Anesthetics. Medical search

Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.

Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.

Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)

Agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p.173)

Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)

A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.

A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)

The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.

A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.

A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3.

A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.

Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)

An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.

A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.

An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180)

Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.

A widely used local anesthetic agent.

Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.

A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.

A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.

A range of methods used to reduce pain and anxiety during dental procedures.

A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.

Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.

Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.

A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.

Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.

A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).

A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.

A specialty concerned with the study of anesthetics and anesthesia.

A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)

A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006)

A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)

Process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream.

A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.

A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.

A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.

Injection of an anesthetic into the nerves to inhibit nerve transmission in a specific part of the body.

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.

Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage.

An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.

The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.

A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth.

Procedure in which an individual is induced into a trance-like state to relieve pain. This procedure is frequently performed with local but not general ANESTHESIA.

A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)

Pregnane derivatives in which two side-chain methyl groups or two methylene groups in the ring skeleton (or a combination thereof) have been oxidized to keto groups.

A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses.

An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.

The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).

Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.

Isomeric forms and derivatives of octanol (C8H17OH).

Hospital department responsible for the administration of functions and activities pertaining to the delivery of anesthetics.

Pain during the period after surgery.

Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.

Drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic.

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.

A phase transition from liquid state to gas state, which is affected by Raoult's law. It can be accomplished by fractional distillation.

A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.

A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.

A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.

A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used as HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES, as ANESTHETICS, or as ANTICONVULSANTS.

Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.

Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen.

Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.

A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals.

A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Devices used to assess the level of consciousness especially during anesthesia. They measure brain activity level based on the EEG.

Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.

A 3:1 mixture of alfaxalone with alfadolone acetate that previously had been used as a general anesthetic. It is no longer actively marketed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1445)

A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)

A procedure involving placement of a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to provide a patient with oxygen and anesthesia.

Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.

Facilities equipped for performing surgery.

Investigations conducted on the physical health of teeth involving use of a tool that transmits hot or cold electric currents on a tooth's surface that can determine problems with that tooth based on reactions to the currents.

Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.

Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.

Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.

An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.

Sense of awareness of self and of the environment.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

A imidazole derivative that is an agonist of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. It is closely-related to MEDETOMIDINE, which is the racemic form of this compound.

A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.

Interventions to provide care prior to, during, and immediately after surgery.

The period during a surgical operation.

A hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of INSOMNIA.

The elimination of PAIN, without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, during OBSTETRIC LABOR; OBSTETRIC DELIVERY; or the POSTPARTUM PERIOD, usually through the administration of ANALGESICS.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

A subclass of ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of specific LIGANDS.

Isomeric forms and derivatives of hexanol (C6H11OH).

The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Potassium channels that contain two pores in tandem. They are responsible for baseline or leak currents and may be the most numerous of all K channels.

An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)

Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The injection of drugs, most often analgesics, into the spinal canal without puncturing the dura mater.

Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.

The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.

The protein components of ferritins. Apoferritins are shell-like structures containing nanocavities and ferroxidase activities. Apoferritin shells are composed of 24 subunits, heteropolymers in vertebrates and homopolymers in bacteria. In vertebrates, there are two types of subunits, light chain and heavy chain. The heavy chain contains the ferroxidase activity.

Inhalation anesthesia where the gases exhaled by the patient are rebreathed as some carbon dioxide is simultaneously removed and anesthetic gas and oxygen are added so that no anesthetic escapes into the room. Closed-circuit anesthesia is used especially with explosive anesthetics to prevent fires where electrical sparking from instruments is possible.

Sharp instruments used for puncturing or suturing.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.

Apparatus for removing exhaled or leaked anesthetic gases or other volatile agents, thus reducing the exposure of operating room personnel to such agents, as well as preventing the buildup of potentially explosive mixtures in operating rooms or laboratories.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel and are usually inhibitory.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.

Operations carried out for the correction of deformities and defects, repair of injuries, and diagnosis and cure of certain diseases. (Taber, 18th ed.)

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)

Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the benzene ring structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobenzoate structure.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Loss of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment combined with markedly reduced responsiveness to environmental stimuli. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp344-5)

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.

The killing of animals for reasons of mercy, to control disease transmission or maintain the health of animal populations, or for experimental purposes (ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION).

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919)

Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.

Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.

The aftermost permanent tooth on each side in the maxilla and mandible.

Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.

A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.

A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.

A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.

A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.

A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.

A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Batrachotoxin is the 20-alpha-bromobenzoate of batrachotoxin A; they are toxins from the venom of a small Colombian frog, Phyllobates aurotaenia, cause release of acetylcholine, destruction of synaptic vesicles and depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers.

Surgery restricted to the management of minor problems and injuries; surgical procedures of relatively slight extent and not in itself hazardous to life. (Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)

A group of methane-based halogenated hydrocarbons containing one or more fluorine and chlorine atoms.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

Specially trained personnel to assist in routine technical procedures in the operating room.

A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The specialty or practice of nursing in the care of patients in the recovery room following surgery and/or anesthesia.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.

Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

Substances that do not act as agonists or antagonists but do affect the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor-ionophore complex. GABA-A receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-A) appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which BENZODIAZEPINES act by increasing the opening frequency of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride channels; a site at which BARBITURATES act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act. GENERAL ANESTHETICS probably act at least partly by potentiating GABAergic responses, but they are not included here.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Methods of delivering drugs into a joint space.

Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place.

Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Exposure of myocardial tissue to brief, repeated periods of vascular occlusion in order to render the myocardium resistant to the deleterious effects of ISCHEMIA or REPERFUSION. The period of pre-exposure and the number of times the tissue is exposed to ischemia and reperfusion vary, the average being 3 to 5 minutes.

Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.

Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.

Occurence of a patient becoming conscious during a procedure performed under GENERAL ANESTHESIA and subsequently having recall of these events. (From Anesthesiology 2006, 104(4): 847-64.)

Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.

Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.

Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.

Interruption of sympathetic pathways, by local injection of an anesthetic agent, at any of four levels: peripheral nerve block, sympathetic ganglion block, extradural block, and subarachnoid block.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.

Fluid propulsion systems driven mechanically, electrically, or osmotically that are used to inject (or infuse) over time agents into a patient or experimental animal; used routinely in hospitals to maintain a patent intravenous line, to administer antineoplastic agents and other drugs in thromboembolism, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS is also available), and other disorders.

A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.

Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Instruments used for injecting or withdrawing fluids. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

Any materials used in providing care specifically in the hospital.

The functions of the professional nurse in the operating room.

Spinal cord-evoked potentials and muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in 10 awake human subjects. (1/1145)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TCMS) causes leg muscle contractions, but the neural structures in the brain that are activated by TCMS and their relationship to these leg muscle responses are not clearly understood. To elucidate this, we concomitantly recorded leg muscle responses and thoracic spinal cord-evoked potentials (SCEPs) after TCMS for the first time in 10 awake, neurologically intact human subjects. In this report we provide evidence of direct and indirect activation of corticospinal neurons after TCMS. In three subjects, SCEP threshold (T) stimulus intensities recruited both the D wave (direct activation of corticospinal neurons) and the first I wave (I1, indirect activation of corticospinal neurons). In one subject, the D, I1, and I2 waves were recruited simultaneously, and in another subject, the I1 and I2 waves were recruited simultaneously. In the remaining five subjects, only the I1 wave was recruited first. More waves were recruited as the stimulus intensity increased. The presence of D and I waves in all subjects at low stimulus intensities verified that TCMS directly and indirectly activated corticospinal neurons supplying the lower extremities. Leg muscle responses were usually contingent on the SCEP containing at least four waves (D, I1, I2, and I3). (+info)

Increased reading speed for stories presented during general anesthesia. (2/1145)

BACKGROUND: In the absence of explicit memories such as the recall and recognition of intraoperative events, memory of auditory information played during general anesthesia has been demonstrated with several tests of implicit memory. In contrast to explicit memory, which requires conscious recollection, implicit memory does not require recollection of previous experiences and is evidenced by a priming effect on task performance. The authors evaluated the effect of a standardized anesthetic technique on implicit memory, first using a word stem completion task, and then a reading speed task in a subsequent study. METHODS: While undergoing lumbar disc surgery, 60 patients were exposed to auditory materials via headphones in two successive experiments. A balanced intravenous technique with propofol and alfentanil infusions and a nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture was used to maintain adequate anesthesia. In the first experiment, 30 patients were exposed randomly to one of the two lists of 34 repeated German nouns; in the second experiment, 30 patients were exposed to one of two tapes containing two short stories. Thirty control patients for each experiment heard the tapes without receiving anesthesia. All patients were tested for implicit memory 6-8 h later: A word stem completion task for the words and a reading speed task for the stories were used as measures of implicit memory. RESULTS: The control group completed the word stems significantly more often with the words that they had heard previously, but no such effect was found in the anesthetized group. However, both the control and patient groups showed a decreased reading time of about 40 ms per word for the previously presented stories compared with the new stories. The patients had no explicit memory of intraoperative events. CONCLUSIONS: Implicit memory was demonstrated after anesthesia by the reading speed task but not by the word stem completion task. Some methodologic aspects, such as using low frequency words or varying study and test modalities, may account for the negative results of the word stem completion task. Another explanation is that anesthesia with propofol, alfentanil, and nitrous oxide suppressed the word priming but not the reading speed measure of implicit memory. The reading speed paradigm seems to provide a stable and reliable measurement of implicit memory. (+info)

Description of local adaptation of national guidelines and of active feedback for rationalising preoperative screening in patients at low risk from anaesthetics in a French university hospital. (3/1145)

OBJECTIVE: To describe the effect of local adaptation of national guidelines combined with active feedback and organisational analysis on the ordering of preoperative investigations for patients at low risk from anaesthetics. DESIGN: Assessment of preoperative tests ordered over one month, before and after local adaptation of guidelines and feedback of results, combined with an organisational analysis. SETTING: Motivated anaesthetists in 15 surgical wards of Bordeaux University Hospital, Region Aquitain, France. SUBJECTS: 42 anaesthetists, 60 surgeons, and their teams. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number and type of preoperative tests ordered in June 1993 and 1994, and the estimated savings. RESULTS: Of 536 patients at low risk from anaesthetics studied in 1993 before the intervention 80% had at least one preoperative test. Most (70%) tests were ordered by anaesthetists. Twice the number of preoperative tests were ordered than recommended by national guidelines. Organisational analysis indicated lack of organised consultations and communication within teams. Changes implemented included scheduling of anaesthetic consultations; regular formal multidisciplinary meetings for all staff; preoperative ordering decision charts. Of 516 low risk patients studied in 1994 after the intervention only 48% had one or more preoperative tests ordered (p < 0.05). Estimated mean (SD) saving for one year if changes were applied to all patients at low risk from anaesthesia in the hospital 3.04 (1.23) mFF. CONCLUSIONS: A sharp decrease in tests ordered in low risk patients was found. The likely cause was the package of changes that included local adaptation of national guidelines, feedback, and organisational change. (+info)

Drug-induced heart failure. (4/1145)

Heart failure is a clinical syndrome that is predominantly caused by cardiovascular disorders such as coronary heart disease and hypertension. However, several classes of drugs may induce heart failure in patients without concurrent cardiovascular disease or may precipitate the occurrence of heart failure in patients with preexisting left ventricular impairment. We reviewed the literature on drug-induced heart failure, using the MEDLINE database and lateral references. Successively, we discuss the potential role in the occurrence of heart failure of cytostatics, immunomodulating drugs, antidepressants, calcium channel blocking agents, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiarrhythmics, beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, anesthetics and some miscellaneous agents. Drug-induced heart failure may play a role in only a minority of the patients presenting with heart failure. Nevertheless, drug-induced heart failure should be regarded as a potentially preventable cause of heart failure, although sometimes other priorities do not offer therapeutic alternatives (e.g., anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy). The awareness of clinicians of potential adverse effects on cardiac performance by several classes of drugs, particularly in patients with preexisting ventricular dysfunction, may contribute to timely diagnosis and prevention of drug-induced heart failure. (+info)

Characterization of the electrophysiological and pharmacological effects of 4-iodo-2,6-diisopropylphenol, a propofol analogue devoid of sedative-anaesthetic properties. (5/1145)

1. Several derivatives and analogues of the general anaesthetic 2,6-diisopropylphenol (propofol) have been recently synthesised with the aim of exploring the structure-activity relationships. 2. In the present study, the effects of one such compound, 4-iodo-2,6-diisopropylphenol (4-I-Pro), on gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors in vitro were compared with its in vivo effects in rodents. Human GABA(A) receptors were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and the actions of 4-I-Pro on receptor function were compared with those of propofol by two-electrode voltage-clamp recording. 3. Similar to propofol, 4-I-Pro directly activated Cl- currents in the absence of GABA at all combinations of receptor subunits tested. However, the efficacy of 4-I-Pro in inducing direct activation of alpha1beta2gamma2S receptors was markedly less than that of propofol. 4. Similarly to propofol, 4-I-Pro potentiated in a concentration-dependent manner GABA-evoked Cl- currents measured at different GABA(A) receptor constructs. 5. As expected, intraperitoneal injection of propofol induced sedation, ataxia, and loss of the righting reflex in rats. In contrast, administration of 4-I-Pro failed to produce any of these behavioural effects. 6. Administration of 4-I-Pro to rats reduced in a dose-dependent manner the incidence of tonic-clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol and induced an anticonflict effect as measured in the Vogel test. 7. Microdialysis revealed that, like propofol, administration of 4-I-Pro reduced acetylcholine release in the hippocampus of freely moving rats. 8. These results demonstrate that para-substitution of the phenol ring of propofol with iodine yields a compound that exhibits anticonvulsant and anticonflict effects, but is devoid of sedative-hypnotic and anaesthetic properties. Thus, 4-I-Pro possesses pharmacological characteristics more similar to anxiolytic and anticonvulsant drugs than to general anaesthetics. (+info)

Women emerge from general anesthesia with propofol/alfentanil/nitrous oxide faster than men. (6/1145)

BACKGROUND: Recovery from general anesthesia is governed by pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic factors. Gender has not previously been recognized as a factor influencing the time to emergence from general anesthesia. METHODS: This multicenter study was originally designed to measure the effects of the bispectral index on intraoperative anesthetic management and patient recovery. We compared the wake-up and recovery times of 274 adults after propofol/alfentanil/nitrous oxide anesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned to have the titration of propofol performed with or without the use of bispectral index monitoring. Specific guidelines were given for the titration of drugs. The aim in all cases was to provide a safe anesthetic with the fastest possible recovery. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in propofol dose, time to eye opening, and response to verbal command when the anesthetic was titrated using the bispectral index. Unexpectedly, gender proved to be a highly significant independent predictor for recovery time. Women woke significantly faster than men: the time from end of anesthesia to eye opening was 7.05 versus 11.22 min, P < 0.05, and response to verbal command was 8.12 versus 11.67 min, P < 0.05. These differences were significant at all four study sites and in each treatment group. Men consistently had prolonged recovery times compared to women, P < 0.001. There was no difference in the dose of anesthetic used between gender. CONCLUSIONS: Gender appears to be an important variable in recovery from general anesthesia. These findings may explain the increased reported incidence of awareness in women (three times more frequent) and support the need to include gender as a variable in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of anesthetic drugs. (+info)

Ethanol directly depresses AMPA and NMDA glutamate currents in spinal cord motor neurons independent of actions on GABAA or glycine receptors. (7/1145)

Ethanol is a general anesthetic agent as defined by abolition of movement in response to noxious stimulation. This anesthetic endpoint is due to spinal anesthetic actions. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that ethanol acts directly on motor neurons to inhibit excitatory synaptic transmission at glutamate receptors. Whole cell recordings were made in visually identified motor neurons in spinal cord slices from 14- to 23-day-old rats. Currents were evoked by stimulating a dorsal root fragment or by brief pulses of glutamate. Ethanol at general anesthetic concentrations (50-200 mM) depressed both responses. Ethanol also depressed glutamate-evoked responses in the presence of tetrodotoxin (300 nM), showing that its actions are postsynaptic. Block of inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acidA and glycine receptors by bicuculline (50 microM) and strychnine (5 microM), respectively, did not significantly reduce the effects of ethanol on glutamate currents. Ethanol also depressed glutamate-evoked currents when the inhibitory receptors were blocked and either D, L-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (40 microM) or 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium (10 microM) were applied to block N-methyl-D-aspartate or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/kainate receptors, respectively. The results show that ethanol exerts direct depressant effects on both alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate currents in motor neurons. Enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acidA and glycine inhibition is not required for this effect. Direct depression of glutamatergic excitatory transmission by a postsynaptic action on motor neurons thus may contribute to general anesthesia as defined by immobility in response to a noxious stimulus. (+info)

Alphaxalone activates a Cl- conductance independent of GABAA receptors in cultured embryonic human dorsal root ganglion neurons. (8/1145)

Whole cell and cell-attached patch-clamp techniques characterized the neurosteroid anesthetic alphaxalone's (5alpha-pregnane-3alpha-ol-11,20-dione) effects on GABAA receptors and on Cl- currents in cultured embryonic (5- to 8-wk old) human dorsal root ganglion neurons. Alphaxalone applied by pressure pulses from closely positioned micropipettes failed to potentiate the inward Cl- currents produced by application of GABA. In the absence of GABA, alphaxalone (0.1-5.0 microM) directly evoked inward currents in all dorsal root ganglion neurons voltage-clamped at negative membrane potentials. The amplitude of the current was directly proportional to the concentration of alphaxalone (Hill coefficient 1.3 +/- 0.15). The alphaxalone-induced whole cell current was carried largely by Cl- ions. Its reversal potential was close to the theoretical Cl- equilibrium potential, changing with a shift in the external Cl- concentration as predicted by the Nernst equation for Cl- ions. And because the alphaxalone-current was not suppressed by the competitive GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline or by the channel blockers picrotoxin and t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS; all at 100 microM), it did not appear to result from activation of GABAA receptors. In contrast to GABA-currents in the same neurons, the whole cell current-voltage curves produced in the presence of alphaxalone demonstrated strong inward rectification with nearly symmetrical bath and pipette Cl- concentrations. Fluctuation analysis of the membrane current variance produced by 1.0 microM alphaxalone showed that the power density spectra were best fitted to double Lorentzian functions. The elementary conductance for alphaxalone-activated Cl- channels determined by the relationship between mean amplitude of whole cell current and variance was 30 pS. Single-channel currents in cell-attached patches when the pipette solution contained 10 microM alphaxalone revealed a single conductance state with a chord conductance of approximately 29 pS. No subconductance states were seen. The current-voltage determinations for the single-channels activated by alphaxalone demonstrated a linear relationship. Mean open and shut times of single alphaxalone-activated channels were described by two exponential decay functions. Taken together, the results indicate that in embryonic human DRG neurons, micromolar concentrations of alphaxalone directly activate Cl- channels whose electrophysiological and pharmacological properties are distinct from those of Cl- channels associated with GABAA receptors. (+info)

The use of coinduction allows lower doses of the same anesthetic agents to be used which provides enhanced safety, faster ... Coinduction is used in human medicine and veterinary medicine as standard practice to provide optimum anesthetic induction. The ... and is arguably the most dangerous period of a general anesthetic. A great variety of coinduction combinations are in use and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinduction_(anesthetics)

4-Aminobenzoic acid Amino amide Amino esters Anesthesia Anesthetic Brachial plexus block Cocaine analogues: local anesthetics ... This is a list of local anesthetic agents. Not all of these drugs are still used in clinical practice and in research. Some are ... Articles needing additional references from November 2014, All articles needing additional references, Local anesthetics). ... number Epidural Intravenous regional anesthesia Local anesthesia Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor Local anesthetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_local_anesthetics

Local anesthetics can be either ester- or amide-based. Ester local anesthetics (such as procaine, amethocaine, cocaine, ... Anesthetics are distinct from analgesics, which block only sensation of painful stimuli.[citation needed] Local anesthetic ... they are frequently used along with other agents such as intravenous non-opioid anesthetics or inhalational anesthetics. ... Only preservative-free local anesthetic agents may be injected intrathecally. Pethidine also has local anesthetic properties, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthetic

A topical anesthetic is a local anesthetic that is used to numb the surface of a body part. They can be used to numb any area ... In dentistry, topical anesthetics are used to numb oral tissue before administering a dental local anesthetic due to the entry ... Some topical anesthetics (e.g. oxybuprocaine) are also used in otolaryngology. Topical anesthetics are now commonly used in the ... Topical anesthetics are used in ophthalmology and optometry to numb the surface of the eye (the outermost layers of the cornea ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topical_anesthetic

Amylocaine Anesthetic General anesthetic List of cocaine analogues List of local anesthetics Ryan T, Hodge A, Holyoak R, Vlok R ... A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of pain sensation. In the context of surgery, a local anesthetic ... Anesthetic deposition is recommended at 0.2 mL, per root or site, over minimally 20 seconds. For its success, the anesthetic ... Local anesthetic solutions for injection typically consist of: The local anesthetic agent itself A vehicle, which is usually ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic

Anesthetic is the first solo album by American guitarist Mark Morton, released on March 1, 2019 via Spinefarm. The album ... Anesthetic on Mark Morton's official website (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, ... "LAMB OF GOD Guitarist's 'Anesthetic' Solo Album To Feature Guest Appearances By LINKIN PARK, PAPA ROACH Members". BLABBERMOUTH. ... "LAMB OF GOD Guitarist's 'Anesthetic' Solo Album To Feature Guest Appearances By LINKIN PARK, PAPA ROACH Members". Blabbermouth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthetic_(album)

... s are mainly employed by anesthetic departments or operating theatre suites, but can be found in other ... Anesthetic technicians are involved with all aspects of the delivery of a patient's perioperative anesthetic care, taking into ... Anesthetic Technicians' also provide a key role in the emergency resuscitation of patients.[citation needed] Anesthetic ... Anesthetic technicians assist the anesthetic with:[citation needed] waking the patient. removing airway devices. transferring ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthetic_technician

An inhalational anesthetic is a chemical compound possessing general anesthetic properties that can be delivered via inhalation ... "Most of the injectable anesthetics appear to act on a single molecular target," says Sonner. "It looks like inhaled anesthetics ... laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube connected to an anesthetic vaporiser and an anesthetic delivery system. Agents of ... "Anesthetics have been used for 160 years, and how they work is one of the great mysteries of neuroscience," says ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalational_anesthetic

... is a device generally attached to an anesthetic machine which delivers a given concentration of a volatile anesthetic agent. It ... Gas in the vaporizing chamber becomes fully saturated with volatile anesthetic vapor. This gas is then mixed with the gas in ... The plenum vaporizer is driven by positive pressure from the anesthetic machine, and is usually mounted on the machine. The ... A more efficient design would produce too much anesthetic vapor. The output concentration from a drawover vaporizer may greatly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthetic_vaporizer

... (local anesthetic regional nerve blockade, or often simply nerve block) is a short-term nerve ... Since the plexus is located deep, there is an increased risk of local anesthetic toxicity, so less toxic anesthetics like ... The local anesthetic bathes the nerve and numbs the area of the body that is supplied by that nerve. The goal of the nerve ... The needle goes in about 3-4 cm and a single shot of local anesthetic is injected or a catheter is placed. The most common ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic_nerve_block

Nitrous oxide, desflurane, and isoflurane are the most commonly used anesthetic gases. They may cause some complications due to ... 4.Can escape from around the patient's endotracheal tube 5.Can in an anesthetic medical procedure. Proper ventilation Using ... General anesthetics, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, NMDA receptor antagonists). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complications_of_anesthetic_gases

The Glasgow Committee on Anæsthetics was formed in 1875 at the annual meeting of the British Medical Association in Edinburgh. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Committee_on_Anæsthetics

As of 2010[update], it is the most commonly used benzodiazepine in anesthetic medicine. In acute medicine, midazolam has become ... Olkkola KT, Ahonen J (2008). "Midazolam and other benzodiazepines". Modern Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midazolam

Wollweber H (2000). "Anesthetics, General". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/ ... General anesthetics, Thiobarbiturates, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, Abandoned drugs, Allyl compounds, All ... is a barbiturate derivative which was under development as a short-acting anesthetic. However, development was discontinued, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buthalital

"Anesthetic May Affect Tau Spread in the Brain to Promote Alzheimer's Disease Pathology". Neuroscience News. 2021-05-16. ... "Anesthetic May Affect Tau Spread in the Brain to Promote Alzheimer's Disease Pathology". Neuroscience News. 2021-05-16. ... After desflurane, it is the volatile anesthetic with the fastest onset. While its offset may be faster than agents other than ... It is one of the most commonly used volatile anesthetic agents, particularly for outpatient anesthesia, across all ages, as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevoflurane

... (INN) or dimethisoquin (BAN and USAN) is a topical anesthetic used as an antipruritic. The Henry reaction between ... Wilson, James W.; Dawson, Norman D.; Brooks, Walter.; Ullyot, Glenn E. (1949). "Local Anesthetics. Aminoalkoxyisoquinoline ... Local anesthetics, Isoquinolines, Phenol ethers, Dimethylamino compounds, All stub articles, Dermatologic drug stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinisocaine

356-. ISBN 978-3-642-46660-1. Jürgen Schüttler; Helmut Schwilden (8 January 2008). Modern Anesthetics. Springer Science & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alazocine

Alfred Einhorn synthesises the local anesthetic novocaine. The first commercial use of the Frank-Caro process for the nitrogen ... Ritchie, J. Murdoch; Greene, Nicholas M. (1990). "Local Anesthetics". In Gilman, Alfred Goodman; Rall, Theodore W.; Nies, Alan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_in_science

Its anesthetic properties were first demonstrated in animals in 1957. Pregnanolone was investigated for clinical use as a ... the fetus is sedated by the low oxygen tension of the fetal blood and the neurosteroid anesthetics pregnanolone and the sleep- ... Jürgen Schüttler; Helmut Schwilden (8 January 2008). Modern Anesthetics. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 278-. ISBN 978- ... Pregnanolone has sedative, anxiolytic, anesthetic, and anticonvulsant effects. During pregnancy, pregnanolone and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnanolone

... and do not hydrolyze ester anesthetics such as procaine. This results in a prolonged period of high levels of the anesthetic in ... Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is most commonly used in dental procedures to numb the area ... Like other local anesthetics (such as mepivacaine, and prilocaine), procaine is a vasodilator, thus is often coadministered ... Procaine, an ester anesthetic, is metabolized in the plasma by the enzyme pseudocholinesterase through hydrolysis into para- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procaine

Modern Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 182. pp. 335-360. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_16. ISBN 978-3- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine

When treated with strong base, it gives divinyl ether, an anesthetic: O(CH2CH2Cl)2 + 2 KOH → O(CH=CH2)2 + 2 KCl + 2 H2O The ... 6, p. 395 Wollweber, Hartmund (2000). "Anesthetics, General". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis(chloroethyl)_ether

This tetrameric enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of a number of substances, including amino ester local anesthetics and ... Dibucaine, also known as cinchocaine, is an amino amide local anesthetic. When administered to humans intravenously, it is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibucaine_number

"Local Anesthetics". New England Journal of Medicine. 263 (19): 963-965.1960. doi:10.1056/NEJM196011102631912. Cope Arthur C, U. ... Hexylcaine hydrochloride, also called cyclaine (Merck) or osmocaine, is a short-acting local anesthetic. It acts by inhibiting ... as topical anesthetic in gastroscopy and esophagoscopy". Gastroenterology. 36 (1): 120-1. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(59)80102-5. ... Local anesthetics, Benzoate esters, Cyclohexylamines, All stub articles, Nervous system drug stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexylcaine

It is given before a general anesthetic to reduce the amount of anesthetic required, or before unpleasant awake procedures, ... Olkkola KT, Ahonen J (2008). "Midazolam and other benzodiazepines". Modern Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorazepam

Satoskar RS, Bhandarkar SD, Rege NN (1973). "General Anesthetics". Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics. Popular Prakashan. pp ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride

Retrieved 30 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) Stamp, Jimmy (4 July 2012). "Aesthetics/Anesthetics". www. ... "Storefront for Art and Architecture , Programming: Exhibitions: Aesthetics/Anesthetics". storefrontnews.org. Retrieved 29 April ... Aesthetics-Anesthetics (2012), denouncing the rendering culture in architecture; POP: Protocols, Obsessions, Positions (2013), ... Aesthetics/Anesthetics". storefrontnews.org. Retrieved 30 April 2021. "Storefront for Art and Architecture , Programming: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Franch_i_Gilabert

"temporary anesthetics". Bitter Films. Retrieved 2013-07-23. "everything will be ok". Bitter Films. Retrieved 2013-07-23. ... The 17-minute animated short was based on a character, Bill, from his webcomic "Temporary Anesthetics". The Boston Globe called ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Hertzfeldt

In this context, halothane eventually became popular as a nonflammable general anesthetic replacing other volatile anesthetics ... Like all volatile anesthetics, it should not be used in people with a personal or family history of malignant hyperthermia. It ... Attempts to find anesthetics with less metabolism led to halogenated ethers such as enflurane and isoflurane. The incidence of ... Its use in developed countries has been mostly replaced by newer anesthetic agents such as sevoflurane. It is no longer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halothane

Vinyl ether is a potent anesthetic giving it a large safety margin; the ratio of the anesthetic to lethal dose for vinyl ether ... The anesthetic product was inhibited with .01% phenyl-α-napthylamine which gave it a faint violet fluorescence. Vinyl ether ... As an anesthetic ethylene has many favorable properties, although its very low potency often requires hypoxic conditions to ... Anesthetic machines of the time could suitably contain vinyl ether's potency, however, via the open drop technique smooth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinyl_ether

Topical anesthetics. Class Summary. These agents are helpful in providing pain control, which is very important in allowing the ... Patients with ANUG should be given a strong analgesic along with topical anesthetics and NSAIDs because pain control is very ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/763801-121640/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-analgesics-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-gingivitis

Working with anesthetic gases could increase your chances of having a miscarriage if the gases are not properly controlled. ... "Waste anesthetic gases" are small amounts of anesthetic gases that leak from the patients breathing mask into the air of ... If you work with anesthetic gases and have a miscarriage, we often cant tell if it was caused by working with anesthetic gases ... What are anesthetic gases?. *Anesthetic gases are used to keep patients unconscious during surgery. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/repro/anestheticgases.html

Local Anesthetics. Class Summary. Mepivacaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine are all amide local anesthetics. They work by ... Tetracaine is an ester local anesthetic. It works the same as the amides by decreasing the permeability to sodium ions in ... Ultrasound image of the needle in plane with local anesthetic posterior to the axillary artery. Arrows = block needle, AA = ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000107-medication

Is ultrasound guidance superior to nerve stimulator guidance for reducing the incidence of local anesthetic systemic toxicity ... Table 3. Summary of Events of Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST) Group. Sex. Age(Y). Weight(kg). Height(cm). Signs and ... Table 4. Associated risk factors for local anesthetic systemic toxicity Categorical Variables. No. LAST Events(%). OR 95% CI. P ... Combined Ultrasound and Nerve Stimulator-guided Deep Nerve Block May Decrease the Rate of Local Anesthetics Systemic Toxicity. ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/915293_1

Le présent ouvrage se propose dapporter des conseils unanimes concernant la prescription correcte et sans risque de médicaments essentiels utilisés en anesthésie. Les informations contenues dans ce livre ont une ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Anesthetics&type=mesh

... and Adverse Reactions of Anesthetics and Analgesics - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780128202371, 9780128202388 ... Treatments, Mechanisms, and Adverse Reactions of Anesthetics and Analgesics. Black Friday Event. :. save up to 30% on print and ... 3. Intraperitoneal local anesthetic agents in the management of post-operative pain. Karlin Sevensma. 4. Automatic control of ... Anesthetics, Malignant hyperthermia syndrome and Kv7 channels. Mariarosaria. Bucci, Valentina Vellecco, Antonio Mancini and ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/treatments-mechanisms-and-adverse-reactions-of-anesthetics-and-analgesics/rajendram/978-0-12-820237-1

... performed the first publicly-witnessed surgery to use ether as an anesthetic when he removed a neck tumor fro... ... In 1950 Frank Kells Boland published The First Anesthetic, tracing the history of Longs first discoveries and uses of ... In 1846 William Thomas Green Morton (1819-1868) performed the first publicly-witnessed surgery to use ether as an anesthetic ... After publishing The First Anesthetic he served as President of the Crawford Long Memorial Association. ...

https://ugapress.org/book/9780820334363/the-first-anesthetic/

Panic Attack Survivor. Just writing. Plays cricket. Design&Develop. You can find short stories, poems, humor, and nonfiction here. Gmail: [email protected] ...

https://medium.com/stupid-poetry/anesthetic-society-chaps-f4944c90c957?source=post_internal_links---------5----------------------------

Rationale: Local anesthetics have widespread clinical use and human exposure including prenatal/postnatal exposure. Some of ... Nomination Summary for Nomination Summary for Local anesthetics & metabolites (N20041). Nomination Summary for Local ... NIEHS has identified for nomination local anesthetics that contain the 2,6-xylidine or o-toludine substructure for metabolism ... anesthetics & metabolites (N20041). Nominated Substances: Bupivacaine, Bupivacaine hydrochloride, Etidocaine, Mepivicaine, ...

https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/getinvolved/nominate/summary/nm-n20041.html

They apply to all general anesthetics, regional anesthetics and monitored anesthesia care. This set of standards addresses only ... Standards for Basic Anesthetic Monitoring. Developed By: Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters (CSPP). Last Affirmed: ... In the event that an emergency requires the temporary absence of the person primarily responsible for the anesthetic, the best ... During all anesthetics, the patients oxygenation, ventilation, circulation and temperature shall be continually evaluated. ...

https://www.asahq.org/standards-and-guidelines/standards-for-basic-anesthetic-monitoring

Anesthetic Reversal,Hazardous Disposal,Injectable Anesthetic,Needles and Needle Recappers,Syringes, ...

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Shortages of anesthetic drugs usually used in lethal injection, the most common method of execution, are forcing states to find ... It changes protocols willy-nilly." The drug is not a good anesthetic, he says, and it may not shield prisoners from the pain of ... This is not the first time that the EUs anti-death-penalty stance has affected the US supply of anesthetics. Since 2011, a ... Bid to Use Common Anesthetic for Executions Threatens U.S. Patients. The politics of capital punishment is affecting drug ...

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The low-dose anesthetic apparently triumphed in these patients where other treatments including oral antidepressants, which can ... The low-dose anesthetic apparently triumphed in these patients where other treatments including oral antidepressants, which can ... The low-dose anesthetic apparently triumphed in these patients where other treatments-including oral antidepressants, which can ...

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Request for Assistance in Controlling Exposures to Nitrous Oxide During Anesthetic Administration ... Nitrous oxide is used as an anesthetic agent in medical, dental, and veterinary operatories. Occupational exposures in dental ... One such alert, Request for Assistance in Controlling Exposures to Nitrous Oxide During Anesthetic Administration (1), was ... Notice to Readers NIOSH Alert: Request for Assistance in Controlling Exposures to Nitrous Oxide During Anesthetic ...

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Local Anesthetics. Class Summary. Local anesthetic agents are used to increase patient comfort during the procedure. ... General Anesthetics. Class Summary. After standard monitoring equipment is attached and peripheral venous access achieved but ... It has general anesthetic properties when administered intravenously. Propofol IV produces rapid hypnosis, usually within 40 ... Lidocaine is an amide local anesthetic used in a 0.5-1% concentration in combination with bupivacaine (50:50 mixture). This ...

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The role of anesthetics used during surgery in cancer metastasis and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here we ... The effects of anesthetics on cancer metastasis are largely unknown. Here, the authors show in two preclinical mouse models ... Our study provides the preclinical evidence informing the distinct effects of anesthetics on metastasis of breast cancers ... Effect of anesthetics on functions of 4T1 cells in vitro. Anesthetics have been suggested to target tumor cells via various ...

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... Nov 1, 2020, 00:00 AM by ASRA Pain Medicine ... Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) is a rare but life-threatening complication of regional anesthesia administration. ... Practitioners should be prepared to respond quickly to a local anesthetic overdose. ASRA convened a symposium on LAST in 2001 ... the ASRA Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity checklist was developed to guide management. The checklist has been revised over ...

https://www.asra.com/guidelines-articles/guidelines/guideline-item/guidelines/2020/11/01/checklist-for-treatment-of-local-anesthetic-systemic-toxicity

... Although he wasn t the first to use ether as an anesthetic, Boston dentist William Morton was credited with this ...

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Anesthetics significantly increase the amount of intramembrane water in lipid membranes S. Himbert, L. Zhang, R. J. Alsop, V. ... It remains an open question which change in membrane properties is responsible for a potential anesthetic effect or if ... anesthetic drug and water molecules in neutron diffraction experiments. Four additional water molecules per lipid were observed ... This increase in intramembrane water may contribute to the non-specific interactions between anesthetics and lipid membranes. ...

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Local Anesthetics, Vasoconstrictors and Clinical Dental Considerations with Diabetes Patient Care Planning. Six CE credits ... The lecture will provide participants with an overview of local anesthetic agents commonly used in dental practice with special ... individualize patient care and assess the efficacy of the local anesthetic agents administered. The afternoon will explore ...

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anesthetic thiopental sodium news & anesthetic thiopental sodium related post on JDJournal. ... There is a domestic shortage of the anesthetic thiopental sodium, which is used for lethal injections in every state but ...

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Outrage of the Month: Unethical Human Experiments That Tested Powerful General Anesthetic for Agitation. Health Letter, ... paramedics sedate people by injecting them with the dangerous general anesthetic ketamine, sometimes over the objections of ...

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... of Texas at Austin and Stanford University have released the strongest evidence to date that alcohols and surgical anesthetics ... Researchers identify brain proteins targeted by alcohols and other anesthetics. Researchers at The University of Texas at ... but also to improvements in anesthetics, the researchers said. ... evidence to date that alcohols and surgical anesthetics, like ... of Texas at Austin and Stanford University have released the strongest evidence to date that alcohols and surgical anesthetics ...

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Lidocaine is an amide local anesthetic used in a 0.5-1% concentration in combination with bupivacaine (50:50 mixture). (medscape.com)
Epinephrine prolongs the duration of the anesthetic effects from lidocaine by causing vasoconstriction of the blood vessels surrounding the nerve axons. (medscape.com)
This powerful 5% Lidocaine liquid anesthetic is for use during procedures. (workhorseirons.com)
Injectable local anesthetic lidocaine HCI 1% (10 mg/mL), in 2mL ampule. (accutome.com)
Local anesthetic URO-Jet Lidocaine HCI 2% (20 mg/mL) jelly, in 5mL prefilled syringe. (accutome.com)
Topical local anesthetic Lidocaine HCl 4% (40mg/ml) solution in 50 mL bottle. (accutome.com)
Anesthetics used for the urethra include lidocaine and, possibly, bupivacaine. (medscape.com)
Lidocaine is in a class of medications called local anesthetics. (epnet.com)

In 1846 William Thomas Green Morton (1819-1868) performed the first publicly-witnessed surgery to use ether as an anesthetic when he removed a neck tumor from a patient at Massacusetts General Hospital. (ugapress.org)
Although he wasn t the first to use ether as an anesthetic, Boston dentist William Morton was credited with this discovery after using ether for a tooth extraction in the mid-1840s. (bible.org)
By 1846 surgeons had begun using ether as an anesthetic. (localhistories.org)

Nicklasson will live a while longer because one of the drugs that was supposed to be used in his execution - a widely used anesthetic called propofol - is at the center of an international controversy that threatens millions of US patients, and affects the way that US states execute inmates. (scientificamerican.com)
In this study, we show that the mice receiving volatile anesthetic sevoflurane during surgical removal of primary tumor develop more lung metastases than those receiving propofol. (nature.com)

Working with anesthetic gases could increase your chances of having a miscarriage if the gases are not properly controlled. (cdc.gov)
Here, you can learn more about anesthetic gases and what you can do to reduce your exposure for a healthier pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
What are anesthetic gases? (cdc.gov)
Anesthetic gases are used to keep patients unconscious during surgery. (cdc.gov)
Waste anesthetic gases" are small amounts of anesthetic gases that leak from the patient's breathing mask into the air of operating or recovery rooms. (cdc.gov)
We know that people who have been exposed to waste anesthetic gases have an increased risk of miscarriage. (cdc.gov)
Hospitals are better now at preventing anesthetic gases from leaking into operating rooms during surgery, which reduces the exposure of workers. (cdc.gov)
Who is exposed to anesthetic gases? (cdc.gov)
Anyone working in an operating room or recovery room with an anesthetized patient (human or animal) might be exposed to anesthetic gases. (cdc.gov)
Workers are most likely to be exposed to waste anesthetic gases in operating rooms with no automatic ventilation or scavenging systems, operating rooms where these systems are in poor condition, or recovery rooms where gases exhaled by recovering patients are not properly vented or scavenged. (cdc.gov)
Workers may be exposed when leaks occur in the anesthetic breathing circuit, when anesthetic gases escape during hookup and disconnection of the system, or when anesthetic gas seeps over the lip of the patient's mask. (cdc.gov)
If you work with anesthetic gases and have a miscarriage, we often can't tell if it was caused by working with anesthetic gases or if it was caused by something else. (cdc.gov)
We don't know what levels of anesthetic gases are safe during pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
Scavenger systems, devices used to gather and remove waste anesthetic gases from treatment rooms, must be maintained and monitored to make sure they are working properly. (cdc.gov)
Follow the recommendations in the NIOSH guidance on waste anesthetic gases to reduce or eliminate your exposure as much as possible. (cdc.gov)
Share this guidance with your employer to make sure they are following the most recent guidance for protecting workers from exposure to anesthetic gases. (cdc.gov)
Title : Precautionary Practices for Administering Anesthetic Gases: A Survey of Physician Anesthesiologists, Nurse Anesthetists and Anesthesiologist Assistants Personal Author(s) : Boiano, James M.;Steege, Andrea L. (cdc.gov)
Real-time measurement and control of waste anesthetic gases during veterinary surgeries. (cdc.gov)

Ultrasound guidance might decrease the incidence of local anesthetics systemic toxicity (LAST) for many peripheral nerve blocks compared with nerve stimulator guidance. (medscape.com)
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) is a rare but life-threatening complication of regional anesthesia administration. (asra.com)
In 2008, ASRA created a Practice Advisory on Neurological Complications of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and in 2010, the ASRA Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity checklist was developed to guide management. (asra.com)
LAST, Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity. (asra.com)
The Third American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Practice Advisory on Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity: Executive Summary 2017. (medscape.com)
American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity checklist: 2020 version. (medscape.com)
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: current perspectives. (medscape.com)
Lipid Emulsion for Treating Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity. (medscape.com)
Reversal of central nervous system and cardiac toxicity after local anesthetic intoxication by lipid emulsion injection. (medscape.com)

Mepivacaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine are all amide local anesthetics. (medscape.com)
Tetracaine is an ester local anesthetic. (medscape.com)
Ultrasound image of the needle in plane with local anesthetic posterior to the axillary artery. (medscape.com)
Arrows = block needle, AA = axillary artery, LA = local anesthetic posterior to the artery. (medscape.com)
The etiology of pain is complex and multi-factorial, which is made more complex with the use of analgesics and local or general anesthetics. (elsevier.com)
Local anesthetics have widespread clinical use and human exposure including prenatal/postnatal exposure. (nih.gov)
NIEHS has identified for nomination local anesthetics that contain the 2,6-xylidine or o-toludine substructure for metabolism and mutagenicity studies. (nih.gov)
20% benzocaine gel that provides effective relief of discomfort from local anesthetic injections, periodontal curettage, impression taking, and intraoral radiographs. (henryschein.com)
Local anesthetic agents are used to increase patient comfort during the procedure. (medscape.com)
Practitioners should be prepared to respond quickly to a local anesthetic overdose. (asra.com)
The lecture will provide participants with an overview of local anesthetic agents commonly used in dental practice with special emphasis given to developing stratgies and techniques to accurately identify the need for pain control, individualize patient care and assess the efficacy of the local anesthetic agents administered. (padental.org)
Since the one-hour root-canal treatment, during which the a 38-year-old man from the UK was given a local anesthetic, the individual cannot remember anything beyond 90 minutes. (3quarksdaily.com)
Injectable local anesthetic Bupivacaine HCI 0.75% (7.5 mg/mL), in 10mL single dose vial. (accutome.com)
The 20% benzocaine provides temporary relief of pain during procedures, including local anesthetic injections, periodontal curettage, impression taking, scaling, intra-oral radiographs, root planning and prophylaxis. (gdpdental.com)
They take several drugs, which, in many cases, might lead to undesirable interactions or complications, especially those involving local anesthetics. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, this literature review is aimed at dental surgeons' attitude toward use of local anesthetics in elderly patients undergoing oral implant rehabilitation. (bvsalud.org)
Time and length of procedures, positioning of the patient in the dental chair, most commonly prescribed local anesthetics and vasoconstrictors recommended for elderly patients and their maximum recommended dose. (bvsalud.org)
This may be done with any local anesthetic injectable agent. (medscape.com)
Local anesthetics block the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses. (medscape.com)
Schwartz DR, Kaufman B. Local Anesthetics. (medscape.com)
Mazoit JX, Le Guen R, Beloeil H, Benhamou D. Binding of long-lasting local anesthetics to lipid emulsions. (medscape.com)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Propyl gallate as a local anesthetic agent. (who.int)
Synergy between surfactants and mucoadhesive polymers enhances the transbuccal permeation of local anesthetics from freeze-dried tablets. (bvsalud.org)
Commonly used IT analgesic agents specifically in the perioperative setting include local anesthetics, opioids, and adjuncts such as epinephrine. (medscape.com)
IT opioids can be administered as an adjunct to general anesthesia (e.g., for scoliosis surgery) or combined with local anesthetics and administered during spinal anesthesia (e.g., for total hip arthroplasty). (medscape.com)
I took off my pants, laid on a bed, received a local anesthetic, chatted with the doctor while he made a few incisions, then got a ride home. (steynonline.com)
Dental surgery uses a local anesthetic that numbs the tooth and surrounding tissues. (soloseries.org)
An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. (bvsalud.org)
Whole-exome sequencing of a family with local anesthetic resistance. (cdc.gov)

Gelato Topical Anesthetic Gel is 20% benzocaine anesthetic gel that is fast acting with no systemic absorption. (gdpdental.com)

One such alert, Request for Assistance in Controlling Exposures to Nitrous Oxide During Anesthetic Administration (1), was published recently and is available to the public. (cdc.gov)
Nitrous oxide is used as an anesthetic agent in medical, dental, and veterinary operatories. (cdc.gov)
in a 1991 survey by the American Dental Association, 58% of dentists reported having nitrous oxide anesthetic equipment. (cdc.gov)
This alert presents control measures for preventing or substantially reducing exposure to nitrous oxide during administration of anesthetic gas. (cdc.gov)
aminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABAA), the gaseous anesthetics nitrous oxide and xenon are reported to have little effect on GABAA receptors but inhibit N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. (semanticscholar.org)

The low-dose anesthetic apparently triumphed in these patients where other treatments including oral antidepressants, which can take 8 weeks or longer to 'kick in' failed. (psychiatrictimes.com)
An on-going controversy is whether anesthetics used during surgery substantially influence the outcome of cancer patients 2 . (nature.com)
Furthermore, the effects of anesthetics in cancer metastasis and potential mechanism remains largely unknown and difficult to be addressed in clinical studies, partially due to the heterogeneity in both patients and diseases. (nature.com)
Anesthetic considerations in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. (scielo.br)
Gelato Topical Anesthetic Gel comforts patients with ulcers, wounds or other minor mouth irritations. (gdpdental.com)
The use of a urethral anesthetic in female patients is controversial. (medscape.com)
All patients are carefully screened for safety, and anesthetics are specifically tailored to your pet. (vcahospitals.com)
At the end of a surgical procedure, patients typically regain consciousness on their own as doctors simply let anesthetic drugs wear off. (theatlantic.com)
Physicians should require strict indications for the use of spinal anesthetic procedures in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy, even if the incidence of spinal hematoma following this combination is low. (unboundmedicine.com)
Time limits regarding the use of anticoagulant therapy before or after spinal anesthetic procedures have been proposed and are thought to be safe for patients. (unboundmedicine.com)
The use of steroids and non-steroidal inflammatory drugs has been used to keep inflammation/ swelling down in the upper airway to protect patients from obstruction and reversal of anesthetic drugs may be necessary to expedite recovery. (dvm360.com)

Topical anesthetic agents are indicated for pain. (medscape.com)
EXTRA SOOTHING & HEALING FEATURES - Infused with Arginine, Allantoin, this topical anesthetic spray soothes and protects skin from irritations. (johnharvards.com)
Check with client for history of allergic reactions to topical anesthetics before applying. (workhorseirons.com)
Gebauer's Ethyl Chloride® Topical Anesthetic, 3.9 oz. (dmeforme.org)
Also, Gelato Topical Anesthetic Gel has no bitter aftertaste. (gdpdental.com)

After injecting moderate doses of the dissociative anesthetic into the animals, previously "awake" brain cells go dark, and those that had been dormant suddenly light up. (the-scientist.com)

A correlation analysis of the effect of Sevoflurane on all anesthetic parameters was performed. (bulmed.md)

The discriminative stimulus effects of sub-anesthetic concentrations of isoflurane vapor appear to be mediated by both positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors as well as antagonism of NMDA receptors. (semanticscholar.org)
In a series of lab experiments, researchers led by Harvard Medical School professor Ken Solt administered methylphenidate (Ritalin), a drug widely used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or saline to rats that were previously given isoflurane, a general anesthetic. (theatlantic.com)

The SmartTots program is a multi-year collaborative effort designed to increase the safety of anesthetic and sedative drugs for the millions of children who undergo anesthesia and sedation each year. (smarttots.org)

Pentobarbital is not "especially" useful as a surgical anesthetic, says Lubarsky, so its shortage has little impact on patient care. (scientificamerican.com)
Researchers at The University of Texas at Austin and Stanford University have released the strongest evidence to date that alcohols and surgical anesthetics, like other drugs, bind to specific sites on proteins in the brain. (utexas.edu)
Risks/Complications - I acknowledge that there are certain risks to any anesthetic/sedation/surgical procedure including but not limited to post-operative bleeding, infection, bloat, and death. (hancockparkvetclinic.com)
Waste anesthetic gas concentrations were monitored during surgical procedures at five veterinary clinics in the Morgantown, West Virginia area using a modified Miran 1A infrared spectrophotometer. (cdc.gov)

The NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) for N2O was 25ppm averaged over the duration of anesthetic administration. (cdc.gov)
While recent studies strongly suggest that a single, short anesthetic exposure does not affect neurodevelopment, the effects of multiple exposures remain unclear. (smarttots.org)
Our study provides novel insights regarding the significance of the interval between multiple exposures, and also suggests that the neurotoxic effects of multiple anesthetic exposures may be reduced by simply increasing the interval between each exposure. (smarttots.org)
C 2 ppm (16.2 mg/m 3 ) [60-minute] [*Note: REL for exposure to waste anesthetic gas. (cdc.gov)

One potentially important, but unrecognized factor is the interval between anesthetic exposures. (smarttots.org)
A survey of waste anesthetic gas exposures during veterinary surgeries was conducted. (cdc.gov)
A technique for controlling anesthetic gas exposures was proposed. (cdc.gov)

This set of standards addresses only the issue of basic anesthetic monitoring, which is one component of anesthesia care. (asahq.org)
If spinal anesthetic procedures are performed before, during, or after anticoagulant treatment, close monitoring of the neurological status of the patient is warranted. (unboundmedicine.com)

At concentrations close to anesthetic 50% effective concentration, urethane had modest effects on all channels tested, suggesting the lack of a single predominant target for its action, which may account for its usefulness as a veterinary anesthetic. (semanticscholar.org)
AMPA receptors, when assayed in heterologous expression systems, showed a sensitivity to inhalational anesthetics that was minimal when glutamate was applied rapidly at high concentrations, which concludes that AMPA receptors are unlikely to play a major role in the production of the anesthetic state by inhalational agents. (semanticscholar.org)

Regional anesthesia refers to the focused delivery of anesthetic agent(s) to a given part of the body. (medscape.com)
Regional anesthesia is used extensively for various purposes, including as a primary anesthetic technique for surgery, as an analgesic modality to manage pain in the perioperative period, and as an analgesic modality for various other forms of acute and/or chronic pain. (medscape.com)
Regional anesthesia can reduce operative anesthetic requirements and in some cases allow avoidance of general anesthesia altogether. (medscape.com)

Spinal and epidural anesthetic procedures in combination with anticoagulant therapy represent the fifth most common etiological group and spinal and epidural anesthetic procedures alone represent the tenth most common cause of spinal hematoma. (unboundmedicine.com)

Intrathecal (IT), often referred to as "spinal," anesthesia refers to the delivery of anesthetic agents to the subarachnoid layer of the spinal column into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the spinal cord. (medscape.com)

Shortages of anesthetic drugs usually used in lethal injection, the most common method of execution, are forcing states to find alternative sedatives. (scientificamerican.com)
This discovery not only could lead to the development of new drugs for the treatment of alcoholism, but also to improvements in anesthetics, the researchers said. (utexas.edu)

They apply to all general anesthetics, regional anesthetics and monitored anesthesia care. (asahq.org)
Qualified anesthesia personnel shall be present in the room throughout the conduct of all general anesthetics, regional anesthetics and monitored anesthesia care. (asahq.org)
It has general anesthetic properties when administered intravenously. (medscape.com)
On June 15, 2018, the Minneapolis Star Tribune reported that Minneapolis police officers repeatedly requested over the past three years that emergency medical system (EMS) paramedics sedate people by injecting them with the dangerous general anesthetic ketamine, sometimes over the objections of those being drugged and in some cases when no apparent crime had been committed. (citizen.org)
It provides a framework for selecting the optimal anesthetic technique (general anesthesia or monitored anesthesia care) for a given patient and offers suggestions for best practices for anesthesia care during the pandemic. (nih.gov)
Prior to anesthesia, your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical examination of your pet and may require him/her to have blood tests, and chest x-rays if called for, in order to evaluate general organ health and suitability of anesthetic medications. (vcahospitals.com)
BackgroundLigand-gated ion channels are considered to be potential general anesthetic targets. (semanticscholar.org)
There are always dangers when it comes to general anesthetic, but considering your son's honest anxiety about the procedure, if it were my son, I'd opt for general. (metafilter.com)

Our study provides the preclinical evidence informing the distinct effects of anesthetics on metastasis of breast cancers through change of cytokines and the tumor microenvironment. (nature.com)
To delineate the underlying mechanisms, we evaluate the effects of anesthetics on cancer cells, cytokine levels and lung microenvironment, primarily in 4T1 model for the complete immunity of the subject mice. (nature.com)

Disconnecting Consciousness: Is There a Common Anesthetic End Point? (snacc.org)
Why does an anesthetic make us lose consciousness? (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)
To date, researchers assumed that anesthetics interrupt signal transmission between different areas of the brain and that is why we lose consciousness. (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)

The European (EU) Directive lists three possible euthanasia methods for fish: anesthetic overdose, electrical stunning, and concussion. (awionline.org)

Two in every three maternal deaths are caused by eclampsia, raptured uterus, severe anemia, embolism and anesthetic complications. (who.int)

ASA Chair of the Committee on Ethics Jeffrey S. Jacobs, M.D. provides answers to the most commonly asked questions about the drug shortages of anesthetics in Medscape . (asahq.org)

To ensure the utmost safety and comfort of your pet, we perform a pre-operative blood panel, place an IV catheter for fluid therapy and to allow medication administration and give full pain medications with all of our anesthetic procedures. (hancockparkvetclinic.com)

The role of anesthetics used during surgery in cancer metastasis and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. (nature.com)
It may also be used before or during surgery with an anesthetic (medicine that puts you to sleep). (mayoclinic.org)

Thus, vigorous preclinical studies are needed to define the role of anesthesia in cancer and to unravel the molecular mechanism of anesthetics in cancer metastasis. (nature.com)

Results of search for 'su:{Anesthetics. (who.int)

During all anesthetics, the patient's oxygenation, ventilation, circulation and temperature shall be continually evaluated. (asahq.org)

Use with caution in dogs administered halogenated gaseous anesthetics as this may increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. (lambertvetsupply.com)

Five-Star Vasocaine is a highly effective secondary anesthetic for use during painful procedures. (workhorseirons.com)

This increase in intramembrane water may contribute to the non-specific interactions between anesthetics and lipid membranes. (rsc.org)

Are you looking for the best sore throat anesthetic spray? (johnharvards.com)
We've listed our top-ranked picks, including the top-selling sore throat anesthetic spray. (johnharvards.com)
This DURING PROCEDURE anesthetic spray has a vascular constrictor for fast acting pain relief, and reduced bleeding and swelling. (workhorseirons.com)
This liquid 4-ounce anesthetic comes with a spray top. (workhorseirons.com)

There is a domestic shortage of the anesthetic thiopental sodium, which is used for lethal injections in every state but Oklahoma. (jdjournal.com)

The video below will provide an overview of the Impact Purchasing Commitment anesthetic gas goal, rationale, data collection requirements, and supporting resources. (practicegreenhealth.org)

He could give the critter an animal safe dose of anesthetic and it might let go when it falls asleep. (gateworld.net)

In the event that an emergency requires the temporary absence of the person primarily responsible for the anesthetic, the best judgment of the anesthesiologist will be exercised in comparing the emergency with the anesthetized patient's condition and in the selection of the person left responsible for the anesthetic during the temporary absence. (asahq.org)
anesthetic was designed primarily for use with nested sampling outputs, although it can be used for normal MCMC chains. (ascl.net)

Anatomy15

Organisms7

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs121

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment68

Psychiatry and Psychology6

Phenomena and Processes26

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Named Groups1

Health Care18

Spinal cord-evoked potentials and muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in 10 awake human subjects. (1/1145)

Increased reading speed for stories presented during general anesthesia. (2/1145)

Description of local adaptation of national guidelines and of active feedback for rationalising preoperative screening in patients at low risk from anaesthetics in a French university hospital. (3/1145)

Drug-induced heart failure. (4/1145)

Characterization of the electrophysiological and pharmacological effects of 4-iodo-2,6-diisopropylphenol, a propofol analogue devoid of sedative-anaesthetic properties. (5/1145)

Women emerge from general anesthesia with propofol/alfentanil/nitrous oxide faster than men. (6/1145)

Ethanol directly depresses AMPA and NMDA glutamate currents in spinal cord motor neurons independent of actions on GABAA or glycine receptors. (7/1145)

Alphaxalone activates a Cl- conductance independent of GABAA receptors in cultured embryonic human dorsal root ganglion neurons. (8/1145)

Anesthetics

Anesthetics, Local

Anesthetics, Inhalation

Anesthetics, General

Anesthetics, Intravenous

Isoflurane

Halothane

Anesthetics, Combined

Enflurane

Lidocaine

Methyl Ethers

Anesthesia

Anesthetics, Dissociative

Propofol

Anesthesia, Local

Methoxyflurane

Anesthesia, General

Bupivacaine

Anesthesia, Inhalation

Benzocaine

Ketamine

Anesthesia, Dental

Tetracaine

Nitrous Oxide

Nerve Block

Prilocaine

Thiopental

Etomidate

Procaine

Ether

Anesthesiology

Pentobarbital

Dibucaine

Mepivacaine

Anesthesia, Intravenous

Etidocaine

Carticaine

Chloroform

Anesthesia, Conduction

Anesthesia, Epidural

Adjuvants, Anesthesia

Xylazine

Anesthesia Recovery Period

Anesthesia, Obstetrical

Ethers

Hypnosis, Anesthetic

Fentanyl

Pregnanediones

Xenon

Anesthesia, Spinal

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Chlorofluorocarbons

Medetomidine

Monitoring, Intraoperative

Hypnotics and Sedatives

Octanols

Anesthesia Department, Hospital

Pain, Postoperative

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures

Preanesthetic Medication

Amides

Receptors, GABA-A

Mandibular Nerve

Volatilization

Chloralose

Ethyl Ethers

Midazolam

Acepromazine

Barbiturates

Pain Measurement

Urethane

Tiletamine

Zolazepam

1-Octanol

Consciousness Monitors

Injections

Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture

Conscious Sedation

Intubation, Intratracheal

Malignant Hyperthermia