT). Dextroverse.com. ... Dissociative drug Nitrous oxide NMDA receptor antagonist Psychedelic drug Purple drank Sigma agonist "Dextromethorphan (DXM) , ... Dextromethorphan is primarily a sigma receptor agonist and an SNRI, and dextromethorphan's effects as a dissociative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan

... anesthetics, dissociative MeSH D27.505.696.277.100.200 - anesthetics, local MeSH D27.505.696.277.350 - hypnotics and sedatives ... anesthetics, dissociative MeSH D27.505.954.427.210.100.200 - anesthetics, local MeSH D27.505.954.427.210.350 - hypnotics and ... anesthetics MeSH D27.505.696.277.100.017 - anesthetics, combined MeSH D27.505.696.277.100.035 - anesthetics, general MeSH ... anesthetics MeSH D27.505.954.427.210.100.017 - anesthetics, combined MeSH D27.505.954.427.210.100.035 - anesthetics, general ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D27)

... research at Saint Joseph's University in Philadelphia with an emphasis on the synthesis and history of dissociative anesthetics ... Morris, H.; Wallach, J. (2014). "From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug ... The Perfect Anesthetic? Synthetic Ibogaine-Natural Tramadol Bufotenine: In Search of Hataj Ultra LSD The Hamilton Morris ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Morris

Maher, T.J. (2013). Anesthetic agents: General and local anesthetics. In: T.L. Lemke & D.A. Williams (editors). Foye's ... Anderson C (2003-06-01). "The Bad News Isn't In: A Look at Dissociative-Induced Brain Damage and Cognitive Impairment". Erowid ... These and similar drugs like dextromethorphan and methoxetamine also produce dissociative, hallucinogenic, and euphoriant ... synthetic novel site partial agonist Antagonists of the NMDA receptor are used as anesthetics for animals and sometimes humans ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor

On the show, it usually entails approaching the victims from behind and injecting an anesthetic (specified to be an animal ... with Gellar as a dissociative identity. After being forced to accept Gellar's death, Marshall begins to target Dexter, managing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Morgan

... (also known as N-ethyldeschloroketamine, eticyclidone and O-PCE) is a dissociative anesthetic of the ... Dissociative drugs, All stub articles, Hallucinogen stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Oxo-PCE

General anesthetics, Dissociative drugs, Euphoriants, Fuels, Ether solvents, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, ... The anesthetic and intoxicating effects of ether have made it a recreational drug. Diethyl ether in anesthetic dosage is an ... Diethyl ether was found to have undesirable side effects, such as post-anesthetic nausea and vomiting. Modern anesthetic agents ... Halothane was the first such anesthetic developed and other currently used inhaled anesthetics, such as isoflurane, desflurane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_ether

356-. ISBN 978-3-642-46660-1. Jürgen Schüttler; Helmut Schwilden (8 January 2008). Modern Anesthetics. Springer Science & ... Dissociative drugs, Kappa-opioid receptor agonists, Mu-opioid receptor antagonists, NMDA receptor antagonists, Phenols, Sigma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alazocine

... and MDMA fit in this category Dissociative anesthetics - drugs such as PCP and Ketamine fit in this category Narcotic ... analgesics - synthetic and derivative opiates fit in this category Inhalants - volatile solvents, anesthetic gases and aerosol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug–impaired_driving

This separate personality induced by her dissociative identity disorder protects Shiro, often at the cost of others. Unaware of ... she removes the parts without applying anesthetic to the Deadman) where she shows off a sadistic side when doing it as seen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Deadman_Wonderland_characters

... (also known as isopropylphenidine or isophenidine) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold online as a designer ... a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug Testing and Analysis. 6 (7-8): 614-32. doi:10.1002/ ... Dissociative drugs, NMDA receptor antagonists, Diarylethylamines, Isopropyl compounds, All stub articles, Hallucinogen stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPDPA

... an anesthetic and dissociative hallucinogen that acts primarily as an NMDA receptor antagonist. The site is distinct from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCP_site_2

... (MXPr, 2-Oxo-3'-methoxy-PCPr) is a dissociative anesthetic drug of the arylcyclohexylamine class and NMDA ... Dissociative drugs, O-methylated phenols, All stub articles, Hallucinogen stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxpropamine

... (PCPy) is a dissociative anesthetic that is similar in effects to phencyclidine, but is slightly less potent and ... Dissociative drugs, Pyrrolidines, Designer drugs, NMDA receptor antagonists, All stub articles, Nervous system drug stubs). ... but with additional PCP-like dissociative, anaesthetic and hallucinogenic effects. Due to its similarity in effects to PCP, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolicyclidine

https://www.behavenet.com/dissociative-anesthetic

Get the perfect chemicals and Handle them safely. ...

https://parchems.com/product-tag/dissociative-anesthetics/

Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic. Theres been some evidence that it helps people with depression and posttraumatic stress ...

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/973355

PHARMACOLOGIC EFFECTS OF CI-581, A NEW DISSOCIATIVE ANESTHETIC, IN MAN. DOMINO, E. F.; CHODOFF, P.; CORSSEN, G. ... CLINICAL EXPERIENCES WITH PROPANIDIDE: A NEW NON-BARBITURATE ULTRA SHORT ACTING ANESTHETIC. ZINDLER, M. ...

https://journals.lww.com/surveyanesthesiology/toc/1966/08000

Anesthetics. Analgesics. Sensory System Agents. Peripheral Nervous System Agents. Anesthetics, Dissociative. Excitatory Amino ... Ketamine, an intravenous anesthetic agent which is a non-competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors can block the ... receptor antagonist ketamine as a first line agent in refractory status epilepticus versus traditional general anesthetic ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03115489

The use of ketamine, a short-acting, dissociative anesthetic and analgesic, may be useful in the examination of the nose, ... Ketamine (Ketalar) is a short-acting dissociative anesthetic and analgesic agent. It acts on the cortex and limbic system, ... Dissociative agents. Ketamine elicits profound dissociative and amnestic actions. It does not affect pharyngeal-laryngeal ... Although the agent produces a dissociative state, the patient maintains respiratory and airway reflexes. The drug has an action ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/764615-overview

Dissociative anesthetic. 2. III. I. (R)-(-)-Ketamine hydrochloride. 6751. 2. III. I. ...

https://www.tocris.com/product-type/controlled-substances

Dissociative Anesthetics (PCP). *Cannabis (marijuana). TARGET AUDIENCE: Law Enforcement and Division of Children and Family ...

https://www.cji.edu/course-dates/drug-identification-online-22/

After injecting moderate doses of the dissociative anesthetic into the animals, previously "awake" brain cells go dark, and ... After injecting moderate doses of the dissociative anesthetic into the animals, previously "awake" brain cells go dark, and ... After injecting moderate doses of the dissociative anesthetic into the animals, previously "awake" brain cells go dark, and ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/tag/ketamine

Postoperative patients sometimes are brought out of anesthetic with naloxone. Patients suffering from dissociative disorder, ...

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/antidote

Because of the properties of ketamine, it is often described as a dissociative anesthetic. The patient has slow nystagmus in a ... Most other anesthetic agents work by depressing the reticular activating system. However, ketamine acts by interrupting ... Lidocaine, a class IB antidysrhythmic agent with local anesthetic properties, is the most common agent for this purpose and has ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/109739-overview

Ketamine is a rapidly acting dissociative anesthetic that produces a profound analgesic effect. Onset, duration, and dosage ... Use other alternatives when possible or necessary, such as topical or subcutaneous anesthetics, topical skin adhesives, or ...

https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0101/p85.html

Dissociative anesthetics, such as phencyclidine/PCP and ketamine, known angel dust, boat, cat, K lovely, love boat, vitamin K ...

https://www.ihs.gov/asap/familyfriends/teendrugabuse/

Ketamine belongs to a class of drugs called dissociative anesthetics. It has the anesthetic properties of opiates but also has ... This also makes ketamine a popular anesthetic in developing countries where access to other anesthetic drugs and monitoring ... The dissociative properties of the drug cause people to become disoriented and confused. High doses can lead to effects of ... Ketamine is mainly used as an anesthetic drug. Its also used for the same general purpose in veterinary medicine. Since ...

https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/ketamine-addiction/what-is-ketamine-used-for/

phencyclidine, Phencyclidine, a type of dissociative anesthetic.. *(Ireland) slang name for clenbuterol, a banned growth ... anesthetic. noun (plural:anesthetics) *A substance utilized by professional anesthesia providers such as anesthesiologists and ...

https://www.allwords.com/pharmacology-glossary-200-1143.php

... inhibition of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and other ligand-gated ion channels by dissociative anesthetics ... Xiong, Z., and Strichartz, G. R. (1998). Inhibition by local anesthetics of Ca2+ channels in rat anterior pituitary cells. Eur ... Lidocaine is commonly used in clinical practice as a local anesthetic and as an anti-arrhythmic agent because it reversibly ... Hara, K., and Sata, T. (2007). The effects of the local anesthetics lidocaine and procaine on glycine and gamma-aminobutyric ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2016.00012/full

Lin HC (2007): Dissociative anesthetics. In: Tranquilli WJ, Thurmon JC, Grimm KA (eds): Lumb and Jones Veterinary Anesthesia. ... The Effects of Different Anesthetic Agents on Short Electroretinography Protocol in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science ...

https://www.agriculturejournals.cz/web/vetmed.htm?type=article&id=65_2018-VETMED

Overview: Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that produces its psychedelic and cognitive effects by antagonizing the NMDA ... LSD can reduce the seizure threshold, particularly in combination with lithium, stimulants, antidepressants, anesthetics, and ...

https://realitysandwich.com/microdosing/

Inhibition of rabies virus transcription in rat cortical neurons with the dissociative anesthetic ketamine. Antimicrob Agents ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8B%82%E7%8A%AC%E7%97%85

Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic which is most often combined with valium to produce the same effect as tiletamine/ ... Tiletamine is technically considered a dissociative anesthetic and zolazepam is a valium-like anti-anxiety drug. Neither drug ...

https://www.embracepetinsurance.com/waterbowl/article/pet-euthanasia-101

Esketamine comes with a prominent warning: "Patients are at risk for dissociative or perceptual changes after administration."[ ... Ketamine is also used as an anesthetic in electroshock treatment. ...

https://www.cchrint.org/2021/05/25/cchr-supports-veterans-against-electroshock-dod-spends-70m-on-shocking-minds/

Articles pertaining to empathogens like MDMA and dissociative anesthetics like ketamine and PCP were excluded. ... including dissociative anesthetics (e.g., PCP and ketamine) and empathogens (e.g., MDMA).39,40,42,44 The failure to distinguish ... if the findings relate specifically to psychedelic substances or other categories of drugs like dissociative anesthetics and ... though they exert their dissociative effects via inhibition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor. Effects of ketamine ...

https://jaapl.org/content/early/2020/01/16/JAAPL.003917-20

And when we exceed maximum dosages, dextromethorphan acts as a dissociative anesthetic. ...

https://www.drug-addiction-support.org/dxm-family-and-friends-regretful-first-time.html

Its presence usually indicates a pathological disorder or high doses of a Dissociative Anesthetic drug such as PCP ...

https://1800duilaws.com/dui-dwi-glossary/

Dissociative Ketamine also referred to as Special K and Vitamin K has been used in the U.S. since the 1970s, as both a human ... Ketaset is a surgical anesthetic brand name used by veterinary surgeons.. Ketamine is a powerful drug that is likely the most ... It is perhaps the most commonly used anesthetic in veterinary surgery. In recent years, the drug`s abuse and maltreatment have ... Those who abuse dissociative drugs perceive themselves differently and perceive their surroundings differently because of ...

https://dualdiagnosis.org/what-is-ketamine/

Phencyclidine (PCP) is a dissociative drug that was originally developed in the 1950s as a surgical anesthetic. PCP was soon ... PCP and other dissociative drugs produce hallucinations that affect users perception of sights, sounds, and sense of time. The ... However, its dissociative effects can make individuals unaware or unconcerned about dangerous situations and personal ...

https://detox.net/pcp/

... and as a supplementary agent to low-potency anesthetics. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic with a relatively wide safety ... Compared to anesthetic doses (typically 1-3 mg/kg) [75, 76], the sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine used to treat TRD is ... approved by the FDA for anesthetic indications [73]. Common adverse effects associated with anesthetic ketamine use include ... However, these dissociative effects have not been found to be necessary for ketamines antidepressant effects [78, 79]. ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44192-022-00012-3

It is important to note dissociative anesthetic drugs that do not act on this receptor system (but act on the NMDA receptor ... While this common anesthetic has psychedelic properties at lower, sub-anesthetic doses, the non-addictive properties discussed ...

https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cannabis/21/09/22900217/why-arent-psychedelics-addictive-an-evidence-based-review

... dissociative anesthetics methoxetamine and ketamine. Three deaths which involved the detection of 2-MXP in post-mortem blood ...

https://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=8804

a phenol, is an ultrashort acting anesthetic used for induction at doses of 2-3 mg/kg, and used for maintenance of anesthesia. ... "dissociative" type of anesthesia.29 At induction dose of 2mg/kg IV or 4-5mg/kg IM patients generally recover within 10-15 ... Learning manual skills in anesthesiology: Is there a recommended number of cases for anesthetic procedures? Anesth Analg. 1998; ... With regards to airway management, the history should focus on prior intubations, anesthetic history, drug allergies, and ...

http://ispub.com/IJA/6/1/12227

The study will investigate the efficacy of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine as a first line agent in refractory status epilepticus versus traditional general anesthetic agents used for burst suppression that target the gamma-aminobutyric acid adrenergic receptors. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Ketamine, an intravenous anesthetic agent which is a non-competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors can block the flow of Ca and Na and by combining with phencyclidine binding sites inside the ion channel of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, reduce the epileptiform burst discharges and after potential. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Ketamine belongs to a class of drugs called dissociative anesthetics. (therecoveryvillage.com)
Ketamine is mainly used as an anesthetic drug. (therecoveryvillage.com)
This also makes ketamine a popular anesthetic in developing countries where access to other anesthetic drugs and monitoring equipment is difficult. (therecoveryvillage.com)
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic which is most often combined with valium to produce the same effect as tiletamine/zolezepam. (embracepetinsurance.com)
Dissociative Ketamine also referred to as Special K and Vitamin K has been used in the U.S. since the 1970s, as both a human and veterinary anesthetic. (dualdiagnosis.org)
Ketamine is a powerful drug that is likely the most commonly used anesthetic planet. (dualdiagnosis.org)
Those who abuse dissociative drugs perceive themselves differently and perceive their surroundings differently because of ketamine abuse. (dualdiagnosis.org)
Despite limited data, side effects for antidepressant-dose ketamine-including dissociative symptoms, hypertension, and confusion/agitation-appear to be tolerable and limited to around the time of treatment. (springer.com)
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ketamine in 1970 as an anesthetic agent for procedures requiring no skeletal-muscle relaxation, as an induction agent preceding other general anesthetic agents, and as a supplementary agent to low-potency anesthetics. (springer.com)
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic with a relatively wide safety margin and is typically used in adult and pediatric procedures as well as veterinary procedures. (springer.com)
Despite the growing clinical evidence reviewed below, ketamine is FDA-approved for anesthetic purposes but not for the treatment of psychiatric conditions. (springer.com)
It is important to note dissociative anesthetic drugs that do not act on this receptor system (but act on the NMDA receptor system instead) can indeed be abused, as demonstrated by infamous psychonaut Timothy Leary, whose body was covered in wounds from injecting himself with ketamine. (benzinga.com)
2-Methoxydiphenidine, i.e. 1-[1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenylethyl]piperidine, also known as 'MXP' or '2-MeO-diphenidine' (or 2-MXP), has been available as a 'research chemical' since 2013 as a purported alternative to the 'dissociative anesthetics' methoxetamine and ketamine. (erowid.org)
Ketamine hydrochloride is a nonbarbiturate general anesthetic chemically designated dl 2-(o-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino) cyclohexanone hydrochloride. (nih.gov)
Ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation. (nih.gov)
Ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated for the induction of anesthesia prior to the administration of other general anesthetic agents. (nih.gov)
Ketamine is a rapid-acting general anesthetic producing an anesthetic state characterized by profound analgesia, normal pharyngeal-laryngeal reflexes, normal or slightly enhanced skeletal muscle tone, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, and occasionally a transient and minimal respiratory depression. (nih.gov)
The most popular dissociative drugs include PCP and ketamine, among others. (pinnacletreatment.com)
Earlier research had identified the dissociative anesthetic ketamine as promoting growth in key brain cells (as well as being a fast-acting and effective treatment for depression ), but this new research finds similar effects in amphetamine-based psychedelics such as DOI (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine), ergoline psychedelics (such as LSD), and tryptamines (such as DMT). (stopthedrugwar.org)
Last week's article in the journal Science looked at the effects of the anesthetic/dissociative drug ketamine (Vitamin K or "Special K" on the street) on brain cell function in rats, concluding that "ketamine might be useful in treating depression because it increases brain activity instantly - so there is no need to wait weeks or months for the drug to take effect. (getbetterhealth.com)
Ketamine is an unusual drug of abuse because it's one of the only ones that also belongs to a class of substances known as dissociative anesthetics. (addicted.org)
Ketamine, on the other hand, was originally developed as an anesthetic in 1962. (fieldtriphealth.com)
Because ketamine continues to be used in operating rooms, emergency departments, and in other settings as an anesthetic, there were no legal barriers to accessing the medicine when its mental health benefits were identified in the early 2010s. (fieldtriphealth.com)
Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, is a potentially effective adjunct to VOE management. (bvsalud.org)
Received procedural sedation/analgesia, any sedative, opioid analgesic, or dissociative drug such as ketamine within 4 hours from the needle prick. (who.int)
Kalypso promotes ketamine, long used as an anesthetic during surgery and more recently as a club drug, as a treatment for more than two dozen conditions, including depression, chronic pain, and migraines. (statnews.com)
Ketamine surfaced a short while ago as some peculiar dissociative effects of the drug took hold on a middle aged chap getting his broken ankle set in hospital. (blogspot.com)

phencyclidine, Phencyclidine, a type of dissociative anesthetic. (allwords.com)
Phencyclidine (PCP) is a dissociative drug that was originally developed in the 1950s as a surgical anesthetic. (detox.net)
Phencyclidine (PCP), a dissociative anesthetic and widely abused psychotomimetic drug, and MK-801, a potent PCP receptor ligand, have neuroprotective properties stemming from their ability to antagonize the excitotoxic actions of endogenous excitatory amino acids such as glutamate and aspartate. (erowid.org)

Specific effects may vary depending on the person taking them, the type of dissociative drug being used, and the dosage. (pinnacletreatment.com)

And when we exceed maximum dosages, dextromethorphan acts as a dissociative anesthetic. (drug-addiction-support.org)
The genre was associated with both the use of marijuana and the consumption of "syrup," prescription cough syrup which can contain the narcotic drugs codeine or hydrocodone in combination with other things like promethazine (not the dissociative-anesthetic drug dextromethorphan found in over-the-counter Robitussin, as is often mistaken). (barrypopik.com)

PCP and other dissociative drugs produce hallucinations that affect users' perception of sights, sounds, and sense of time. (detox.net)

So what are dissociative drugs, and how do they affect the body and mind? (pinnacletreatment.com)
Check out our guide to learn more about dissociative drugs and the implications of drug abuse. (pinnacletreatment.com)
What Are Dissociative Drugs? (pinnacletreatment.com)
Dissociative drugs are a type of hallucinogen that causes the user to feel detached from their surroundings and sensory experiences. (pinnacletreatment.com)
Some dissociative drugs have FDA-approved medical uses, but they are also illegally used for recreational and social purposes. (pinnacletreatment.com)
Dissociative drugs like PCP can cause a strong dependency, and extended use can cause severe long-term effects and influence the user to behave in strange and dangerous ways. (pinnacletreatment.com)
How Do Dissociative Drugs Work? (pinnacletreatment.com)
Scientists do not understand all of the mechanics of dissociative drugs and their effects. (pinnacletreatment.com)
Let's look at the common types of dissociative drugs that are abused on the streets today. (pinnacletreatment.com)
In comparison to other dissociative drugs, PCP is considered one of the most unpredictable, since it can cause severe side effects when taken in high doses. (pinnacletreatment.com)
However, the drug is also popular for illegal, nonmedical use-especially among teenagers, who have easier access to this drug than other dissociative drugs. (pinnacletreatment.com)
The short-term effects of dissociative drugs are numerous, lasting anywhere from a few hours to several days. (pinnacletreatment.com)
There are a number of different drugs that may be referred to as anesthetics, many of which are administered as adjuncts to either the primary general anesthetic or medical procedures such as intubation. (fortworthinjuryattorney-blog.com)

It has the anesthetic properties of opiates but also has strong dissociative, sometimes hallucinogenic effects. (therecoveryvillage.com)

After injecting moderate doses of the dissociative anesthetic into the animals, previously "awake" brain cells go dark, and those that had been dormant suddenly light up. (the-scientist.com)

The dissociative properties of the drug cause people to become disoriented and confused. (therecoveryvillage.com)
Tiletamine is technically considered a dissociative anesthetic and zolazepam is a valium-like anti-anxiety drug. (embracepetinsurance.com)
With regards to airway management, the history should focus on prior intubations, anesthetic history, drug allergies, and confounding illnesses that may hinder airway access. (ispub.com)
This first phase corresponds clinically to the anesthetic effect of the drug. (nih.gov)
Though dissociative drug abuse rates are relatively low in the United States, it was still a problem for about 33,000 Americans as of 2013. (pinnacletreatment.com)
Known hyper sensitivity to local anesthetics or any conditions that need precautions to EMLA cream such as G-6PD deficiency, methemoglobinemia, atopic dermatitis or other skin lesion in the needle prick site, patient using antiarrhythmic drug such as amiodarone. (who.int)

Because the other fluorinated volatile anesthetics enhance the effect of glycine at glycine receptors, desflurane is likely to share this mechanism of action. (neurotransmitter.net)
In addition, desflurane is likely to share another key property with other fluorinated anesthetics: the ability to inhibit the exchange of GTPγS for GDP bound to the nucleotide binding site of a subset of Gα proteins that may include Gα q ( 6 ). (neurotransmitter.net)

Ketaset is a surgical anesthetic brand name used by veterinary surgeons. (dualdiagnosis.org)

It is perhaps the most commonly used anesthetic in veterinary surgery. (dualdiagnosis.org)
as an anesthetic, mainly in veterinary practice, which prevents the brain from experiencing pain. (blogspot.com)

LIN Shiun-Long, SHIU Wei-Cheng, LIU Pan-Chen, CHENG Feng-Pang, LIN Yung-Chang, WANG Way-Shyan (2009): The Effects of Different Anesthetic Agents on Short Electroretinography Protocol in Dogs. (agriculturejournals.cz)
However, its dissociative effects can make individuals unaware or unconcerned about dangerous situations and personal limitations and they may respond to confrontations in irrational and unpredictable ways 1 . (detox.net)

Lidocaine is commonly used in clinical practice as a local anesthetic and as an anti-arrhythmic agent because it reversibly blocks voltage-dependent Na + channels ( Hille, 1966 ). (frontiersin.org)

It functions mostly on GABA and glutamate levels and produces a dissociative effect in addition to its psychedelic properties. (fieldtriphealth.com)

This entry was posted in Dissociatives and tagged dissociatives on June 21, 2021 . (pinnacletreatment.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Neurolept analgesic and dissociative anaesthesia in ocular surgery. (who.int)

It is very effective at this and therefore appears on the list of about a dozen anesthetics put out by the WHO on their Model List of Essential Medicines (EML). (blogspot.com)

Fifty percent of people who inhale 1 MAC of anesthesia don't move in response to a pain stimulus, and studies suggest it takes lower concentrations of anesthetic to induce unconsciousness than it does to prevent movement in response to surgery. (medicaldaily.com)
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic (causes a person to feel detached from reality) used in human anesthesia and veterinary medicine. (drugfree.org)
Ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated for the induction of anesthesia prior to the administration of other general anesthetic agents. (nih.gov)
The anesthetic state produced by ketamine has been termed "dissociative anesthesia" in that it appears to selectively interrupt association pathways of the brain before producing somatesthetic sensory blockade. (nih.gov)
The company will study arketamine, an enantiomer of ketamine, the FDA-approved dissociative anesthetic that is used for general and off-label anesthesia as a popular treatment for depression. (kouryu-kyoju.net)
It induces dissociative anesthesia, a trance-like state offering pain support, sedation, and amnesia. (lyfeunit.com)
the state of anesthesia they induce is referred to as dissociative anesthesia . (psychonautwiki.org)
An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia , in balanced anesthesia , and as a primary anesthetic agent. (lookformedical.com)
A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth. (lookformedical.com)
When inhalation (gas) anesthesia is required, we use the same up-to-date anesthetics as human hospital use. (ahcpsl.com)
All too often you hear or read stories of patients who have been the victim of anesthesia errors - when the patient gets harmed as a result of a doctor, anesthesiologist, nurse or other medical personnel who administered them anesthetic drugs. (bergerlagnese.com)
A few types of anesthesia are general (unconscious), spinal/epidural, local (specific area), regional (large area) and dissociative (conscious). (bergerlagnese.com)
This is call"dissociative anesthesia" because it makes patients feel bereft of their pain and their environment. (mediumeasy.com)
Tiletamine hydrochloride is a dissociative anesthetic agent whose pharmacologic action is characterized by profound analgesia, normal pharyngeallaryngeal reflexes and cataleptoid anesthesia. (propharmameds.com)
The anesthetic state produced does not fit into the conventional classification of stages of anesthesia, but instead TELAZOL produces a state of unconsciousness which has been termed "dissociative'' anesthesia in that it appears to selectively interrupt association pathways to the brain before producing somesthetic sensory blockade. (propharmameds.com)
IV Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic used for general anesthesia, has also been used for neuropathic pain and medically-resistant depression. (silverpaincentre.ca)
Tiletamine - a dissociative agent that produces the following effects: anesthesia and analgesia. (kihorsemed.com)
Ketamine is a unique, 60 year old anesthetic used widely in Anesthesia and Surgery and in Veterinary Medicine. (ketaminecost.com)
Emery Brown, MD, of Massachusetts General Hospital believes, "How anesthetic drugs induce and maintain the behavioral states of general anesthesia is an important question in medicine and neuroscience. (psychcentral.com)

Ketamine--'dissociative agent' or hallucinogen? (erowid.org)
PCP, or phencyclidine, is a dissociative hallucinogen chemical. (usnodrugs.com)
Drug Class: PCP is classified as a hallucinogen and shares qualities with other dissociative drugs. (idswater.com)
Dissociative anesthetic, hallucinogen, psychotomimetic. (physichope.com)
PCP is an anesthetic hallucinogen that was developed in the 1950S. (justonerecovery.com)

A) USES: Phencyclidine (PCP, 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-piperidine) is a dissociative anesthetic, and is abused for its hallucinogenic properties. (nih.gov)
Pencyclidine, also known as PCP, is a recreational dissociative drug that gives the drug user hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects. (addictionsearch.com)
Some individuals begin using Phencyclidine for the anesthetic properties, especially those who suffer from chronic pain while others simply like the hallucinogenic. (addictionsearch.com)
As a hallucinogenic drug that induces a dissociative anesthetic state, angel dust side effects may vary. (idswater.com)
PCP, also known as phencyclidine, belongs to the dissociative class of hallucinogenic drugs. (hallucinogens.com)
PCP produces hallucinogenic, stimulant, sedative and anesthetic effects all at once. (hallucinogens.com)
However, it is also a commonly abuse "recreational" drug, due to its hallucinogenic, tranquilizing and dissociative effects. (magicmycofarm.com)
[ citation needed ] Some NMDA receptor antagonists, such as ketamine , dextromethorphan (DXM), phencyclidine (PCP), and nitrous oxide (N2O), are popular recreational drugs used for their dissociative , hallucinogenic , and euphoric effects. (psychonautwiki.org)
As a dissociative hallucinogenic tranquilizer, ketamine causes people to feel a total body. (usdrugrehab.org)
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that has some hallucinogenic effects. (highcountryinfusion.com)
When produced illegally or taken in large enough quantities, its hallucinogenic and dissociative properties became more apparent. (wrdatf.ie)

Ketamine is a rapid-acting general anesthetic producing an anesthetic state characterized by profound analgesia, normal pharyngeal-laryngeal reflexes, normal or slightly enhanced skeletal muscle tone, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, and occasionally a transient and minimal respiratory depression. (nih.gov)
Involves analgesia, anesthetic and sympathomimetic effects that are mediated by different sites of action. (physichope.com)
Analgesia results from apparent selective interruption of sensory inputs to the brain and usually persists after the anesthetic effect has subsided. (propharmameds.com)
Received procedural sedation/analgesia, any sedative, opioid analgesic, or dissociative drug such as ketamine within 4 hours from the needle prick. (who.int)

This creates an extreme dissociative state of severe sedation to the point that individuals often feel that they cannot move, and experience auditory and visual hallucinations. (sunrisehouse.com)
Short term side effects may include dissociative state, mild sedation and possible nausea/dizziness which is easily treated. (enhancedwellnessnm.com)
From sedation and pain relief, to being the anesthetic in patients at risk of bronchospasm and respiratory depression, the drug is versatile to say the least. (healingmaps.com)
A dose used in this way induces a dissociative state providing pain relief, sedation and amnesia. (psychedelic.support)
In terms of its dissociative anesthetic effects, using this drug and abusing it can cause amnesia, detachment, distortion of sounds and sights, and complete sedation. (whitesandstreatment.com)

A dissociative that is currently used as an anesthetic for humans as well as animals. (mauirecovery.com)

Ketamine ( Ketalar ), an anesthetic used for surgery and painful procedures was developed instead and is structurally similar to PCP. (drugs.com)
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that sell under the brand name Ketalar. (plusmeduk.com)
Pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes are not suppressed with KETALAR when it is used alone.Avoid use as a sole anesthetic agent in surgery or diagnostic procedures of the pharynx, larynx, or bronchial tree. (nih.gov)
Ketamine, sold under the brand name Ketalar among others, is a fast-acting anesthetic and painkiller. (healthyplace.com)

PCP was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic, but due to the serious neurotoxic side effects, its development for human medical use was discontinued. (drugs.com)
Intravenous (IV) Lidocaine, a local anesthetic, has been used for years and lately there has been renewed interest in this treatment for neuropathic pain. (silverpaincentre.ca)

Discovered in 1962 and patented in 1963, racemic ketamine is an arylcyclohexylamine used as a rapid-acting general anesthetic agent in human and veterinary medicine. (psychedelic.support)

In 1970, the FDA approved Ketamine as an anesthetic and to treat soldiers in the Vietnam war. (tmsclinicdirectory.com)
This well-researched treatment method uses ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic approved by the FDA since 1970. (premierinfusions.com)
Following FDA approval in 1970 as an anesthetic drug, ketamine is now legally prescribed off-label for a growing list of indications. (psychedelic.support)
It was originally developed and approved by the FDA as an anesthetic in 1970. (nih.gov)
The FDA recognized it as an anesthetic drug for patients in the year 1970. (madsnordsveen.com)

Was initially developed in the 1950s as a general anesthetic for surgery. (mauirecovery.com)

Other substances that are sometimes classified as "psychedelic" - such as ketamine (a dissociative anesthetic), scopolamine (an anticholinergic) or ibogaine (a substance with a complex neuropharmacology) - are beyond the scope of this review. (cmaj.ca)
Recreationally used as a psychedelic and for its dissociative effects. (physichope.com)
is a general anesthetic with powerful dissociative and psychedelic effects. (aussiepills.org)
By mixing with 1P LSD, the psychedelic side is greatly amplified the "motivating" side of 1P and the dissociative side of LEAP fits well but by increasing the dose of LEAP your psychedelia will be amplified in you can experience "Astral Projection" or clearly have the physical and psychic impression of flying 30 cm above the ground (me ct 3 m. (shayanashop.com)
Dissociative hallucinogens are a class of psychedelic substances that can cause users to feel disconnected from their bodies. (justonerecovery.com)

however, PCP was not introduced as a dissociative general anesthetic until the 1950s. (medscape.com)
Originally developed as a general anesthetic for humans and animals in the 1950s, adverse aftereffects saw PCP use in humans discontinued soon thereafter. (hallucinogens.com)

Inhibition of central and peripheral cholinergic transmission could contribute to induction of the anesthetic state and hallucinations. (physichope.com)
It can produce hallucinations and dissociative effects that alter the user's perception of reality. (nih.gov)
Many experience hallucinations that can last longer than the anesthetic effects. (revisado80s.com)

Ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation. (nih.gov)

The dissociative effect and possible amnesia can also make identifying the perpetrator extremely difficult. (mangaloretoday.com)

Liquid ketamine online is a short-acting injectable anesthetic for use in humans and animals. (mediumeasy.com)
Telazol is a nonnarcotic, nonbarbiturate, injectable anesthetic agent for dogs and cats. (propharmameds.com)
Zoletil™ for Injection (tiletamine and zolazepam for injection) is a nonnarcotic, nonbarbiturate, injectable anesthetic agent for dogs and cats. (kihorsemed.com)

Anesthetics used for the procedure include lidocaine. (medscape.com)
Lidocaine is an amide local anesthetic used in 1% concentration. (medscape.com)

Dissociative anesthetic combinations are effective anesthetic induction regimens and can be used. (charkhemahdi.com)
It was widely used during the Viet Nam war as an effective anesthetic as it did not cause cardiovascular or respiratory depression like other anesthetics. (enhancedwellnessnm.com)

Ketamine is most commonly used as an anesthetic agent in surgical and emergency department settings due to its good safety profile. (mindspacewellbeing.com)
N-Ethyl-Ketamine , or Ketamine HCl, is commonly used as an anesthetic and a pain killer, and in particular for assisting during invasive surgical procedures, including orthopedic surgeries, including knee and hip replacements. (rcchemsupply.com)

The use of sedative and anesthetic techniques in the dental office represents a unique situation when compared with their use in the hospital environment. (nih.gov)

For more information, see the Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs Research Report . (nih.gov)
However, the popularity of dissociative drugs has increased, leading to other types of hallucinogens. (justonerecovery.com)
Common types of dissociative hallucinogens include PCP, salvia, and ketamine. (justonerecovery.com)

Ketamine Powder for Sale, generally used to induce the loss of consciousness, the dosage of ketamine would provoke an anesthetic effect on the user to elicit a sense of relaxation from pains. (gear4d.com)

A widely used local anesthetic agent. (lookformedical.com)
After its discovery, ketamine was later used widely in the Vietnam war, thanks to its pain killing effects that don't inhibit respiratory functioning like other anesthetics. (psychedelic.support)

The side effects of ketamine may include dissociative changes that are nearly always mild and transient, if they occur, as well as temporary elevation of heart rate and blood pressure often occur. (magicmycofarm.com)

Chronic users are note to "binge" their ketamine use in an attempt to experience again the dissociative, euphoric effects of their early first use. (magicmycofarm.com)

Ketamine was first synthesized as an anesthetic for animals and humans in 1962. (jfsmonline.com)

Ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor blocker, has been used extensively off - label as a pediatric anesthetic for surgical procedures in infants and toddlers. (nih.gov)
Also used as an anesthetic induction agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures in humans, prior to the administration of general anesthetics. (physichope.com)
At Animal Health Center, we utilize a series of anesthetic protocols and pain management guidelines designed to keep your pet comfortable and free of stress during surgical procedures. (ahcpsl.com)
Like other anesthetic drugs, it's used during surgical procedures in both humans and animals. (testmydrink.com)
2. Used primarily as an anesthetic, and a painkiller, including for surgical procedures. (rcchemsupply.com)

Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g. (lookformedical.com)
Diluting the anesthetic agent, leading to acute lvf, renal failure may modify the bp. (ceu.edu)
Adjust the dose according to the patient's anesthetic needs and whether an additional anesthetic agent is employed. (nih.gov)
Ketamine may be less effective as an anesthetic agent than fentanyl and carfentanil. (rcchemsupply.com)

It has general anesthetic properties when administered intravenously. (medscape.com)
Ketamine hydrochloride is a nonbarbiturate general anesthetic chemically designated dl 2-(o-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino) cyclohexanone hydrochloride. (nih.gov)
To accomplish this objective, various techniques are used, including psychological approaches, local anesthetics, and various types and combinations of sedative and general anesthetic agents. (nih.gov)
Occasionally used as a short-acting general anesthetic for children and elderly patients. (physichope.com)
Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (lookformedical.com)

2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-cyclohexanone (Ketamine) is a tranquilizer, analgesic, and dissociative anesthetic commonly used in pediatrics and surgery for procedural sedations, as well as in veterinary medicine. (medscape.com)
Ketamine was FDA approved as a dissociative anesthetic and analgesic in the 1960s. (kismetketamine.com)
N-Ethyl-Ketamine is a synthetic derivative that possesses analgesic and anesthetic properties as hydrochloride. (rcchemsupply.com)

Local anesthetics block the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses. (medscape.com)
Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate. (lookformedical.com)
When patients are supine, cephalad spread of local anesthetics or epidural narcotics to the midthoracic or lower cervical regions during a continued infusion may impair pulmonary mechanics, thus increasing the risk of postoperative pulmonary dysfunction and length of stay," the group explained in the paper. (anesthesiatools.com)

When given as an antidepressant, ketamine causes a 'dissociative effect, known as a 'trip. (tmsclinicdirectory.com)

Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic primarily used by veterinary clinics, though it is also for humans. (borderreport.com)

Telazol is a rapid-acting anesthetic combination of tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride. (propharmameds.com)

This is a sub-anesthetic dose, and can be compared to a high dose of Ketamine. (azarius.net)

Following a single, deep intramuscular injection of TELAZOL in cats and dogs, onset of anesthetic effect usually occurs within 5 to 12 minutes. (propharmameds.com)

Ketamine is different than other anesthetics in that it produces a dissociative state that includes depersonalization and derealization - feelings of detachment from one's body and the surrounding environment. (sunrisehouse.com)
We use state-of-the-art monitoring equipment, modern anesthetic procedures and a staff of trained, experience technicians, all of which make your pet's surgical procedure as safe and comfortable as possible. (ahcpsl.com)

Most of the time, Ketamine is used in veterinary medicine as an animal tranquilizer however it can even be used in human medicine being an anesthetic. (trackbookmark.com)

Weekly intra-muscular injections of Ketamine (a dissociative anesthetic, sometimes used in veterinary practice) soon followed. (thenervousbreakdown.com)

In medical settings, ketamine is considered relatively safe because it has less circulatory and respiratory depression compared to other anesthetic agents. (psychedelic.support)

Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. (drugbank.com)

As a fan of psychedelics and dissociatives, I decided to test the new LEAP. (shayanashop.com)

Ketamine Ketaset is an anesthetic medication used to put you to sleep for surgery and to prevent pain and discomfort during certain medical tests or procedures. (lyfeunit.com)
PCP was originally synthesized as an anesthetic for medical use. (psychcoflow.cc)
Obtain Ketamine on line, Ketamine for sale is employ by professional medical practitioners and veterinarians being an anesthetic. (gear4d.com)
For these reasons, ketamine is the only anesthetic suitable for medical and veterinary use in the developing world. (todaysgeriatricmedicine.com)
PCP first appeared on the American pharmaceutical market in the 1950's as an anesthetic pharmaceutical, although medical sales finished in 1965. (wrdatf.ie)

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space . (lookformedical.com)

Ketamine is a potent noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, best known for its anesthetic properties. (scirp.org)
Ketamine was first synthesized in the 1960s and found to have potent dissociative and anesthetic properties. (enhancedwellnessnm.com)
Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties. (bvsalud.org)

Ketamine is an anesthetic medication. (lyfeunit.com)

Here is the science behind the effectiveness of ketamine on migraine: working as a dissociative anesthetic acting on glutamate binding sites at the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor, ketamine also acts on muscarinic receptors. (articlecity.com)

Ketamine is a synthetic pharmaceutical compound classified as a dissociative anesthetic. (mindspacewellbeing.com)
Ketamine is a synthetic anesthetic commonly used in veterinary practices. (usdrugrehab.org)

Anatomy15

Organisms7

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs121

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment68

Psychiatry and Psychology6

Phenomena and Processes26

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Named Groups1

Health Care18

Mechanisms of bronchoprotection by anesthetic induction agents: propofol versus ketamine. (1/268)

Acid-base disturbance during hemorrhage in rats: significant role of strong inorganic ions. (2/268)

Actions of ketamine and its isomers on contractility and calcium transients in human myocardium. (3/268)

Comparison of oral chloral hydrate with intramuscular ketamine, meperidine, and promethazine for pediatric sedation--preliminary report. (4/268)

Effects of diazepam and ketamine administered individually or in combination on regional rates of glucose utilization in rat brain. (5/268)

Stereospecific effects of ketamine on dopamine efflux and uptake in the rat nucleus accumbens. (6/268)

Ketamine preserves and propofol potentiates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction compared with the conscious state in chronically instrumented dogs. (7/268)

Tooth pulp- and facial hair mechanoreceptor-evoked responses of trigeminal sensory neurons are attenuated during ketamine anesthesia. (8/268)

Anesthetics

Anesthetics, Local

Anesthetics, Inhalation

Anesthetics, General

Anesthetics, Intravenous

Isoflurane

Halothane

Anesthetics, Combined

Enflurane

Lidocaine

Methyl Ethers

Anesthesia

Anesthetics, Dissociative

Propofol

Anesthesia, Local

Methoxyflurane

Anesthesia, General

Bupivacaine

Anesthesia, Inhalation

Benzocaine

Ketamine

Anesthesia, Dental

Tetracaine

Nitrous Oxide

Nerve Block

Prilocaine

Thiopental

Etomidate

Procaine

Ether

Anesthesiology

Pentobarbital

Dibucaine

Mepivacaine

Anesthesia, Intravenous

Etidocaine

Carticaine

Chloroform

Anesthesia, Conduction

Anesthesia, Epidural

Adjuvants, Anesthesia

Xylazine

Anesthesia Recovery Period

Anesthesia, Obstetrical

Ethers

Hypnosis, Anesthetic

Fentanyl

Pregnanediones

Xenon

Anesthesia, Spinal

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Chlorofluorocarbons

Medetomidine

Monitoring, Intraoperative

Hypnotics and Sedatives

Octanols

Anesthesia Department, Hospital

Pain, Postoperative

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures

Preanesthetic Medication

Amides

Receptors, GABA-A

Mandibular Nerve

Volatilization

Chloralose

Ethyl Ethers

Midazolam

Acepromazine

Barbiturates

Pain Measurement

Urethane

Tiletamine

Zolazepam

1-Octanol

Consciousness Monitors

Injections

Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture

Conscious Sedation

Intubation, Intratracheal

Malignant Hyperthermia