Anesthetics dissociative. Medical search

Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.

Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.

Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)

Agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p.173)

Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)

A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.

A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)

The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.

A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.

A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3.

A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.

Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)

An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.

A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.

An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180)

Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.

A widely used local anesthetic agent.

Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.

A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.

A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.

A range of methods used to reduce pain and anxiety during dental procedures.

A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.

Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.

Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.

A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.

Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.

A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).

A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.

A specialty concerned with the study of anesthetics and anesthesia.

A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)

A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006)

A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)

Process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream.

A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.

A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.

A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.

Injection of an anesthetic into the nerves to inhibit nerve transmission in a specific part of the body.

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.

Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage.

An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.

The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.

A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth.

Procedure in which an individual is induced into a trance-like state to relieve pain. This procedure is frequently performed with local but not general ANESTHESIA.

A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)

Pregnane derivatives in which two side-chain methyl groups or two methylene groups in the ring skeleton (or a combination thereof) have been oxidized to keto groups.

A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses.

An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.

The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).

Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.

Isomeric forms and derivatives of octanol (C8H17OH).

Hospital department responsible for the administration of functions and activities pertaining to the delivery of anesthetics.

Pain during the period after surgery.

Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.

Drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic.

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.

A phase transition from liquid state to gas state, which is affected by Raoult's law. It can be accomplished by fractional distillation.

A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.

A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.

A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.

A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used as HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES, as ANESTHETICS, or as ANTICONVULSANTS.

Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.

Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen.

Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.

A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals.

A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Devices used to assess the level of consciousness especially during anesthesia. They measure brain activity level based on the EEG.

Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.

A 3:1 mixture of alfaxalone with alfadolone acetate that previously had been used as a general anesthetic. It is no longer actively marketed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1445)

A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)

A procedure involving placement of a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to provide a patient with oxygen and anesthesia.

Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.

Facilities equipped for performing surgery.

Investigations conducted on the physical health of teeth involving use of a tool that transmits hot or cold electric currents on a tooth's surface that can determine problems with that tooth based on reactions to the currents.

Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.

Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.

Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.

An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.

Sense of awareness of self and of the environment.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

A imidazole derivative that is an agonist of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. It is closely-related to MEDETOMIDINE, which is the racemic form of this compound.

A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.

Interventions to provide care prior to, during, and immediately after surgery.

The period during a surgical operation.

A hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of INSOMNIA.

The elimination of PAIN, without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, during OBSTETRIC LABOR; OBSTETRIC DELIVERY; or the POSTPARTUM PERIOD, usually through the administration of ANALGESICS.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

A subclass of ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of specific LIGANDS.

Isomeric forms and derivatives of hexanol (C6H11OH).

The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Potassium channels that contain two pores in tandem. They are responsible for baseline or leak currents and may be the most numerous of all K channels.

An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)

Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The injection of drugs, most often analgesics, into the spinal canal without puncturing the dura mater.

Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.

The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.

The protein components of ferritins. Apoferritins are shell-like structures containing nanocavities and ferroxidase activities. Apoferritin shells are composed of 24 subunits, heteropolymers in vertebrates and homopolymers in bacteria. In vertebrates, there are two types of subunits, light chain and heavy chain. The heavy chain contains the ferroxidase activity.

Inhalation anesthesia where the gases exhaled by the patient are rebreathed as some carbon dioxide is simultaneously removed and anesthetic gas and oxygen are added so that no anesthetic escapes into the room. Closed-circuit anesthesia is used especially with explosive anesthetics to prevent fires where electrical sparking from instruments is possible.

Sharp instruments used for puncturing or suturing.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.

Apparatus for removing exhaled or leaked anesthetic gases or other volatile agents, thus reducing the exposure of operating room personnel to such agents, as well as preventing the buildup of potentially explosive mixtures in operating rooms or laboratories.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel and are usually inhibitory.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.

Operations carried out for the correction of deformities and defects, repair of injuries, and diagnosis and cure of certain diseases. (Taber, 18th ed.)

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)

Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the benzene ring structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobenzoate structure.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Loss of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment combined with markedly reduced responsiveness to environmental stimuli. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp344-5)

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.

The killing of animals for reasons of mercy, to control disease transmission or maintain the health of animal populations, or for experimental purposes (ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION).

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919)

Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.

Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.

The aftermost permanent tooth on each side in the maxilla and mandible.

Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.

A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.

A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.

A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.

A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.

A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.

A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Batrachotoxin is the 20-alpha-bromobenzoate of batrachotoxin A; they are toxins from the venom of a small Colombian frog, Phyllobates aurotaenia, cause release of acetylcholine, destruction of synaptic vesicles and depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers.

Surgery restricted to the management of minor problems and injuries; surgical procedures of relatively slight extent and not in itself hazardous to life. (Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)

A group of methane-based halogenated hydrocarbons containing one or more fluorine and chlorine atoms.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

Specially trained personnel to assist in routine technical procedures in the operating room.

A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The specialty or practice of nursing in the care of patients in the recovery room following surgery and/or anesthesia.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.

Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

Substances that do not act as agonists or antagonists but do affect the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor-ionophore complex. GABA-A receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-A) appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which BENZODIAZEPINES act by increasing the opening frequency of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride channels; a site at which BARBITURATES act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act. GENERAL ANESTHETICS probably act at least partly by potentiating GABAergic responses, but they are not included here.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Methods of delivering drugs into a joint space.

Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place.

Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Exposure of myocardial tissue to brief, repeated periods of vascular occlusion in order to render the myocardium resistant to the deleterious effects of ISCHEMIA or REPERFUSION. The period of pre-exposure and the number of times the tissue is exposed to ischemia and reperfusion vary, the average being 3 to 5 minutes.

Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.

Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.

Occurence of a patient becoming conscious during a procedure performed under GENERAL ANESTHESIA and subsequently having recall of these events. (From Anesthesiology 2006, 104(4): 847-64.)

Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.

Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.

Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.

Interruption of sympathetic pathways, by local injection of an anesthetic agent, at any of four levels: peripheral nerve block, sympathetic ganglion block, extradural block, and subarachnoid block.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.

Fluid propulsion systems driven mechanically, electrically, or osmotically that are used to inject (or infuse) over time agents into a patient or experimental animal; used routinely in hospitals to maintain a patent intravenous line, to administer antineoplastic agents and other drugs in thromboembolism, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS is also available), and other disorders.

A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.

Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Instruments used for injecting or withdrawing fluids. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

Any materials used in providing care specifically in the hospital.

The functions of the professional nurse in the operating room.

Mechanisms of bronchoprotection by anesthetic induction agents: propofol versus ketamine. (1/268)

BACKGROUND: Propofol and ketamine have been purported to decrease bronchoconstriction during induction of anesthesia and intubation. Whether they act on airway smooth muscle or through neural reflexes has not been determined. We compared propofol and ketamine to attenuate the direct activation of airway smooth muscle by methacholine and limit neurally mediated bronchoconstriction (vagal nerve stimulation). METHODS: After approval from the institutional review board, eight sheep were anesthetized with pentobarbital, paralyzed, and ventilated. After left thoracotomy, the bronchial artery was cannulated and perfused. In random order, 5 mg/ml concentrations of propofol, ketamine, and thiopental were infused into the bronchial artery at rates of 0.06, 0.20, and 0.60 ml/min. After 10 min, airway resistance was measured before and after vagal nerve stimulation and methacholine given via the bronchial artery. Data were expressed as a percent of baseline response before infusion of drug and analyzed by analysis of variance with significance set at P< or =0.05. RESULTS: Systemic blood pressure was not affected by any of the drugs (P>0.46). Baseline airway resistance was not different among the three agents (P = 0.56) or by dose (P = 0.96). Infusion of propofol and ketamine into the bronchial artery caused a dose-dependent attenuation of the vagal nerve stimulation-induced bronchoconstriction to 26+/-11% and 8+/-2% of maximum, respectively (P<0.0001). In addition, propofol caused a significant decrease in the methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction to 43+/-27% of maximum at the highest concentration (P = 0.05) CONCLUSIONS: The local bronchoprotective effects of ketamine and propofol on airways is through neurally mediated mechanisms. Although the direct effects on airway smooth muscle occur at high concentrations, these are unlikely to be of primary clinical relevance. (+info)

Acid-base disturbance during hemorrhage in rats: significant role of strong inorganic ions. (2/268)

The present study tests the hypothesis that changes in the strong inorganic ion concentrations contribute significantly to the acid-base disturbance that develops during hemorrhage in the arterial plasma of rats in addition to lactate concentration ([Lac-]) increase. The physicochemical origins for this acid-base disorder were studied during acute, graded hemorrhage (10, 20, and 30% loss of blood volume) in three groups of rats: conscious, anesthetized with ketamine, and anesthetized with urethan. The results support the hypothesis examined: strong-ion difference (SID) decreased in the arterial plasma of all groups studied because of an early imbalance in the main strong inorganic ions during initial hemorrhagic phase. Moreover, changes in plasma [Lac-] contributed to SID decrease in a later hemorrhagic phase (after 10% hemorrhage in urethan-anesthetized, after 20% hemorrhage in ketamine-anesthetized, and after 30% hemorrhage in conscious group). Inorganic ion changes were due to both dilution of the vascular compartment and ion exchange with extravascular space and red blood cells, as compensation for blood volume depletion and hypocapnia. Nevertheless, anesthetized rats were less able than conscious rats to preserve normal arterial pH during hemorrhage, mainly because of an impaired peripheral tissue condition and incomplete ventilatory compensation. (+info)

Actions of ketamine and its isomers on contractility and calcium transients in human myocardium. (3/268)

BACKGROUND: Ketamine has a species-dependent inotropic effect on myocardium. The authors' aim was to investigate the direct inotropic effect and the corresponding intracellular Ca2+ transients of ketamine and its isomers on human myocardium. METHODS: Right auricular myocardial strips obtained during open heart surgery were exposed to increasing concentrations (73 microM, 360 microM, and 730 microM) of racemic ketamine (n = 12), S(+)-ketamine (n = 12), or R(-)-ketamine (n = 11). Isometric force, isotonic shortening, contractility, relaxation, and time to maximal isotonic and isometric force were assessed. Ten muscle strips in each group were loaded with the calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye FURA-2/AM for simultaneous measurements of calcium transients. RESULTS: Compared with the initial control maximal isometric developed force, maximal isotonic shortening amplitude, contractility, and relaxation increased by 12.5-22.4% after perfusion with S(+)-ketamine at the concentration of 73 microM (P < 0.05). In contrast, no changes were seen after addition of 73 microM R(-)-ketamine. The effect of racemic ketamine (73 microM) was between that of the two isomers. At the highest concentration (730 microM) ketamine and its isomers decreased maximal isometric developed force, maximal shortening amplitude, contractility, and relaxation by 26.8-57.4% (P < 0.05), accompanied by a significant decrease of the intracellular calcium transient (by 21.0-32.2%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to R(-)-ketamine, S(+)-ketamine increased isometric force, isotonic shortening, contractility, and relaxation at low concentrations (73 microM) compared with the initial control. At higher concentrations (730 microM) a direct negative inotropic action was observed after perfusion with ketamine and its isomers, which was accompanied by a decreased intracellular Ca2+ transient. (+info)

Comparison of oral chloral hydrate with intramuscular ketamine, meperidine, and promethazine for pediatric sedation--preliminary report. (4/268)

Fifteen consecutive pediatric patients ranging from 3 to 5 years old were selected to receive one of three sedative/hypnotic techniques. Group 1 received oral chloral hydrate 50 mg/kg, and groups 2 and 3 received intramuscular ketamine 2 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg, respectively. In addition to ketamine, patients in groups 2 and 3 received transmucosal intramuscular injections of meperidine and promethazine into the masseter muscle. Sedation for the satisfactory completion of restorative dentistry was obtained for over 40 min on average in the chloral hydrate group, but completion of dental surgery longer than 40 min was achieved in groups 2 and 3 only by intravenous supplements of ketamine. (+info)

Effects of diazepam and ketamine administered individually or in combination on regional rates of glucose utilization in rat brain. (5/268)

The effects of diazepam, which acts at GABAA receptors to enhance the effects of GABA, and ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, on local rates of cerebral glucose utilization (ICMRglc) were examined in unrestrained rats. Four groups were studied: vehicle-injected controls; and ketamine-treated, diazepam-treated and combined ketamine- and diazepam-treated animals. Ketamine alone produced a heterogeneous pattern of changes in ICMRglc (e.g. significant increases in the corpus callosum, olfactory tubercle and the entire Papez circuit, in addition to other limbic areas, and significant decreases in lateral habenula and some components of the auditory system). Diazepam alone statistically significantly decreased ICMRglc in the brain as a whole and in most areas of the cerebral cortex, thalamus and limbic system. The most remarkable effects of the two drugs administered together on ICMRglc occurred in the limbic system where the dramatic increases observed with ketamine alone were prevented by treatment with diazepam. (+info)

Stereospecific effects of ketamine on dopamine efflux and uptake in the rat nucleus accumbens. (6/268)

In addition to being a general anaesthetic, ketamine is a recognized drug of abuse. Many, if not all, drugs of abuse have been shown to increase dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). As ketamine is optically active, we examined if its actions on dopamine efflux in the NAc were stereoselective. Slices of rat NAc were superfused with artificial CSF at 32 degrees C. Dopamine efflux was evoked by electrical stimulation (1 or 20 pulses, 100 Hz) and measured using fast cyclic voltammetry. (+/-)-Ketamine 100 mumol litre-1 increased dopamine efflux (to mean 174 (SEM 17)% of control, P < 0.05) and slowed dopamine uptake half-time (T1/2) to 164 (17)% of control, as did (+)-ketamine 100 mumol litre-1 (efflux 236 (16)% (P < 0.001); uptake T1/2 177 (25)% (P < 0.05)). The (-)-isomer was inactive. The effect of (+)-ketamine on dopamine efflux did not correlate with its action on dopamine uptake. (+)-Ketamine increased dopamine efflux on single pulse stimulation but to a lesser extent than on 20 pulse trains (P < 0.05). (+)-Ketamine was unable to block the inhibitory effect of quinpirole on single pulse dopamine efflux. Neither MK 801 10 mumol litre-1 nor metoclopramide 1 mumol litre-1 had any effect on dopamine release after short train stimuli (20 pulses, 100 Hz). We conclude that the (+)-isomer is the active form of ketamine and increases NAc dopamine efflux not by block of dopamine uptake; autoreceptors or NMDA receptors, but by mobilization of the dopamine storage pool to releasable sites. (+info)

Ketamine preserves and propofol potentiates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction compared with the conscious state in chronically instrumented dogs. (7/268)

BACKGROUND: The authors tested the hypothesis that ketamine and propofol anesthesia would alter the magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction compared with the conscious state. In addition, they assessed the extent to which cyclooxygenase pathway inhibition and adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel inhibition modulate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the conscious state, and whether these pathways are altered during propofol anesthesia. METHODS: Twenty conditioned, male mongrel dogs were chronically instrumented to measure the left pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationship. Pressure-flow plots were measured during normoxia and hypoxia (systemic arterial PO2 reduced to about 60 and about 50 mm Hg) on separate days in the conscious state, during ketamine anesthesia, and during propofol anesthesia. The effects of indomethacin and glibenclamide on the magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction were also assessed in the conscious and propofol-anesthetized states. RESULTS: Neither ketamine nor propofol had an effect on the baseline pressure-flow relationship during normoxia compared with the conscious state. Hypoxia resulted in stimulus-dependent pulmonary vasoconstriction (P<0.01) in the conscious state. Compared with the conscious state, the magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was preserved during ketamine but was potentiated (P<0.01) during propofol anesthesia. Indomethacin enhanced (P<0.01) hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in both the conscious and propofol-anesthetized states. In contrast, glibenclamide only enhanced (P<0.01) hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the conscious state and had no effect during propofol anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is preserved during ketamine anesthesia but is potentiated during propofol anesthesia. The potentiated response during propofol anesthesia appears to be caused by inhibition of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel-mediated pulmonary vasodilation. (+info)

Tooth pulp- and facial hair mechanoreceptor-evoked responses of trigeminal sensory neurons are attenuated during ketamine anesthesia. (8/268)

BACKGROUND: Evidence exists that ketamine, administered systemically using a dose required for inducing a state of anesthesia, may antagonize nociceptive but not innocuous input to lumbar dorsal horn neurons. However, it is unclear whether ketamine exerts this selective action on sensory inputs to trigeminal sensory neurons. The current study was undertaken to compare the responses evoked in trigeminal sensory neurons by electrical stimuli applied to the tooth pulp versus air-puff stimuli applied to facial hair mechanoreceptors (FHMs) during quiet wakefulness versus ketamine anesthesia. METHODS: Accordingly, responses of rostral trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC) and trigeminothalamic tract neurons evoked by tooth pulp (a source of small-diameter fiber input) and FHMs (a source of larger-diameter fiber input) were recorded extracellularly from chronically instrumented cats before, during, and after recovery from the anesthetic state induced by a single (2.2 mg/kg) intravenous injection of ketamine. RESULTS: Overall, tooth pulp-evoked responses of TSNC neurons were maximally suppressed by 50% within 5 min after the intravenous administration of ketamine. Ketamine also suppressed the FHM-evoked responses of TSNC and trigeminothalamic neurons by 45%. The time course of ketamine's suppressive action was equivalent for tooth pulp- and FHM-evoked responses. However, the recovery of tooth pulp-evoked TSNC neuronal responses at suprathreshold intensities was markedly prolonged compared with neuronal responses driven by threshold stimuli or FHM. CONCLUSIONS: These electrophysiologic results in the chronically instrumented cat preparation indicate that a nonselective suppression of orofacial somatosensory information occurs during ketamine anesthesia. The prolonged recovery of suprathreshold responses of TSNC neurons mediated by small-diameter afferent fiber input may partly underlie the analgesic action of ketamine that is clinically relevant at subanesthetic doses. (+info)

Phencyclidine: a dissociative anesthetic previously used in medicine, but its development was discontinued in the 1960s in ... Eticyclidine: a slightly more potent dissociative anesthetic than phencyclidine but with greater nausea/unpleasant taste, that ... Ketamine: a dissociative psychedelic with antidepressant properties used as an anesthesia in humans and animals, a possible ... Etoxadrol: a potent dissociative similar to PCP. Dexoxadrol: similar to etoxadrol. WMS-2539: potent fluorinated derivative of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist

Chemically, PCP is a member of the arylcyclohexylamine class, and pharmacologically, it is a dissociative anesthetic. PCP works ... although a range of potencies and varying mixtures of anesthetic, dissociative, and stimulant effects are known, depending on ... It was approved for use as an investigational drug under the brand names Sernyl and Sernylan in the 1950s as an anesthetic, but ... PCP was initially made in 1926 and brought to market as an anesthetic medication in the 1950s. Its use in humans was disallowed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine

It is a dissociative anesthetic drug with psychostimulant and hallucinogenic effects. It is similar in effects to phencyclidine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenocyclidine

Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, appears promising as a treatment for CRPS. It may be used in low doses if other treatments ... August 2007). "The neurocognitive effects of 5-day anesthetic ketamine for the treatment of refractory complex regional pain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_regional_pain_syndrome

... is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anesthetic drug. It was derived from ketamine with the intention of producing a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_35210

... (PCPy) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and sedative effects. It is similar in effects to ... but with additional PCP-like dissociative, anaesthetic and hallucinogenic effects. Due to its similarity in effects to PCP, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolicyclidine

Hidalgo J, Dileo RM, Rikimaru MT, Guzman RJ, Thompson CR (Mar-Apr 1971). "Etoxadrol (CL-1848C) a new dissociative anesthetic: ... Traber DL, Priano LL, Wilson RD (November 1970). "Effects of CL 1848C, a new dissociative anesthetic, on the canine ... a new dissociative anesthetic in normal human volunteers". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 49 (2): 236-41. doi:10.1213/00000539- ... As an anesthetic, etoxadrol is more potent than ketamine, but less potent than PCP. Etoxadrol is also a potent analgesic. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoxadrol

... is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and stimulant effects. It is around the same ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCPr

Dissociatives produce analgesia, amnesia and catalepsy at anesthetic doses. They also produce a sense of detachment from the ... Pender JW (October 1972). "Dissociative anesthesia". California Medicine Some Dissociatives Have General Depressant Effects as ... Dissociatives Antiglutamatergics (NMDA receptor antagonists or classical dissociatives) such as "laughing gas" (nitrous oxide) ... this does not fall under the usual classification of anesthetics in recreational doses (anesthetic doses of DXM may be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen

... is a dissociative anesthetic and pharmacologically classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist. It is related ... as an injectable anesthetic for use in cats and dogs. It is sometimes used in combination with xylazine (Rompun) to tranquilize ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiletamine

Like many other NMDA antagonists, memantine behaves as a dissociative anesthetic at supratherapeutic doses. Despite isolated ... Morris, Hamilton; Wallach, Jason (July 2014). "From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative ... a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug Testing and Analysis. 6 (7-8): 614-32. doi:10.1002/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memantine

It also developed Ketalar (ketamine hydrochloride), a general anesthetic and dissociative drug, in 1962. Parke-Davis marketed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parke-Davis

Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, is sometimes used as a recreational drug. The U.S. Transhumanist Party issued an official ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Traywick

Antagonism of the NMDA receptor confers anesthetic, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, and dissociative effects; blockade of the ... Morris, H; Wallach, J (2014). "From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug Test ... Morris, H.; Wallach, J. (2014). "From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug ... Arylcyclohexylamine anesthetics were intensively investigated at Parke-Davis, beginning with the 1956 synthesis of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine

... (PCE, CI-400) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic effects. It is similar in effects to ... PCE was developed by Parke-Davis in the 1970s and evaluated for anesthetic potential under the code name CI-400, but research ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eticyclidine

Drugs that are often used as chemical restraints include benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, and dissociative anesthetics such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_restraint

... anesthetic and dissociative drug of abuse; weak SNDRI action likely contributes to effects and abuse potential Phencyclidine ( ... discontinued anesthetic and dissociative psychostimulant drug of abuse; SNDRI action likely contributes to effects and abuse ... Esketamine (Ketanest S) - anesthetic; S-enantiomer of ketamine; weak SNDRI action likely contributes to effects and abuse ... In addition, cocaine has some serious limitations in terms of its cardiotoxicity due to its local anesthetic activity. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor

It is unclear if ketamine (a common general dissociative anesthetic used in surgery) is useful in bipolar disorder. Lithium and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder

... (1,2-DEP, DPD, DND) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold as a designer drug. The synthesis of ... Helander A, Beck O, Bäckberg M (June 2015). "Intoxications by the dissociative new psychoactive substances diphenidine and ... 17 June 2016). "Pharmacological Investigations of the Dissociative 'Legal Highs' Diphenidine, Methoxphenidine and Analogues". ... and a dissociative agent, diphenidine". Legal Medicine. 17 (5): 421-6. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2015.06.005. PMID 26162997. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenidine

Drugs causing lack of smooth pursuit include depressants, some inhalants, and dissociative anesthetics (such as phencyclidine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_pursuit

The compound is the S(+) enantiomer of ketamine, which is an anesthetic and dissociative similarly. It is unknown whether its ... Esketamine is marketed as an antidepressant in the United States; and as an anesthetic in the European Union. Esketamine is a ... Esketamine, sold under the brand name Spravato among others, is a medication used as a general anesthetic and for treatment- ... Esketamine is a general anesthetic and is used for similar indications as ketamine. Such uses include induction of anesthesia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esketamine

... (DXE, DCK, 2'-Oxo-PCM) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold online as a designer drug. It has also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deschloroketamine

While Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, does not suppress respiratory drive, it has been thought to be associated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cord_dysfunction

... inhibition of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and other ligand-gated ion channels by dissociative anesthetics ... It suppresses breathing much less than most other available anesthetics. When used at anesthetic doses, ketamine usually ... At lower sub-anesthetic doses, psychiatric side effects are prominent. A majority of patients feel strange, spacey, woozy or ... At lower, sub-anesthetic doses, ketamine is a promising agent for pain and treatment-resistant depression. However, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine

... (also known as NEDPA and EPE) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is ... a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug Testing and Analysis. 6 (7-8): 614-32. doi:10.1002/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephenidine

... dissociative anesthetics (PCP), cannabis, hallucinogens (mushrooms), inhalants (glue), and narcotic analgesics (opiates). DREs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Recognition_Expert

Secondly in the field of anesthesiology, the dissociative anesthesia of many general anesthetics is due to NMDA receptor ... Nitrous oxide, a common anesthetic for humans (especially in dentistry), has also been shown to cause vacuolization in rats' ... Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Beals J, Benshoff N, Olney J (2003). "Prolonged exposure to inhalational anesthetic nitrous oxide kills ... In medical settings, NMDA receptor antagonists are used as anesthetics, so GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney's_lesions

... (HNK), or 6-hydroxynorketamine, is a minor metabolite of the anesthetic, dissociative, and antidepressant ... As (2R,6R)-HNK, unlike ketamine, is not an NMDA receptor antagonist, and produces no dissociative or euphoric effects, it has ... In contrast to ketamine and norketamine, HNK is inactive as an anesthetic and psychostimulant. In accordance, it has only very ... "Sub-anesthetic concentrations of (R,S)-ketamine metabolites inhibit acetylcholine-evoked currents in α7 nicotinic acetylcholine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxynorketamine

Maher, T.J. (2013). Anesthetic agents: General and local anesthetics. In: T.L. Lemke & D.A. Williams (editors). Foye's ... Anderson C (2003-06-01). "The Bad News Isn't In: A Look at Dissociative-Induced Brain Damage and Cognitive Impairment". Erowid ... These and similar drugs like dextromethorphan and methoxetamine also produce dissociative, hallucinogenic, and euphoriant ... weak partial agonist of an allosteric site of the glycine site Antagonists of the NMDA receptor are used as anesthetics for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor

Cocaine: used as a topical anesthetic and to stop severe epistaxis. *Codeine (pure) and any drug for non-parenteral ... Halpern, J.H. (2004). "Hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the United States". Pharmacology & ... Ketamine, a drug originally developed as a safer, shorter-acting replacement for PCP (mainly for use as a human anesthetic) but ... GHB, a general anesthetic and treatment for narcolepsy-cataplexy and alcohol withdrawal with a limited safe dosage range and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act

Dexamethasone (Decadron) is given in low dose at the onset of a general anesthetic as an effective antiemetic. It is also used ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetic

These topical anesthetics contain anesthetic drugs such as lidocaine, tetracaine, benzocaine, and prilocaine in a cream, ... Lidocaine, an anesthetic, and steroids may be injected into joints for longer-term pain relief. Lidocaine is also used for ... They are distinct from anesthetics, which temporarily affect, and in some instances completely eliminate, sensation. Analgesics ... In February 2007 the FDA notified consumers and healthcare professionals of the potential hazards of topical anesthetics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algesic

... nasal congestion and as anesthetics.[24] Drugs used to treat obesity are called anorectics and generally include drugs that ... although it sees clinical use as a local anesthetic, in particular in ophthalmology. Most cocaine use is recreational and its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulants

... (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim to prolong life or to reduce symptoms (palliative chemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted to pharmacotherapy for cancer, which is called medical oncology.. By common usage, the term chemotherapy has come to connote the use of rather non-specific intracellular poisons, especially related to inhibiting the process of cell division known as mitosis, and generally excludes agents that more selectively block extracellular growth signals (i.e. blockers of signal transduction). To avoid these connotations for recently developed (against specific molecular or genetic targets) therapies which inhibit of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapeutics

The vast majority of decongestants act via enhancing norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) or adrenergic activity by stimulating the α1-adrenergic receptor since they mediate vasoconstriction and constricting nasal vasculature causes decongestion of nasal mucosa. This induces vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the nose, throat, and paranasal sinuses, which results in reduced inflammation (swelling) and mucus formation in these areas. Decongestant nasal sprays and eye drops often contain oxymetazoline and are used for topical decongestion. Pseudoephedrine acts indirectly on the adrenergic receptor system, whereas phenylephrine and oxymetazoline are direct agonists. The effects are not limited to the nose, and these medicines may cause hypertension (high blood pressure) through vasoconstriction; it is for this reason that people with hypertension are advised to avoid them. Most decongestants, however, are not pronounced stimulants, due to lack of response from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decongestant

Dissociative anesthetic. 2.00. 1.54. 1.69. 1.74 Benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepine. 1.63. 1.83. 1.65. 1.70 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse

Giannini, AJ; Loiselle, RH; Giannini, MC; Price, WA (1985). "Phencyclidine and the dissociative". Psychiatric Medicine. 3 (3), ... Sinner, B; Graf, BM (2008). "Ketamine". Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H (Edl.). Modern Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental ... "Clinical Practice Guideline for Emergency Department Ketamine Dissociative Sedation: 2011 Update". Annals of Emergency ...

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamin

A polyene is a molecule with multiple conjugated double bonds. A polyene antifungal is a macrocyclic polyene with a heavily hydroxylated region on the ring opposite the conjugated system. This makes polyene antifungals amphiphilic. The polyene antimycotics bind with sterols in the fungal cell membrane, principally ergosterol. This changes the transition temperature (Tg) of the cell membrane, thereby placing the membrane in a less fluid, more crystalline state. (In ordinary circumstances membrane sterols increase the packing of the phospholipid bilayer making the plasma membrane more dense.) As a result, the cell's contents including monovalent ions (K+, Na+, H+, and Cl−), small organic molecules leak and this is regarded one of the primary ways cell dies.[1] Animal cells contain cholesterol instead of ergosterol and so they are much less susceptible. However, at therapeutic doses, some amphotericin B may bind to animal membrane cholesterol, increasing the risk of human toxicity. Amphotericin B ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal_drug

Some studies have shown a correlation between use of PPIs and Clostridium difficile infections. While the data are contradictory and controversial, the FDA had sufficient concern to include a warning about this adverse effect on the label of PPI drugs.[25] Concerns have also been raised about spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in older people taking PPIs and in people with irritable bowel syndrome taking PPIs; both types of infections arise in these populations due to underlying conditions and it is not clear if this is a class effect of PPIs.[25] PPIs may predispose an individual to developing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth or fungal overgrowth.[30][31] Long-term use of PPIs is associated with the development of benign polyps from fundic glands (which is distinct from fundic gland polyposis); these polyps do not cause cancer and resolve when PPIs are discontinued. There is no association between PPI use and cancer[25] or pre-cancer.[32] There is concern that use of PPIs may mask gastric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Pump_Inhibitors

Osmotic diuretics (e.g. mannitol) are substances that increase osmolarity but have limited tubular epithelial cell permeability. They work primarily by expanding extracellular fluid and plasma volume, therefore increasing blood flow to the kidney, particularly the peritubular capillaries. This reduces medullary osmolality and thus impairs the concentration of urine in the loop of Henle (which usually uses the high osmotic and solute gradient to transport solutes and water). Furthermore, the limited tubular epithelial cell permeability increases osmolality and thus water retention in the filtrate.[9] It was previously believed that the primary mechanism of osmotic diuretics such as mannitol is that they are filtered in the glomerulus, but cannot be reabsorbed. Thus their presence leads to an increase in the osmolarity of the filtrate and to maintain osmotic balance, water is retained in the urine. Glucose, like mannitol, is a sugar that can behave as an osmotic diuretic. Unlike mannitol, glucose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic

... also binds to and blocks α2δ subunit-containing VDCCs, similarly to gabapentin and pregabalin, and hence is a gabapentinoid.[9][16] Both (R)-phenibut and (S)-phenibut display this action with similar affinity (Ki = 23 and 39 μM, respectively).[9] Moreover, (R)-phenibut possesses 4-fold greater affinity for this site than for the GABAB receptor (Ki = 92 μM), while (S)-phenibut does not bind significantly to the GABAB receptor (Ki , 1 mM).[9] As such, based on the results of this study, phenibut would appear to have much greater potency in its interactions with α2δ subunit-containing VDCCs than with the GABAB receptor (between 5- to 10-fold).[9] For this reason, the actions of phenibut as a α2δ subunit-containing voltage-gated calcium channel blocker or gabapentinoid may be its true primary mechanism of action, and this may explain the differences between phenibut and its close relative baclofen (which, in contrast, has essentially insignificant activity as a gabapentinoid; Ki = 6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenibut

The anesthetic and intoxicating effects of ether have made it a recreational drug. Diethyl ether in anesthetic dosage is an ... Halothane was the first such anesthetic developed and other currently used inhaled anesthetics, such as isoflurane, desflurane ... such as post-anesthetic nausea and vomiting. Modern anesthetic agents reduce these side effects.[14] ... Prior to 2005 it was on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines for use as an anesthetic.[21][22] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylether

... it is a dissociative anesthetic.[9][10] PCP works primarily as an NMDA receptor antagonist.[9] ... PCP was initially made in 1926 and brought to market as an anesthetic medication in the 1950s.[10][74][15][16] Its anesthetic ... although a range of potencies and varying mixtures of anesthetic, dissociative, and stimulant effects are known, depending on ... PCP was initially made in 1926 and brought to market as an anesthetic medication in the 1950s.[10][14][15][16] Its use in ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine

List of local anesthetics. References[edit]. *^ Ryan, T (2019). "Tramadol as an adjunct to intra‐articular local anaesthetic ... of Wisconsin, Local Anesthesia and Regional Anesthetics *^ a b Weinberg GL, VadeBoncouer T, Ramaraju GA, Garcia-Amaro MF, Cwik ... A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of pain sensation. When it is used on specific nerve pathways ( ... Local anesthetic drugs bind more readily to sodium channels in an activated state, thus onset of neuronal blockade is faster in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic

Dissociatives. *DXM. *Inhalants *Nitrous oxide. *alkyl nitrites - poppers, such as amyl nitrite ...

https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ನಿಕೋಟಿನ್

The types of drugs used include general anesthetics, local anesthetics, hypnotics, dissociatives, sedatives, adjuncts, ... and the type of anesthetic (regional anesthetics are lower risk than general anesthetics).[2]:984 Obstetrical, the very young ... Systemic local anesthetics: local anesthetics are given systemically (orally or intravenous) to relieve neuropathic pain. ... The core instrument in an inhalational anesthetic delivery system is an anesthetic machine. It has vaporizers, ventilators, an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia

... throughout the Roman and Islamic Empires and continued in Europe until superseded in the 19th century by modern anesthetics. ... Dissociatives. (NMDAR. antagonists). Arylcyclo‐. hexylamines. Ketamine-related. *2-Fluorodeschloroketamine. *Arketamine ((R)- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropine

Some anesthetics include Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates. For musculo-skeletal disorders[edit]. The main categories of drugs ... Diagnostic: topical anesthetics, sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, mydriatics, cycloplegics. *Antibacterial: antibiotics, ... Antibiotics, sympathomimetics, antihistamines, anticholinergics, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, antiseptics, local anesthetics, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicines

Heterologous polyclonal antibodies are obtained from the serum of animals (e.g., rabbit, horse), and injected with the patient's thymocytes or lymphocytes. The antilymphocyte (ALG) and antithymocyte antigens (ATG) are being used. They are part of the steroid-resistant acute rejection reaction and grave aplastic anemia treatment. However, they are added primarily to other immunosuppressives to diminish their dosage and toxicity. They also allow transition to cyclosporin therapy. Polyclonal antibodies inhibit T lymphocytes and cause their lysis, which is both complement-mediated cytolysis and cell-mediated opsonization followed by removal of reticuloendothelial cells from the circulation in the spleen and liver. In this way, polyclonal antibodies inhibit cell-mediated immune reactions, including graft rejection, delayed hypersensitivity (i.e., tuberculin skin reaction), and the graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but influence thymus-dependent antibody production. As of March 2005, there are two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug

Dissociatives produce analgesia, amnesia and catalepsy at anesthetic doses.[6] They also produce a sense of detachment from the ... Dissociatives *Antiglutamatergics (NMDA receptor antagonists or classical dissociatives) such as "laughing gas" (nitrous oxide ... "California Medicine Some dissociatives have general depressant effects as well, which is why doctors prescribe them to sedate ... Common dissociative drugs include: PCP (Phencyclidine). 117 (4): 46-7. PMC 1518731. PMID 18730832.. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen

Dissociatives. (NMDAR. antagonists). Arylcyclo‐. hexylamines. Ketamine-related. *2-Fluorodeschloroketamine. *Arketamine ((R)- ... Local anesthetics (e.g., cocaine, lidocaine). *Mexiletine. *Nefopam. *Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline#) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenyltoloxamine

At sub-anesthetic doses, dissociatives alter many of the same cognitive and perceptual processes affected by other ... The effects of dissociatives can include sensory dissociation, hallucinations, mania, catalepsy, analgesia and amnesia.[5][6][7 ... Some dissociative drugs are used recreationally. Ketamine and nitrous oxide are club drugs. Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) ... Dissociatives are a class of hallucinogen, which distort perceptions of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative

Available in oral and injectable form, theophylline is a long-acting bronchodilator that prevents asthma episodes. It belongs to the chemical class methyl xanthines (along with caffeine). It is prescribed in severe cases of asthma or those that are difficult to control. It must be taken 1-4 times daily, and doses cannot be missed. Blood tests are required to monitor therapy and to indicate when dosage adjustment is necessary. Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach or headache, rapid or irregular heart beat, muscle cramps, nervous or jittery feelings, and hyperactivity. These symptoms may signal the need for an adjustment in medication. It may promote acid reflux, also known as GERD, by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter muscle. Some medications, such as seizure and ulcer medications and antibiotics containing erythromycin, can interfere with the way theophylline works. Coffee, tea, colas, cigarette-smoking, and viral illnesses can all affect the action of theophylline ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchodilator

An alcoholic beverage is a drink that contains alcohol (also known formally as ethanol), an anesthetic that has been used as a ... dissociative actions. These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressant

The role of cholesterol in the development of cardiovascular disease was elucidated in the second half of the 20th century.[138] This lipid hypothesis prompted attempts to reduce cardiovascular disease burden by lowering cholesterol. Treatment consisted mainly of dietary measures, such as a low-fat diet, and poorly tolerated medicines, such as clofibrate, cholestyramine, and nicotinic acid. Cholesterol researcher Daniel Steinberg writes that while the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial of 1984 demonstrated cholesterol lowering could significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks and angina, physicians, including cardiologists, remained largely unconvinced.[139] Scientists in academic settings and the pharmaceutical industry began trying to develop a drug to reduce cholesterol more effectively. There were several potential targets, with 30 steps in the synthesis of cholesterol from acetyl-coenzyme A.[140] In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statin

For the same reasons, dextromethorphan and ketamine also have strong dissociative and hallucinogenic effects. Acute infusion of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid

However, the mechanisms of the discriminative stimulus effects of hallucinogenic and dissociative anesthetic drugs are not yet ... Mori T., Suzuki T. (2016) The Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Hallucinogenic and Dissociative Anesthetic Drugs. In: ... This chapter focuses on recent findings regarding hallucinogenic and dissociative anesthetic drug-induced discriminative ... dissociative, hallucinogenic, and memory effects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 226:381-392CrossRefGoogle Scholar ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F7854_2016_29

McKinney P Patient acceptance of dissociative anesthetics Plast Reconstr Surg 1983 72(1):22-6 ... "Patient acceptance of dissociative anesthetics" Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983 Jul 11;72(1):22-6. ... and patient acceptance of low-dose ketamine when used to diminish the pain of local anesthetic injections. The role of diazepam ...

https://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=7251

What is Dissociative anesthetic? Meaning of Dissociative anesthetic as a legal term. What does Dissociative anesthetic mean in ... Definition of Dissociative anesthetic in the Legal Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. ... Dissociative anesthetic legal definition of Dissociative anesthetic https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Dissociative ... anesthetic. (redirected from Dissociative anesthetic). Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia. See: drug, ...

http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Dissociative+anesthetic

We studied the interactions between a local anesthetic agent, lidocaine, and two general anesthetic drugs, propofol and ... Ketamine is an IV anesthetic with N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-blocking properties. However, it is still unclear ... Changes in effective and lethal doses of intravenous anesthetics and lidocaine when used in combination in mice. ... The effect of a dissociative dose of ketamine on the bispectral index (BIS) during propofol hypnosis. ...

http://isharonline.org/tags/anesthetics-dissociative

Dissociative Anesthetics Imagine Laserworks 2009-01-26T12:26:08+00:00 Dissociative Anesthetics. Drugs such as phencyclidine ( ... These dissociative anesthetics carry the risk of extreme psychological dependence. They separate your perceptions from ... Although low doses of the anesthetics increase heart rate, higher doses can depress consciousness and breathing. Combining this ... PCP) and ketamine (Special K) were developed as general anesthetics. They produce distortions in both sight and sound and a ...

https://www.imaginelaserworks.com/media/links/dissociative-anesthetics/

Dissociative Anesthetics; Ketamine as a Dissociative Anesthetics and its Uses.. by chemicalroute , Aug 28, 2021 , Uncategorized ... Ketamine as a Dissociative Anesthetic Ketamine, also known as Norkit, is a dissociative anesthetic agent. It is commonly ... Other Commonly Administered Dissociative Anesthetic Agents Commonly administered dissociative anesthetic agents are PCP ( ... The common street name for dissociative anesthetic drugs is ketamine. These drugs were first manufactured as a legal ...

https://chemicalroute.com/dissociative-anesthetics-ketamine-as-a-dissociative-anesthetics-and-its-uses/

MXE and ketamine both produce dissociative anesthetic effects and act as NMDA receptor antagonists and dopamine reuptake ... 2-Methoxyphenidine (2-MXP or MXP) is an NPS dissociative and structural analog of diphenidine, introduced to meet growing ... After its 2010 Internet entrance, it became the most popular dissociative NPS. Compared with ketamine, the 3-methox substituent ... Initially showing great promise as a potent anesthetic, evidence of the alarming adverse effects delirium, hallucinations, and ...

http://www.netce.com/coursecontent.php?courseid=1726

Anesthetics, Dissociative. Anesthetics, Intravenous. Anesthetics, General. Anesthetics. Central Nervous System Depressants. ... Ketamine is a medication that is used as a short acting anesthetic in pediatric and adult medicine. Subanesthetic (low) doses ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03113968

Anesthetics, Dissociative. Anesthetics, Intravenous. Anesthetics, General. Anesthetics. Central Nervous System Depressants. ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01100255?recr=Open&cond=%22Obsessive-Compulsive+Disorder%22&rank=18

Anesthetics. Analgesics. Sensory System Agents. Peripheral Nervous System Agents. Anesthetics, Dissociative. Excitatory Amino ... history of serious adverse effects related to anesthetics;. *refusal to consent for the study, or refusal to undergo one single ... positive psychotic symptoms.The investigators also found that subanesthetic dose of ketamine combined with other anesthetics ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02305394

Dissociative Anesthetics. Introduction to Dissociative Anesthetics. Phencyclidine. Methoxetamine. Ketamine. Gamma- ... disassociative anesthetics, solvent abuse, and marijuana. The book also offers detailed information on the origins, history, ...

https://www.routledge.com/Karchs-Pathology-of-Drug-Abuse/Karch-MD-Drummer/p/book/9781439861462

Anesthetics, Intravenous. Anesthetics, General. Anesthetics. Analgesics, Non-Narcotic. Analgesics. Sensory System Agents. ... Anesthetics, Dissociative. Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists. Excitatory Amino Acid Agents. To Top ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02867930

Anesthetics, Dissociative / pharmacokinetics* * Anesthetics, Dissociative / poisoning * Chromatography, Gas * Drug Interactions ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9397567/?dopt=Abstract

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist

They are, more accurately, dissociative anesthetics. In 2001, almost 13 percent of high school seniors had tried some form of ... Cocaine was a valuable anesthetic, providing local, fast-acting, and long-lasting effects during some surgical procedures. ... Usually thought of as hallucinogens, PCP (phencyclidine) and ketamine were initially developed as general anesthetics for ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/psychology/psychology-and-psychiatry/substance-abuse

Dissociative anesthetics. alpha reductase inhibitor. used as treatment for balding and enlarged prostate. ...

https://www.sporcle.com/games/milladjs/drugs-and-receptors-e4

Anesthetics, Dissociative / pharmacology* * Brain Injuries / physiopathology * Brain Injuries / therapy* * Dose-Response ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9416717/

Evaluation of ophthalmic and hemodynamic parameters in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) submitted to dissociative anesthetic ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=search&term=Raposo+AC%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50

IV Anesthetics Flashcards Preview Board Review CRNA (Sweat Book) , IV Anesthetics , Flashcards ... What is a s\e that is specific to Etomidate in comparison to other IV anesthetics? ... The CNS effects after bolus injection of an IV anesthetic are terminated primarily by _________. ... 0.5-1.5 hours (more rapid and complete awakening than other IV anesthetics) ...

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/iv-anesthetics-3183560/packs/4318981

CNS Pharmacology General anesthetics Dr. Hiwa K. Saaed, H.D, M.Sc, Ph.D Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology College of ... This dissociative anesthesia provides sedation, amnesia, and immobility. • Ketamine stimulates central sympathetic outflow, ... General anesthetics * 1. CNS Pharmacology General anesthetics Dr. Hiwa K. Saaed, H.D, M.Sc, Ph.D Department of Pharmacology & ... For inhaled anesthetics, higher CO removes anesthetic from the alveoli faster and thus slows the rate of rise in alveolar ...

https://www.slideshare.net/Pharmacologist/2014-general-anesthetics

Dissociative Anesthetics Euphoria, heightened emotionality. 14 Reinforcing Effects of Drugs of Abuse. MJ ...

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/drugs-of-abuse-4285382/packs/6402176

Dissociative Anesthetics. increased heart rate and blood pressure, impaired motor function/memory loss; numbness; nausea/ ...

https://www.evergreen.edu/policy/substanceabuseandprevention

... hence ketamine is known as a dissociative anesthetic. Dextromethorphan is another example. Nicolodi and Sicuteri studied the ... The tasteless and odorless anesthetic ketamine is a potent NMDA antagonist sometimes included in the hallucinogen category and ... Ketamine has analgesic properties at sub-anesthetic doses which makes it useful to chronic pain specialists in particular and ... and produces feelings of detachment that are not so much hallucination-like effects and better described as dissociative ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/781651_3

Anesthetics, Dissociative / therapeutic use. Child. Dexmedetomidine / therapeutic use*. Drug Therapy, Combination. Heart ... 0/Anesthetics, Dissociative; 0/Hypnotics and Sedatives; 113775-47-6/Dexmedetomidine; 6740-88-1/Ketamine ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/diagnostic-cardiac-catheterization-in-child/19833278.html

Anesthetics, Combined / administration & dosage. Anesthetics, Dissociative / administration & dosage. Animals. Cats / ... 0/Analgesics, Opioid; 0/Anesthetics, Combined; 0/Anesthetics, Dissociative; 0/Central Nervous System Depressants; 0/Hypnotics ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Anaesthetic-cardiopulmonary-effects-intramuscular-morphine/17198759.html

Dissociative Anesthetic. Pupil size normal. HGN, VGN present. Lack of smooth convergence. Elevated pulse, blood pressure, body ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-1715127

... dissociative anesthetic. What are the indications for use of Ketamine? (4). general anesthesia, OB for patchy blocks, CV ... What are some cases where you can use Ketamine when other anesthetics are not appropriate. Cardio vascular collapse, Trauma. ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-412907

SN 35210 is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anesthetic drug. It was derived from ketamine with the intention of producing a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_35210

It is commonly abused for its hallucinogenic and dissociative effects and, controversially, it may be prescribed to treat ... Ketamine is an anesthetic, used to induce a loss of consciousness and relieve pain. ... Ketamine belongs to a class of drugs known as dissociative anesthetics. It is also known as Ketalar, Ketanest, and Ketaset. ... Ketamine is an anesthetic drug, used in human and veterinary medicine. It is important to distinguish the valid medical uses ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/302663.php?iacp

Dissociative Anesthetics. Definition. class of drugs that reduce sensitivity to pain and produce feelings of detachment and ...

https://www.flashcardmachine.com/chapter-4-drugsanddreams.html

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of a standardized stimulus during propofol-only hypnosis on the bispectral index (BIS) value with the effect of the injection of local anesthesia for surgery during ketamine plus propofol hypnosis (dissociative monitored anesthesia care). (isharonline.org)
Dissociative Anesthesia is defined as an altered state of consciousness induced through drugs or alcohol, or other substances (neuroleptics). (chemicalroute.com)
However, in this article I will cover the history and uses of Dissociative Anesthesia, and how and why it is used to treat certain mental conditions. (chemicalroute.com)
Because of this, the FDA began to ban the use of the term 'ketamine' and redesignate it as 'Ketamine' or 'Dissociative Anesthesia' to replace the illegal street names. (chemicalroute.com)
the state of anesthesia they induce is referred to as dissociative anesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
NMDA receptor antagonists induce a state called dissociative anesthesia, marked by catalepsy, amnesia, and analgesia. (wikipedia.org)
alpha 2 -Adrenoceptor agonists, such as clonidine and dexmedetomidine, induce sedation, reduce anesthetic requirements, and improve perioperative hemodynamic and sympathoadrenal stability, [ 4 ] suggesting that they would be suitable adjuncts to ketamine anesthesia. (asahq.org)
Inhalational anesthetics are gases or volatile liquids that produce general anesthesia when inhaled. (thefreedictionary.com)
Intravenous anesthetics are sedative hypnotic drugs that produce anesthesia in large doses. (thefreedictionary.com)
these can be used alone for brief surgical procedures or for rapid induction of anesthesia maintained by inhalational anesthetics. (thefreedictionary.com)
and dissociative anesthesia, which uses ketamine , a drug related to the hallucinogens that produces profound analgesia. (thefreedictionary.com)
local anesthetic an agent, e.g., lidocaine, procaine, or tetracaine, that produces anesthesia by paralyzing sensory nerve endings or nerve fibers at the site of application. (thefreedictionary.com)
Alfaxalone is an injectable anesthetic agent that is used in veterinary medicine for general anesthesia. (stanford.edu)
They also produce a sense of detachment from the surrounding environment, hence "the state has been designated as dissociative anesthesia since the patient truly seems disassociated from his environment. (clonazepam-faq.com)

Developed to replace phencyclidine (PCP) as a dissociative anesthetic , ketamine is used most commonly in veterinary medicine. (thefreedictionary.com)
Drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine (Special K) were developed as general anesthetics. (imaginelaserworks.com)
The " psychedelic anesthetics " (ketamine and phencyclidine or PCP) affect NMDA receptors and induce profound dissociative effects. (encyclopedia.com)
Methoxetamine is a research chemical with dissociative and psychedelic properties similar to ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP). (realitysandwich.com)
PCP- Phencyclidine, A "dissociative" anesthetic. (wicomicohealth.org)
In fact, ketamine is a derivative of phencyclidine (PCP), a 1950s pharmaceutical anesthetic later banned in the 1960s due to its unstable, hallucinogenic effects. (addict-help.com)
The classical dissociatives achieve their effect by blocking the signals received by the NMDA receptor set (NMDA receptor antagonism) and include ketamine, methoxetamine (MXE), phencyclidine (PCP), dextromethorphan (DXM), and nitrous oxide. (clonazepam-faq.com)

Dissociative anesthetics, also known as dissociatives or dissociative drugs, are a class of hallucinogens that can distort a person's sense of time, vision, sound and self. (sovcal.com)
Dissociative Anesthetics, Stimulants and Hallucinogens, primarily cause a rigid, tense or stiff feeling in the muscles. (nhdwiguy.com)
The common types of hallucinogens are psychedelics , dissociatives and deliriants . (wikipedia.org)
Morphinan is the base chemical structure of a large chemical class of psychoactive drugs, consisting of opiate analgesics, cough suppressants, and dissociative hallucinogens, among others. (pearltrees.com)

They are a broad group of pharmaceutical and designer drugs known for their dissociative, anesthetic, and psychedelic properties due to their shared mechanism of action as NMDA antagonists. (realitysandwich.com)
Ketamine is a psychedelic and dissociative anesthetic. (drugnet.net)
Salvinorin A is considered a dissociative exhibiting atypically psychedelic effects. (pearltrees.com)
The traditional medical use of ketamine is an anesthetic or a dissociative psychedelic. (wellnessresources.com)

A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and patient acceptance of low-dose ketamine when used to diminish the pain of local anesthetic injections. (erowid.org)
We studied the interactions between a local anesthetic agent, lidocaine, and two general anesthetic drugs, propofol and ketamine, in mice. (isharonline.org)
local anesthetic with a fast metabolism due to an ester group in its structure. (opencroquet.org)
99% Purity Local Anesthetic Agents Pain Skiller Articaine HCl Aarticaine Hydrochloride Articaine hydrochloride Quick Details Product Name Articaine hydrochloride Alias Articaine HCL CAS 23964-57-0 MF C13H20N2O3S.HCl MW 320.84 Purity 99.00% EINECS 245-957. (opencroquet.org)
topical anesthetic a local anesthetic applied directly to the area to be anesthetized, usually the mucous membranes or the skin. (thefreedictionary.com)

To determine whether ketamine increases the level of propofol hypnosis when used in dissociative doses. (isharonline.org)
Although low doses of the anesthetics increase heart rate, higher doses can depress consciousness and breathing. (imaginelaserworks.com)
There have been many hospitalization of user who have taken DXM in cold and cough preparation with other toxic ingredients in it like Chlorphenarimine Maleate which is toxic in the doses which are needed to induce a Dissociative state from the DXM. (drugs-forum.com)
Dissociatives produce analgesia, amnesia and catalepsy at anesthetic doses. (wikipedia.org)
Sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine can range from 0.1 mg/kg to 0.5 mg/kg, but dosing of the drug is highly individualized, he cautioned. (medpagetoday.com)
Dextromethorphan is an antitussive at low doses and a dissociative at much higher doses, whereas levomethorphan is an opioid analgesic. (pearltrees.com)
Some dissociatives can have CNS depressant effects, thereby carrying similar risks as opioids, which can slow breathing or heart rate to levels resulting in death (when using very high doses). (clonazepam-faq.com)
While many have reported that they "feel no pain" while under the effects of PCP, DXM and Ketamine, this does not fall under the usual classification of anesthetics in recreational doses (anesthetic doses of DXM may be dangerous). (clonazepam-faq.com)

However, the mechanisms of the discriminative stimulus effects of hallucinogenic and dissociative anesthetic drugs are not yet fully clear. (springer.com)
There are several different ways that dissociative anesthetic drugs can affect an individual. (chemicalroute.com)
When used recreationally, they are classified as dissociative drugs. (wikipedia.org)
Ketamine belongs to a class of drugs known as dissociative anesthetics. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Dissociative drugs cause people to feel detached, or dissociated from the world around them. (sovcal.com)
How dissociative drugs work? (sovcal.com)
Researchers have found that most dissociative drugs work by disrupting the neurotransmitter glutamate, a brain chemical responsible for activating various neurons. (sovcal.com)
At higher dosages, dissociative drugs can harm the brain and may cause aggressive behavior, seizure, coma or even death. (sovcal.com)
Treating addiction to dissociative drugs Dissociative anesthetics are a diverse group of substances. (sovcal.com)
For this reason, individuals who are addicted to dissociative drugs may benefit from treatment programs that also includes a detoxification treatment geared specifically toward their drug of abuse. (sovcal.com)
Enrolling in a comprehensive treatment program that includes customized dissociative drugs detox treatment may help one embrace a drug-free life. (sovcal.com)
People who are addicted to dissociative anesthetics can fight their addiction through medication management, cognitive behavioral therapy, stress management therapy and other professionally administered treatments that are offered at some of the best dissociative drugs detox centers or some other state-of-the-art specialized centers. (sovcal.com)
Sovereign Health offers one of the best treatment programs to treat addiction to dissociative drugs. (sovcal.com)
To know more about Sovereign Health's treatment programs for addiction to dissociative anesthetic drugs, please contact our 24/7 helpline. (sovcal.com)
AKRON, Ohio - Officials responding to a recent spike in opiate overdoses around the northeast Ohio city of Akron suspect some users are trying to increase the potency of heroin and other drugs by mixing in a powerful anesthetic that's used to sedate elephants and other large animals. (drugs-forum.com)
Introduction: Dissociative Anesthetics are a certain class of drugs which are NMDA'N-Methyl-D-Aspartate' antagonists. (drugs-forum.com)
This is a good model of action of Dissociative drugs and is commonly used as the basis for current NMDA receptor study. (drugs-forum.com)
Ketamine belongs to a class of drugs called "dissociative anesthetics", which separates perception from sensation. (saaf.org)
So far, there has been no effective strategy to alleviate the neurotoxic effects of anesthetic drugs. (sciencemag.org)
There has also been a greater concern for the impact of drugs and anesthetic agents on experimental results. (springer.com)
Dissociative drugs distort perceptions of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment (or dissociation) from the environment and self. (nyc.gov)
Local anesthetics are drugs that block nerve conduction in the region where they are applied. (thefreedictionary.com)
Dissociative drugs alter your perception of sight and sound as well as produce feelings of detachment from the atmosphere around you. (casapalmera.com)

Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic is widely used by non anesthesiologists for analgesia and sedation of children for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the emergency department and other non-operating-room settings for carrying out different procedures3. (thefreedictionary.com)
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that induces a trance-like state accompanied by sedation, amnesia, analgesia, and immobilization (Borker et al. (thefreedictionary.com)

Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic, which depresses neuronal activity and reduces calcium influx into neurons, in part through blockade of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors ( 2 ). (sciencemag.org)
Considered a dissociative anesthetic (i.e., ketamine gives users the feeling that their body is separated from their mind), ketamine molecules bind to the PCP-binding site of the NMDA receptor complex. (addict-help.com)
NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of anesthetics that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). (pearltrees.com)
1][2] It is an analogue of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan, but lacks significant NMDA receptor antagonistic action and dissociative effects, thereby having reduced abuse potential and adverse effects in comparison. (pearltrees.com)
Many users of dissociatives have been concerned about the possibility of NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity (NAN). (clonazepam-faq.com)

As for probably the most common dissociative, nitrous oxide, the principal risk seems to be due to oxygen deprivation. (clonazepam-faq.com)

This chapter focuses on recent findings regarding hallucinogenic and dissociative anesthetic drug-induced discriminative stimulus properties in animals. (springer.com)
The patient usually becomes amnesic, hallucinogenic, and dissociative while under the effects of Ketamine. (addict-help.com)

Commonly administered dissociative anesthetic agents are PCP (preparations of sodium chloride) and DXM (commonly known as cough syrup). (chemicalroute.com)
However, it is also a commonly abused "recreational" drug, due to its hallucinogenic, tranquilizing and dissociative effects. (medicalnewstoday.com)
PCP, commonly known as angel dust, hog, wack and lovely, is a dissociative drug available in the form of white crystalline powder that dissolves quickly in water or alcohol. (sovcal.com)
General anesthetics are commonly used to modulate the activity of neuronal networks, producing a reversible loss of sensation and consciousness in surgeries ( 1 - 3 ). (sciencemag.org)
It is commonly used by veterinarians as an anesthetic for animals. (drugnet.net)

Dextromethorphan, also known as 'DXM', 'DM' or 'robo', is a cough suppressant that has sedative, dissociative as well as stimulant properties. (sovcal.com)
Dextrorphan (DXO) is a psychoactive drug of the morphinan chemical class which acts as an antitussive or cough suppressant and dissociative hallucinogen. (pearltrees.com)

It is the most widely used anesthetic in veterinary medicine and is used for some surgical procedures in humans. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic and has been used in human and veterinary medicine since 1963. (medpagetoday.com)

Ketamine was developed in the 1960s and has been used for decades as an anesthetic during surgery. (stanford.edu)

It can cause dissociative side effects - hallucinations and other psychotic-like symptoms - and has been used as a recreational drug. (stanford.edu)

Used as a human or animal anesthetic tranquilizer on people undergoing major surgery, ketamine is difficult to make outside a specially equipped laboratory. (addict-help.com)
Ketamine is a drug primarily used as an animal anesthetic though it can also be used for this purpose in human beings. (drugnet.net)

The 3-methoxy group purportedly gives MXE weaker analgesic and anesthetic properties compared to ketamine. (realitysandwich.com)
It is a potent anesthetic with distinct analgesic activity and has a pharmacokinetic-dynamic profile characterized by a relatively rapid onset of action and immediate recovery. (asahq.org)
Antagonism of this receptor results in an anesthetic and analgesic state. (addict-help.com)

THE development of the dissociative anesthetic ketamine represents an interesting step in our search for better intravenous anesthetics. (asahq.org)
Maintenance of general anethesia as part of a Total Intravenous Anesthetic protocol. (vetstream.com)
PCP was developed as an intravenous anesthetic. (nyc.gov)

Previous clinical study showed that subanesthetic dose of ketamine could play a role in antidepressant effects with safety and minimal positive psychotic symptoms.The investigators also found that subanesthetic dose of ketamine combined with other anesthetics could improve cognitive function in depressive rats receiving electroconvulsive shock (a model for analogy with ECT). (clinicaltrials.gov)
Methoxetamine affects brain processing involved in emotional response in rats Methoxetamine (MXE) is a novel psychoactive substance that is emerging on the Internet and induces dissociative effects and acute toxicity. (tripdatabase.com)
The novel ketamine analog methoxetamine produces dissociative-like behavioral effects in rodents Methoxetamine (MXE) is a ketamine analog sold online that has been subject to widespread abuse for its dissociative and hallucinogenic effects. (tripdatabase.com)
While the effects of single injections have been investigated, clinical ketamine treatments can involve 5-h up to 3-day sub-anesthetic infusions. (frontiersin.org)
Methoxetamine (MXE) is a dissociative anesthetic with effects similar to ketamine . (realitysandwich.com)
Effects and notes: PCP was once used as a medical anesthetic for IV. (drugs-forum.com)
3-MeO-PCP is a dissociative anesthetic with effects that are compared to PCP and ketamine. (erowid.org)
3] Psychopharmacology[edit] Unlike muscimol, the main psychoactive constituent of Amanita muscaria, which produces sedative-hypnotic effects and dissociative hallucinations, ibotenic acid's psychoactivity is not completely established and does not contribute in any known way to the effects of Amanita muscaria other than serving as a prodrug to muscimol. (pearltrees.com)
The effects of DXM have been compared to PCP and the anesthetic ketamine. (ahealthyme.com)
After all, while ketamine is approved by the Federal Drug Administration as an anesthetic, it is also an illicit party drug known as "Special K," with hallucinogenic effects and the potential for abuse. (stanford.edu)
Inversely, PCP can have more unpredictable effects and has often been classified as a stimulant and a depressant in some texts along with being dissociative. (clonazepam-faq.com)

Despite the small sample size - 15 patients who were not given ketamine versus 10 patients getting the sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine -- this was marginally statistically significant and consistent with anecdotal reports," Day said in a presentation at the American Academy of Pain Medicine meeting. (medpagetoday.com)

All 3 are called dissociative substances. (ahealthyme.com)

Ketamine is a favored anesthetic for emergency patients with unknown medical history and in the treatment of burn victims because it depresses breathing and circulation less than other anesthetics. (wikipedia.org)

SN 35210 is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anesthetic drug. (wikipedia.org)
Tiletamine is a dissociative anesthetic drug belonging to the arylcyclohexylamine class, with chemical formula C 12 H 17 NOS. (everything2.com)

It is a class III scheduled drug and is approved for use in hospitals and other medical settings as an anesthetic. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Ketamine is a 'dissociative anesthetic,'" explains Alex Wodak, president of the Australian Drug Law Reform Foundation . (thedailybeast.com)
If it's scheduled, even in Schedule 3 or 4, "those countries will no longer look at it as a viable drug, and won't be able to use ketamine as an anesthetic, which means people won't be able to get medical care," Clear says. (thedailybeast.com)
Ketamine is a dissociative drug, which means that people who use it feel disassociated from their body. (drugnet.net)
Ketamine belongs to dissociative anesthetics drug class. (redditpharmacy.com)
According to the Foundation for a Drug-Free World, ketamine is classified as a " dissociative anesthetic . (inquisitr.com)
The drug works efficiently on both humans and animals, making it a preferred anesthetic for both traditional doctors and veterinarians. (addict-help.com)
It has become an increasingly popular club drug and is known on the street as K or special K . Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic. (drugnet.net)
Veterinary Anesthetic, Club Drug, or Antidepressant? (blogspot.com)
Other classifications of this drug include depressant, stimulant, and dissociative drug. (casapalmera.com)
In the 1950's, people thought this drug could possibly be used as an anesthetic. (casapalmera.com)

It produces less (but not zero) respiratory depression than most other anesthetics. (allnurses.com)

Ketamine Hydrochloride was originally used as an anesthetic for humans but because of it's hallucinogenic properties has been replaced by safer anesthetics. (uncw.edu)
While veterinarians mostly use ketamine in the U.S., in the developing world it's a life-saving anesthetic used on humans. (thedailybeast.com)

For this reason, signs of a dissociative overdose should be taken very seriously. (sovcal.com)

Dissociative anesthetics separate sensation from perception. (uncw.edu)
7] Dissociative symptoms include the disruption or compartmentalization of "…the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity or perception. (clonazepam-faq.com)

However, it is still unclear whether ketamine's general anesthetic actions are mediated primarily via blockade of NMDAR. (isharonline.org)

Ketamine is a medication that is used as a short acting anesthetic in pediatric and adult medicine. (clinicaltrials.gov)

The same regional anesthetic blockade was used in all cases. (medpagetoday.com)

5. Status of organ systems: Respiratory system: All inhaled anesthetics depress the respiratory system. (slideshare.net)

The mechanism of action of all inhalational anesthetics is thought to involve uptake of the gas in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and interaction with the membrane proteins, resulting in inhibition of synaptic transmission of nerve impulses. (thefreedictionary.com)

It is used as a common solvent and has been used as a general anesthetic . (statemaster.com)
1 ] Although ketamine is widely used in the world, these properties have precluded its more general anesthetic use, at least in developed countries. (asahq.org)
Ketamine hydrochloride ("Special K" or "K") was originally created for use as a human anesthetic, and is still used as a general anesthetic for children, persons of poor health, and by veterinarians. (saaf.org)

Anatomy15

Organisms7

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs121

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment68

Psychiatry and Psychology6

Phenomena and Processes26

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Named Groups1

Health Care18

Mechanisms of bronchoprotection by anesthetic induction agents: propofol versus ketamine. (1/268)

Acid-base disturbance during hemorrhage in rats: significant role of strong inorganic ions. (2/268)

Actions of ketamine and its isomers on contractility and calcium transients in human myocardium. (3/268)

Comparison of oral chloral hydrate with intramuscular ketamine, meperidine, and promethazine for pediatric sedation--preliminary report. (4/268)

Effects of diazepam and ketamine administered individually or in combination on regional rates of glucose utilization in rat brain. (5/268)

Stereospecific effects of ketamine on dopamine efflux and uptake in the rat nucleus accumbens. (6/268)

Ketamine preserves and propofol potentiates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction compared with the conscious state in chronically instrumented dogs. (7/268)

Tooth pulp- and facial hair mechanoreceptor-evoked responses of trigeminal sensory neurons are attenuated during ketamine anesthesia. (8/268)

Anesthetics

Anesthetics, Local

Anesthetics, Inhalation

Anesthetics, General

Anesthetics, Intravenous

Isoflurane

Halothane

Anesthetics, Combined

Enflurane

Lidocaine

Methyl Ethers

Anesthesia

Anesthetics, Dissociative

Propofol

Anesthesia, Local

Methoxyflurane

Anesthesia, General

Bupivacaine

Anesthesia, Inhalation

Benzocaine

Ketamine

Anesthesia, Dental

Tetracaine

Nitrous Oxide

Nerve Block

Prilocaine

Thiopental

Etomidate

Procaine

Ether

Anesthesiology

Pentobarbital

Dibucaine

Mepivacaine

Anesthesia, Intravenous

Etidocaine

Carticaine

Chloroform

Anesthesia, Conduction

Anesthesia, Epidural

Adjuvants, Anesthesia

Xylazine

Anesthesia Recovery Period

Anesthesia, Obstetrical

Ethers

Hypnosis, Anesthetic

Fentanyl

Pregnanediones

Xenon

Anesthesia, Spinal

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Chlorofluorocarbons

Medetomidine

Monitoring, Intraoperative

Hypnotics and Sedatives

Octanols

Anesthesia Department, Hospital

Pain, Postoperative

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures

Preanesthetic Medication

Amides

Receptors, GABA-A

Mandibular Nerve

Volatilization

Chloralose

Ethyl Ethers

Midazolam

Acepromazine

Barbiturates

Pain Measurement

Urethane

Tiletamine

Zolazepam

1-Octanol

Consciousness Monitors

Injections

Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture

Conscious Sedation

Intubation, Intratracheal

Malignant Hyperthermia