Anesthetics
Anesthetics, Local
Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.
Anesthetics, Inhalation
Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)
Anesthetics, General
Agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p.173)
Anesthetics, Intravenous
Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)
Isoflurane
Halothane
A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)
Anesthetics, Combined
Enflurane
Lidocaine
Anesthesia
Anesthetics, Dissociative
Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)
Propofol
An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.
Anesthesia, Local
Methoxyflurane
An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180)
Anesthesia, General
Anesthesia, Inhalation
Benzocaine
Ketamine
Nitrous Oxide
Nerve Block
Prilocaine
Thiopental
Etomidate
Procaine
Ether
Pentobarbital
A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)
Dibucaine
Mepivacaine
A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)
Anesthesia, Intravenous
Chloroform
Anesthesia, Conduction
Adjuvants, Anesthesia
Xylazine
Anesthesia Recovery Period
Anesthesia, Obstetrical
Hypnosis, Anesthetic
Fentanyl
Pregnanediones
Xenon
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Chlorofluorocarbons
Medetomidine
Monitoring, Intraoperative
Hypnotics and Sedatives
Anesthesia Department, Hospital
Ambulatory Surgical Procedures
Preanesthetic Medication
Amides
Receptors, GABA-A
Mandibular Nerve
Volatilization
Chloralose
Midazolam
A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.
Barbiturates
Pain Measurement
Urethane
Zolazepam
1-Octanol
Consciousness Monitors
Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture
Conscious Sedation
Intubation, Intratracheal
Malignant Hyperthermia
Drug Interactions
Brachial Plexus
The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.
Dental Pulp Test
Electroencephalography
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Analgesia, Epidural
Analgesics, Opioid
Intraoperative Complications
Sufentanil
Sodium Channels
Hemodynamics
Sciatic Nerve
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
Double-Blind Method
Depression, Chemical
The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.
Dexmedetomidine
Felypressin
Analgesia, Obstetrical
Dogs
Epinephrine
The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
Xenopus laevis
Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain
Propanidid
Alcohols
Injections, Epidural
Flurothyl
Maxillary Nerve
Apoferritins
The protein components of ferritins. Apoferritins are shell-like structures containing nanocavities and ferroxidase activities. Apoferritin shells are composed of 24 subunits, heteropolymers in vertebrates and homopolymers in bacteria. In vertebrates, there are two types of subunits, light chain and heavy chain. The heavy chain contains the ferroxidase activity.
Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit
Inhalation anesthesia where the gases exhaled by the patient are rebreathed as some carbon dioxide is simultaneously removed and anesthetic gas and oxygen are added so that no anesthetic escapes into the room. Closed-circuit anesthesia is used especially with explosive anesthetics to prevent fires where electrical sparking from instruments is possible.
Sodium Channel Blockers
Gas Scavengers
Electrophysiology
Receptors, Glycine
Ion Channel Gating
The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.
Alfentanil
A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.
Surgical Procedures, Operative
Pain
Droperidol
A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)
Aminobenzoates
Prospective Studies
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Unconsciousness
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Euthanasia, Animal
Reflex
Postoperative Complications
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Thiamylal
Drug Hypersensitivity
Injections, Spinal
Diazepam
Ethyl Chloride
Laryngismus
Femoral Nerve
Butorphanol
Batrachotoxins
Surgical Procedures, Minor
Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane
Receptors, Nicotinic
One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.
Operating Room Technicians
Stereoisomerism
Postanesthesia Nursing
Carbon Dioxide
Benzyl Alcohol
Drug Combinations
Morphine
Potassium Channels
GABA Modulators
Substances that do not act as agonists or antagonists but do affect the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor-ionophore complex. GABA-A receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-A) appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which BENZODIAZEPINES act by increasing the opening frequency of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride channels; a site at which BARBITURATES act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act. GENERAL ANESTHETICS probably act at least partly by potentiating GABAergic responses, but they are not included here.
Oocytes
Binding Sites
Neurons
Pulmonary Alveoli
Rats, Wistar
Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial
Exposure of myocardial tissue to brief, repeated periods of vascular occlusion in order to render the myocardium resistant to the deleterious effects of ISCHEMIA or REPERFUSION. The period of pre-exposure and the number of times the tissue is exposed to ischemia and reperfusion vary, the average being 3 to 5 minutes.
Receptors, GABA
Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.
Intraoperative Awareness
Trichloroethanes
Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.
Subarachnoid Space
Administration, Topical
The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.
Synaptosomes
Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents
Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.
Autonomic Nerve Block
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Pancuronium
Infusion Pumps
Fluid propulsion systems driven mechanically, electrically, or osmotically that are used to inject (or infuse) over time agents into a patient or experimental animal; used routinely in hospitals to maintain a patent intravenous line, to administer antineoplastic agents and other drugs in thromboembolism, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS is also available), and other disorders.
Meperidine
Analgesia, Patient-Controlled
Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).
Oxygen
Ion Channels
Mechanisms of bronchoprotection by anesthetic induction agents: propofol versus ketamine. (1/268)
BACKGROUND: Propofol and ketamine have been purported to decrease bronchoconstriction during induction of anesthesia and intubation. Whether they act on airway smooth muscle or through neural reflexes has not been determined. We compared propofol and ketamine to attenuate the direct activation of airway smooth muscle by methacholine and limit neurally mediated bronchoconstriction (vagal nerve stimulation). METHODS: After approval from the institutional review board, eight sheep were anesthetized with pentobarbital, paralyzed, and ventilated. After left thoracotomy, the bronchial artery was cannulated and perfused. In random order, 5 mg/ml concentrations of propofol, ketamine, and thiopental were infused into the bronchial artery at rates of 0.06, 0.20, and 0.60 ml/min. After 10 min, airway resistance was measured before and after vagal nerve stimulation and methacholine given via the bronchial artery. Data were expressed as a percent of baseline response before infusion of drug and analyzed by analysis of variance with significance set at P< or =0.05. RESULTS: Systemic blood pressure was not affected by any of the drugs (P>0.46). Baseline airway resistance was not different among the three agents (P = 0.56) or by dose (P = 0.96). Infusion of propofol and ketamine into the bronchial artery caused a dose-dependent attenuation of the vagal nerve stimulation-induced bronchoconstriction to 26+/-11% and 8+/-2% of maximum, respectively (P<0.0001). In addition, propofol caused a significant decrease in the methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction to 43+/-27% of maximum at the highest concentration (P = 0.05) CONCLUSIONS: The local bronchoprotective effects of ketamine and propofol on airways is through neurally mediated mechanisms. Although the direct effects on airway smooth muscle occur at high concentrations, these are unlikely to be of primary clinical relevance. (+info)Acid-base disturbance during hemorrhage in rats: significant role of strong inorganic ions. (2/268)
The present study tests the hypothesis that changes in the strong inorganic ion concentrations contribute significantly to the acid-base disturbance that develops during hemorrhage in the arterial plasma of rats in addition to lactate concentration ([Lac-]) increase. The physicochemical origins for this acid-base disorder were studied during acute, graded hemorrhage (10, 20, and 30% loss of blood volume) in three groups of rats: conscious, anesthetized with ketamine, and anesthetized with urethan. The results support the hypothesis examined: strong-ion difference (SID) decreased in the arterial plasma of all groups studied because of an early imbalance in the main strong inorganic ions during initial hemorrhagic phase. Moreover, changes in plasma [Lac-] contributed to SID decrease in a later hemorrhagic phase (after 10% hemorrhage in urethan-anesthetized, after 20% hemorrhage in ketamine-anesthetized, and after 30% hemorrhage in conscious group). Inorganic ion changes were due to both dilution of the vascular compartment and ion exchange with extravascular space and red blood cells, as compensation for blood volume depletion and hypocapnia. Nevertheless, anesthetized rats were less able than conscious rats to preserve normal arterial pH during hemorrhage, mainly because of an impaired peripheral tissue condition and incomplete ventilatory compensation. (+info)Actions of ketamine and its isomers on contractility and calcium transients in human myocardium. (3/268)
BACKGROUND: Ketamine has a species-dependent inotropic effect on myocardium. The authors' aim was to investigate the direct inotropic effect and the corresponding intracellular Ca2+ transients of ketamine and its isomers on human myocardium. METHODS: Right auricular myocardial strips obtained during open heart surgery were exposed to increasing concentrations (73 microM, 360 microM, and 730 microM) of racemic ketamine (n = 12), S(+)-ketamine (n = 12), or R(-)-ketamine (n = 11). Isometric force, isotonic shortening, contractility, relaxation, and time to maximal isotonic and isometric force were assessed. Ten muscle strips in each group were loaded with the calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye FURA-2/AM for simultaneous measurements of calcium transients. RESULTS: Compared with the initial control maximal isometric developed force, maximal isotonic shortening amplitude, contractility, and relaxation increased by 12.5-22.4% after perfusion with S(+)-ketamine at the concentration of 73 microM (P < 0.05). In contrast, no changes were seen after addition of 73 microM R(-)-ketamine. The effect of racemic ketamine (73 microM) was between that of the two isomers. At the highest concentration (730 microM) ketamine and its isomers decreased maximal isometric developed force, maximal shortening amplitude, contractility, and relaxation by 26.8-57.4% (P < 0.05), accompanied by a significant decrease of the intracellular calcium transient (by 21.0-32.2%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to R(-)-ketamine, S(+)-ketamine increased isometric force, isotonic shortening, contractility, and relaxation at low concentrations (73 microM) compared with the initial control. At higher concentrations (730 microM) a direct negative inotropic action was observed after perfusion with ketamine and its isomers, which was accompanied by a decreased intracellular Ca2+ transient. (+info)Comparison of oral chloral hydrate with intramuscular ketamine, meperidine, and promethazine for pediatric sedation--preliminary report. (4/268)
Fifteen consecutive pediatric patients ranging from 3 to 5 years old were selected to receive one of three sedative/hypnotic techniques. Group 1 received oral chloral hydrate 50 mg/kg, and groups 2 and 3 received intramuscular ketamine 2 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg, respectively. In addition to ketamine, patients in groups 2 and 3 received transmucosal intramuscular injections of meperidine and promethazine into the masseter muscle. Sedation for the satisfactory completion of restorative dentistry was obtained for over 40 min on average in the chloral hydrate group, but completion of dental surgery longer than 40 min was achieved in groups 2 and 3 only by intravenous supplements of ketamine. (+info)Effects of diazepam and ketamine administered individually or in combination on regional rates of glucose utilization in rat brain. (5/268)
The effects of diazepam, which acts at GABAA receptors to enhance the effects of GABA, and ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, on local rates of cerebral glucose utilization (ICMRglc) were examined in unrestrained rats. Four groups were studied: vehicle-injected controls; and ketamine-treated, diazepam-treated and combined ketamine- and diazepam-treated animals. Ketamine alone produced a heterogeneous pattern of changes in ICMRglc (e.g. significant increases in the corpus callosum, olfactory tubercle and the entire Papez circuit, in addition to other limbic areas, and significant decreases in lateral habenula and some components of the auditory system). Diazepam alone statistically significantly decreased ICMRglc in the brain as a whole and in most areas of the cerebral cortex, thalamus and limbic system. The most remarkable effects of the two drugs administered together on ICMRglc occurred in the limbic system where the dramatic increases observed with ketamine alone were prevented by treatment with diazepam. (+info)Stereospecific effects of ketamine on dopamine efflux and uptake in the rat nucleus accumbens. (6/268)
In addition to being a general anaesthetic, ketamine is a recognized drug of abuse. Many, if not all, drugs of abuse have been shown to increase dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). As ketamine is optically active, we examined if its actions on dopamine efflux in the NAc were stereoselective. Slices of rat NAc were superfused with artificial CSF at 32 degrees C. Dopamine efflux was evoked by electrical stimulation (1 or 20 pulses, 100 Hz) and measured using fast cyclic voltammetry. (+/-)-Ketamine 100 mumol litre-1 increased dopamine efflux (to mean 174 (SEM 17)% of control, P < 0.05) and slowed dopamine uptake half-time (T1/2) to 164 (17)% of control, as did (+)-ketamine 100 mumol litre-1 (efflux 236 (16)% (P < 0.001); uptake T1/2 177 (25)% (P < 0.05)). The (-)-isomer was inactive. The effect of (+)-ketamine on dopamine efflux did not correlate with its action on dopamine uptake. (+)-Ketamine increased dopamine efflux on single pulse stimulation but to a lesser extent than on 20 pulse trains (P < 0.05). (+)-Ketamine was unable to block the inhibitory effect of quinpirole on single pulse dopamine efflux. Neither MK 801 10 mumol litre-1 nor metoclopramide 1 mumol litre-1 had any effect on dopamine release after short train stimuli (20 pulses, 100 Hz). We conclude that the (+)-isomer is the active form of ketamine and increases NAc dopamine efflux not by block of dopamine uptake; autoreceptors or NMDA receptors, but by mobilization of the dopamine storage pool to releasable sites. (+info)Ketamine preserves and propofol potentiates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction compared with the conscious state in chronically instrumented dogs. (7/268)
BACKGROUND: The authors tested the hypothesis that ketamine and propofol anesthesia would alter the magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction compared with the conscious state. In addition, they assessed the extent to which cyclooxygenase pathway inhibition and adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel inhibition modulate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the conscious state, and whether these pathways are altered during propofol anesthesia. METHODS: Twenty conditioned, male mongrel dogs were chronically instrumented to measure the left pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationship. Pressure-flow plots were measured during normoxia and hypoxia (systemic arterial PO2 reduced to about 60 and about 50 mm Hg) on separate days in the conscious state, during ketamine anesthesia, and during propofol anesthesia. The effects of indomethacin and glibenclamide on the magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction were also assessed in the conscious and propofol-anesthetized states. RESULTS: Neither ketamine nor propofol had an effect on the baseline pressure-flow relationship during normoxia compared with the conscious state. Hypoxia resulted in stimulus-dependent pulmonary vasoconstriction (P<0.01) in the conscious state. Compared with the conscious state, the magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was preserved during ketamine but was potentiated (P<0.01) during propofol anesthesia. Indomethacin enhanced (P<0.01) hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in both the conscious and propofol-anesthetized states. In contrast, glibenclamide only enhanced (P<0.01) hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the conscious state and had no effect during propofol anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is preserved during ketamine anesthesia but is potentiated during propofol anesthesia. The potentiated response during propofol anesthesia appears to be caused by inhibition of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel-mediated pulmonary vasodilation. (+info)Tooth pulp- and facial hair mechanoreceptor-evoked responses of trigeminal sensory neurons are attenuated during ketamine anesthesia. (8/268)
BACKGROUND: Evidence exists that ketamine, administered systemically using a dose required for inducing a state of anesthesia, may antagonize nociceptive but not innocuous input to lumbar dorsal horn neurons. However, it is unclear whether ketamine exerts this selective action on sensory inputs to trigeminal sensory neurons. The current study was undertaken to compare the responses evoked in trigeminal sensory neurons by electrical stimuli applied to the tooth pulp versus air-puff stimuli applied to facial hair mechanoreceptors (FHMs) during quiet wakefulness versus ketamine anesthesia. METHODS: Accordingly, responses of rostral trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC) and trigeminothalamic tract neurons evoked by tooth pulp (a source of small-diameter fiber input) and FHMs (a source of larger-diameter fiber input) were recorded extracellularly from chronically instrumented cats before, during, and after recovery from the anesthetic state induced by a single (2.2 mg/kg) intravenous injection of ketamine. RESULTS: Overall, tooth pulp-evoked responses of TSNC neurons were maximally suppressed by 50% within 5 min after the intravenous administration of ketamine. Ketamine also suppressed the FHM-evoked responses of TSNC and trigeminothalamic neurons by 45%. The time course of ketamine's suppressive action was equivalent for tooth pulp- and FHM-evoked responses. However, the recovery of tooth pulp-evoked TSNC neuronal responses at suprathreshold intensities was markedly prolonged compared with neuronal responses driven by threshold stimuli or FHM. CONCLUSIONS: These electrophysiologic results in the chronically instrumented cat preparation indicate that a nonselective suppression of orofacial somatosensory information occurs during ketamine anesthesia. The prolonged recovery of suprathreshold responses of TSNC neurons mediated by small-diameter afferent fiber input may partly underlie the analgesic action of ketamine that is clinically relevant at subanesthetic doses. (+info)
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Ketamine Cuts Depression in Bipolar Illness | Medpage Today
Ketamine Dosing for Depression May Not Be One-Size-Fits-All
November 6, 2018 - American Academy of Pain Medicine
Pain - CRPS Ketamine Infusion
Plus it
Experts want special clinics to prescribe ketamine as antidepressant - Cyprus Mail
Ketamine Therapy for Pain Also Has Treatment Benefits for Depression
Ketamine for analgosedation in critically ill patients<...
About Ketamine
Hypertension sub-cluster 84
Ketamine: A Wonder Drug for Depression & Chronic Pain
Why Does Ketamine Work for Depression and Other Mood Disorders?
Ketamine: A depression drug that researchers have called the most important discovery in half a century just got a big lift |...
Symptoms of Ketamine Addiction Biloxi MS - ketamine overdose, Biloxi MS ketamine side effects, Biloxi MS ketamine rehab,...
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Ketamine - Special K Drug Ketamine | Ovus Medical
NMDA receptor antagonist
Phencyclidine: a dissociative anesthetic previously used in medicine, but its development was discontinued in the 1960s in ... Eticyclidine: a slightly more potent dissociative anesthetic than phencyclidine but with greater nausea/unpleasant taste, that ... Ketamine: a dissociative psychedelic with antidepressant properties used as an anesthesia in humans and animals, a possible ... Etoxadrol: a potent dissociative similar to PCP. Dexoxadrol: similar to etoxadrol. WMS-2539: potent fluorinated derivative of ...
Phencyclidine
Chemically, PCP is a member of the arylcyclohexylamine class, and pharmacologically, it is a dissociative anesthetic. PCP works ... although a range of potencies and varying mixtures of anesthetic, dissociative, and stimulant effects are known, depending on ... It was approved for use as an investigational drug under the brand names Sernyl and Sernylan in the 1950s as an anesthetic, but ... PCP was initially made in 1926 and brought to market as an anesthetic medication in the 1950s. Its use in humans was disallowed ...
Tenocyclidine
It is a dissociative anesthetic drug with psychostimulant and hallucinogenic effects. It is similar in effects to phencyclidine ...
Complex regional pain syndrome
Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, appears promising as a treatment for CRPS. It may be used in low doses if other treatments ... August 2007). "The neurocognitive effects of 5-day anesthetic ketamine for the treatment of refractory complex regional pain ...
SN 35210
... is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anesthetic drug. It was derived from ketamine with the intention of producing a ...
Rolicyclidine
... (PCPy) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and sedative effects. It is similar in effects to ... but with additional PCP-like dissociative, anaesthetic and hallucinogenic effects. Due to its similarity in effects to PCP, ...
Etoxadrol
Hidalgo J, Dileo RM, Rikimaru MT, Guzman RJ, Thompson CR (Mar-Apr 1971). "Etoxadrol (CL-1848C) a new dissociative anesthetic: ... Traber DL, Priano LL, Wilson RD (November 1970). "Effects of CL 1848C, a new dissociative anesthetic, on the canine ... a new dissociative anesthetic in normal human volunteers". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 49 (2): 236-41. doi:10.1213/00000539- ... As an anesthetic, etoxadrol is more potent than ketamine, but less potent than PCP. Etoxadrol is also a potent analgesic. ...
PCPr
... is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and stimulant effects. It is around the same ...
Hallucinogen
Dissociatives produce analgesia, amnesia and catalepsy at anesthetic doses. They also produce a sense of detachment from the ... Pender JW (October 1972). "Dissociative anesthesia". California Medicine Some Dissociatives Have General Depressant Effects as ... Dissociatives Antiglutamatergics (NMDA receptor antagonists or classical dissociatives) such as "laughing gas" (nitrous oxide) ... this does not fall under the usual classification of anesthetics in recreational doses (anesthetic doses of DXM may be ...
Tiletamine
... is a dissociative anesthetic and pharmacologically classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist. It is related ... as an injectable anesthetic for use in cats and dogs. It is sometimes used in combination with xylazine (Rompun) to tranquilize ...
Memantine
Like many other NMDA antagonists, memantine behaves as a dissociative anesthetic at supratherapeutic doses. Despite isolated ... Morris, Hamilton; Wallach, Jason (July 2014). "From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative ... a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug Testing and Analysis. 6 (7-8): 614-32. doi:10.1002/ ...
Parke-Davis
It also developed Ketalar (ketamine hydrochloride), a general anesthetic and dissociative drug, in 1962. Parke-Davis marketed ...
Aaron Traywick
Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, is sometimes used as a recreational drug. The U.S. Transhumanist Party issued an official ...
Arylcyclohexylamine
Antagonism of the NMDA receptor confers anesthetic, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, and dissociative effects; blockade of the ... Morris, H; Wallach, J (2014). "From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug Test ... Morris, H.; Wallach, J. (2014). "From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug ... Arylcyclohexylamine anesthetics were intensively investigated at Parke-Davis, beginning with the 1956 synthesis of ...
Eticyclidine
... (PCE, CI-400) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic effects. It is similar in effects to ... PCE was developed by Parke-Davis in the 1970s and evaluated for anesthetic potential under the code name CI-400, but research ...
Chemical restraint
Drugs that are often used as chemical restraints include benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, and dissociative anesthetics such as ...
Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
... anesthetic and dissociative drug of abuse; weak SNDRI action likely contributes to effects and abuse potential Phencyclidine ( ... discontinued anesthetic and dissociative psychostimulant drug of abuse; SNDRI action likely contributes to effects and abuse ... Esketamine (Ketanest S) - anesthetic; S-enantiomer of ketamine; weak SNDRI action likely contributes to effects and abuse ... In addition, cocaine has some serious limitations in terms of its cardiotoxicity due to its local anesthetic activity. ...
Bipolar disorder
It is unclear if ketamine (a common general dissociative anesthetic used in surgery) is useful in bipolar disorder. Lithium and ...
Diphenidine
... (1,2-DEP, DPD, DND) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold as a designer drug. The synthesis of ... Helander A, Beck O, Bäckberg M (June 2015). "Intoxications by the dissociative new psychoactive substances diphenidine and ... 17 June 2016). "Pharmacological Investigations of the Dissociative 'Legal Highs' Diphenidine, Methoxphenidine and Analogues". ... and a dissociative agent, diphenidine". Legal Medicine. 17 (5): 421-6. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2015.06.005. PMID 26162997. ...
Smooth pursuit
Drugs causing lack of smooth pursuit include depressants, some inhalants, and dissociative anesthetics (such as phencyclidine ...
Esketamine
The compound is the S(+) enantiomer of ketamine, which is an anesthetic and dissociative similarly. It is unknown whether its ... Esketamine is marketed as an antidepressant in the United States; and as an anesthetic in the European Union. Esketamine is a ... Esketamine, sold under the brand name Spravato among others, is a medication used as a general anesthetic and for treatment- ... Esketamine is a general anesthetic and is used for similar indications as ketamine. Such uses include induction of anesthesia ...
Deschloroketamine
... (DXE, DCK, 2'-Oxo-PCM) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold online as a designer drug. It has also ...
Vocal cord dysfunction
While Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, does not suppress respiratory drive, it has been thought to be associated with ...
Ketamine
... inhibition of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and other ligand-gated ion channels by dissociative anesthetics ... It suppresses breathing much less than most other available anesthetics. When used at anesthetic doses, ketamine usually ... At lower sub-anesthetic doses, psychiatric side effects are prominent. A majority of patients feel strange, spacey, woozy or ... At lower, sub-anesthetic doses, ketamine is a promising agent for pain and treatment-resistant depression. However, the ...
Ephenidine
... (also known as NEDPA and EPE) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is ... a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug Testing and Analysis. 6 (7-8): 614-32. doi:10.1002/ ...
Drug Recognition Expert
... dissociative anesthetics (PCP), cannabis, hallucinogens (mushrooms), inhalants (glue), and narcotic analgesics (opiates). DREs ...
Olney's lesions
Secondly in the field of anesthesiology, the dissociative anesthesia of many general anesthetics is due to NMDA receptor ... Nitrous oxide, a common anesthetic for humans (especially in dentistry), has also been shown to cause vacuolization in rats' ... Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Beals J, Benshoff N, Olney J (2003). "Prolonged exposure to inhalational anesthetic nitrous oxide kills ... In medical settings, NMDA receptor antagonists are used as anesthetics, so GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators are ...
Hydroxynorketamine
... (HNK), or 6-hydroxynorketamine, is a minor metabolite of the anesthetic, dissociative, and antidepressant ... As (2R,6R)-HNK, unlike ketamine, is not an NMDA receptor antagonist, and produces no dissociative or euphoric effects, it has ... In contrast to ketamine and norketamine, HNK is inactive as an anesthetic and psychostimulant. In accordance, it has only very ... "Sub-anesthetic concentrations of (R,S)-ketamine metabolites inhibit acetylcholine-evoked currents in α7 nicotinic acetylcholine ...
NMDA receptor
Maher, T.J. (2013). Anesthetic agents: General and local anesthetics. In: T.L. Lemke & D.A. Williams (editors). Foye's ... Anderson C (2003-06-01). "The Bad News Isn't In: A Look at Dissociative-Induced Brain Damage and Cognitive Impairment". Erowid ... These and similar drugs like dextromethorphan and methoxetamine also produce dissociative, hallucinogenic, and euphoriant ... weak partial agonist of an allosteric site of the glycine site Antagonists of the NMDA receptor are used as anesthetics for ...
Controlled Substances Act
Cocaine: used as a topical anesthetic and to stop severe epistaxis. *Codeine (pure) and any drug for non-parenteral ... Halpern, J.H. (2004). "Hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the United States". Pharmacology & ... Ketamine, a drug originally developed as a safer, shorter-acting replacement for PCP (mainly for use as a human anesthetic) but ... GHB, a general anesthetic and treatment for narcolepsy-cataplexy and alcohol withdrawal with a limited safe dosage range and ...
Antiemetic
Dexamethasone (Decadron) is given in low dose at the onset of a general anesthetic as an effective antiemetic. It is also used ...
Analgesic
These topical anesthetics contain anesthetic drugs such as lidocaine, tetracaine, benzocaine, and prilocaine in a cream, ... Lidocaine, an anesthetic, and steroids may be injected into joints for longer-term pain relief. Lidocaine is also used for ... They are distinct from anesthetics, which temporarily affect, and in some instances completely eliminate, sensation. Analgesics ... In February 2007 the FDA notified consumers and healthcare professionals of the potential hazards of topical anesthetics ...
Stimulant
... nasal congestion and as anesthetics.[24] Drugs used to treat obesity are called anorectics and generally include drugs that ... although it sees clinical use as a local anesthetic, in particular in ophthalmology. Most cocaine use is recreational and its ...
Chemotherapy
... (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim to prolong life or to reduce symptoms (palliative chemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted to pharmacotherapy for cancer, which is called medical oncology.. By common usage, the term chemotherapy has come to connote the use of rather non-specific intracellular poisons, especially related to inhibiting the process of cell division known as mitosis, and generally excludes agents that more selectively block extracellular growth signals (i.e. blockers of signal transduction). To avoid these connotations for recently developed (against specific molecular or genetic targets) therapies which inhibit of ...
Decongestant
The vast majority of decongestants act via enhancing norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) or adrenergic activity by stimulating the α1-adrenergic receptor since they mediate vasoconstriction and constricting nasal vasculature causes decongestion of nasal mucosa. This induces vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the nose, throat, and paranasal sinuses, which results in reduced inflammation (swelling) and mucus formation in these areas. Decongestant nasal sprays and eye drops often contain oxymetazoline and are used for topical decongestion. Pseudoephedrine acts indirectly on the adrenergic receptor system, whereas phenylephrine and oxymetazoline are direct agonists. The effects are not limited to the nose, and these medicines may cause hypertension (high blood pressure) through vasoconstriction; it is for this reason that people with hypertension are advised to avoid them. Most decongestants, however, are not pronounced stimulants, due to lack of response from the ...
Substance abuse
Dissociative anesthetic. 2.00. 1.54. 1.69. 1.74 Benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepine. 1.63. 1.83. 1.65. 1.70 ...
Ketamin - Vikipedi
Giannini, AJ; Loiselle, RH; Giannini, MC; Price, WA (1985). "Phencyclidine and the dissociative". Psychiatric Medicine. 3 (3), ... Sinner, B; Graf, BM (2008). "Ketamine". Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H (Edl.). Modern Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental ... "Clinical Practice Guideline for Emergency Department Ketamine Dissociative Sedation: 2011 Update". Annals of Emergency ...
Antifungal
A polyene is a molecule with multiple conjugated double bonds. A polyene antifungal is a macrocyclic polyene with a heavily hydroxylated region on the ring opposite the conjugated system. This makes polyene antifungals amphiphilic. The polyene antimycotics bind with sterols in the fungal cell membrane, principally ergosterol. This changes the transition temperature (Tg) of the cell membrane, thereby placing the membrane in a less fluid, more crystalline state. (In ordinary circumstances membrane sterols increase the packing of the phospholipid bilayer making the plasma membrane more dense.) As a result, the cell's contents including monovalent ions (K+, Na+, H+, and Cl−), small organic molecules leak and this is regarded one of the primary ways cell dies.[1] Animal cells contain cholesterol instead of ergosterol and so they are much less susceptible. However, at therapeutic doses, some amphotericin B may bind to animal membrane cholesterol, increasing the risk of human toxicity. Amphotericin B ...
Proton-pump inhibitor
Some studies have shown a correlation between use of PPIs and Clostridium difficile infections. While the data are contradictory and controversial, the FDA had sufficient concern to include a warning about this adverse effect on the label of PPI drugs.[25] Concerns have also been raised about spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in older people taking PPIs and in people with irritable bowel syndrome taking PPIs; both types of infections arise in these populations due to underlying conditions and it is not clear if this is a class effect of PPIs.[25] PPIs may predispose an individual to developing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth or fungal overgrowth.[30][31] Long-term use of PPIs is associated with the development of benign polyps from fundic glands (which is distinct from fundic gland polyposis); these polyps do not cause cancer and resolve when PPIs are discontinued. There is no association between PPI use and cancer[25] or pre-cancer.[32] There is concern that use of PPIs may mask gastric ...
Diuretic
Osmotic diuretics (e.g. mannitol) are substances that increase osmolarity but have limited tubular epithelial cell permeability. They work primarily by expanding extracellular fluid and plasma volume, therefore increasing blood flow to the kidney, particularly the peritubular capillaries. This reduces medullary osmolality and thus impairs the concentration of urine in the loop of Henle (which usually uses the high osmotic and solute gradient to transport solutes and water). Furthermore, the limited tubular epithelial cell permeability increases osmolality and thus water retention in the filtrate.[9] It was previously believed that the primary mechanism of osmotic diuretics such as mannitol is that they are filtered in the glomerulus, but cannot be reabsorbed. Thus their presence leads to an increase in the osmolarity of the filtrate and to maintain osmotic balance, water is retained in the urine. Glucose, like mannitol, is a sugar that can behave as an osmotic diuretic. Unlike mannitol, glucose ...
Phenibut
... also binds to and blocks α2δ subunit-containing VDCCs, similarly to gabapentin and pregabalin, and hence is a gabapentinoid.[9][16] Both (R)-phenibut and (S)-phenibut display this action with similar affinity (Ki = 23 and 39 μM, respectively).[9] Moreover, (R)-phenibut possesses 4-fold greater affinity for this site than for the GABAB receptor (Ki = 92 μM), while (S)-phenibut does not bind significantly to the GABAB receptor (Ki , 1 mM).[9] As such, based on the results of this study, phenibut would appear to have much greater potency in its interactions with α2δ subunit-containing VDCCs than with the GABAB receptor (between 5- to 10-fold).[9] For this reason, the actions of phenibut as a α2δ subunit-containing voltage-gated calcium channel blocker or gabapentinoid may be its true primary mechanism of action, and this may explain the differences between phenibut and its close relative baclofen (which, in contrast, has essentially insignificant activity as a gabapentinoid; Ki = 6 ...
Diethyl ether
The anesthetic and intoxicating effects of ether have made it a recreational drug. Diethyl ether in anesthetic dosage is an ... Halothane was the first such anesthetic developed and other currently used inhaled anesthetics, such as isoflurane, desflurane ... such as post-anesthetic nausea and vomiting. Modern anesthetic agents reduce these side effects.[14] ... Prior to 2005 it was on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines for use as an anesthetic.[21][22] ...
Phencyclidine
... it is a dissociative anesthetic.[9][10] PCP works primarily as an NMDA receptor antagonist.[9] ... PCP was initially made in 1926 and brought to market as an anesthetic medication in the 1950s.[10][74][15][16] Its anesthetic ... although a range of potencies and varying mixtures of anesthetic, dissociative, and stimulant effects are known, depending on ... PCP was initially made in 1926 and brought to market as an anesthetic medication in the 1950s.[10][14][15][16] Its use in ...
Local anesthetic
List of local anesthetics. References[edit]. *^ Ryan, T (2019). "Tramadol as an adjunct to intra‐articular local anaesthetic ... of Wisconsin, Local Anesthesia and Regional Anesthetics *^ a b Weinberg GL, VadeBoncouer T, Ramaraju GA, Garcia-Amaro MF, Cwik ... A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of pain sensation. When it is used on specific nerve pathways ( ... Local anesthetic drugs bind more readily to sodium channels in an activated state, thus onset of neuronal blockade is faster in ...
ನಿಕೋಟಿನ್ - ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ
Dissociatives. *DXM. *Inhalants *Nitrous oxide. *alkyl nitrites - poppers, such as amyl nitrite ...
Anesthesia
The types of drugs used include general anesthetics, local anesthetics, hypnotics, dissociatives, sedatives, adjuncts, ... and the type of anesthetic (regional anesthetics are lower risk than general anesthetics).[2]:984 Obstetrical, the very young ... Systemic local anesthetics: local anesthetics are given systemically (orally or intravenous) to relieve neuropathic pain. ... The core instrument in an inhalational anesthetic delivery system is an anesthetic machine. It has vaporizers, ventilators, an ...
Atropine
... throughout the Roman and Islamic Empires and continued in Europe until superseded in the 19th century by modern anesthetics. ... Dissociatives. (NMDAR. antagonists). Arylcyclo‐. hexylamines. Ketamine-related. *2-Fluorodeschloroketamine. *Arketamine ((R)- ...
Medication
Some anesthetics include Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates. For musculo-skeletal disorders[edit]. The main categories of drugs ... Diagnostic: topical anesthetics, sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, mydriatics, cycloplegics. *Antibacterial: antibiotics, ... Antibiotics, sympathomimetics, antihistamines, anticholinergics, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, antiseptics, local anesthetics, ...
Immunosuppressive drug
Heterologous polyclonal antibodies are obtained from the serum of animals (e.g., rabbit, horse), and injected with the patient's thymocytes or lymphocytes. The antilymphocyte (ALG) and antithymocyte antigens (ATG) are being used. They are part of the steroid-resistant acute rejection reaction and grave aplastic anemia treatment. However, they are added primarily to other immunosuppressives to diminish their dosage and toxicity. They also allow transition to cyclosporin therapy. Polyclonal antibodies inhibit T lymphocytes and cause their lysis, which is both complement-mediated cytolysis and cell-mediated opsonization followed by removal of reticuloendothelial cells from the circulation in the spleen and liver. In this way, polyclonal antibodies inhibit cell-mediated immune reactions, including graft rejection, delayed hypersensitivity (i.e., tuberculin skin reaction), and the graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but influence thymus-dependent antibody production. As of March 2005, there are two ...
Hallucinogen
Dissociatives produce analgesia, amnesia and catalepsy at anesthetic doses.[6] They also produce a sense of detachment from the ... Dissociatives *Antiglutamatergics (NMDA receptor antagonists or classical dissociatives) such as "laughing gas" (nitrous oxide ... "California Medicine Some dissociatives have general depressant effects as well, which is why doctors prescribe them to sedate ... Common dissociative drugs include: PCP (Phencyclidine). 117 (4): 46-7. PMC 1518731. PMID 18730832.. ...
Phenyltoloxamine
Dissociatives. (NMDAR. antagonists). Arylcyclo‐. hexylamines. Ketamine-related. *2-Fluorodeschloroketamine. *Arketamine ((R)- ... Local anesthetics (e.g., cocaine, lidocaine). *Mexiletine. *Nefopam. *Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline#) ...
Dissociative
At sub-anesthetic doses, dissociatives alter many of the same cognitive and perceptual processes affected by other ... The effects of dissociatives can include sensory dissociation, hallucinations, mania, catalepsy, analgesia and amnesia.[5][6][7 ... Some dissociative drugs are used recreationally. Ketamine and nitrous oxide are club drugs. Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) ... Dissociatives are a class of hallucinogen, which distort perceptions of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment - ...
Bronchodilator
Available in oral and injectable form, theophylline is a long-acting bronchodilator that prevents asthma episodes. It belongs to the chemical class methyl xanthines (along with caffeine). It is prescribed in severe cases of asthma or those that are difficult to control. It must be taken 1-4 times daily, and doses cannot be missed. Blood tests are required to monitor therapy and to indicate when dosage adjustment is necessary. Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach or headache, rapid or irregular heart beat, muscle cramps, nervous or jittery feelings, and hyperactivity. These symptoms may signal the need for an adjustment in medication. It may promote acid reflux, also known as GERD, by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter muscle. Some medications, such as seizure and ulcer medications and antibiotics containing erythromycin, can interfere with the way theophylline works. Coffee, tea, colas, cigarette-smoking, and viral illnesses can all affect the action of theophylline ...
Depressant
An alcoholic beverage is a drink that contains alcohol (also known formally as ethanol), an anesthetic that has been used as a ... dissociative actions. These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle ...
Statin
The role of cholesterol in the development of cardiovascular disease was elucidated in the second half of the 20th century.[138] This lipid hypothesis prompted attempts to reduce cardiovascular disease burden by lowering cholesterol. Treatment consisted mainly of dietary measures, such as a low-fat diet, and poorly tolerated medicines, such as clofibrate, cholestyramine, and nicotinic acid. Cholesterol researcher Daniel Steinberg writes that while the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial of 1984 demonstrated cholesterol lowering could significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks and angina, physicians, including cardiologists, remained largely unconvinced.[139] Scientists in academic settings and the pharmaceutical industry began trying to develop a drug to reduce cholesterol more effectively. There were several potential targets, with 30 steps in the synthesis of cholesterol from acetyl-coenzyme A.[140] In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, ...
Glutamic acid
For the same reasons, dextromethorphan and ketamine also have strong dissociative and hallucinogenic effects. Acute infusion of ...
The Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Hallucinogenic and Dissociative Anesthetic Drugs | SpringerLink
However, the mechanisms of the discriminative stimulus effects of hallucinogenic and dissociative anesthetic drugs are not yet ... Mori T., Suzuki T. (2016) The Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Hallucinogenic and Dissociative Anesthetic Drugs. In: ... This chapter focuses on recent findings regarding hallucinogenic and dissociative anesthetic drug-induced discriminative ... dissociative, hallucinogenic, and memory effects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 226:381-392CrossRefGoogle Scholar ...
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 7251 : Patient acceptance of dissociative anesthetics : Cunningham BL, McKinney P
McKinney P Patient acceptance of dissociative anesthetics Plast Reconstr Surg 1983 72(1):22-6 ... "Patient acceptance of dissociative anesthetics" Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983 Jul 11;72(1):22-6. ... and patient acceptance of low-dose ketamine when used to diminish the pain of local anesthetic injections. The role of diazepam ...
Dissociative anesthetic legal definition of Dissociative anesthetic
What is Dissociative anesthetic? Meaning of Dissociative anesthetic as a legal term. What does Dissociative anesthetic mean in ... Definition of Dissociative anesthetic in the Legal Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. ... Dissociative anesthetic legal definition of Dissociative anesthetic https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Dissociative ... anesthetic. (redirected from Dissociative anesthetic). Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia. See: drug, ...
Anesthetics, Dissociative | ISHAR Online
We studied the interactions between a local anesthetic agent, lidocaine, and two general anesthetic drugs, propofol and ... Ketamine is an IV anesthetic with N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-blocking properties. However, it is still unclear ... Changes in effective and lethal doses of intravenous anesthetics and lidocaine when used in combination in mice. ... The effect of a dissociative dose of ketamine on the bispectral index (BIS) during propofol hypnosis. ...
Dissociative Anesthetics - Imagine Laser Works
Dissociative Anesthetics Imagine Laserworks 2009-01-26T12:26:08+00:00 Dissociative Anesthetics. Drugs such as phencyclidine ( ... These dissociative anesthetics carry the risk of extreme psychological dependence. They separate your perceptions from ... Although low doses of the anesthetics increase heart rate, higher doses can depress consciousness and breathing. Combining this ... PCP) and ketamine (Special K) were developed as general anesthetics. They produce distortions in both sight and sound and a ...
Dissociative Anesthetics; Ketamine as a Dissociative Anesthetics and its Uses. | Chemical Route
Dissociative Anesthetics; Ketamine as a Dissociative Anesthetics and its Uses.. by chemicalroute , Aug 28, 2021 , Uncategorized ... Ketamine as a Dissociative Anesthetic Ketamine, also known as Norkit, is a dissociative anesthetic agent. It is commonly ... Other Commonly Administered Dissociative Anesthetic Agents Commonly administered dissociative anesthetic agents are PCP ( ... The common street name for dissociative anesthetic drugs is ketamine. These drugs were first manufactured as a legal ...
Course Content - #66911: Novel Psychoactive Substances: Trends in Drug Abuse - NetCE
MXE and ketamine both produce dissociative anesthetic effects and act as NMDA receptor antagonists and dopamine reuptake ... 2-Methoxyphenidine (2-MXP or MXP) is an NPS dissociative and structural analog of diphenidine, introduced to meet growing ... After its 2010 Internet entrance, it became the most popular dissociative NPS. Compared with ketamine, the 3-methox substituent ... Initially showing great promise as a potent anesthetic, evidence of the alarming adverse effects delirium, hallucinations, and ...
ELEKT-D: Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) vs. Ketamine in Patients With Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD) - Full Text View -...
Pilot Study of Ketamine in Adults With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Effect of Subanesthetic Dose of Ketamine Combined With Propofol on Cognitive Function in Depressive Patients Undergoing...
Anesthetics. Analgesics. Sensory System Agents. Peripheral Nervous System Agents. Anesthetics, Dissociative. Excitatory Amino ... history of serious adverse effects related to anesthetics;. *refusal to consent for the study, or refusal to undergo one single ... positive psychotic symptoms.The investigators also found that subanesthetic dose of ketamine combined with other anesthetics ...
Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse - 5th Edition - Steven B. Karch, MD
Comparative Effects of Dexmedetomidine and Ketofol for Sedation in Patients Undergoing Trans-esophageal Echocardiography - Full...
Tissue distribution of ketamine in a mixed drug fatality
NMDA receptor antagonist - Wikipedia
Phencyclidine: a dissociative anesthetic previously used in medicine, but its development was discontinued in the 1960s in ... Eticyclidine: a slightly more potent dissociative anesthetic than phencyclidine but with greater nausea/unpleasant taste, that ... Ketamine: a dissociative psychedelic with antidepressant properties used as an anesthesia in humans and animals, a possible ... Etoxadrol: a potent dissociative similar to PCP. Dexoxadrol: similar to etoxadrol. WMS-2539: potent fluorinated derivative of ...
Substance abuse facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Substance abuse
They are, more accurately, dissociative anesthetics. In 2001, almost 13 percent of high school seniors had tried some form of ... Cocaine was a valuable anesthetic, providing local, fast-acting, and long-lasting effects during some surgical procedures. ... Usually thought of as hallucinogens, PCP (phencyclidine) and ketamine were initially developed as general anesthetics for ...
Drugs and Receptors Quiz - By milladjs
Ketamine decreases intracranial pressure and electroencephalographic activity in traumatic brain injury patients during...
Raposo AC[au] - PubMed - NCBI
IV Anesthetics Flashcards by Brandon Taylor | Brainscape
IV Anesthetics Flashcards Preview Board Review CRNA (Sweat Book) , IV Anesthetics , Flashcards ... What is a s\e that is specific to Etomidate in comparison to other IV anesthetics? ... The CNS effects after bolus injection of an IV anesthetic are terminated primarily by _________. ... 0.5-1.5 hours (more rapid and complete awakening than other IV anesthetics) ...
General anesthetics
CNS Pharmacology General anesthetics Dr. Hiwa K. Saaed, H.D, M.Sc, Ph.D Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology College of ... This dissociative anesthesia provides sedation, amnesia, and immobility. • Ketamine stimulates central sympathetic outflow, ... General anesthetics * 1. CNS Pharmacology General anesthetics Dr. Hiwa K. Saaed, H.D, M.Sc, Ph.D Department of Pharmacology & ... For inhaled anesthetics, higher CO removes anesthetic from the alveoli faster and thus slows the rate of rise in alveolar ...
Drugs of Abuse Flashcards by MO ROUTH | Brainscape
Substance Abuse and Prevention | The Evergreen State College
Cannabinoids and Hallucinogens for Headache
... hence ketamine is known as a dissociative anesthetic. Dextromethorphan is another example. Nicolodi and Sicuteri studied the ... The tasteless and odorless anesthetic ketamine is a potent NMDA antagonist sometimes included in the hallucinogen category and ... Ketamine has analgesic properties at sub-anesthetic doses which makes it useful to chronic pain specialists in particular and ... and produces feelings of detachment that are not so much hallucination-like effects and better described as dissociative ...
Dexmedetomidine/ketamine for diagnostic cardiac catheterization in a child with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension.
Anaesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular morphine, medetomidine and ketamine administered to telemetered cats.
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Ketamine: Uses, effects, risks, and warnings
It is commonly abused for its hallucinogenic and dissociative effects and, controversially, it may be prescribed to treat ... Ketamine is an anesthetic, used to induce a loss of consciousness and relieve pain. ... Ketamine belongs to a class of drugs known as dissociative anesthetics. It is also known as Ketalar, Ketanest, and Ketaset. ... Ketamine is an anesthetic drug, used in human and veterinary medicine. It is important to distinguish the valid medical uses ...
AnesthesiaPhencyclidineHallucinogensPsychedelicLocal anestheticDosesDrugsAnalgesiaNMDANitrous oxideHallucinogenic and dissociativeCommonlyCough suppressantVeterinary medicineDeveloped in the 1960sCause dissociativeAnimal anestheticAnalgesicIntravenousEffectsDose of ketamineSubstancesDepressesArylcyclohexylamineDrugProducesHumansOverdosePerceptionPrimarilyAdultBlockadeRespiratoryInhalational anestheticsGeneral
Anesthesia14
- STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of a standardized stimulus during propofol-only hypnosis on the bispectral index (BIS) value with the effect of the injection of local anesthesia for surgery during ketamine plus propofol hypnosis (dissociative monitored anesthesia care). (isharonline.org)
- Dissociative Anesthesia is defined as an altered state of consciousness induced through drugs or alcohol, or other substances (neuroleptics). (chemicalroute.com)
- However, in this article I will cover the history and uses of Dissociative Anesthesia, and how and why it is used to treat certain mental conditions. (chemicalroute.com)
- Because of this, the FDA began to ban the use of the term 'ketamine' and redesignate it as 'Ketamine' or 'Dissociative Anesthesia' to replace the illegal street names. (chemicalroute.com)
- the state of anesthesia they induce is referred to as dissociative anesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
- NMDA receptor antagonists induce a state called dissociative anesthesia, marked by catalepsy, amnesia, and analgesia. (wikipedia.org)
- alpha 2 -Adrenoceptor agonists, such as clonidine and dexmedetomidine, induce sedation, reduce anesthetic requirements, and improve perioperative hemodynamic and sympathoadrenal stability, [ 4 ] suggesting that they would be suitable adjuncts to ketamine anesthesia. (asahq.org)
- Inhalational anesthetics are gases or volatile liquids that produce general anesthesia when inhaled. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Intravenous anesthetics are sedative hypnotic drugs that produce anesthesia in large doses. (thefreedictionary.com)
- these can be used alone for brief surgical procedures or for rapid induction of anesthesia maintained by inhalational anesthetics. (thefreedictionary.com)
- and dissociative anesthesia, which uses ketamine , a drug related to the hallucinogens that produces profound analgesia. (thefreedictionary.com)
- local anesthetic an agent, e.g., lidocaine, procaine, or tetracaine, that produces anesthesia by paralyzing sensory nerve endings or nerve fibers at the site of application. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Alfaxalone is an injectable anesthetic agent that is used in veterinary medicine for general anesthesia. (stanford.edu)
- They also produce a sense of detachment from the surrounding environment, hence "the state has been designated as dissociative anesthesia since the patient truly seems disassociated from his environment. (clonazepam-faq.com)
Phencyclidine7
- Developed to replace phencyclidine (PCP) as a dissociative anesthetic , ketamine is used most commonly in veterinary medicine. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine (Special K) were developed as general anesthetics. (imaginelaserworks.com)
- The " psychedelic anesthetics " (ketamine and phencyclidine or PCP) affect NMDA receptors and induce profound dissociative effects. (encyclopedia.com)
- Methoxetamine is a research chemical with dissociative and psychedelic properties similar to ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP). (realitysandwich.com)
- PCP- Phencyclidine, A "dissociative" anesthetic. (wicomicohealth.org)
- In fact, ketamine is a derivative of phencyclidine (PCP), a 1950s pharmaceutical anesthetic later banned in the 1960s due to its unstable, hallucinogenic effects. (addict-help.com)
- The classical dissociatives achieve their effect by blocking the signals received by the NMDA receptor set (NMDA receptor antagonism) and include ketamine, methoxetamine (MXE), phencyclidine (PCP), dextromethorphan (DXM), and nitrous oxide. (clonazepam-faq.com)
Hallucinogens4
- Dissociative anesthetics, also known as dissociatives or dissociative drugs, are a class of hallucinogens that can distort a person's sense of time, vision, sound and self. (sovcal.com)
- Dissociative Anesthetics, Stimulants and Hallucinogens, primarily cause a rigid, tense or stiff feeling in the muscles. (nhdwiguy.com)
- The common types of hallucinogens are psychedelics , dissociatives and deliriants . (wikipedia.org)
- Morphinan is the base chemical structure of a large chemical class of psychoactive drugs, consisting of opiate analgesics, cough suppressants, and dissociative hallucinogens, among others. (pearltrees.com)
Psychedelic4
- They are a broad group of pharmaceutical and designer drugs known for their dissociative, anesthetic, and psychedelic properties due to their shared mechanism of action as NMDA antagonists. (realitysandwich.com)
- Ketamine is a psychedelic and dissociative anesthetic. (drugnet.net)
- Salvinorin A is considered a dissociative exhibiting atypically psychedelic effects. (pearltrees.com)
- The traditional medical use of ketamine is an anesthetic or a dissociative psychedelic. (wellnessresources.com)
Local anesthetic5
- A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and patient acceptance of low-dose ketamine when used to diminish the pain of local anesthetic injections. (erowid.org)
- We studied the interactions between a local anesthetic agent, lidocaine, and two general anesthetic drugs, propofol and ketamine, in mice. (isharonline.org)
- local anesthetic with a fast metabolism due to an ester group in its structure. (opencroquet.org)
- 99% Purity Local Anesthetic Agents Pain Skiller Articaine HCl Aarticaine Hydrochloride Articaine hydrochloride Quick Details Product Name Articaine hydrochloride Alias Articaine HCL CAS 23964-57-0 MF C13H20N2O3S.HCl MW 320.84 Purity 99.00% EINECS 245-957. (opencroquet.org)
- topical anesthetic a local anesthetic applied directly to the area to be anesthetized, usually the mucous membranes or the skin. (thefreedictionary.com)
Doses8
- To determine whether ketamine increases the level of propofol hypnosis when used in dissociative doses. (isharonline.org)
- Although low doses of the anesthetics increase heart rate, higher doses can depress consciousness and breathing. (imaginelaserworks.com)
- There have been many hospitalization of user who have taken DXM in cold and cough preparation with other toxic ingredients in it like Chlorphenarimine Maleate which is toxic in the doses which are needed to induce a Dissociative state from the DXM. (drugs-forum.com)
- Dissociatives produce analgesia, amnesia and catalepsy at anesthetic doses. (wikipedia.org)
- Sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine can range from 0.1 mg/kg to 0.5 mg/kg, but dosing of the drug is highly individualized, he cautioned. (medpagetoday.com)
- Dextromethorphan is an antitussive at low doses and a dissociative at much higher doses, whereas levomethorphan is an opioid analgesic. (pearltrees.com)
- Some dissociatives can have CNS depressant effects, thereby carrying similar risks as opioids, which can slow breathing or heart rate to levels resulting in death (when using very high doses). (clonazepam-faq.com)
- While many have reported that they "feel no pain" while under the effects of PCP, DXM and Ketamine, this does not fall under the usual classification of anesthetics in recreational doses (anesthetic doses of DXM may be dangerous). (clonazepam-faq.com)
Drugs23
- However, the mechanisms of the discriminative stimulus effects of hallucinogenic and dissociative anesthetic drugs are not yet fully clear. (springer.com)
- There are several different ways that dissociative anesthetic drugs can affect an individual. (chemicalroute.com)
- When used recreationally, they are classified as dissociative drugs. (wikipedia.org)
- Ketamine belongs to a class of drugs known as dissociative anesthetics. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Dissociative drugs cause people to feel detached, or dissociated from the world around them. (sovcal.com)
- How dissociative drugs work? (sovcal.com)
- Researchers have found that most dissociative drugs work by disrupting the neurotransmitter glutamate, a brain chemical responsible for activating various neurons. (sovcal.com)
- At higher dosages, dissociative drugs can harm the brain and may cause aggressive behavior, seizure, coma or even death. (sovcal.com)
- Treating addiction to dissociative drugs Dissociative anesthetics are a diverse group of substances. (sovcal.com)
- For this reason, individuals who are addicted to dissociative drugs may benefit from treatment programs that also includes a detoxification treatment geared specifically toward their drug of abuse. (sovcal.com)
- Enrolling in a comprehensive treatment program that includes customized dissociative drugs detox treatment may help one embrace a drug-free life. (sovcal.com)
- People who are addicted to dissociative anesthetics can fight their addiction through medication management, cognitive behavioral therapy, stress management therapy and other professionally administered treatments that are offered at some of the best dissociative drugs detox centers or some other state-of-the-art specialized centers. (sovcal.com)
- Sovereign Health offers one of the best treatment programs to treat addiction to dissociative drugs. (sovcal.com)
- To know more about Sovereign Health's treatment programs for addiction to dissociative anesthetic drugs, please contact our 24/7 helpline. (sovcal.com)
- AKRON, Ohio - Officials responding to a recent spike in opiate overdoses around the northeast Ohio city of Akron suspect some users are trying to increase the potency of heroin and other drugs by mixing in a powerful anesthetic that's used to sedate elephants and other large animals. (drugs-forum.com)
- Introduction: Dissociative Anesthetics are a certain class of drugs which are NMDA'N-Methyl-D-Aspartate' antagonists. (drugs-forum.com)
- This is a good model of action of Dissociative drugs and is commonly used as the basis for current NMDA receptor study. (drugs-forum.com)
- Ketamine belongs to a class of drugs called "dissociative anesthetics", which separates perception from sensation. (saaf.org)
- So far, there has been no effective strategy to alleviate the neurotoxic effects of anesthetic drugs. (sciencemag.org)
- There has also been a greater concern for the impact of drugs and anesthetic agents on experimental results. (springer.com)
- Dissociative drugs distort perceptions of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment (or dissociation) from the environment and self. (nyc.gov)
- Local anesthetics are drugs that block nerve conduction in the region where they are applied. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Dissociative drugs alter your perception of sight and sound as well as produce feelings of detachment from the atmosphere around you. (casapalmera.com)
Analgesia2
- Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic is widely used by non anesthesiologists for analgesia and sedation of children for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the emergency department and other non-operating-room settings for carrying out different procedures3. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that induces a trance-like state accompanied by sedation, amnesia, analgesia, and immobilization (Borker et al. (thefreedictionary.com)
NMDA5
- Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic, which depresses neuronal activity and reduces calcium influx into neurons, in part through blockade of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors ( 2 ). (sciencemag.org)
- Considered a dissociative anesthetic (i.e., ketamine gives users the feeling that their body is separated from their mind), ketamine molecules bind to the PCP-binding site of the NMDA receptor complex. (addict-help.com)
- NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of anesthetics that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). (pearltrees.com)
- 1][2] It is an analogue of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan, but lacks significant NMDA receptor antagonistic action and dissociative effects, thereby having reduced abuse potential and adverse effects in comparison. (pearltrees.com)
- Many users of dissociatives have been concerned about the possibility of NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity (NAN). (clonazepam-faq.com)
Nitrous oxide1
- As for probably the most common dissociative, nitrous oxide, the principal risk seems to be due to oxygen deprivation. (clonazepam-faq.com)
Hallucinogenic and dissociative2
- This chapter focuses on recent findings regarding hallucinogenic and dissociative anesthetic drug-induced discriminative stimulus properties in animals. (springer.com)
- The patient usually becomes amnesic, hallucinogenic, and dissociative while under the effects of Ketamine. (addict-help.com)
Commonly5
- Commonly administered dissociative anesthetic agents are PCP (preparations of sodium chloride) and DXM (commonly known as cough syrup). (chemicalroute.com)
- However, it is also a commonly abused "recreational" drug, due to its hallucinogenic, tranquilizing and dissociative effects. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- PCP, commonly known as angel dust, hog, wack and lovely, is a dissociative drug available in the form of white crystalline powder that dissolves quickly in water or alcohol. (sovcal.com)
- General anesthetics are commonly used to modulate the activity of neuronal networks, producing a reversible loss of sensation and consciousness in surgeries ( 1 - 3 ). (sciencemag.org)
- It is commonly used by veterinarians as an anesthetic for animals. (drugnet.net)
Cough suppressant2
- Dextromethorphan, also known as 'DXM', 'DM' or 'robo', is a cough suppressant that has sedative, dissociative as well as stimulant properties. (sovcal.com)
- Dextrorphan (DXO) is a psychoactive drug of the morphinan chemical class which acts as an antitussive or cough suppressant and dissociative hallucinogen. (pearltrees.com)
Veterinary medicine2
- It is the most widely used anesthetic in veterinary medicine and is used for some surgical procedures in humans. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic and has been used in human and veterinary medicine since 1963. (medpagetoday.com)
Developed in the 1960s1
- Ketamine was developed in the 1960s and has been used for decades as an anesthetic during surgery. (stanford.edu)
Cause dissociative1
- It can cause dissociative side effects - hallucinations and other psychotic-like symptoms - and has been used as a recreational drug. (stanford.edu)
Animal anesthetic2
- Used as a human or animal anesthetic tranquilizer on people undergoing major surgery, ketamine is difficult to make outside a specially equipped laboratory. (addict-help.com)
- Ketamine is a drug primarily used as an animal anesthetic though it can also be used for this purpose in human beings. (drugnet.net)
Analgesic3
- The 3-methoxy group purportedly gives MXE weaker analgesic and anesthetic properties compared to ketamine. (realitysandwich.com)
- It is a potent anesthetic with distinct analgesic activity and has a pharmacokinetic-dynamic profile characterized by a relatively rapid onset of action and immediate recovery. (asahq.org)
- Antagonism of this receptor results in an anesthetic and analgesic state. (addict-help.com)
Intravenous3
- THE development of the dissociative anesthetic ketamine represents an interesting step in our search for better intravenous anesthetics. (asahq.org)
- Maintenance of general anethesia as part of a Total Intravenous Anesthetic protocol. (vetstream.com)
- PCP was developed as an intravenous anesthetic. (nyc.gov)
Effects11
- Previous clinical study showed that subanesthetic dose of ketamine could play a role in antidepressant effects with safety and minimal positive psychotic symptoms.The investigators also found that subanesthetic dose of ketamine combined with other anesthetics could improve cognitive function in depressive rats receiving electroconvulsive shock (a model for analogy with ECT). (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Methoxetamine affects brain processing involved in emotional response in rats Methoxetamine (MXE) is a novel psychoactive substance that is emerging on the Internet and induces dissociative effects and acute toxicity. (tripdatabase.com)
- The novel ketamine analog methoxetamine produces dissociative-like behavioral effects in rodents Methoxetamine (MXE) is a ketamine analog sold online that has been subject to widespread abuse for its dissociative and hallucinogenic effects. (tripdatabase.com)
- While the effects of single injections have been investigated, clinical ketamine treatments can involve 5-h up to 3-day sub-anesthetic infusions. (frontiersin.org)
- Methoxetamine (MXE) is a dissociative anesthetic with effects similar to ketamine . (realitysandwich.com)
- Effects and notes: PCP was once used as a medical anesthetic for IV. (drugs-forum.com)
- 3-MeO-PCP is a dissociative anesthetic with effects that are compared to PCP and ketamine. (erowid.org)
- 3] Psychopharmacology[edit] Unlike muscimol, the main psychoactive constituent of Amanita muscaria, which produces sedative-hypnotic effects and dissociative hallucinations, ibotenic acid's psychoactivity is not completely established and does not contribute in any known way to the effects of Amanita muscaria other than serving as a prodrug to muscimol. (pearltrees.com)
- The effects of DXM have been compared to PCP and the anesthetic ketamine. (ahealthyme.com)
- After all, while ketamine is approved by the Federal Drug Administration as an anesthetic, it is also an illicit party drug known as "Special K," with hallucinogenic effects and the potential for abuse. (stanford.edu)
- Inversely, PCP can have more unpredictable effects and has often been classified as a stimulant and a depressant in some texts along with being dissociative. (clonazepam-faq.com)
Dose of ketamine1
- Despite the small sample size - 15 patients who were not given ketamine versus 10 patients getting the sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine -- this was marginally statistically significant and consistent with anecdotal reports," Day said in a presentation at the American Academy of Pain Medicine meeting. (medpagetoday.com)
Substances1
- All 3 are called dissociative substances. (ahealthyme.com)
Depresses1
- Ketamine is a favored anesthetic for emergency patients with unknown medical history and in the treatment of burn victims because it depresses breathing and circulation less than other anesthetics. (wikipedia.org)
Arylcyclohexylamine2
- SN 35210 is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anesthetic drug. (wikipedia.org)
- Tiletamine is a dissociative anesthetic drug belonging to the arylcyclohexylamine class, with chemical formula C 12 H 17 NOS. (everything2.com)
Drug11
- It is a class III scheduled drug and is approved for use in hospitals and other medical settings as an anesthetic. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Ketamine is a 'dissociative anesthetic,'" explains Alex Wodak, president of the Australian Drug Law Reform Foundation . (thedailybeast.com)
- If it's scheduled, even in Schedule 3 or 4, "those countries will no longer look at it as a viable drug, and won't be able to use ketamine as an anesthetic, which means people won't be able to get medical care," Clear says. (thedailybeast.com)
- Ketamine is a dissociative drug, which means that people who use it feel disassociated from their body. (drugnet.net)
- Ketamine belongs to dissociative anesthetics drug class. (redditpharmacy.com)
- According to the Foundation for a Drug-Free World, ketamine is classified as a " dissociative anesthetic . (inquisitr.com)
- The drug works efficiently on both humans and animals, making it a preferred anesthetic for both traditional doctors and veterinarians. (addict-help.com)
- It has become an increasingly popular club drug and is known on the street as K or special K . Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic. (drugnet.net)
- Veterinary Anesthetic, Club Drug, or Antidepressant? (blogspot.com)
- Other classifications of this drug include depressant, stimulant, and dissociative drug. (casapalmera.com)
- In the 1950's, people thought this drug could possibly be used as an anesthetic. (casapalmera.com)
Produces1
- It produces less (but not zero) respiratory depression than most other anesthetics. (allnurses.com)
Humans2
- Ketamine Hydrochloride was originally used as an anesthetic for humans but because of it's hallucinogenic properties has been replaced by safer anesthetics. (uncw.edu)
- While veterinarians mostly use ketamine in the U.S., in the developing world it's a life-saving anesthetic used on humans. (thedailybeast.com)
Overdose1
- For this reason, signs of a dissociative overdose should be taken very seriously. (sovcal.com)
Perception2
- Dissociative anesthetics separate sensation from perception. (uncw.edu)
- 7] Dissociative symptoms include the disruption or compartmentalization of "…the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity or perception. (clonazepam-faq.com)
Primarily1
- However, it is still unclear whether ketamine's general anesthetic actions are mediated primarily via blockade of NMDAR. (isharonline.org)
Adult1
- Ketamine is a medication that is used as a short acting anesthetic in pediatric and adult medicine. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Blockade1
- The same regional anesthetic blockade was used in all cases. (medpagetoday.com)
Respiratory1
- 5. Status of organ systems: Respiratory system: All inhaled anesthetics depress the respiratory system. (slideshare.net)
Inhalational anesthetics1
- The mechanism of action of all inhalational anesthetics is thought to involve uptake of the gas in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and interaction with the membrane proteins, resulting in inhibition of synaptic transmission of nerve impulses. (thefreedictionary.com)
General3
- It is used as a common solvent and has been used as a general anesthetic . (statemaster.com)
- 1 ] Although ketamine is widely used in the world, these properties have precluded its more general anesthetic use, at least in developed countries. (asahq.org)
- Ketamine hydrochloride ("Special K" or "K") was originally created for use as a human anesthetic, and is still used as a general anesthetic for children, persons of poor health, and by veterinarians. (saaf.org)