A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.
A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.
Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.
Injection of an anesthetic into the nerves to inhibit nerve transmission in a specific part of the body.
Process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream.
A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth.
The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.
A range of methods used to reduce pain and anxiety during dental procedures.
Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.
Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)
Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)
Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage.
An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.
Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.
The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.
A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.
A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3.
A specialty concerned with the study of anesthetics and anesthesia.
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.
The cavity within the SPINAL COLUMN through which the SPINAL CORD passes.
Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.
Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the SPINAL CORD due to extramedullary neoplasm; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; SPINAL FRACTURES; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence.
Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.
A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.
A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)
Narrowing of the spinal canal.
A widely used local anesthetic agent.
Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)
A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)
Inhalation anesthesia where the gases exhaled by the patient are rebreathed as some carbon dioxide is simultaneously removed and anesthetic gas and oxygen are added so that no anesthetic escapes into the room. Closed-circuit anesthesia is used especially with explosive anesthetics to prevent fires where electrical sparking from instruments is possible.
Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.
Agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p.173)
A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.
Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.
Drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic.
Injuries involving the vertebral column.
A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.
Epidural anesthesia administered via the sacral canal.
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)
Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord which is supplied by the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries. This condition may be associated with ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, trauma, emboli, diseases of the aorta, and other disorders. Prolonged ischemia may lead to INFARCTION of spinal cord tissue.
A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)
Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)
Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.
An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.
Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.
A procedure involving placement of a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to provide a patient with oxygen and anesthesia.
Pain during the period after surgery.
A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)
Hospital department responsible for the administration of functions and activities pertaining to the delivery of anesthetics.
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
The spinal or vertebral column.
Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.
Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.
The period during a surgical operation.
A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Osteitis or caries of the vertebrae, usually occurring as a complication of tuberculosis of the lungs.
Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.
A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
Medical methods of either relieving pain caused by a particular condition or removing the sensation of pain during a surgery or other medical procedure.
A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.
An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.
Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.
The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)
A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.
Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
Sense of awareness of self and of the environment.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Surgery restricted to the management of minor problems and injuries; surgical procedures of relatively slight extent and not in itself hazardous to life. (Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)
A group of recessively inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)
A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.
An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.
Broken bones in the vertebral column.
Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.
Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.
Tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal.
Operations carried out for the correction of deformities and defects, repair of injuries, and diagnosis and cure of certain diseases. (Taber, 18th ed.)
A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.
Repair of the damaged neuron function after SPINAL CORD INJURY or SPINAL CORD DISEASES.
The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.
An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.
A family of hexahydropyridines.
Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.
Severe or complete loss of motor function in all four limbs which may result from BRAIN DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or rarely MUSCULAR DISEASES. The locked-in syndrome is characterized by quadriplegia in combination with cranial muscle paralysis. Consciousness is spared and the only retained voluntary motor activity may be limited eye movements. This condition is usually caused by a lesion in the upper BRAIN STEM which injures the descending cortico-spinal and cortico-bulbar tracts.
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.
Devices used to assess the level of consciousness especially during anesthesia. They measure brain activity level based on the EEG.
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.
A type of oropharyngeal airway that provides an alternative to endotracheal intubation and standard mask anesthesia in certain patients. It is introduced into the hypopharynx to form a seal around the larynx thus permitting spontaneous or positive pressure ventilation without penetration of the larynx or esophagus. It is used in place of a facemask in routine anesthesia. The advantages over standard mask anesthesia are better airway control, minimal anesthetic gas leakage, a secure airway during patient transport to the recovery area, and minimal postoperative problems.
Drugs that interrupt transmission of nerve impulses at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. They can be of two types, competitive, stabilizing blockers (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS) or noncompetitive, depolarizing agents (NEUROMUSCULAR DEPOLARIZING AGENTS). Both prevent acetylcholine from triggering the muscle contraction and they are used as anesthesia adjuvants, as relaxants during electroshock, in convulsive states, etc.
Nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. It is divided cytoarchitectonically into three parts: oralis, caudalis (TRIGEMINAL CAUDAL NUCLEUS), and interpolaris.
Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.
Adjustment and manipulation of the vertebral column.
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.
Occurence of a patient becoming conscious during a procedure performed under GENERAL ANESTHESIA and subsequently having recall of these events. (From Anesthesiology 2006, 104(4): 847-64.)
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Patient care procedures performed during the operation that are ancillary to the actual surgery. It includes monitoring, fluid therapy, medication, transfusion, anesthesia, radiography, and laboratory tests.
The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.
A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.
Examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the larynx performed with a specially designed endoscope.
Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)
Books designed to give factual information or instructions.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Procedure in which arterial blood pressure is intentionally reduced in order to control blood loss during surgery. This procedure is performed either pharmacologically or by pre-surgical removal of blood.
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
Drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients cannot be easily aroused but respond purposely following repeated painful stimulation. The ability to independently maintain ventilatory function may be impaired. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)
MOTOR NEURONS in the anterior (ventral) horn of the SPINAL CORD which project to SKELETAL MUSCLES.
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
Androstanes and androstane derivatives which are substituted in any position with one or more hydroxyl groups.
Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals.
X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.
The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.
Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.
Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.
Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The process in which specialized SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS transduce peripheral stimuli (physical or chemical) into NERVE IMPULSES which are then transmitted to the various sensory centers in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
The period following a surgical operation.
The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by stimulation along AFFERENT PATHWAYS from PERIPHERAL NERVES to CEREBRUM.
Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen.
Facilities equipped for performing surgery.
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Any operation on the spinal cord. (Stedman, 26th ed)
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
Surgery performed on the eye or any of its parts.
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.
A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)
Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.
Sharp instruments used for puncturing or suturing.
Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.
Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.
The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.
Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
A imidazole derivative that is an agonist of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. It is closely-related to MEDETOMIDINE, which is the racemic form of this compound.
A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four CERVICAL SPINAL CORD segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head. It also distributes motor fibers to muscles of the cervical SPINAL COLUMN, infrahyoid muscles, and the DIAPHRAGM.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.
Surgery which could be postponed or not done at all without danger to the patient. Elective surgery includes procedures to correct non-life-threatening medical problems as well as to alleviate conditions causing psychological stress or other potential risk to patients, e.g., cosmetic or contraceptive surgery.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.
Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; SPINAL CORD; and ischemia (see also SPINAL CORD VASCULAR DISEASES). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction.
Application of electric current to the spine for treatment of a variety of conditions involving innervation from the spinal cord.
A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.
A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.
A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.
An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.
A heterogeneous group of drugs used to produce muscle relaxation, excepting the neuromuscular blocking agents. They have their primary clinical and therapeutic uses in the treatment of muscle spasm and immobility associated with strains, sprains, and injuries of the back and, to a lesser degree, injuries to the neck. They have been used also for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions that have in common only the presence of skeletal muscle hyperactivity, for example, the muscle spasms that can occur in MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p358)
The outermost of the three MENINGES, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord.
Professional nurses who have completed postgraduate training in the administration of anesthetics and who function under the responsibility of the operating surgeon.
Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.
Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.

Dose-response effects of spinal neostigmine added to bupivacaine spinal anesthesia in volunteers. (1/609)

BACKGROUND: Intrathecal adjuncts often are used to enhance small-dose spinal bupivacaine for ambulatory anesthesia. Neostigmine is a novel spinal analgesic that could be a useful adjunct, but no data exist to assess the effects of neostigmine on small-dose bupivacaine spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Eighteen volunteers received two bupivacaine spinal anesthetics (7.5 mg) in a randomized, double-blinded, crossover design. Dextrose, 5% (1 ml), was added to one spinal infusion and 6.25, 12.5, or 50 microg neostigmine in dextrose, 5%, was added to the other spinal. Sensory block was assessed with pinprick; by the duration of tolerance to electric stimulation equivalent to surgical incision at the pubis, knee, and ankle; and by the duration of tolerance to thigh tourniquet. Motor block at the quadriceps was assessed with surface electromyography. Side effects (nausea, vomiting, pruritus, and sedation) were noted. Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were recorded every 5 min. Dose-response relations were assessed with analysis of variance, paired t tests, or Spearman rank correlation. RESULTS: The addition of 50 microg neostigmine significantly increased the duration of sensory and motor block and the time until discharge criteria were achieved. The addition of neostigmine produced dose-dependent nausea (33-67%) and vomiting (17-50%). Neostigmine at these doses had no effect on hemodynamic or respiratory parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of 50 microg neostigmine prolonged the duration of sensory and motor block. However, high incidences of side effects and delayed recovery from anesthesia with the addition of 6.25 to 50 microg neostigmine may limit the clinical use of these doses for outpatient spinal anesthesia.  (+info)

Transdermal nitroglycerine enhances spinal sufentanil postoperative analgesia following orthopedic surgery. (2/609)

BACKGROUND: Sufentanil is a potent but short-acting spinal analgesic used to manage perioperative pain. This study evaluated the influence of transdermal nitroglycerine on the analgesic action of spinal sufentanil in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. METHODS: Fifty-six patients were randomized to one of four groups. Patients were premedicated with 0.05-0.1 mg/kg intravenous midazolam and received 15 mg bupivacaine plus 2 ml of the test drug intrathecally (saline or 10 microg sufentanil). Twenty to 30 min after the spinal puncture, a transdermal patch of either 5 mg nitroglycerin or placebo was applied. The control group received spinal saline and transdermal placebo. The sufentanil group received spinal sufentanil and transdermal placebo. The nitroglycerin group received spinal saline and transdermal nitroglycerine patch. Finally, the sufentanil-nitroglycerin group received spinal sufentanil and transdermal nitroglycerine. Pain and adverse effects were evaluated using a 10-cm visual analog scale. RESULTS: The time to first rescue analgesic medication was longer for the sufentanil-nitroglycerin group (785+/-483 min) compared with the other groups (P<0.005). The time to first rescue analgesics was also longer for the sufentanil group compared with the control group (P<0.05). The sufentanil-nitroglycerin group group required less rescue analgesics in 24 h compared with the other groups (P<0.02) and had lesser 24-h pain visual analog scale scores compared with the control group (P<0.005), although these scores were similar to the sufentanil and nitroglycerin groups (P>0.05). The incidence of perioperative adverse effects was similar among groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Transdermal nitroglycerine alone (5 mg/day), a nitric oxide generator, did not result in postoperative analgesia itself, but it prolonged the analgesic effect of spinal sufentanil (10 microg) and provided 13 h of effective postoperative analgesia after knee surgery.  (+info)

Assessing introduction of spinal anaesthesia for obstetric procedures. (3/609)

To assess the impact of introducing spinal anaesthesia for obstetric operative procedures on use of general anaesthesia and quality of regional anaesthesia in a unit with an established epidural service a retrospective analysis of routinely collected data on method of anaesthesia, efficacy, and complications was carried out. Data were collected from 1988 to 1991 on 1670 obstetric patients requiring an operative procedure. The introduction of spinal anaesthesia in 1989 significantly reduced the proportion of operative procedures performed under general anaesthesia, from 60% (234/390) in 1988 to 30% (124/414) in 1991. The decrease was most pronounced for manual removal of the placenta (88%, 48/55 v 9%, 3/34) and emergency caesarean section (67%, 129/193) v 38%, 87/229). Epidural anaesthesia decreased in use most significantly for elective caesarean section (65%, 77/118 v 3% 3/113; x2=139, p<0.0001). The incidence of severe pain and need for conversion to general anaesthesia was significantly less with spinal anaesthesia (0%, 0/207 v 3%, 5/156; p<0.05). Hypotension was not a problem, and the incidence of headache after spinal anaesthetic decreased over the period studied. Introducing spinal anaesthesia therefore reduced the need for general anaesthesia and improved the quality of regional anaesthesia.  (+info)

Incidence of bradycardia during recovery from spinal anaesthesia: influence of patient position. (4/609)

We administered 0.5% plain bupivacaine 4 ml intrathecally (L2-3 or L3-4) in three groups of 20 patients, according to the position in which they were nursed in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU): supine horizontal, 30 degrees Trendelenburg or hammock position (trunk and legs 30 degrees elevated). Patients were observed until anaesthesia descended to less than S1. The incidence of severe bradycardia (heart rate < 50 beat min-1) in the PACU was significantly higher in patients in the Trendelenburg position (60%) than in the horizontal (20%, P < 0.01) or hammock (10%, P < 0.005) position. After 90 min, following admission to the PACU, only patients in the hammock position did not have severe bradycardia. In this late phase, the incidence of severe bradycardia in the Trendelenburg group was 35% (P < 0.005) and 10% in patients in the supine horizontal position. In four patients, severe bradycardia first occurred later than 90 min after admission to the PACU. The latest occurrence of severe bradycardia was recorded 320 min after admission to the PACU. We conclude that for recovery from spinal anaesthesia, the Trendelenburg position should not be used and the hammock position is preferred.  (+info)

Hyperbaric spinal ropivacaine: a comparison to bupivacaine in volunteers. (5/609)

BACKGROUND: Ropivacaine is a newly introduced local anesthetic that may be a useful alternative to low-dose bupivacaine for outpatient spinal anesthesia. However, its relative potency to bupivacaine and its dose-response characteristics are unknown. This double-blind, randomized, crossover study was designed to determine relative potencies of low-dose hyperbaric spinal ropivacaine and bupivacaine and to assess the suitability of spinal ropivacaine for outpatient anesthesia. METHODS: Eighteen healthy volunteers were randomized into three equal groups to receive one spinal administration with bupivacaine and a second with ropivacaine, of equal-milligram doses (4, 8, or 12 mg) of 0.25% drug with 5% dextrose. The duration of blockade was assessed with (1) pinprick, (2) transcutaneous electrical stimulation, (3) tolerance to high tourniquet, (4) electromyography and isometric force dynamometry, and (5) achievement of discharge criteria. Differences between ropivacaine and bupivacaine were assessed with linear and multiple regression. P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Ropivacaine and bupivacaine provided dose-dependent prolongation of sensory and motor block and time until achievement of discharge criteria (R2 ranges from 0.33-0.99; P values from < 0.001 through 0.01). Spinal anesthesia with ropivacaine was significantly different from bupivacaine and was approximately half as potent for all criteria studied. A high incidence of back pain (28%; P = 0.098) was noted after intrathecal ropivacaine was given. CONCLUSION: Ropivacaine is half as potent and in equipotent doses has a similar profile to bupivacaine with a higher incidence of side effects. Low-dose hyperbaric spinal ropivacaine does not appear to offer an advantage over bupivacaine for use in outpatient anesthesia.  (+info)

Sedation depends on the level of sensory block induced by spinal anaesthesia. (6/609)

We have investigated the relationship between the extent of spinal block and occurrence of sedation. In a first series of 43 patients, the distribution of sedation score (measured on the Ramsey scale) was related to the extent of spinal block (pinprick). In a second series of 33 patients, the relationship between sedation score and spinal block persisted after injection of midazolam 1 mg. This study confirmed that high spinal block was associated with increased sedation.  (+info)

Anaesthetic management of a woman who became paraplegic at 22 weeks' gestation after a spontaneous spinal cord haemorrhage secondary to a presumed arteriovenous malformation. (7/609)

A 19-yr-old woman developed a paraplegia with a T10 sensory level at 22 weeks' gestation. The spinal injury was caused by spontaneous bleed of a presumed arteriovenous malformation in the spinal cord. She presented for Caesarean section at term because of the breech position of her fetus. The successful use of a combined spinal epidural-regional anaesthetic is described and the risks of general and regional anaesthesia are discussed.  (+info)

Spinal versus epidural anesthesia for cesarean section in severely preeclamptic patients: a retrospective survey. (8/609)

BACKGROUND: Selection of spinal anesthesia for severely preeclamptic patients requiring cesarean section is controversial. Significant maternal hypotension is believed to be more likely with spinal compared with epidural anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to assess, in a large retrospective clinical series, the blood pressure effects of spinal and epidural anesthesia in severely preeclamptic patients requiring cesarean section. METHODS: The computerized medical records database was reviewed for all preeclamptic patients having cesarean section between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 1996. All nonlaboring severely preeclamptic patients receiving either spinal or epidural anesthesia for cesarean section were included for analysis. The lowest recorded blood pressures were compared for the 20-min period before induction of regional anesthesia, the period from induction of regional anesthesia to delivery, and the period from delivery to the end of operation. RESULTS: Study groups included 103 women receiving spinal anesthesia and 35 receiving epidural anesthesia. Changes in the lowest mean blood pressure were similar after epidural or spinal anesthesia. Intraoperative ephedrine use was similar for both groups. Intraoperative crystalloid administration was statistically greater for patients receiving spinal versus epidural anesthesia (1780 +/- 838 vs. 1359 +/- 674 ml, respectively). Neonatal Apgar scores and incidence of maternal intensive care unit admission or postoperative pulmonary edema were also similar. CONCLUSION: Although we cannot exclude the possibility that the spinal and epidural anesthesia groups were dissimilar, the magnitudes of maternal blood pressure declines were similar after spinal or epidural anesthesia in this series of severely preeclamptic patients receiving cesarean section. Maternal and fetal outcomes also were similar.  (+info)

There are several different types of spinal cord injuries that can occur, depending on the location and severity of the damage. These include:

1. Complete spinal cord injuries: In these cases, the spinal cord is completely severed, resulting in a loss of all sensation and function below the level of the injury.
2. Incomplete spinal cord injuries: In these cases, the spinal cord is only partially damaged, resulting in some remaining sensation and function below the level of the injury.
3. Brown-Sequard syndrome: This is a specific type of incomplete spinal cord injury that affects one side of the spinal cord, resulting in weakness or paralysis on one side of the body.
4. Conus medullaris syndrome: This is a type of incomplete spinal cord injury that affects the lower part of the spinal cord, resulting in weakness or paralysis in the legs and bladder dysfunction.

The symptoms of spinal cord injuries can vary depending on the location and severity of the injury. They may include:

* Loss of sensation in the arms, legs, or other parts of the body
* Weakness or paralysis in the arms, legs, or other parts of the body
* Difficulty walking or standing
* Difficulty with bowel and bladder function
* Numbness or tingling sensations
* Pain or pressure in the neck or back

Treatment for spinal cord injuries typically involves a combination of medical and rehabilitative therapies. Medical treatments may include:

* Immobilization of the spine to prevent further injury
* Medications to manage pain and inflammation
* Surgery to relieve compression or stabilize the spine

Rehabilitative therapies may include:

* Physical therapy to improve strength and mobility
* Occupational therapy to learn new ways of performing daily activities
* Speech therapy to improve communication skills
* Psychological counseling to cope with the emotional effects of the injury.

Overall, the prognosis for spinal cord injuries depends on the severity and location of the injury, as well as the age and overall health of the individual. While some individuals may experience significant recovery, others may experience long-term or permanent impairment. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms of a spinal cord injury are present.

Some common examples of spinal cord diseases include:

1. Spinal muscular atrophy: This is a genetic disorder that affects the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement. It can cause muscle weakness and wasting, as well as other symptoms such as respiratory problems and difficulty swallowing.
2. Multiple sclerosis: This is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage to the protective covering of nerve fibers in the spinal cord. Symptoms can include vision problems, muscle weakness, balance and coordination difficulties, and cognitive impairment.
3. Spinal cord injuries: These can occur as a result of trauma, such as a car accident or a fall, and can cause a range of symptoms including paralysis, numbness, and loss of sensation below the level of the injury.
4. Spinal stenosis: This is a condition in which the spinal canal narrows, putting pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots. Symptoms can include back pain, leg pain, and difficulty walking or standing for long periods.
5. Tumors: Benign or malignant tumors can grow in the spinal cord, causing a range of symptoms including pain, weakness, and numbness or tingling in the limbs.
6. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can cause inflammation and damage to the spinal cord, leading to symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle weakness.
7. Degenerative diseases: Conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) can cause progressive degeneration of the spinal cord nerve cells, leading to muscle weakness, twitching, and wasting.
8. Trauma: Traumatic injuries, such as those caused by sports injuries or physical assault, can damage the spinal cord and result in a range of symptoms including pain, numbness, and weakness.
9. Ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord can cause tissue damage and lead to symptoms such as weakness, numbness, and paralysis.
10. Spinal cord infarction: A blockage in the blood vessels that supply the spinal cord can cause tissue damage and lead to symptoms similar to those of ischemia.

It's important to note that some of these conditions can be caused by a combination of factors, such as genetics, age, lifestyle, and environmental factors. It's also worth noting that some of these conditions can have a significant impact on quality of life, and in some cases, may be fatal.

Benign spinal cord neoplasms are typically slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in the early stages. However, as they grow, they can compress or damage the surrounding healthy tissue, leading to a range of symptoms such as pain, numbness, weakness, or paralysis.

Malignant spinal cord neoplasms are more aggressive and can grow rapidly, invading surrounding tissues and spreading to other parts of the body. They can cause similar symptoms to benign tumors, as well as other symptoms such as fever, nausea, and weight loss.

The diagnosis of spinal cord neoplasms is based on a combination of clinical findings, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

The prognosis for spinal cord neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. In general, benign tumors have a better prognosis than malignant tumors, and early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes. However, even with successful treatment, some patients may experience long-term neurological deficits or other complications.

Some common types of spinal diseases include:

1. Degenerative disc disease: This is a condition where the discs between the vertebrae in the spine wear down over time, leading to pain and stiffness in the back.
2. Herniated discs: This occurs when the gel-like center of a disc bulges out through a tear in the outer layer, putting pressure on nearby nerves and causing pain.
3. Spinal stenosis: This is a narrowing of the spinal canal, which can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots, causing pain, numbness, and weakness in the legs.
4. Spondylolisthesis: This is a condition where a vertebra slips out of place, either forward or backward, and can cause pressure on nearby nerves and muscles.
5. Scoliosis: This is a curvature of the spine that can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, injury, or disease.
6. Spinal infections: These are infections that can affect any part of the spine, including the discs, vertebrae, and soft tissues.
7. Spinal tumors: These are abnormal growths that can occur in the spine, either primary ( originating in the spine) or metastatic (originating elsewhere in the body).
8. Osteoporotic fractures: These are fractures that occur in the spine as a result of weakened bones due to osteoporosis.
9. Spinal cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can form in the spine, either as a result of injury or as a congenital condition.
10. Spinal degeneration: This is a general term for any type of wear and tear on the spine, such as arthritis or disc degeneration.

If you are experiencing any of these conditions, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

There are several types of spinal cord compression, including:

1. Central canal stenosis: This occurs when the central canal of the spine narrows, compressing the spinal cord.
2. Foraminal stenosis: This occurs when the openings on either side of the spine (foramina) narrow, compressing the nerves exiting the spinal cord.
3. Spondylolisthesis: This occurs when a vertebra slips out of place, compressing the spinal cord.
4. Herniated discs: This occurs when the gel-like center of a disc bulges out and presses on the spinal cord.
5. Bone spurs: This occurs when bone growths develop on the vertebrae, compressing the spinal cord.
6. Tumors: This can be either primary or metastatic tumors that grow in the spine and compress the spinal cord.
7. Trauma: This occurs when there is a direct blow to the spine, causing compression of the spinal cord.

Symptoms of spinal cord compression may include:

* Pain, numbness, weakness, or tingling in the arms and legs
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Muscle wasting or loss of muscle mass
* Decreased reflexes
* Loss of bladder or bowel control
* Weakness in the muscles of the face, arms, or legs
* Difficulty with fine motor skills such as buttoning a shirt or typing

Diagnosis of spinal cord compression is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment options for spinal cord compression depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, surgery, or a combination of both.

In conclusion, spinal cord compression is a serious medical condition that can have significant impacts on quality of life, mobility, and overall health. It is important to be aware of the causes and symptoms of spinal cord compression in order to seek medical attention if they occur. With proper diagnosis and treatment, many cases of spinal cord compression can be effectively managed and improved.

Types of Spinal Neoplasms:

1. Benign tumors: Meningiomas, schwannomas, and osteochondromas are common types of benign spinal neoplasms. These tumors usually grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body.
2. Malignant tumors: Primary bone cancers (chordoma, chondrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma) and metastatic cancers (cancers that have spread to the spine from another part of the body) are types of malignant spinal neoplasms. These tumors can grow rapidly and spread to other parts of the body.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetic mutations: Some genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis complex, increase the risk of developing spinal neoplasms.
2. Previous radiation exposure: People who have undergone radiation therapy in the past may have an increased risk of developing a spinal tumor.
3. Family history: A family history of spinal neoplasms can increase an individual's risk.
4. Age and gender: Spinal neoplasms are more common in older adults, and males are more likely to be affected than females.

Symptoms:

1. Back pain: Pain is the most common symptom of spinal neoplasms, which can range from mild to severe and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as numbness, weakness, or tingling in the arms or legs.
2. Neurological deficits: Depending on the location and size of the tumor, patients may experience neurological deficits such as paralysis, loss of sensation, or difficulty with balance and coordination.
3. Difficulty with urination or bowel movements: Patients may experience changes in their bladder or bowel habits due to the tumor pressing on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
4. Weakness or numbness: Patients may experience weakness or numbness in their arms or legs due to compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots by the tumor.
5. Fractures: Spinal neoplasms can cause fractures in the spine, which can lead to a loss of height, an abnormal curvature of the spine, or difficulty with movement and balance.

Diagnosis:

1. Medical history and physical examination: A thorough medical history and physical examination can help identify the presence of symptoms and determine the likelihood of a spinal neoplasm.
2. Imaging studies: X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans may be ordered to visualize the spine and detect any abnormalities.
3. Biopsy: A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of tumor present.
4. Laboratory tests: Blood tests may be ordered to assess liver function, electrolyte levels, or other parameters that can help evaluate the patient's overall health.

Treatment:

1. Surgery: Surgical intervention is often necessary to remove the tumor and relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
2. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used before or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells.
3. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with radiation therapy or as a standalone treatment for patients who are not candidates for surgery.
4. Supportive care: Patients may require supportive care, such as physical therapy, pain management, and rehabilitation, to help them recover from the effects of the tumor and any treatment-related complications.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for patients with spinal neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type and location of the tumor, the extent of the disease, and the patient's overall health. In general, the prognosis is better for patients with slow-growing tumors that are confined to a specific area of the spine, as compared to those with more aggressive tumors that have spread to other parts of the body.

Survival rates:

The survival rates for patients with spinal neoplasms vary depending on the type of tumor and other factors. According to the American Cancer Society, the 5-year survival rate for primary spinal cord tumors is about 60%. However, this rate can be as high as 90% for patients with slow-growing tumors that are confined to a specific area of the spine.

Lifestyle modifications:

There are no specific lifestyle modifications that can cure spinal neoplasms, but certain changes may help improve the patient's quality of life and overall health. These may include:

1. Exercise: Gentle exercise, such as yoga or swimming, can help improve mobility and strength.
2. Diet: A balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help support overall health.
3. Rest: Getting enough rest and avoiding strenuous activities can help the patient recover from treatment-related fatigue.
4. Managing stress: Stress management techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises, can help reduce anxiety and improve overall well-being.
5. Follow-up care: Regular follow-up appointments with the healthcare provider are crucial to monitor the patient's condition and make any necessary adjustments to their treatment plan.

In conclusion, spinal neoplasms are rare tumors that can develop in the spine and can have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. Early diagnosis is essential for effective treatment, and survival rates vary depending on the type of tumor and other factors. While there are no specific lifestyle modifications that can cure spinal neoplasms, certain changes may help improve the patient's overall health and well-being. It is important for patients to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan and follow-up care to ensure the best possible outcome.

Symptoms of spinal stenosis may include:

* Pain in the neck, back, or legs that worsens with walking or standing
* Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs
* Difficulty controlling bladder or bowel functions
* Muscle weakness in the legs

Treatment for spinal stenosis may include:

* Pain medications
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and strength
* Injections of steroids or pain relievers
* Surgery to remove bone spurs or decompress the spinal cord

It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms of spinal stenosis worsen over time, as untreated condition can lead to permanent nerve damage and disability.

Symptoms of spinal injuries may include:

* Loss of sensation below the level of the injury
* Weakness or paralysis below the level of the injury
* Pain or numbness in the back, arms, or legs
* Difficulty breathing or controlling bladder and bowel functions
* Changes in reflexes or sensation below the level of the injury.

Spinal injuries can be diagnosed using a variety of tests, including:

* X-rays or CT scans to assess the alignment of the spine and detect any fractures or dislocations
* MRI scans to assess the soft tissues of the spine and detect any damage to the spinal cord
* Electromyography (EMG) tests to assess the function of muscles and nerves below the level of the injury.

Treatment for spinal injuries depends on the severity and location of the injury, and may include:

* Immobilization using a brace or cast to keep the spine stable
* Medications to manage pain, inflammation, and other symptoms
* Rehabilitation therapies such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and recreational therapy to help restore function and mobility.

In summary, spinal injuries can be classified into two categories: complete and incomplete, and can be caused by a variety of factors. Symptoms may include loss of sensation, weakness or paralysis, pain, difficulty breathing, and changes in reflexes or sensation. Diagnosis is typically made using X-rays, MRI scans, and EMG tests, and treatment may involve immobilization, medications, and rehabilitation therapies.

There are different types of SMA, ranging from mild to severe, with varying degrees of muscle wasting and weakness. The condition typically becomes apparent during infancy or childhood and can progress rapidly or slowly over time. Symptoms may include muscle weakness, spinal curvature (scoliosis), respiratory problems, and difficulty swallowing.

SMA is caused by a defect in the Survival Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, which is responsible for producing a protein that protects motor neurons from degeneration. The disorder is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that a person must inherit two copies of the defective gene - one from each parent - to develop the condition.

There is currently no cure for SMA, but various treatments are available to manage its symptoms and slow its progression. These may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, bracing, and medications to improve muscle strength and function. In some cases, stem cell therapy or gene therapy may be considered as potential treatment options.

Prognosis for SMA varies depending on the type and severity of the condition, but it is generally poor for those with the most severe forms of the disorder. However, with appropriate management and support, many individuals with SMA can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals despite physical limitations.

Symptoms of Spinal Cord Ischemia may include weakness, paralysis, loss of sensation, and loss of reflexes in the affected area. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and laboratory tests.

Treatment for Spinal Cord Ischemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to dissolve blood clots, surgery to repair arterial damage, or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent further damage. In severe cases, Spinal Cord Ischemia can lead to permanent neurological damage or death.

Spinal Cord Ischemia is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent long-term neurological damage or death.

Some common examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding during surgery can lead to hypovolemia (low blood volume), anemia (low red blood cell count), and even death.
2. Infection: Surgical wounds can become infected, leading to sepsis or bacteremia (bacterial infection of the bloodstream).
3. Nerve damage: Surgery can sometimes result in nerve damage, leading to numbness, weakness, or paralysis.
4. Organ injury: Injury to organs such as the liver, lung, or bowel can occur during surgery, leading to complications such as bleeding, infection, or organ failure.
5. Anesthesia-related complications: Problems with anesthesia can include respiratory or cardiac depression, allergic reactions, or awareness during anesthesia (a rare but potentially devastating complication).
6. Hypotension: Low blood pressure during surgery can lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs and tissues, resulting in organ damage or death.
7. Thromboembolism: Blood clots can form during surgery and travel to other parts of the body, causing complications such as stroke, pulmonary embolism, or deep vein thrombosis.
8. Postoperative respiratory failure: Respiratory complications can occur after surgery, leading to respiratory failure, pneumonia, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
9. Wound dehiscence: The incision site can separate or come open after surgery, leading to infection, fluid accumulation, or hernia.
10. Seroma: A collection of serous fluid that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
11. Nerve damage: Injury to nerves during surgery can result in numbness, weakness, or paralysis, sometimes permanently.
12. Urinary retention or incontinence: Surgery can damage the bladder or urinary sphincter, leading to urinary retention or incontinence.
13. Hematoma: A collection of blood that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
14. Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs after surgery can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and can lead to serious complications.
15. Sepsis: A systemic inflammatory response to infection that can occur after surgery, leading to organ dysfunction and death if not treated promptly.

It is important to note that these are potential complications, and not all patients will experience them. Additionally, many of these complications are rare, and the vast majority of surgeries are successful with minimal or no complications. However, it is important for patients to be aware of the potential risks before undergoing surgery so they can make an informed decision about their care.

Postoperative pain is typically managed with pain medication, which may include opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or other types of medications. The goal of managing postoperative pain is to provide effective pain relief while minimizing the risk of complications such as addiction, constipation, or nausea and vomiting.

In addition to medication, other techniques for managing postoperative pain may include breathing exercises, relaxation techniques, and alternative therapies such as acupuncture or massage. It is important for patients to communicate with their healthcare provider about the severity of their pain and any side effects they experience from medication, in order to provide effective pain management and minimize complications.

Postoperative pain can be categorized into several different types, including:

* Acute pain: This type of pain is intense but short-lived, typically lasting for a few days or weeks after surgery.
* Chronic pain: This type of pain persists for longer than 3 months after surgery and can be more challenging to manage.
* Neuropathic pain: This type of pain is caused by damage to nerves and can be characterized by burning, shooting, or stabbing sensations.
* Visceral pain: This type of pain originates in the internal organs and can be referred to other areas of the body, such as the back or abdomen.

Paraplegia is classified into two main types:

1. Complete paraplegia: Total loss of motor function in both legs and pelvis.
2. Incomplete paraplegia: Some degree of motor function remains in the affected limbs.

Symptoms of paraplegia can include weakness, paralysis, numbness, or tingling sensations below the level of the spinal cord injury. Loss of bladder and bowel control, sexual dysfunction, and changes in sensation (such as decreased sensitivity to touch and temperature) are also common.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, neurological tests such as reflexes and muscle strength, and imaging studies like X-rays or MRIs to determine the underlying cause of paraplegia. Treatment depends on the specific cause of the condition and may include medications, rehabilitation therapy, and assistive devices such as braces, canes, or wheelchairs.

Symptoms of spinal tuberculosis may include:

* Back pain
* Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Fever, fatigue, and weight loss
* Loss of bladder or bowel control

If left untreated, spinal tuberculosis can lead to severe complications such as paralysis, nerve damage, and infection of the bloodstream. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery to remove infected tissue.

Spinal TB is a rare form of TB, but it is becoming more common due to the increasing number of people living with HIV/AIDS, which weakens the immune system and makes them more susceptible to TB infections. Spinal TB can be difficult to diagnose as it may present like other conditions such as cancer or herniated discs.

The prognosis for spinal tuberculosis is generally good if treated early, but the condition can be challenging to treat and may require long-term management.

There are several different types of pain, including:

1. Acute pain: This type of pain is sudden and severe, and it usually lasts for a short period of time. It can be caused by injuries, surgery, or other forms of tissue damage.
2. Chronic pain: This type of pain persists over a long period of time, often lasting more than 3 months. It can be caused by conditions such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, or nerve damage.
3. Neuropathic pain: This type of pain results from damage to the nervous system, and it can be characterized by burning, shooting, or stabbing sensations.
4. Visceral pain: This type of pain originates in the internal organs, and it can be difficult to localize.
5. Psychogenic pain: This type of pain is caused by psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, or depression.

The medical field uses a range of methods to assess and manage pain, including:

1. Pain rating scales: These are numerical scales that patients use to rate the intensity of their pain.
2. Pain diaries: These are records that patients keep to track their pain over time.
3. Clinical interviews: Healthcare providers use these to gather information about the patient's pain experience and other relevant symptoms.
4. Physical examination: This can help healthcare providers identify any underlying causes of pain, such as injuries or inflammation.
5. Imaging studies: These can be used to visualize the body and identify any structural abnormalities that may be contributing to the patient's pain.
6. Medications: There are a wide range of medications available to treat pain, including analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and muscle relaxants.
7. Alternative therapies: These can include acupuncture, massage, and physical therapy.
8. Interventional procedures: These are minimally invasive procedures that can be used to treat pain, such as nerve blocks and spinal cord stimulation.

It is important for healthcare providers to approach pain management with a multi-modal approach, using a combination of these methods to address the physical, emotional, and social aspects of pain. By doing so, they can help improve the patient's quality of life and reduce their suffering.

Kyphosis is an exaggerated forward curvature of the spine, also known as "roundback" or "hunchback". This type of curvature can be caused by a variety of factors such as osteoporosis, degenerative disc disease, and Scheuermann's disease.

Lordosis is an excessive inward curvature of the spine, also known as "swayback". This type of curvature can be caused by factors such as pregnancy, obesity, and spinal injuries.

Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as genetics, injury, or birth defects. Scoliosis can be classified into two main types: Cervical (neck) scoliosis and Thoracic (chest) scoliosis.

All three types of curvatures can cause discomfort, pain and decreased mobility if left untreated. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the curvature and may include physical therapy, bracing, or surgery.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

There are several types of spinal muscular atrophies, including:

Type 1 (Werdnig-Hoffmann disease): This is the most severe form of SMA, characterized by complete paralysis and life-threatening respiratory problems. It is usually diagnosed in infancy and children typically die before the age of two.

Type 2 (Dubowitz disease): This type of SMA is less severe than Type 1, but still causes significant muscle weakness and wasting. Children with this condition may be able to sit, stand, and walk with support, but will eventually lose these abilities as the disease progresses.

Type 3 (Kugelberg-Welander disease): This is an adult-onset form of SMA that causes slowly progressive muscle weakness and wasting. It can be mild or severe and may affect individuals in their teens to mid-life.

The symptoms of spinal muscular atrophies vary depending on the type and severity of the disorder, but may include:

* Muscle weakness and wasting, particularly in the limbs and trunk
* Difficulty breathing and swallowing
* Delayed development of motor skills such as sitting, standing, and walking
* Weakness of facial muscles, leading to a "floppy" appearance
* Poor reflexes and decreased muscle tone

The exact cause of spinal muscular atrophies is not fully understood, but genetics play a role. The disorders are caused by mutations in a gene called the survival motor neuron (SMN) gene, which is responsible for producing a protein that helps maintain the health of nerve cells. Without this protein, nerve cells die, leading to muscle weakness and wasting.

There is currently no cure for spinal muscular atrophies, but treatment options are available to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include:

* Physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and flexibility
* Occupational therapy to develop coping strategies and assist with daily activities
* Medications to manage muscle spasms and other symptoms
* Respiratory support, such as ventilation, for individuals with severe forms of the disorder
* Nutritional support to ensure adequate nutrition and hydration

Overall, spinal muscular atrophies are a group of rare genetic disorders that can cause muscle weakness and wasting, particularly in the limbs and trunk. While there is currently no cure, treatment options are available to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. With appropriate care and support, individuals with spinal muscular atrophies can lead fulfilling lives.

PONV can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Anesthesia-related factors: The type and dose of anesthesia used, as well as the duration of anesthesia exposure, can contribute to PONV.
2. Surgical factors: The type and duration of surgery, as well as any complications during the procedure, can increase the risk of PONV.
3. Patient-related factors: Factors such as age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and medical history can influence the likelihood of PONV.
4. Medication-related factors: Certain medications used during or after surgery, such as opioids and benzodiazepines, can increase the risk of PONV.

PONV can lead to a range of complications, including dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and aspiration pneumonia. It can also cause significant discomfort, pain, and distress for patients, leading to delayed recovery and increased healthcare costs.

There are several strategies to prevent or manage PONV, including:

1. Anti-nausea medications: Prophylactic medications such as ondansetron, dolasetron, and granisetron can be given before or after surgery to reduce the risk of PONV.
2. Anesthesia techniques: Techniques such as avoiding general anesthesia, using regional anesthesia, and maintaining a stable body temperature can help reduce the risk of PONV.
3. Patient positioning: Positioning patients in a way that minimizes pressure on the stomach and diaphragm can help reduce the risk of PONV.
4. Fluid management: Encouraging patients to drink fluids before and after surgery can help prevent dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
5. Deep breathing exercises: Encouraging patients to perform deep breathing exercises during the recovery period can help reduce nausea and vomiting.
6. Aromatherapy: Using aromatherapy with essential oils such as lavender and peppermint can help reduce nausea and vomiting.
7. Ginger: Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties and has been shown to reduce nausea and vomiting in some studies.
8. Vitamin B6: Some studies have suggested that taking vitamin B6 before surgery may reduce the risk of PONV.
9. Acupuncture: Acupuncture has been shown to reduce PONV in some studies.
10. Herbal remedies: Some herbal remedies such as peppermint, ginger, and chamomile have anti-nausea properties and may help reduce PONV.

It is important for patients to discuss their individual risk factors with their anesthesiologist before undergoing surgery and to follow any instructions provided by their healthcare provider regarding prevention and management of PONV.

There are several types of spinal fractures, including:

1. Vertebral compression fractures: These occur when the vertebrae collapses due to pressure, often caused by osteoporosis or trauma.
2. Fracture-dislocations: This type of fracture occurs when the vertebra is both broken and displaced from its normal position.
3. Spondylolysis: This is a type of fracture that occurs in the spine, often due to repetitive stress or overuse.
4. Spondylolisthesis: This is a type of fracture where a vertebra slips out of its normal position and into the one below it.
5. Fracture-subluxation: This type of fracture occurs when the vertebra is both broken and partially dislocated from its normal position.

The diagnosis of spinal fractures typically involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI to confirm the presence of a fracture and determine its severity and location. Treatment options for spinal fractures depend on the severity of the injury and may include pain management, bracing, physical therapy, or surgery to stabilize the spine and promote healing. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to realign the vertebrae and prevent further damage.

Overall, spinal fractures can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Hyperalgesia is often seen in people with chronic pain conditions, such as fibromyalgia, and it can also be a side effect of certain medications or medical procedures. Treatment options for hyperalgesia depend on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include pain management techniques, physical therapy, and medication adjustments.

In clinical settings, hyperalgesia is often assessed using a pinprick test or other pain tolerance tests to determine the patient's sensitivity to different types of stimuli. The goal of treatment is to reduce the patient's pain and improve their quality of life.

Quadriplegia can be classified into two types:

1. Complete quadriplegia: This is when all four limbs are paralyzed and there is no movement or sensation below the level of the injury.
2. Incomplete quadriplegia: This is when some movement or sensation remains below the level of the injury, but not in all four limbs.

The symptoms of quadriplegia can vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. They may include:

* Loss of movement in the arms and legs
* Weakness or paralysis of the muscles in the arms and legs
* Decreased or absent sensation in the arms and legs
* Difficulty with balance and coordination
* Difficulty with walking, standing, or sitting
* Difficulty with performing daily activities such as dressing, grooming, and feeding oneself

The diagnosis of quadriplegia is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging studies such as X-rays or MRIs. Treatment for quadriplegia depends on the underlying cause and may include:

* Physical therapy to improve strength and mobility
* Occupational therapy to learn new ways of performing daily activities
* Assistive devices such as braces, walkers, or wheelchairs
* Medications to manage pain, spasticity, or other symptoms
* Surgery to repair or stabilize the spinal cord or other affected areas.

Overall, quadriplegia is a severe condition that can significantly impact a person's quality of life. However, with appropriate treatment and support, many people with quadriplegia are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

There are several causes of hypotension, including:

1. Dehydration: Loss of fluids and electrolytes can cause a drop in blood pressure.
2. Blood loss: Losing too much blood can lead to hypotension.
3. Medications: Certain medications, such as diuretics and beta-blockers, can lower blood pressure.
4. Heart conditions: Heart failure, cardiac tamponade, and arrhythmias can all cause hypotension.
5. Endocrine disorders: Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and adrenal insufficiency can cause low blood pressure.
6. Vasodilation: A condition where the blood vessels are dilated, leading to low blood pressure.
7. Sepsis: Severe infection can cause hypotension.

Symptoms of hypotension can include:

1. Dizziness and lightheadedness
2. Fainting or passing out
3. Weakness and fatigue
4. Confusion and disorientation
5. Pale, cool, or clammy skin
6. Fast or weak pulse
7. Shortness of breath
8. Nausea and vomiting

If you suspect that you or someone else is experiencing hypotension, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include fluids, electrolytes, and medication to raise blood pressure. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Intraoperative awareness is a serious issue because it can lead to memory recall of the surgical procedure, which can be distressing for the patient. In some cases, patients may also experience pain or discomfort during the procedure, which can result in long-term psychological and emotional sequelae.

The exact incidence of intraoperative awareness is not well established, but it is estimated to occur in 1-2% of all surgical procedures. However, the phenomenon is likely underreported due to the difficulty of detecting and documenting consciousness during anesthesia.

The causes of intraoperative awareness are multifactorial and may include:

* Inadequate dosing or timing of anesthetic medications
* Drug interactions or allergies
* Technical difficulties with the anesthesia equipment
* Patient factors such as obesity, sleep apnea, or psychiatric disorders

To minimize the risk of intraoperative awareness, anesthesiologists use a variety of techniques to ensure adequate anesthesia and avoid any potential complications. These may include:

* Using multiple anesthetic drugs and monitoring devices to maintain appropriate depth of anesthesia
* Administering additional doses of anesthetics as needed during the procedure
* Regularly checking the patient's vital signs and level of consciousness during the procedure
* Providing adequate pain management during the recovery period

Overall, intraoperative awareness is a rare but potentially distressing complication of anesthesia that can have long-term psychological and emotional consequences. Anesthesiologists must be vigilant in monitoring their patients' consciousness levels throughout the surgical procedure to minimize the risk of this phenomenon.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

1. Complete paralysis: When there is no movement or sensation in a particular area of the body.
2. Incomplete paralysis: When there is some movement or sensation in a particular area of the body.
3. Localized paralysis: When paralysis affects only a specific part of the body, such as a limb or a facial muscle.
4. Generalized paralysis: When paralysis affects multiple parts of the body.
5. Flaccid paralysis: When there is a loss of muscle tone and the affected limbs feel floppy.
6. Spastic paralysis: When there is an increase in muscle tone and the affected limbs feel stiff and rigid.
7. Paralysis due to nerve damage: This can be caused by injuries, diseases such as multiple sclerosis, or birth defects such as spina bifida.
8. Paralysis due to muscle damage: This can be caused by injuries, such as muscular dystrophy, or diseases such as muscular sarcopenia.
9. Paralysis due to brain damage: This can be caused by head injuries, stroke, or other conditions that affect the brain such as cerebral palsy.
10. Paralysis due to spinal cord injury: This can be caused by trauma, such as a car accident, or diseases such as polio.

Paralysis can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, affecting their ability to perform daily activities, work, and participate in social and recreational activities. Treatment options for paralysis depend on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medications, surgery, or assistive technologies such as wheelchairs or prosthetic devices.

Neuralgia is often difficult to diagnose and treat, as the underlying cause can be challenging to identify. However, various medications and therapies can help manage the pain and other symptoms associated with this condition. These may include pain relievers, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and muscle relaxants, as well as alternative therapies such as acupuncture or physical therapy.

Some common forms of neuralgia include:

1. Trigeminal neuralgia: This is a condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensation from the face to the brain. It is characterized by sudden, intense pain in the face, typically on one side.
2. Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN): This is a condition that occurs after a shingles infection, and is characterized by persistent pain in the affected area.
3. Occipital neuralgia: This is a condition that affects the nerves in the back of the head and neck, and can cause pain in the back of the head, neck, and face.
4. Geniculate neuralgia: This is a rare condition that affects the nerves in the jaw and ear, and can cause pain in the jaw, face, and ear.

Overall, neuralgia is a complex and debilitating condition that can significantly impact an individual's quality of life. It is important for individuals experiencing symptoms of neuralgia to seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

* Thoracic scoliosis: affects the upper back (thoracic spine)
* Cervical scoliosis: affects the neck (cervical spine)
* Lumbar scoliosis: affects the lower back (lumbar spine)

Scoliosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Genetics: inherited conditions that affect the development of the spine
* Birth defects: conditions that are present at birth and affect the spine
* Infections: infections that affect the spine, such as meningitis or tuberculosis
* Injuries: injuries to the spine, such as those caused by car accidents or falls
* Degenerative diseases: conditions that affect the spine over time, such as osteoporosis or arthritis

Symptoms of scoliosis can include:

* An uneven appearance of the shoulders or hips
* A difference in the height of the shoulders or hips
* Pain or discomfort in the back or legs
* Difficulty standing up straight or maintaining balance

Scoliosis can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including:

* X-rays: images of the spine that show the curvature
* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): images of the spine and surrounding tissues
* Computed tomography (CT) scans: detailed images of the spine and surrounding tissues

Treatment for scoliosis depends on the severity of the condition and can include:

* Observation: monitoring the condition regularly to see if it progresses
* Bracing: wearing a brace to support the spine and help straighten it
* Surgery: surgical procedures to correct the curvature, such as fusing vertebrae together or implanting a metal rod.

It is important for individuals with scoliosis to receive regular monitoring and treatment to prevent complications and maintain proper spinal alignment.

* Definition: A hernia that occurs when a part of the intestine bulges through a weakened area in the abdominal wall, typically near the inguinal region.
* Also known as: Direct or indirect inguinal hernia
* Prevalence: Common, affecting approximately 2% of adult males and 1% of adult females.
* Causes: Weakened abdominal muscles, age-related degeneration, previous surgery, or injury.

Slide 2: Types of Inguinal Hernia

* Indirect inguinal hernia: Occurs when a part of the intestine descends into the inguinal canal and protrudes through a weakened area in the abdominal wall.
* Direct inguinal hernia: Occurs when a part of the intestine protrudes directly through a weakened area in the abdominal wall, without passing through the inguinal canal.
* Recurrent inguinal hernia: Occurs when a previous hernia recurs after previous surgical repair.

Slide 3: Symptoms of Inguinal Hernia

* Bulge or lump in the groin area, often more prominent when coughing or straining.
* Pain or discomfort in the groin area, which may be exacerbated by straining or heavy lifting.
* Burning sensation or weakness in the groin area.
* Abdominal pain or nausea.

Slide 4: Diagnosis of Inguinal Hernia

* Physical examination to detect the presence of a bulge or lump in the groin area.
* Imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.

Slide 5: Treatment of Inguinal Hernia

* Surgery is the primary treatment for inguinal hernia, which involves repairing the weakened area in the abdominal wall and returning the protruded intestine to its proper position.
* Open hernia repair: A surgical incision is made in the groin area to access the hernia sac and repair it with synthetic mesh or other materials.
* Laparoscopic hernia repair: A minimally invasive procedure in which a small camera and specialized instruments are inserted through small incisions to repair the hernia sac.

Slide 6: Prevention of Inguinal Hernia

* Maintaining a healthy weight to reduce strain on the abdominal wall.
* Avoiding heavy lifting or strenuous activities that can put additional pressure on the abdominal wall.
* Keeping the abdominal wall muscles strong through exercises such as crunches and planks.
* Avoiding smoking and other unhealthy habits that can weaken the abdominal wall.

Slide 7: Complications of Inguinal Hernia

* Strangulation: When the hernia sac becomes trapped and its blood supply is cut off, it can lead to tissue death and potentially life-threatening complications.
* Obstruction: The hernia can cause a blockage in the intestine, leading to abdominal pain, vomiting, and constipation.
* Recurrence: In some cases, the hernia may recur after initial repair.

Slide 8: Treatment of Complications

* Strangulation: Emergency surgery is necessary to release the trapped tissue and restore blood flow.
* Obstruction: Surgical intervention may be required to remove the blockage and restore intestinal function.
* Recurrence: Repeat hernia repair surgery may be necessary to prevent recurrence.

Slide 9: Prognosis and Quality of Life

* With prompt and proper treatment, the prognosis for inguinal hernia is generally good, and most people can expect a full recovery.
* In some cases, complications such as strangulation or obstruction may result in long-term health problems or impaired quality of life.
* However, with appropriate management and follow-up care, many people with inguinal hernia can lead active and healthy lives.

Slide 10: Conclusion

* Inguinal hernia is a common condition that can cause significant discomfort and complications if left untreated.
* Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes.
* With proper management, most people with inguinal hernia can expect a full recovery and improved quality of life.

Hypothermia can be mild, moderate, or severe. Mild hypothermia is characterized by shivering and a body temperature of 95 to 97 degrees Fahrenheit (32 to 36.1 degrees Celsius). Moderate hypothermia has a body temperature of 82 to 94 degrees Fahrenheit (28 to 34 degrees Celsius), and the person may appear lethargic, drowsy, or confused. Severe hypothermia is characterized by a body temperature below 82 degrees Fahrenheit (28 degrees Celsius) and can lead to coma and even death if not treated promptly.

Treatment for hypothermia typically involves warming the person up slowly, using blankets or heating pads, and providing warm fluids to drink. In severe cases, medical professionals may use a specialized warm water bath or apply warm packs to specific areas of the body.

Preventing hypothermia is important, especially in cold weather conditions. This can be done by dressing appropriately for the weather, staying dry and avoiding wet clothing, eating regularly to maintain energy levels, and seeking shelter if you become stranded or lost. It's also essential to recognize the signs of hypothermia early on so that treatment can begin promptly.

Word origin: [O. Eng. larynx + Gr. , voice.]

Synonyms:

1. Stuttering.
2. Hysterical stammering.
3. Spasmodic dysartria.

Note under Dysarthria: Laryngismus is a form of spasmodic dysarthria, the spasms being more sudden and violent than in the ordinary type.

Source: Stedman's Medical Dictionary (28th ed.) via MedicineNet.com

Terms popularity compared to other word forms of 'laryngismus':

Laryngismus has been less popular than other word forms such as 'laryngitis'.

Reference link: medicine.net/ned/2013/laryngismus-stuttering.htm

The term "decerebrate" comes from the Latin word "cerebrum," which means brain. In this context, the term refers to a state where the brain is significantly damaged or absent, leading to a loss of consciousness and other cognitive functions.

Some common symptoms of the decerebrate state include:

* Loss of consciousness
* Flaccid paralysis (loss of muscle tone)
* Dilated pupils
* Lack of responsiveness to stimuli
* Poor or absent reflexes
* Inability to speak or communicate

The decerebrate state can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Severe head injury
* Stroke or cerebral vasculature disorders
* Brain tumors or cysts
* Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
* Traumatic brain injury

Treatment for the decerebrate state is typically focused on addressing the underlying cause of the condition. This may involve medications to control seizures, antibiotics for infections, or surgery to relieve pressure on the brain. In some cases, the decerebrate state may be a permanent condition, and individuals may require long-term care and support.

There are several types of spinal dysraphism, including:

1. Spina bifida: This is the most common type of spinal dysraphism, and it occurs when the spine fails to close properly during fetal development. As a result, the spinal cord and meninges (the protective covering of the spinal cord) are exposed and can be damaged.
2. Myelomeningocele: This is a type of spina bifida that occurs when the spinal cord protrudes through an opening in the spine. It is often associated with hydrocephalus (a buildup of fluid in the brain).
3. Meningomyelocele: This is a type of spinal dysraphism that occurs when the meninges protrude through an opening in the spine, but the spinal cord remains within the spine.
4. Diastematomyelia: This is a rare type of spinal dysraphism that occurs when there is a separation or division of the spinal cord.
5. Hemicord syndrome: This is a rare type of spinal dysraphism that occurs when one half of the spinal cord is underdeveloped or absent.

The symptoms of spinal dysraphism can vary depending on the severity and location of the disorder. They may include:

* Muscle weakness or paralysis
* Loss of sensation in the affected limbs
* Bladder and bowel dysfunction
* Hydrocephalus (a buildup of fluid in the brain)
* Neurological problems such as seizures, learning disabilities, and developmental delays.

Treatment for spinal dysraphism depends on the severity of the disorder and may include:

* Surgery to repair or close the opening in the spine
* Shunting procedures to drain excess fluid from the brain
* Physical therapy to improve muscle strength and mobility
* Occupational therapy to help with daily activities and developmental delays.

The long-term outlook for individuals with spinal dysraphism varies depending on the severity of the disorder and the effectiveness of treatment. Some individuals may experience significant improvement with surgery and other treatments, while others may have ongoing neurological problems and developmental delays. It is important for individuals with spinal dysraphism to receive regular medical care and follow-up to monitor their condition and address any complications that may arise.

Surgery is often required to treat hematoma, subdural spinal, as prompt intervention is necessary to prevent long-term neurological damage. The prognosis for this condition is generally good if treated early and effectively, but can be poor if left untreated or if there are complications such as infection or hydrocephalus (fluid accumulation in the brain).

The condition can occur anywhere along the spine, but it is most common in the neck (cervical spine) and lower back (lumbar spine). Spinal osteophytosis can put pressure on surrounding nerves and the spinal cord, leading to pain, numbness, or weakness in the arms or legs.

There are several risk factors for developing spinal osteophytosis, including:

* Age (as wear and tear on the spine increases with age)
* Genetics (some people may be more prone to developing bone spurs due to their genetic makeup)
* Injury or trauma (a sudden injury can cause bone growths to form in response)
* Degenerative conditions (such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis)

Symptoms of spinal osteophytosis can include:

* Back pain that worsens with activity and improves with rest
* Pain, numbness, or weakness in the arms or legs
* Limited range of motion in the neck or lower back
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance

Treatment for spinal osteophytosis depends on the severity of the condition and can include:

* Medications (such as pain relievers or anti-inflammatory drugs)
* Physical therapy (to improve flexibility and strength)
* Injections (such as steroids or pain medication)
* Surgery (in severe cases, to remove the bone growths or to fuse vertebrae together)

It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated spinal osteophytosis can lead to chronic pain and limited mobility.

Neurogenic bladders are characterized by symptoms such as:

* Urinary frequency (the need to urinate more often than usual)
* Urinary urgency (the sudden and intense need to urinate)
* Incontinence (the loss of urine control, leading to involuntary leakage or wetting)
* Nocturia (waking up frequently during the night to urinate)

The symptoms can range from mild to severe and may be accompanied by other conditions such as urinary tract infections or kidney damage.

There are several types of neurogenic bladders, including:

* Reflex neurogenic bladder: This type is caused by a lesion in the spinal cord that disrupts the reflex pathway between the bladder and the brain.
* Spinal cord neurogenic bladder: This type is caused by damage to the spinal cord itself, leading to loss of bladder function and control.
* Brain stem neurogenic bladder: This type is caused by damage to the brain stem, which controls the bladder and other autonomic functions.

Treatment for neurogenic bladders depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms. Some common treatments include:

* Medications to relax the bladder muscle or reduce urinary frequency
* Catheterization to drain urine from the bladder
* Lifestyle modifications such as fluid restriction, dietary changes, and exercise
* Surgery to repair or replace damaged nerves or bladder tissue.

There are several types of kyphosis, including:

1. Postural kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by poor posture and is often seen in teenagers.
2. Scheuermann's kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by a structural deformity of the spine and is most common during adolescence.
3. Degenerative kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by degenerative changes in the spine, such as osteoporosis or degenerative disc disease.
4. Neuromuscular kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy.

Symptoms of kyphosis can include:

* An abnormal curvature of the spine
* Back pain
* Difficulty breathing
* Difficulty maintaining posture
* Loss of height
* Tiredness or fatigue

Kyphosis can be diagnosed through a physical examination, X-rays, and other imaging tests. Treatment options for kyphosis depend on the type and severity of the condition and can include:

* Physical therapy
* Bracing
* Medication
* Surgery

It is important to seek medical attention if you or your child is experiencing any symptoms of kyphosis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent further progression of the condition and improve quality of life.

Symptoms of pulmonary atelectasis may include chest pain, coughing up bloody mucus, difficulty breathing, fever, and chills. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial infections, and in severe cases, mechanical ventilation may be necessary. In some cases, surgery may be required to remove the blockage or repair the damage to the lung.
Pulmonary atelectasis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent complications such as respiratory failure or sepsis. It can be diagnosed through chest X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and pulmonary function tests.

Symptoms of an epidural abscess may include:

* Back pain that worsens over time
* Fever
* Headache
* Muscle weakness or numbness in the legs
* Difficulty urinating

Diagnosis of an epidural abscess is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, and laboratory tests to identify the presence of bacteria in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid.

Treatment for an epidural abscess usually involves antibiotics and surgical drainage of the abscess. In severe cases, treatment may also involve supportive care such as mechanical ventilation and management of related complications such as seizures or stroke.

There are several types of apnea that can occur during sleep, including:

1. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): This is the most common type of apnea and occurs when the airway is physically blocked by the tongue or other soft tissue in the throat, causing breathing to stop for short periods.
2. Central sleep apnea (CSA): This type of apnea occurs when the brain fails to send the proper signals to the muscles that control breathing, resulting in a pause in breathing.
3. Mixed sleep apnea (MSA): This type of apnea is a combination of OSA and CSA, where both central and obstructive factors contribute to the pauses in breathing.
4. Hypopneic apnea: This type of apnea is characterized by a decrease in breathing, but not a complete stop.
5. Hypercapnic apnea: This type of apnea is caused by an excessive buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, which can lead to pauses in breathing.

The symptoms of apnea can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition, but may include:

* Pauses in breathing during sleep
* Waking up with a dry mouth or sore throat
* Morning headaches
* Difficulty concentrating or feeling tired during the day
* High blood pressure
* Heart disease

Treatment options for apnea depend on the underlying cause, but may include:

* Lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, avoiding alcohol and sedatives before bedtime, and sleeping on your side
* Oral appliances or devices that advance the position of the lower jaw and tongue
* Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which involves wearing a mask during sleep to deliver a constant flow of air pressure into the airways
* Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) therapy, which involves two levels of air pressure: one for inhalation and another for exhalation
* Surgery to remove excess tissue in the throat or correct physical abnormalities that are contributing to the apnea.

Types of Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases:

1. Moyamoya disease: A rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches, leading to decreased blood flow to the brain and spinal cord.
2. Stenosis (narrowing): A common condition caused by wear and tear or inflammation that can occur anywhere along the length of the spine.
3. Spinal cord infarction: A condition caused by a lack of blood supply to the spinal cord, often due to a blockage or clot in the blood vessels.
4. Vasculitis: An inflammatory condition that affects the blood vessels, including those supplying the spinal cord.
5. Thoracic outlet syndrome: A condition caused by compression of the nerves and blood vessels between the neck and shoulder.

Symptoms:

1. Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
2. Pain in the neck, back, or limbs
3. Difficulty with coordination and balance
4. Bladder or bowel dysfunction
5. Loss of sensation in the arms or legs
6. Tingling or burning sensations in the arms or legs
7. Muscle spasms or stiffness
8. Weakness or paralysis of specific muscle groups

Diagnosis:

1. Medical history and physical examination
2. Imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans
3. Blood tests to check for inflammatory markers or signs of vasculitis
4. Angiography or MRA to visualize the blood vessels
5. Electromyography (EMG) to assess muscle function and nerve damage

Treatment:

1. Medications to manage symptoms, such as pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, or corticosteroids
2. Physical therapy to improve range of motion and strength
3. Surgery to release compressed nerves or repair damaged blood vessels
4. Injections of botulinum toxin or other medications to relieve symptoms
5. Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding heavy lifting or bending, taking regular breaks to rest, and practicing good posture.

The causes of paraparesis can vary and may include:

1. Spinal cord injuries or diseases, such as spinal cord tumors, cysts, or abscesses.
2. Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system.
3. Other demyelinating diseases, such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO).
4. Peripheral nerve injuries or diseases, such as peripheral neuropathy or polyneuropathy.
5. Stroke or cerebral vasculature disorders, such as Moyamoya disease or stenosis.
6. Spinal cord infarction or ischemia due to vessel occlusion or thrombosis.
7. Infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, which can affect the spinal cord and cause weakness in the lower limbs.
8. Metabolic disorders, such as hypothyroidism or hypokalemia.
9. Toxins or drugs that can damage the spinal cord or peripheral nerves.

The symptoms of paraparesis may include:

1. Weakness or paralysis of the legs, which can range from mild to severe.
2. Muscle atrophy or shrinkage in the lower limbs.
3. Loss of reflexes in the legs.
4. Numbness or tingling sensations in the legs.
5. Difficulty walking or maintaining balance.
6. Spasticity or stiffness in the legs.
7. Pain or discomfort in the lower limbs.

The diagnosis of paraparesis involves a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, as well as diagnostic tests such as:

1. Imaging studies, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, to evaluate the spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
2. Electromyography (EMG) to assess muscle activity and nerve function.
3. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) to evaluate nerve function and identify any abnormalities.
4. Blood tests to rule out metabolic or hematological disorders that may be causing the paraparesis.
5. Lumbar puncture to collect cerebrospinal fluid for laboratory analysis and to rule out certain infections or inflammatory conditions.

Treatment of paraparesis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Some possible treatment options include:

1. Physical therapy to improve muscle strength and function.
2. Occupational therapy to improve daily living skills and independence.
3. Assistive devices such as walkers, canes, or wheelchairs to aid mobility.
4. Medications to manage pain, spasticity, or other symptoms.
5. Surgery to relieve compression on the spinal cord or nerves, or to stabilize the spine.
6. Injections of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and swelling.
7. Plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to treat certain autoimmune conditions.
8. Physical activity and exercise to improve overall health and well-being.

It is important for individuals with paraparesis to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and goals. With appropriate treatment and support, many people with paraparesis are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

Types of Peripheral Nerve Injuries:

1. Traumatic Nerve Injury: This type of injury occurs due to direct trauma to the nerve, such as a blow or a crush injury.
2. Compression Neuropathy: This type of injury occurs when a nerve is compressed or pinched, leading to damage or disruption of the nerve signal.
3. Stretch Injury: This type of injury occurs when a nerve is stretched or overstretched, leading to damage or disruption of the nerve signal.
4. Entrapment Neuropathy: This type of injury occurs when a nerve is compressed or trapped between two structures, leading to damage or disruption of the nerve signal.

Symptoms of Peripheral Nerve Injuries:

1. Weakness or paralysis of specific muscle groups
2. Numbness or tingling in the affected area
3. Pain or burning sensation in the affected area
4. Difficulty with balance and coordination
5. Abnormal reflexes
6. Incontinence or other bladder or bowel problems

Causes of Peripheral Nerve Injuries:

1. Trauma, such as a car accident or fall
2. Sports injuries
3. Repetitive strain injuries, such as those caused by repetitive motions in the workplace or during sports activities
4. Compression or entrapment of nerves, such as carpal tunnel syndrome or tarsal tunnel syndrome
5. Infections, such as Lyme disease or diphtheria
6. Tumors or cysts that compress or damage nerves
7. Vitamin deficiencies, such as vitamin B12 deficiency
8. Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus
9. Toxins, such as heavy metals or certain chemicals

Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injuries:

1. Physical therapy to improve strength and range of motion
2. Medications to manage pain and inflammation
3. Surgery to release compressed nerves or repair damaged nerves
4. Electrical stimulation therapy to promote nerve regeneration
5. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy to stimulate healing
6. Stem cell therapy to promote nerve regeneration
7. Injection of botulinum toxin to relieve pain and reduce muscle spasticity
8. Orthotics or assistive devices to improve mobility and function

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of a peripheral nerve injury, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes.

There are many different types of back pain, including:

1. Lower back pain: This type of pain occurs in the lumbar spine and can be caused by strained muscles or ligaments, herniated discs, or other factors.
2. Upper back pain: This type of pain occurs in the thoracic spine and can be caused by muscle strain, poor posture, or other factors.
3. Middle back pain: This type of pain occurs in the thoracolumbar junction and can be caused by muscle strain, herniated discs, or other factors.
4. Lower left back pain: This type of pain occurs in the lumbar spine on the left side and can be caused by a variety of factors, including muscle strain, herniated discs, or other factors.
5. Lower right back pain: This type of pain occurs in the lumbar spine on the right side and can be caused by a variety of factors, including muscle strain, herniated discs, or other factors.

There are many different causes of back pain, including:

1. Muscle strain: This occurs when the muscles in the back are overstretched or torn.
2. Herniated discs: This occurs when the soft tissue between the vertebrae bulges out and puts pressure on the surrounding nerves.
3. Structural problems: This includes conditions such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis, which can cause back pain due to the abnormal curvature of the spine.
4. Inflammatory diseases: Conditions such as arthritis, inflammatory myopathies, and ankylosing spondylitis can cause back pain due to inflammation and joint damage.
5. Infections: Infections such as shingles, osteomyelitis, and abscesses can cause back pain by irritating the nerves or causing inflammation in the spine.
6. Trauma: Traumatic injuries such as fractures, dislocations, and compression fractures can cause back pain due to damage to the vertebrae, muscles, and other tissues.
7. Poor posture: Prolonged sitting or standing in a position that puts strain on the back can lead to back pain over time.
8. Obesity: Excess weight can put additional strain on the back, leading to back pain.
9. Smoking: Smoking can reduce blood flow to the discs and other tissues in the spine, leading to degeneration and back pain.
10. Sedentary lifestyle: A lack of physical activity can lead to weak muscles and a poor posture, which can contribute to back pain.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms with your back pain:

1. Numbness or tingling in the legs or feet
2. Weakness in the legs or feet
3. Loss of bladder or bowel control
4. Fever and chills
5. Severe headache or stiff neck
6. Difficulty breathing or swallowing

These symptoms could indicate a more serious condition, such as a herniated disc or spinal infection, that requires prompt medical treatment.

Synonyms: Bronchial Constriction, Airway Spasm, Reversible Airway Obstruction.

Antonyms: Bronchodilation, Relaxation of Bronchial Muscles.

Example Sentences:

1. The patient experienced bronchial spasms during the asthma attack and was treated with an inhaler.
2. The bronchial spasm caused by the allergic reaction was relieved by administering epinephrine.
3. The doctor prescribed corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and prevent future bronchial spasms.

The exact cause of syringomyelia is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to abnormal development or blockage of the spinal cord during fetal development. Some cases may be associated with genetic mutations or other inherited conditions, while others may be caused by acquired factors such as trauma, infection, or tumors.

Symptoms of syringomyelia can vary widely and may include:

1. Pain: Pain is a common symptom of syringomyelia, particularly in the neck, back, or limbs. The pain may be aching, sharp, or burning in nature and may be exacerbated by movement or activity.
2. Muscle weakness: As the syrinx grows, it can compress and damage the surrounding nerve fibers, leading to muscle weakness and wasting. This can affect the limbs, face, or other areas of the body.
3. Paresthesias: Patients with syringomyelia may experience numbness, tingling, or burning sensations in the affected area.
4. Spasticity: Some individuals with syringomyelia may experience spasticity, which is characterized by stiffness and increased muscle tone.
5. Sensory loss: In severe cases of syringomyelia, patients may experience loss of sensation in the affected area.
6. Bladder dysfunction: Syringomyelia can also affect the bladder and bowel function, leading to urinary retention or incontinence.
7. Orthostatic hypotension: Some patients with syringomyelia may experience a drop in blood pressure when standing, leading to dizziness or fainting.

Diagnosis of syringomyelia is typically made through a combination of imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and clinical evaluation. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and prevent deformities.
2. Orthotics and assistive devices to improve mobility and function.
3. Pain management with medication or injections.
4. Surgery to release compressive lesions or remove tumors.
5. Chemotherapy to treat malignant causes of syringomyelia.
6. Shunting procedures to drain cerebrospinal fluid and relieve pressure.
7. Rehabilitation therapies such as occupational and speech therapy to address any cognitive or functional deficits.

It's important to note that the prognosis for syringomyelia varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, the condition may be manageable with treatment, while in others it may progress and lead to significant disability or death. Early diagnosis and intervention are key to improving outcomes for patients with syringomyelia.

* Heart block: A condition where the electrical signals that control the heart's rhythm are blocked or delayed, leading to a slow heart rate.
* Sinus node dysfunction: A condition where the sinus node, which is responsible for setting the heart's rhythm, is not functioning properly, leading to a slow heart rate.
* Medications: Certain medications, such as beta blockers, can slow down the heart rate.
* Heart failure: In severe cases of heart failure, the heart may become so weak that it cannot pump blood effectively, leading to a slow heart rate.
* Electrolyte imbalance: An imbalance of electrolytes, such as potassium or magnesium, can affect the heart's ability to function properly and cause a slow heart rate.
* Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid) or anemia, can cause bradycardia.

Bradycardia can cause symptoms such as:

* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Shortness of breath
* Chest pain or discomfort

In some cases, bradycardia may not cause any noticeable symptoms at all.

If you suspect you have bradycardia, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. They may perform tests such as an electrocardiogram (ECG) or stress test to determine the cause of your slow heart rate and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Treatment options for bradycardia may include:

* Medications: Such as atropine or digoxin, to increase the heart rate.
* Pacemakers: A small device that is implanted in the chest to help regulate the heart's rhythm and increase the heart rate.
* Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT): A procedure that involves implanting a device that helps both ventricles of the heart beat together, improving the heart's pumping function.

It is important to note that bradycardia can be a symptom of an underlying condition, so it is important to address the underlying cause in order to effectively treat the bradycardia.

Examples of abnormal reflexes include:

1. Overactive reflexes: Reflexes that are too strong or exaggerated, such as an oversensitive knee jerk reflex.
2. Underactive reflexes: Reflexes that are too weak or diminished, such as a decreased tendon reflex in the arm.
3. Delayed reflexes: Reflexes that take longer than expected to occur, such as a delayed deep tendon reflex.
4. Abnormal reflex arc: A reflex arc that is not normal or expected for the situation, such as a spastic reflex arc.
5. Reflexes that are out of proportion to the stimulus: Such as an excessive or exaggerated reflex response to a mild stimulus.
6. Reflexes that occur in the absence of a stimulus: Such as a spontaneous reflex.
7. Reflexes that do not resolve: Such as a persistent reflex.
8. Reflexes that are painful or uncomfortable: Such as an abnormal rectal reflex.

It's important to note that not all abnormal reflexes are necessarily indicative of a serious medical condition, but they should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

1. Abnormal heart rate and rhythm
2. Fluctuations in blood pressure
3. Sweating or dryness of the skin
4. Changes in body temperature
5. Abdominal pain
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Diarrhea or constipation
8. Difficulty swallowing
9. Slurred speech
10. Seizures or fainting spells

The causes of AD are varied and can include:

1. Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
2. Spinal cord injuries (SCI)
3. Stroke or cerebral vasculature disorders
4. Multiple sclerosis (MS)
5. Spinal cord tumors
6. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
7. Autoimmune disorders such as Guillain-Barré syndrome
8. Sepsis or systemic infection
9. Anxiety or stress disorders
10. Certain medications such as anesthetics or antidepressants

There are several ways to diagnose AD, including:

1. Physical examination and medical history
2. Electrocardiography (ECG) or electroencephalography (EEG) to assess heart rate and brain activity
3. Blood tests to rule out infections or other conditions that may be causing the symptoms
4. Imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate the brain and spinal cord
5. Autonomic function testing, such as heart rate and blood pressure monitoring during various activities

There are several treatment options for AD, including:

1. Medications to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other bodily functions
2. Lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, stress management techniques, and avoiding stimuli that trigger symptoms
3. Cognitive therapy to help individuals cope with cognitive impairment and improve quality of life
4. Speech therapy to address communication and swallowing difficulties
5. Physical therapy to improve mobility and balance
6. Occupational therapy to assist with daily activities and improve independent living skills
7. Psychological interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to manage anxiety, depression, or other psychological symptoms.

It's important to note that AD is a complex condition, and treatment plans should be individualized based on the specific needs of each patient. It's important for patients with AD to work closely with their healthcare providers to find the most effective treatment plan for their needs.

Muscle spasticity can cause a range of symptoms, including:

* Increased muscle tone, leading to stiffness and rigidity
* Spasms or sudden contractions of the affected muscles
* Difficulty moving the affected limbs
* Pain or discomfort in the affected area
* Abnormal postures or movements

There are several potential causes of muscle spasticity, including:

* Neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injuries
* Stroke or other brain injuries
* Muscle damage or inflammation
* Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
* Metabolic disorders such as hypokalemia (low potassium levels) or hyperthyroidism

Treatment options for muscle spasticity include:

* Physical therapy to improve range of motion and strength
* Medications such as baclofen, tizanidine, or dantrolene to reduce muscle spasms
* Injectable medications such as botulinum toxin or phenol to destroy excess nerve fibers
* Surgery to release or sever affected nerve fibers
* Electrical stimulation therapy to improve muscle function and reduce spasticity.

It is important to note that muscle spasticity can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, affecting their ability to perform daily activities, maintain independence, and engage in social and recreational activities. As such, it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms of muscle spasticity are present to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

The symptoms of aspiration pneumonia may include cough, fever, chills, difficulty breathing, and chest pain. The infection can be mild, moderate, or severe and can affect people of all ages, but it is more common in older adults or those with underlying medical conditions.

The diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia is usually made based on a combination of physical examination findings, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest x-rays or CT scans. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care such as oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation in severe cases. In some cases, hospitalization may be required to monitor and treat the infection.

Prevention of aspiration pneumonia includes avoiding eating or drinking before lying down, taking small bites and chewing food thoroughly, and avoiding alcohol and sedatives. It is also important to maintain good oral hygiene and to avoid smoking and other forms of tobacco use. Vaccination against certain types of pneumonia may also be recommended for some individuals at high risk.

There are several different types of unconsciousness, including:

1. Concussion: A mild form of traumatic brain injury that can cause temporary unconsciousness, confusion, and amnesia.
2. Coma: A more severe form of unconsciousness that can be caused by a head injury, stroke, or other medical condition. Comas can last for days, weeks, or even months.
3. Vegetative state: A condition in which a person is unaware and unresponsive, but still has some reflexes. This can be caused by a traumatic brain injury, stroke, or other medical condition.
4. Persistent vegetative state (PVS): A long-term version of the vegetative state that can last for months or years.
5. Brain death: A permanent form of unconsciousness that is caused by severe damage to the brain.

Unconsciousness can be diagnosed through a variety of medical tests, including:

1. Neurological exam: A doctor will check the patient's reflexes, muscle strength, and sensation to determine the extent of any brain damage.
2. Imaging tests: CT or MRI scans can help doctors identify any structural abnormalities in the brain that may be causing unconsciousness.
3. Electroencephalogram (EEG): A test that measures electrical activity in the brain to determine if there is any abnormal brain wave activity.
4. Blood tests: To rule out other medical conditions that may be causing unconsciousness, such as infections or poisoning.

Treatment for unconsciousness depends on the underlying cause and can range from simple observation to complex surgical procedures. Some common treatments include:

1. Medications: To control seizures, reduce inflammation, or regulate brain activity.
2. Surgery: To relieve pressure on the brain, repair damaged blood vessels, or remove tumors.
3. Rehabilitation: To help the patient regain lost cognitive and motor function.
4. Supportive care: To address any other medical conditions that may be contributing to the unconsciousness, such as infections or respiratory failure.

There are several types of radiculopathy, including:

1. Cervical radiculopathy: This type affects the neck and arm region and is often caused by a herniated disk or degenerative changes in the spine.
2. Thoracic radiculopathy: This type affects the chest and abdominal regions and is often caused by a tumor or injury.
3. Lumbar radiculopathy: This type affects the lower back and leg region and is often caused by a herniated disk, spinal stenosis, or degenerative changes in the spine.
4. Sacral radiculopathy: This type affects the pelvis and legs and is often caused by a tumor or injury.

The symptoms of radiculopathy can vary depending on the location and severity of the nerve compression. They may include:

1. Pain in the affected area, which can be sharp or dull and may be accompanied by numbness, tingling, or weakness.
2. Numbness or tingling sensations in the skin of the affected limb.
3. Weakness in the affected muscles, which can make it difficult to move the affected limb or perform certain activities.
4. Difficulty with coordination and balance.
5. Tremors or spasms in the affected muscles.
6. Decreased reflexes in the affected area.
7. Difficulty with bladder or bowel control (in severe cases).

Treatment for radiculopathy depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Conservative treatments such as physical therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes may be effective in managing symptoms and improving function. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure on the nerve root.

It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the symptoms of radiculopathy, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes.

There are several possible causes of airway obstruction, including:

1. Asthma: Inflammation of the airways can cause them to narrow and become obstructed.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): This is a progressive condition that damages the lungs and can lead to airway obstruction.
3. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes (the airways that lead to the lungs) can cause them to narrow and become obstructed.
4. Pneumonia: Infection of the lungs can cause inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
5. Tumors: Cancerous tumors in the chest or throat can grow and block the airways.
6. Foreign objects: Objects such as food or toys can become lodged in the airways and cause obstruction.
7. Anaphylaxis: A severe allergic reaction can cause swelling of the airways and obstruct breathing.
8. Other conditions such as sleep apnea, cystic fibrosis, and vocal cord paralysis can also cause airway obstruction.

Symptoms of airway obstruction may include:

1. Difficulty breathing
2. Wheezing or stridor (a high-pitched sound when breathing in)
3. Chest tightness or pain
4. Coughing up mucus or phlegm
5. Shortness of breath
6. Blue lips or fingernail beds (in severe cases)

Treatment of airway obstruction depends on the underlying cause and may include medications such as bronchodilators, inhalers, and steroids, as well as surgery to remove blockages or repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, a tracheostomy (a tube inserted into the windpipe to help with breathing) may be necessary.

In the medical field, emergencies are situations that require immediate medical attention to prevent serious harm or death. These situations may include:

1. Life-threatening injuries, such as gunshot wounds, stab wounds, or severe head trauma.
2. Severe illnesses, such as heart attacks, strokes, or respiratory distress.
3. Acute and severe pain, such as from a broken bone or severe burns.
4. Mental health emergencies, such as suicidal thoughts or behaviors, or psychosis.
5. Obstetric emergencies, such as preterm labor or placental abruption.
6. Pediatric emergencies, such as respiratory distress or dehydration in infants and children.
7. Trauma, such as from a car accident or fall.
8. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, or floods.
9. Environmental emergencies, such as carbon monoxide poisoning or exposure to toxic substances.
10. Mass casualty incidents, such as a terrorist attack or plane crash.

In all of these situations, prompt and appropriate medical care is essential to prevent further harm and save lives. Emergency responders, including paramedics, emergency medical technicians (EMTs), and other healthcare providers, are trained to quickly assess the situation, provide immediate care, and transport patients to a hospital if necessary.

Types of Hyperesthesia:

1. Allodynia: This type of hyperesthesia is characterized by pain from light touch or contact that would normally not cause pain.
2. Hyperalgesia: This condition is marked by an increased sensitivity to pain, such as a severe response to mild stimuli.
3. Hyperpathia: It is characterized by an abnormal increase in sensitivity to tactile stimulation, such as feeling pain from gentle touch or clothing.
4. Thermal hyperalgesia: This condition is marked by an increased sensitivity to heat or cold temperatures.

Causes of Hyperesthesia:

1. Neurological disorders: Conditions such as migraines, multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, and stroke can cause hyperesthesia.
2. Injuries: Traumatic injuries, such as nerve damage or spinal cord injuries, can lead to hyperesthesia.
3. Infections: Certain infections, such as shingles or Lyme disease, can cause hyperesthesia.
4. Medications: Certain medications, such as antidepressants or chemotherapy drugs, can cause hyperesthesia as a side effect.
5. Other causes: Hyperesthesia can also be caused by other medical conditions, such as skin disorders or hormonal imbalances.

Symptoms of Hyperesthesia:

1. Pain or discomfort from light touch or contact
2. Increased sensitivity to temperature changes
3. Burning or stinging sensations
4. Itching or tingling sensations
5. Abnormal skin sensations, such as crawling or tingling
6. Sensitivity to sounds or lights
7. Difficulty with fine motor skills or hand-eye coordination
8. Mood changes, such as anxiety or depression
9. Fatigue or lethargy
10. Cognitive impairment or difficulty concentrating.

Diagnosis of Hyperesthesia:

To diagnose hyperesthesia, a healthcare provider will typically begin with a physical examination and medical history. They may also conduct tests to rule out other conditions that could be causing the symptoms. These tests may include:

1. Blood tests: To check for infections or hormonal imbalances
2. Imaging tests: Such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to look for nerve damage or other conditions
3. Nerve conduction studies: To test the function of nerves
4. Electromyography (EMG): To test muscle activity and nerve function.
5. Skin biopsy: To examine the skin tissue for signs of skin disorders.

Treatment of Hyperesthesia:

The treatment of hyperesthesia will depend on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, the symptoms may be managed with medication or lifestyle changes. Some possible treatments include:

1. Pain relief medications: Such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to relieve pain and reduce inflammation.
2. Anti-seizure medications: To control seizures in cases of epilepsy.
3. Antidepressant medications: To manage depression or anxiety related to the condition.
4. Physical therapy: To improve mobility and strength, and to reduce stiffness and pain.
5. Occupational therapy: To help with daily activities and to improve fine motor skills.
6. Lifestyle changes: Such as avoiding triggers, taking regular breaks to rest, and practicing stress-reducing techniques such as meditation or deep breathing.
7. Alternative therapies: Such as acupuncture or massage therapy may also be helpful in managing symptoms.

It is important to note that the treatment of hyperesthesia is highly individualized and may take some trial and error to find the most effective combination of treatments. It is best to work with a healthcare provider to determine the best course of treatment for your specific case.

IVDD can occur due to various factors such as trauma, injury, degenerative disc disease, or genetic predisposition. The condition can be classified into two main types:

1. Herniated Disc (HDD): This occurs when the soft, gel-like center of the disc bulges out through a tear in the tough outer layer, putting pressure on nearby nerves.
2. Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD): This is a condition where the disc loses its water content and becomes brittle, leading to tears and fragmentation of the disc.

Symptoms of IVDD can include:

* Back or neck pain
* Muscle spasms
* Weakness or numbness in the legs or arms
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Loss of bladder or bowel control (in severe cases)

Diagnosis of IVDD is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI. Treatment options for IVDD vary depending on the severity of the condition and can range from conservative approaches such as pain medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications to surgical interventions in severe cases.

In summary, Intervertebral Disc Displacement (IVDD) is a condition where the soft tissue between two adjacent vertebrae in the spine is displaced or herniated, leading to pressure on nearby nerves and potential symptoms such as back pain, muscle spasms, and weakness. It can be classified into two main types: Herniated Disc and Degenerative Disc Disease, and diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition and can range from conservative approaches to surgical interventions.

The term "hypesthesia" comes from the Greek words "hypo," meaning "under," and "aesthesis," meaning "sensation." It is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "hyperesthesia," which refers to an abnormal increase in sensitivity to sensory stimuli.

Hypesthesia can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Neurological disorders such as peripheral neuropathy or multiple sclerosis
* Injury or trauma to the nervous system
* Infections such as Lyme disease or HIV
* Certain medications, such as antidepressants or antipsychotics
* Substance abuse

Symptoms of hypesthesia can vary depending on the individual and the underlying cause, but may include:

* Increased sensitivity to touch, light, or sound
* Exaggerated response to stimuli, such as jumping or startling easily
* Difficulty filtering out background noise or sensory input
* Feeling overwhelmed by sensory inputs

Treatment for hypesthesia depends on the underlying cause and may include:

* Medications to manage pain or inflammation
* Physical therapy to improve sensory integration
* Sensory integration techniques, such as deep breathing or mindfulness exercises
* Avoiding triggers that exacerbate the condition

It is important to note that hypesthesia can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition, and proper diagnosis and treatment are necessary to address any underlying causes. If you suspect you or someone you know may be experiencing hypesthesia, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

Some common types of epidural neoplasms include:

1. Epidermoid cysts: These are benign tumors that are made up of cells that resemble skin cells. They are usually slow-growing and can be removed surgically if they become large or cause symptoms.
2. Meningioma: This is a type of benign tumor that arises from the meninges, which are layers of protective tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Meningioma is usually slow-growing and can be treated with surgery or radiation therapy.
3. Metastatic tumors: These are cancerous tumors that have spread to the epidural space from another part of the body, such as the breast, lung, or prostate. Metastatic tumors can be difficult to treat and may require a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
4. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can occur in the epidural space. Lymphoma can be treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of both.
5. Spinal cord tumors: These are tumors that arise within the spinal cord itself and can be either benign or malignant. Spinal cord tumors can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, weakness, and numbness or tingling in the limbs. Treatment options for spinal cord tumors depend on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Epidural neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on their size, location, and type. Some common symptoms include:

1. Back pain: Pain is one of the most common symptoms of an epidural neoplasm. The pain may be constant or intermittent and can range from mild to severe.
2. Weakness or numbness: As an epidural neoplasm compresses the spinal cord, it can cause weakness or numbness in the limbs. This symptom is often worse in the legs than in the arms.
3. Tingling or burning: Patients with an epidural neoplasm may experience a tingling or burning sensation in the affected limbs.
4. Loss of bladder or bowel control: If the epidural neoplasm is large enough to compress the spinal cord, it can cause loss of bladder or bowel control.
5. Muscle wasting: As an epidural neoplasm progresses, it can cause muscle wasting in the affected limbs.
6. Fractures: If the epidural neoplasm is causing compression of the spine, it can lead to fractures or deformities of the spine.

The diagnosis of an epidural neoplasm typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and biopsy. The following are common diagnostic tests used to evaluate patients with suspected epidural neoplasms:

1. Imaging studies: X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to visualize the tumor and assess its size and location.
2. Biopsy: A biopsy is a procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the suspected neoplasm and examined under a microscope for cancer cells.
3. Laboratory tests: Blood and urine tests may be performed to assess the patient's overall health and identify any abnormalities that may be related to the neoplasm.
4. Electromyography (EMG): An EMG is a test that measures the electrical activity of muscles and can help determine the extent of nerve damage caused by the neoplasm.

The treatment of an epidural neoplasm depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. The following are common treatment options for epidural neoplasms:

1. Surgery: Surgery is often the first line of treatment for epidural neoplasms that are located in a specific area and can be easily removed.
2. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells and may be used alone or in combination with surgery.
3. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells and may be used alone or in combination with surgery and radiation therapy.
4. Observation: In some cases, the neoplasm may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored with regular imaging studies to assess its growth.
5. Supportive care: Patients with epidural neoplasms may require supportive care to manage symptoms such as pain, weakness, or numbness.

The prognosis for patients with epidural neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. In general, the earlier the diagnosis and treatment of an epidural neoplasm, the better the prognosis. Surgery is often the most effective treatment for epidural neoplasms that are located in a specific area and can be easily removed. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat more aggressive tumors or those that have spread to other areas of the spine. Supportive care is also an important part of treatment for patients with epidural neoplasms, as it can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

In general, surgical blood loss is considered excessive if it exceeds 10-20% of the patient's total blood volume. This can be determined by measuring the patient's hemoglobin levels before and after the procedure. A significant decrease in hemoglobin levels post-procedure may indicate excessive blood loss.

There are several factors that can contribute to surgical blood loss, including:

1. Injury to blood vessels or organs during the surgical procedure
2. Poor surgical technique
3. Use of scalpels or other sharp instruments that can cause bleeding
4. Failure to control bleeding with proper hemostatic techniques
5. Pre-existing medical conditions that increase the risk of bleeding, such as hemophilia or von Willebrand disease.

Excessive surgical blood loss can lead to a number of complications, including:

1. Anemia and low blood counts
2. Hypovolemic shock (a life-threatening condition caused by excessive fluid and blood loss)
3. Infection or sepsis
4. Poor wound healing
5. Reoperation or surgical intervention to control bleeding.

To prevent or minimize surgical blood loss, surgeons may use a variety of techniques, such as:

1. Applying topical hemostatic agents to the surgical site before starting the procedure
2. Using energy-based devices (such as lasers or ultrasonic devices) to seal blood vessels and control bleeding
3. Employing advanced surgical techniques that minimize tissue trauma and reduce the risk of bleeding
4. Monitoring the patient's hemoglobin levels throughout the procedure and taking appropriate action if bleeding becomes excessive.

Examples of Nervous System Diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease: A progressive neurological disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease: A degenerative disorder that affects movement, balance and coordination.
3. Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disease that affects the protective covering of nerve fibers.
4. Stroke: A condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to brain cell death.
5. Brain tumors: Abnormal growth of tissue in the brain.
6. Neuropathy: Damage to peripheral nerves that can cause pain, numbness and weakness in hands and feet.
7. Epilepsy: A disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
8. Motor neuron disease: Diseases that affect the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement.
9. Chronic pain syndrome: Persistent pain that lasts more than 3 months.
10. Neurodevelopmental disorders: Conditions such as autism, ADHD and learning disabilities that affect the development of the brain and nervous system.

These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, toxins and ageing. Treatment options for Nervous System Diseases range from medications, surgery, rehabilitation therapy to lifestyle changes.

Post-dural puncture headaches are usually characterized by a severe, throbbing pain that is often worse when standing up or bending forward. They can also be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. In some cases, the headache may be accompanied by a feeling of stiffness in the neck or back.

The symptoms of a post-dural puncture headache typically begin within 24 hours of the procedure and can last for several days. Treatment for this type of headache usually involves medication, such as pain relievers or anti-inflammatory drugs, and fluid replacement to help restore the balance of CSF in the body. In severe cases, a blood patch may be necessary to seal the puncture site and prevent further leakage of CSF.

There are several types of spondylitis, including:

1. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS): This is the most common form of spondylitis and primarily affects the lower back. It can cause stiffness, pain, and reduced mobility in the spine.
2. Psoriatic arthritis (PsA): This type of spondylitis affects both the joints and the spine, causing inflammation and pain. It often occurs in people with psoriasis, a skin condition that causes red, scaly patches.
3. Enteropathic spondylitis: This is a rare form of spondylitis that occurs in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.
4. Undifferentiated spondylitis: This type of spondylitis does not fit into any other category and may be caused by a variety of factors.

The symptoms of spondylitis can vary depending on the specific type and severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Back pain that is worse with activity and improves with rest
2. Stiffness in the back, particularly in the morning or after periods of inactivity
3. Redness and warmth in the affected area
4. Swelling in the affected joints
5. Limited range of motion in the spine
6. Fatigue
7. Loss of appetite
8. Low-grade fever

Spondylitis can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays or MRIs. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication and lifestyle modifications, such as exercise, physical therapy, and stress management techniques. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged joints or tissue.

It's important to note that spondylitis is a chronic condition, meaning it cannot be cured but can be managed with ongoing treatment and lifestyle modifications. With proper management, many people with spondylitis are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

Contusion vs Hematoma: A hematoma is similar to a contusion but it is a more severe injury that results in the accumulation of blood outside of blood vessels. Both conditions can cause pain, swelling, and bruising, but hematomas are usually larger and more severe than contusions.

Treatment: Treatment for contusions may include rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) to reduce swelling and relieve pain. In some cases, medical professionals may also use physical therapy or bracing to help the body heal. If the contusion is severe or if it does not heal on its own, surgery may be necessary to drain excess blood and promote healing.

Prevention: Preventing contusions can be challenging, but taking steps to protect yourself from trauma, such as wearing protective gear during sports or using proper lifting techniques, can help reduce your risk of developing a contusion. Additionally, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including eating a balanced diet and getting regular exercise, can help improve your body's overall resilience and ability to heal from injuries.

1. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): The enlargement of the prostate gland can put pressure on the urethra and bladder, making it difficult to urinate.
2. Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland can cause urinary retention.
3. Bladder Outlet Obstruction: A blockage in the muscles of the bladder neck or urethra can prevent urine from flowing freely.
4. Neurological Disorders: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injuries can disrupt the nerve signals that control urination, leading to urinary retention.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anesthetics, can cause urinary retention as a side effect.
6. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): UTIs can cause inflammation and scarring in the bladder or urethra, leading to urinary retention.
7. Impacted Stone: Kidney stones that are too large to pass can cause urinary retention if they become lodged in the ureter or bladder.
8. Bladder Cancer: Tumors in the bladder can grow and block the flow of urine, leading to urinary retention.
9. Urethral Stricture: A narrowing of the urethra can cause urinary retention by restricting the flow of urine.

Symptoms of urinary retention may include:

1. Difficulty starting to urinate
2. Weak or interrupted urine stream
3. Painful urination
4. Inability to fully empty the bladder
5. Frequent urination
6. Leaking of urine (incontinence)
7. Blood in the urine

Treatment for urinary retention depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, catheterization, or surgery. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated urinary retention can lead to complications such as kidney damage or sepsis.

Peripheral Nervous System Diseases can result from a variety of causes, including:

1. Trauma or injury
2. Infections such as Lyme disease or HIV
3. Autoimmune disorders such as Guillain-Barré syndrome
4. Genetic mutations
5. Tumors or cysts
6. Toxins or poisoning
7. Vitamin deficiencies
8. Chronic diseases such as diabetes or alcoholism

Some common Peripheral Nervous System Diseases include:

1. Neuropathy - damage to the nerves that can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the affected areas.
2. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) - an autoimmune disease that affects the CNS and PNS, causing a range of symptoms including numbness, weakness, and vision problems.
3. Peripheral Neuropathy - damage to the nerves that can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the affected areas.
4. Guillain-Barré syndrome - an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness and paralysis.
5. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease - a group of inherited disorders that affect the nerves in the feet and legs, leading to muscle weakness and wasting.
6. Friedreich's ataxia - an inherited disorder that affects the nerves in the spine and limbs, leading to coordination problems and muscle weakness.
7. Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) - an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the nerves, leading to pain, numbness, and weakness in the affected areas.
8. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - a progressive neurological disease that affects the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and paralysis.
9. Spinal Muscular Atrophy - an inherited disorder that affects the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement, leading to muscle weakness and wasting.
10. Muscular Dystrophy - a group of inherited disorders that affect the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement, leading to muscle weakness and wasting.

It's important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other causes of muscle weakness. If you are experiencing persistent or severe muscle weakness, it is important to see a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and diagnosis.

Some common causes of paresthesia include:

1. Nerve compression or entrapment: This can occur when a nerve is pinched or compressed due to injury, tumors, or other conditions.
2. Neurodegenerative diseases: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease can cause paresthesia by damaging the nerve cells.
3. Stroke or cerebral vasculitis: A stroke or inflammation of the blood vessels in the brain can cause paresthesia.
4. Migraines: Some people experience paresthesia during a migraine episode.
5. Nutritional deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins such as B12 and B6, as well as other nutrients, can cause paresthesia.
6. Infections: Certain infections, such as Lyme disease, can cause paresthesia.
7. Trauma: Physical trauma, such as a fall or a car accident, can cause nerve damage and result in paresthesia.
8. Cancer: Some types of cancer, such as lymphoma, can cause paresthesia by damaging the nerves.
9. Autoimmune disorders: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus can cause paresthesia by attacking the body's own tissues, including the nerves.

Paresthesia can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition, so it is important to see a doctor if you experience persistent or recurring episodes of numbness, tingling, or burning sensations. A thorough examination and diagnostic testing can help determine the cause of the paresthesia and appropriate treatment can be recommended.

There are several types of polyradiculopathy, including:

1. Cervical polyradiculopathy: This type affects the neck and can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the arms, hands, and fingers.
2. Thoracic polyradiculopathy: This type affects the chest area and can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the arms, hands, and fingers.
3. Lumbar polyradiculopathy: This type affects the lower back and can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the legs, feet, and toes.
4. Sacral polyradiculopathy: This type affects the pelvis and can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the legs, feet, and toes.

Polyradiculopathy can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Herniated discs: When the gel-like center of a spinal disc bulges out through a tear in the outer layer, it can put pressure on the nerve roots and cause polyradiculopathy.
2. Degenerative disc disease: As we age, the spinal discs can break down and lose their cushioning ability, which can cause pressure on the nerve roots and lead to polyradiculopathy.
3. Spondylosis: This is a condition where bone spurs form on the vertebrae and can put pressure on the nerve roots, leading to polyradiculopathy.
4. Spinal stenosis: This is a condition where the spinal canal narrows, which can put pressure on the nerve roots and cause polyradiculopathy.
5. Inflammatory diseases: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis can cause inflammation in the spine and compress the nerve roots, leading to polyradiculopathy.
6. Trauma: A sudden injury, such as a fall or a car accident, can cause polyradiculopathy by compressing or damaging the nerve roots.
7. Tumors: Tumors in the spine can compress or damage the nerve roots and cause polyradiculopathy.
8. Infections: Infections such as meningitis or discitis can cause inflammation and compression of the nerve roots, leading to polyradiculopathy.
9. Vitamin deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins such as B12 and vitamin D can cause nerve damage and lead to polyradiculopathy.

The symptoms of polyradiculopathy can vary depending on the location and severity of the compression. Common symptoms include:

1. Pain: Pain is the most common symptom of polyradiculopathy, and it can occur in the back, legs, feet, and toes. The pain can be sharp, dull, or burning, and it can be exacerbated by movement or coughing.
2. Numbness and tingling: Compression of the nerve roots can cause numbness and tingling sensations in the legs, feet, and toes.
3. Weakness: Polyradiculopathy can cause weakness in the muscles of the legs, feet, and toes, making it difficult to walk or perform daily activities.
4. Muscle spasms: Compression of the nerve roots can cause muscle spasms in the back, legs, and feet.
5. Decreased reflexes: Polyradiculopathy can cause decreased reflexes in the legs and feet.
6. Difficulty with balance: Compression of the nerve roots can cause difficulty with balance and coordination.
7. Bladder and bowel dysfunction: In severe cases, polyradiculopathy can cause bladder and bowel dysfunction.

The diagnosis of polyradiculopathy typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:

1. Physical examination: A thorough physical examination can help identify the presence of numbness, weakness, and other symptoms in the legs and feet.
2. Medical history: A detailed medical history can help identify any underlying conditions that may be contributing to the polyradiculopathy, such as diabetes or thyroid disorders.
3. Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans can help identify any structural problems in the spine that may be compressing the nerve roots.
4. Electromyography (EMG): An EMG can help identify any damage to the muscles and nerves in the legs and feet.
5. Nerve conduction studies: Nerve conduction studies can help identify any damage to the nerve roots and their function.

Treatment for polyradiculopathy depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Some common treatments include:

1. Medications: Pain medications, muscle relaxants, and anti-inflammatory drugs can help manage symptoms such as pain, numbness, and tingling.
2. Physical therapy: Physical therapy can help improve mobility, strength, and flexibility in the affected limbs.
3. Lifestyle modifications: Maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and avoiding activities that exacerbate symptoms can help manage the condition.
4. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve compression on the nerve roots or repair any structural problems in the spine.
5. Alternative therapies: Alternative therapies such as acupuncture and chiropractic care may also be helpful in managing symptoms.

Vomiting can be caused by a variety of factors, such as:

1. Infection: Viral or bacterial infections can inflame the stomach and intestines, leading to vomiting.
2. Food poisoning: Consuming contaminated or spoiled food can cause vomiting.
3. Motion sickness: Traveling by car, boat, plane, or other modes of transportation can cause motion sickness, which leads to vomiting.
4. Alcohol or drug overconsumption: Drinking too much alcohol or taking certain medications can irritate the stomach and cause vomiting.
5. Pregnancy: Hormonal changes during pregnancy can cause nausea and vomiting, especially during the first trimester.
6. Other conditions: Vomiting can also be a symptom of other medical conditions such as appendicitis, pancreatitis, and migraines.

When someone is vomiting, they may experience:

1. Nausea: A feeling of queasiness or sickness in the stomach.
2. Abdominal pain: Crampy or sharp pain in the abdomen.
3. Diarrhea: Loose, watery stools.
4. Dehydration: Loss of fluids and electrolytes.
5. Headache: A throbbing headache can occur due to dehydration.
6. Fatigue: Weakness and exhaustion.

Treatment for vomiting depends on the underlying cause, but may include:

1. Fluid replacement: Drinking fluids to replenish lost electrolytes and prevent dehydration.
2. Medications: Anti-inflammatory drugs or antibiotics may be prescribed to treat infections or other conditions causing vomiting.
3. Rest: Resting the body and avoiding strenuous activities.
4. Dietary changes: Avoiding certain foods or substances that trigger vomiting.
5. Hospitalization: In severe cases of vomiting, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat underlying conditions.

It is important to seek medical attention if the following symptoms occur with vomiting:

1. Severe abdominal pain.
2. Fever above 101.5°F (38.6°C).
3. Blood in vomit or stools.
4. Signs of dehydration, such as excessive thirst, dark urine, or dizziness.
5. Vomiting that lasts for more than 2 days.
6. Frequent vomiting with no relief.

Myoclonus can be classified into several types based on its duration, frequency, and distribution. Some common types of myoclonus include:

1. Generalized myoclonus: This type affects the entire body and is often seen in conditions such as epilepsy, encephalitis, and multiple sclerosis.
2. Localized myoclonus: This type affects a specific area of the body, such as the arm or leg.
3. Progressive myoclonus: This type worsens over time and is often seen in conditions such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
4. Periodic myoclonus: This type is characterized by recurring episodes of muscle contractions and releases, often triggered by specific stimuli such as noise or stress.
5. Task-specific myoclonus: This type is seen in individuals who perform repetitive tasks, such as typing or using a computer mouse.

Myoclonus can cause a range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, fatigue, and difficulty with coordination and balance. In some cases, myoclonus can also lead to falls or injuries. Treatment for myoclonus depends on the underlying cause and may include medications such as anticonvulsants, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications.

Myoclonus is a relatively rare condition, but it can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life. It can affect their ability to perform daily activities, participate in social events, and maintain their independence. If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with myoclonus, it is important to work closely with a healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan and manage the condition effectively.

The causes of LBP can be broadly classified into two categories:

1. Mechanical causes: These include strains, sprains, and injuries to the soft tissues (such as muscles, ligaments, and tendons) or bones in the lower back.
2. Non-mechanical causes: These include medical conditions such as herniated discs, degenerative disc disease, and spinal stenosis.

The symptoms of LBP can vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

* Pain that may be localized to one side or both sides of the lower back
* Muscle spasms or stiffness
* Limited range of motion in the lower back
* Difficulty bending, lifting, or twisting
* Sciatica (pain that radiates down the legs)
* Weakness or numbness in the legs

The diagnosis of LBP is based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI.

Treatment for LBP depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, but may include:

* Medications such as pain relievers, muscle relaxants, or anti-inflammatory drugs
* Physical therapy to improve strength and flexibility in the lower back
* Chiropractic care to realign the spine and relieve pressure on the joints and muscles
* Injections of corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid to reduce inflammation and relieve pain
* Surgery may be considered for severe or chronic cases that do not respond to other treatments.

Prevention strategies for LBP include:

* Maintaining a healthy weight to reduce strain on the lower back
* Engaging in regular exercise to improve muscle strength and flexibility
* Using proper lifting techniques to avoid straining the lower back
* Taking regular breaks to stretch and move around if you have a job that involves sitting or standing for long periods
* Managing stress through relaxation techniques such as meditation or deep breathing.

ALS is caused by a breakdown of the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement, leading to muscle atrophy and loss of motor function. The disease can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender, but it is most common in people between the ages of 55 and 75.

The symptoms of ALS can vary from person to person, but they typically include:

* Muscle weakness or twitching
* Muscle wasting or atrophy
* Loss of motor function, such as difficulty walking, speaking, or swallowing
* Slurred speech or difficulty with language processing
* Weakness or paralysis of the limbs
* Difficulty with balance and coordination
* Fatigue and weakness
* Cognitive changes, such as memory loss and decision-making difficulties

There is currently no cure for ALS, but there are several treatments available to help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These include:

* Riluzole, a medication that reduces the amount of glutamate in the brain, which can slow down the progression of ALS
* Physical therapy, to maintain muscle strength and function as long as possible
* Occupational therapy, to help with daily activities and assistive devices
* Speech therapy, to improve communication and swallowing difficulties
* Respiratory therapy, to manage breathing problems
* Nutritional support, to ensure adequate nutrition and hydration

The progression of ALS can vary greatly from person to person, but on average, people with the disease live for 2-5 years after diagnosis. However, some people may live for up to 10 years or more with the disease. The disease is usually diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electromyography (EMG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

There is ongoing research into the causes of ALS and potential treatments for the disease. Some promising areas of research include:

* Gene therapy, to repair or replace the faulty genes that cause ALS
* Stem cell therapy, to promote the growth of healthy cells in the body
* Electrical stimulation, to improve muscle function and strength
* New medications, such as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs, to slow down the progression of ALS

Overall, while there is currently no cure for ALS, there are several treatments available to help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Ongoing research offers hope for new and more effective treatments in the future.

The exact cause of malignant hyperthermia is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a genetic predisposition and exposure to certain anesthetic agents. The condition can be triggered by a variety of factors, including the use of certain anesthetics, stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, and changes in blood sugar levels.

Symptoms of malignant hyperthermia can include:

* Elevated body temperature (usually above 104°F/40°C)
* Muscle rigidity and stiffness
* Heart arrhythmias and palpitations
* Shivering or tremors
* Confusion, agitation, or other neurological symptoms
* Shortness of breath or respiratory failure

If left untreated, malignant hyperthermia can lead to serious complications such as seizures, brain damage, and even death. Treatment typically involves the immediate discontinuation of any triggering anesthetic agents, cooling measures such as ice packs or cold compresses, and medications to help regulate body temperature and reduce muscle rigidity. In severe cases, mechanical ventilation may be necessary to support breathing.

Overall, malignant hyperthermia is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt recognition and treatment to prevent serious complications and improve outcomes.

The term "infarction" is derived from the Latin words "in" meaning "into" and "farcire" meaning "to stuff", which refers to the idea that the tissue becomes "stuffed" with blood, leading to cell death and necrosis.

Infarction can be caused by a variety of factors, including atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in the blood vessels), embolism (a blood clot or other foreign material that blocks the flow of blood), and vasospasm (constriction of the blood vessels).

The symptoms of infarction vary depending on the location and severity of the blockage, but can include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, numbness or weakness in the affected limbs, and confusion or difficulty speaking or understanding speech.

Diagnosis of infarction typically involves imaging tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), echocardiograms, or computerized tomography (CT) scans to confirm the presence of a blockage and assess the extent of the damage. Treatment options for infarction include medications to dissolve blood clots, surgery to restore blood flow, and other interventions to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prevention of infarction involves managing risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and obesity, as well as maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine. Early detection and treatment of blockages can help reduce the risk of infarction and minimize the damage to affected tissues.

There are several types of nerve compression syndromes, including:

1. Carpal tunnel syndrome: Compression of the median nerve in the wrist, commonly caused by repetitive motion or injury.
2. Tarsal tunnel syndrome: Compression of the posterior tibial nerve in the ankle, similar to carpal tunnel syndrome but affecting the lower leg.
3. Cubital tunnel syndrome: Compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow, often caused by repetitive leaning or bending.
4. Thoracic outlet syndrome: Compression of the nerves and blood vessels that pass through the thoracic outlet (the space between the neck and shoulder), often caused by poor posture or injury.
5. Peripheral neuropathy: A broader term for damage to the peripheral nerves, often caused by diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, or other systemic conditions.
6. Meralgia paresthetica: Compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in the thigh, commonly caused by direct trauma or compression from a tight waistband or clothing.
7. Morton's neuroma: Compression of the plantar digital nerves between the toes, often caused by poorly fitting shoes or repetitive stress on the feet.
8. Neuralgia: A general term for pain or numbness caused by damage or irritation to a nerve, often associated with chronic conditions such as shingles or postherpetic neuralgia.
9. Trigeminal neuralgia: A condition characterized by recurring episodes of sudden, extreme pain in the face, often caused by compression or irritation of the trigeminal nerve.
10. Neuropathic pain: Pain that occurs as a result of damage or dysfunction of the nervous system, often accompanied by other symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or weakness.

There are different types of spondylosis, including:

1. Cervical spondylosis: affects the neck area
2. Thoracic spondylosis: affects the chest area
3. Lumbar spondylosis: affects the lower back
4. Sacroiliac spondylosis: affects the pelvis and lower back

Spondylosis can be caused by a variety of factors such as:

1. Aging - wear and tear on the spine over time
2. Injury - trauma to the spine, such as a fall or a car accident
3. Overuse - repetitive strain on the spine, such as from heavy lifting or bending
4. Genetics - some people may be more prone to developing spondylosis due to their genetic makeup
5. Degenerative conditions - conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and degenerative disc disease can contribute to the development of spondylosis.

Symptoms of spondylosis can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Pain - in the neck, back, or other areas affected by the condition
2. Stiffness - limited mobility and reduced flexibility
3. Limited range of motion - difficulty moving or bending
4. Muscle spasms - sudden, involuntary contractions of the muscles
5. Tenderness - pain or discomfort in the affected area when touched

Treatment for spondylosis depends on the severity and location of the condition, but may include:

1. Medications - such as pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, and muscle relaxants
2. Physical therapy - exercises and stretches to improve mobility and reduce pain
3. Lifestyle changes - such as regular exercise, good posture, and weight management
4. Injections - corticosteroid or hyaluronic acid injections to reduce inflammation and relieve pain
5. Surgery - in severe cases where other treatments have not been effective.

It's important to note that spondylosis is a degenerative condition, which means it cannot be cured, but with proper management and treatment, symptoms can be effectively managed and quality of life can be improved.

Types of Foreign Bodies:

There are several types of foreign bodies that can be found in the body, including:

1. Splinters: These are small, sharp objects that can become embedded in the skin, often as a result of a cut or puncture wound.
2. Glass shards: Broken glass can cause severe injuries and may require surgical removal.
3. Insect stings: Bee, wasp, hornet, and yellow jacket stings can cause swelling, redness, and pain. In some cases, they can also trigger an allergic reaction.
4. Small toys or objects: Children may accidentally ingest small objects like coins, batteries, or small toys, which can cause blockages or other complications.
5. Food items: Foreign bodies can also be found in the digestive system if someone eats something that is not easily digestible, such as a piece of bone or a coin.

Removal of Foreign Bodies:

The removal of foreign bodies depends on the type and location of the object, as well as the severity of any injuries or complications. In some cases, foreign bodies can be removed with minimal intervention, such as by carefully removing them with tweezers or a suction device. Other objects may require surgical removal, especially if they are deeply embedded or have caused significant damage to nearby tissues.

In conclusion, foreign bodies in the medical field refer to any object or material that is not naturally present within the body and can cause harm or discomfort. These objects can be removed with minimal intervention or may require surgical removal, depending on their type, location, and severity of complications. It's important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that you or someone else has ingested a foreign body.

Word origin: Greek "hemat-" (blood) + -oma (tumor) + Latin "subduralis" (under the dura mater)

Example sentences:

1. The patient experienced a spasm in their leg while running, causing them to stumble and fall.
2. The doctor diagnosed the patient with muscle spasms caused by dehydration and recommended increased fluids and stretching exercises.
3. The athlete suffered from frequent leg spasms during their training, which affected their performance and required regular massage therapy to relieve the discomfort.

AVMs are characterized by a tangle of abnormal blood vessels that can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

* Headaches
* Seizures
* Stroke-like episodes
* Neurological deficits such as weakness or numbness
* Vision problems
* Pain

AVMs can be diagnosed through a combination of imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and catheter angiography. Treatment options for AVMs include:

* Endovascular embolization, which involves using a catheter to inject materials into the abnormal blood vessels to block them off
* Surgery to remove the AVM
* Radiation therapy to shrink the AVM

The goal of treatment is to prevent bleeding, seizures, and other complications associated with AVMs. In some cases, treatment may not be necessary if the AVM is small and not causing any symptoms. However, in more severe cases, prompt treatment can significantly improve outcomes.

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

In this article, we will explore the definition and impact of chronic diseases, as well as strategies for managing and living with them. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and prevention, as well as the role of healthcare providers in addressing the needs of individuals with chronic diseases.

What is a Chronic Disease?

A chronic disease is a condition that lasts for an extended period of time, often affecting daily life and activities. Unlike acute diseases, which have a specific beginning and end, chronic diseases are long-term and persistent. Examples of chronic diseases include:

1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Asthma
5. Cancer
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
8. Hypertension
9. Osteoporosis
10. Stroke

Impact of Chronic Diseases

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the WHO. In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

Chronic diseases can also have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in activities they enjoy and affecting their relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the financial burden of chronic diseases can lead to poverty and reduce economic productivity, thus having a broader societal impact.

Addressing Chronic Diseases

Given the significant burden of chronic diseases, it is essential that we address them effectively. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:

1. Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging healthy behaviors such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation can help prevent and manage chronic diseases.
2. Early detection and diagnosis: Identifying risk factors and detecting diseases early can help prevent or delay their progression.
3. Medication management: Effective medication management is crucial for controlling symptoms and slowing disease progression.
4. Multi-disciplinary care: Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and families is essential for managing chronic diseases.
5. Health promotion and disease prevention: Educating individuals about the risks of chronic diseases and promoting healthy behaviors can help prevent their onset.
6. Addressing social determinants of health: Social determinants such as poverty, education, and employment can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing health disparities and improving overall health.
7. Investing in healthcare infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, technology, and research is necessary to improve disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. Encouraging policy change: Policy changes can help create supportive environments for healthy behaviors and reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
9. Increasing public awareness: Raising public awareness about the risks and consequences of chronic diseases can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.
10. Providing support for caregivers: Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on family members and caregivers, so providing them with support is essential for improving overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

Chronic diseases are a major public health burden that affect millions of people worldwide. Addressing these diseases requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, addressing social determinants of health, investing in healthcare infrastructure, encouraging policy change, increasing public awareness, and providing support for caregivers. By taking a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and management, we can improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.

There are many different types of nerve degeneration that can occur in various parts of the body, including:

1. Alzheimer's disease: A progressive neurological disorder that affects memory and cognitive function, leading to degeneration of brain cells.
2. Parkinson's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement and balance, caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain.
3. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A progressive neurological disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventually death.
4. Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, causing inflammation and damage to nerve fibers.
5. Diabetic neuropathy: A complication of diabetes that can cause damage to nerves in the hands and feet, leading to pain, numbness, and weakness.
6. Guillain-Barré syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation and damage to nerve fibers, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.
7. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP): An autoimmune disorder that can cause inflammation and damage to nerve fibers, leading to muscle weakness and numbness.

The causes of nerve degeneration are not always known or fully understood, but some possible causes include:

1. Genetics: Some types of nerve degeneration may be inherited from one's parents.
2. Aging: As we age, our nerve cells can become damaged or degenerate, leading to a decline in cognitive and physical function.
3. Injury or trauma: Physical injury or trauma to the nervous system can cause nerve damage and degeneration.
4. Infections: Certain infections, such as viral or bacterial infections, can cause nerve damage and degeneration.
5. Autoimmune disorders: Conditions such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) are caused by the immune system attacking and damaging nerve cells.
6. Toxins: Exposure to certain toxins, such as heavy metals or pesticides, can damage and degenerate nerve cells.
7. Poor nutrition: A diet that is deficient in essential nutrients, such as vitamin B12 or other B vitamins, can lead to nerve damage and degeneration.
8. Alcoholism: Long-term alcohol abuse can cause nerve damage and degeneration due to the toxic effects of alcohol on nerve cells.
9. Drug use: Certain drugs, such as chemotherapy drugs and antiviral medications, can damage and degenerate nerve cells.
10. Aging: As we age, our nerve cells can deteriorate and become less functional, leading to a range of cognitive and motor symptoms.

It's important to note that in some cases, nerve damage and degeneration may be irreversible, but there are often strategies that can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. If you suspect you have nerve damage or degeneration, it's important to seek medical attention as soon as possible to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

The symptoms of an ependymoma depend on its location and size, but may include headaches, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and problems with balance and coordination. The diagnosis of an ependymoma is made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment for an ependymoma may involve surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for this condition depends on the location and size of the tumor, as well as the age of the patient. In general, children have a better prognosis than adults, and patients with benign ependymomas have a good outlook. However, malignant ependymomas can be more difficult to treat and may have a poorer outcome.

Ependymoma accounts for about 5% of all primary brain tumors, which means they originate in the brain rather than spreading from another part of the body. They are relatively rare, making up only about 1-2% of all childhood brain tumors. However, they can occur at any age and can be a significant source of morbidity and mortality if not properly treated.

There are several subtypes of ependymoma, including:

1. Papillary ependymoma: This is the most common type of ependymoma and typically affects children. It grows slowly and is usually benign.
2. Fibrillary ependymoma: This type of ependymoma is more aggressive than papillary ependymoma and can be malignant. It is less common in children and more common in adults.
3. Anaplastic ependymoma: This is the most malignant type of ependymoma and tends to affect older adults. It grows quickly and can spread to other parts of the brain.

The symptoms of ependymoma vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, nausea, vomiting, and changes in personality or cognitive function. Treatment for ependymoma usually involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The prognosis for ependymoma depends on the subtype and location of the tumor, as well as the age of the patient. In general, patients with benign ependymomas have a good outlook, while those with malignant ependymomas may have a poorer outcome.

Symptoms of spondylolisthesis may include:

* Back pain
* Stiffness and limited mobility in the lower back
* Pain or numbness in the buttocks, thighs, or legs
* Difficulty maintaining a straight posture
* Muscle spasms

Spondylolisthesis can be diagnosed through physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or MRIs, and other diagnostic procedures. Treatment for the condition may include:

* Conservative methods such as physical therapy, exercise, and pain management
* Medications such as muscle relaxants or anti-inflammatory drugs
* Spinal fusion surgery to stabilize the spine and correct the slippage
* Other surgical procedures to relieve pressure on nerves or repair damaged tissue.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience persistent back pain or stiffness, as early diagnosis and treatment can help to manage symptoms and prevent further progression of the condition.

Respiratory paralysis can manifest in different ways depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include:

1. Difficulty breathing: Patients may experience shortness of breath, wheezing, or a feeling of suffocation.
2. Weakened cough reflex: The muscles used for coughing may be weakened or paralyzed, making it difficult to clear secretions from the lungs.
3. Fatigue: Breathing can be tiring and may leave the patient feeling exhausted.
4. Sleep disturbances: Respiratory paralysis can disrupt sleep patterns and cause insomnia or other sleep disorders.
5. Chest pain: Pain in the chest or ribcage can be a symptom of respiratory paralysis, particularly if it is caused by muscle weakness or atrophy.

Diagnosis of respiratory paralysis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyography (EMG), or nerve conduction studies (NCS). Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause but may include:

1. Medications: Drugs such as bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and anticholinergics can be used to manage symptoms and improve lung function.
2. Respiratory therapy: Techniques such as chest physical therapy, respiratory exercises, and non-invasive ventilation can help improve lung function and reduce fatigue.
3. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct anatomical abnormalities or repair damaged nerves.
4. Assistive devices: Patients with severe respiratory paralysis may require the use of assistive devices such as oxygen therapy, ventilators, or wheelchairs to help improve their quality of life.
5. Rehabilitation: Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy can all be helpful in improving function and reducing disability.
6. Lifestyle modifications: Patients with respiratory paralysis may need to make lifestyle changes such as avoiding smoke, dust, and other irritants, getting regular exercise, and managing stress to help improve their condition.

Symptoms of anaphylaxis include:

1. Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, and throat
2. Difficulty breathing or swallowing
3. Abdominal cramps
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Rapid heartbeat
6. Feeling of impending doom or loss of consciousness

Anaphylaxis is diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms, medical history, and physical examination. Treatment for anaphylaxis typically involves administering epinephrine (adrenaline) via an auto-injector, such as an EpiPen or Auvi-Q. Additional treatments may include antihistamines, corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy.

Prevention of anaphylaxis involves avoiding known allergens and being prepared to treat a reaction if it occurs. If you have a history of anaphylaxis, it is important to carry an EpiPen or other emergency medication with you at all times. Wearing a medical alert bracelet or necklace can also help to notify others of your allergy and the need for emergency treatment.

In severe cases, anaphylaxis can lead to unconsciousness, seizures, and even death. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent these complications and ensure a full recovery.

A rare genetic disorder characterized by an inability to feel pain due to a defect in the functioning of nerve fibers that transmit pain signals to the brain. Individuals with this condition may not be able to perceive painful stimuli or may have a reduced sensitivity to pain, which can lead to unintentional injuries or complications from medical procedures. It is also known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) type IV.

Synonyms: HSAN type IV; congenital insensitivity to pain; hereditary pain insensitivity.

Etymology: From the Latin word "congenitus" meaning "born with," and the Greek word "algesia" meaning "pain."

Pain Insensitivity, Congenital: a condition in which an individual lacks the ability to feel pain due to a genetic mutation that affects the functioning of nerve fibers responsible for transmitting pain signals to the brain.

The most common demyelinating diseases include:

1. Multiple sclerosis (MS): An autoimmune disease that affects the CNS, including the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. MS causes inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath, leading to a range of symptoms such as muscle weakness, vision problems, and cognitive difficulties.
2. Acute demyelination: A sudden, severe loss of myelin that can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or other factors. This condition can result in temporary or permanent nerve damage.
3. Chronic inflammatory demyelination (CIDP): A rare autoimmune disorder that causes progressive damage to the myelin sheath over time. CIDP can affect the CNS and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
4. Moore's disease: A rare genetic disorder that results in progressive demyelination of the CNS, leading to a range of neurological symptoms including muscle weakness, seizures, and cognitive difficulties.
5. Leukodystrophies: A group of genetic disorders that affect the development or function of myelin-producing cells in the CNS. These conditions can cause progressive loss of myelin and result in a range of neurological symptoms.

Demyelinating diseases can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms can be similar to other conditions and the disease progression can be unpredictable. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and its severity, and may include medications to reduce inflammation and modulate the immune system, as well as rehabilitation therapies to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

The term cough is used to describe a wide range of symptoms that can be caused by various conditions affecting the respiratory system. Coughs can be classified as either dry or productive, depending on whether they produce mucus or not. Dry coughs are often described as hacking, barking, or non-productive, while productive coughs are those that bring up mucus or other substances from the lungs or airways.

Causes of Cough:

There are many potential causes of cough, including:

* Upper respiratory tract infections such as the common cold and influenza
* Lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia
* Allergies, including hay fever and allergic rhinitis
* Asthma and other chronic lung conditions
* Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which can cause coughing due to stomach acid flowing back up into the throat
* Environmental factors such as smoke, dust, and pollution
* Medications such as ACE inhibitors and beta blockers.

Symptoms of Cough:

In addition to the characteristic forceful expulsion of air from the lungs, coughs can be accompanied by a range of other symptoms that may include:

* Chest tightness or discomfort
* Shortness of breath or wheezing
* Fatigue and exhaustion
* Headache
* Sore throat or hoarseness
* Coughing up mucus or other substances.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Cough:

The diagnosis and treatment of cough will depend on the underlying cause. In some cases, a cough may be a symptom of a more serious condition that requires medical attention, such as pneumonia or asthma. In other cases, a cough may be caused by a minor infection or allergy that can be treated with over-the-counter medications and self-care measures.

Some common treatments for cough include:

* Cough suppressants such as dextromethorphan or pholcodine to relieve the urge to cough
* Expectorants such as guaifenesin to help loosen and clear mucus from the airways
* Antihistamines to reduce the severity of allergic reactions and help relieve a cough.
* Antibiotics if the cough is caused by a bacterial infection
* Inhalers and nebulizers to deliver medication directly to the lungs.

It is important to note that while cough can be a symptom of a serious condition, it is not always necessary to see a doctor for a cough. However, if you experience any of the following, you should seek medical attention:

* A persistent and severe cough that lasts for more than a few days or weeks
* A cough that worsens at night or with exertion
* Coughing up blood or mucus that is thick and yellow or greenish in color
* Shortness of breath or chest pain
* Fever, chills, or body aches that are severe or persistent.

It is also important to note that while over-the-counter medications can provide relief from symptoms, they may not address the underlying cause of the cough. If you have a persistent or severe cough, it is important to see a doctor to determine the cause and receive proper treatment.

There are several types of headaches, including:

1. Tension headache: This is the most common type of headache and is caused by muscle tension in the neck and scalp.
2. Migraine: This is a severe headache that can cause nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
3. Sinus headache: This type of headache is caused by inflammation or infection in the sinuses.
4. Cluster headache: This is a rare type of headache that occurs in clusters or cycles and can be very painful.
5. Rebound headache: This type of headache is caused by overuse of pain medication.

Headaches can be treated with a variety of methods, such as:

1. Over-the-counter pain medications, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
2. Prescription medications, such as triptans or ergots, for migraines and other severe headaches.
3. Lifestyle changes, such as stress reduction techniques, regular exercise, and a healthy diet.
4. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture or massage, which can help relieve tension and pain.
5. Addressing underlying causes, such as sinus infections or allergies, that may be contributing to the headaches.

It is important to seek medical attention if a headache is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, confusion, or weakness. A healthcare professional can diagnose the cause of the headache and recommend appropriate treatment.

There are several types of ischemia, including:

1. Myocardial ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, which can lead to chest pain or a heart attack.
2. Cerebral ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the brain, which can lead to stroke or cognitive impairment.
3. Peripheral arterial ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the legs and arms.
4. Renal ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
5. Hepatic ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the liver.

Ischemia can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment for ischemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgical interventions.

There are several factors that can contribute to the development of pressure ulcers, including:

1. Pressure: Prolonged pressure on a specific area of the body can cause damage to the skin and underlying tissue.
2. Shear: Movement or sliding of the body against a surface can also contribute to the development of pressure ulcers.
3. Friction: Rubbing or friction against a surface can damage the skin and increase the risk of pressure ulcers.
4. Moisture: Skin that is wet or moist is more susceptible to pressure ulcers.
5. Incontinence: Lack of bladder or bowel control can lead to prolonged exposure of the skin to urine or stool, increasing the risk of pressure ulcers.
6. Immobility: People who are unable to move or change positions frequently are at higher risk for pressure ulcers.
7. Malnutrition: A diet that is deficient in essential nutrients can impair the body's ability to heal and increase the risk of pressure ulcers.
8. Smoking: Smoking can damage blood vessels and reduce blood flow to the skin, increasing the risk of pressure ulcers.
9. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at higher risk for pressure ulcers due to nerve damage and poor circulation.
10. Age: The elderly are more susceptible to pressure ulcers due to decreased mobility, decreased blood flow, and thinning skin.

Pressure ulcers can be classified into several different stages based on their severity and the extent of tissue damage. Treatment for pressure ulcers typically involves addressing the underlying cause and providing wound care to promote healing. This may include changing positions frequently, using support surfaces to reduce pressure, and managing incontinence and moisture. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to clean and close the wound.

Prevention is key in avoiding pressure ulcers. Strategies for prevention include:

1. Turning and repositioning frequently to redistribute pressure.
2. Using support surfaces that are designed to reduce pressure on the skin, such as foam mattresses or specialized cushions.
3. Maintaining good hygiene and keeping the skin clean and dry.
4. Managing incontinence and moisture to prevent skin irritation and breakdown.
5. Monitoring nutrition and hydration to ensure adequate intake.
6. Encouraging mobility and physical activity to improve circulation and reduce immobility.
7. Avoiding tight clothing and bedding that can constrict the skin.
8. Providing proper skin care and using topical creams or ointments to prevent skin breakdown.

In conclusion, pressure ulcers are a common complication of immobility and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Understanding the causes and risk factors for pressure ulcers is essential in preventing and managing these wounds. Proper assessment, prevention, and treatment strategies can improve outcomes and reduce the burden of pressure ulcers on patients and healthcare systems.

The different types of CNSVMs include:

1. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs): These are abnormal connections between arteries and veins that can cause bleeding, seizures, and neurological deficits.
2. Cavernous malformations: These are abnormal collections of blood vessels that can cause seizures, headaches, and neurological deficits.
3. Capillary telangiectasia: These are small, fragile blood vessels that can cause seizures, headaches, and neurological deficits.
4. Venous malformations: These are abnormalities of the veins that can cause neurological symptoms and cosmetic deformities.

The diagnosis of CNSVMs is based on a combination of clinical presentation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and angiography. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the malformation and may include observation, surgery, embolization, or radiosurgery. The prognosis for CNSVMs varies depending on the specific type and location of the malformation, as well as the severity of the symptoms. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

The exact cause of meningomyelocele is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors for the condition include family history, maternal obesity, and exposure to certain medications or substances during pregnancy.

There are several types of meningomyelocele, including:

* Meningoencephalocele: A protrusion of the meninges through a defect in the skull.
* Myelomeningocele: A protrusion of the spinal cord through a defect in the back.
* Hydrocephalus: A buildup of fluid in the brain, which can be associated with meningomyelocele.

There is no cure for meningomyelocele, but treatment options may include surgery to repair the defect and relieve symptoms, as well as ongoing management of any associated conditions such as hydrocephalus or seizures. Early detection and intervention are important to help minimize the risk of complications and improve outcomes for individuals with this condition.

The symptoms of FBSS can vary depending on the underlying cause, but they often include chronic low back pain, numbness, tingling, weakness in the legs, and difficulty walking or standing. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or MRI scans, and other diagnostic tests.

Treatment for FBSS often involves a multidisciplinary approach that may include physical therapy, pain management, and other interventions to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. In some cases, additional surgery may be necessary to address the underlying cause of the failed back surgery.

It is important for patients who have undergone back surgery and are experiencing persistent pain or disability to discuss their symptoms with their healthcare provider, as early diagnosis and treatment can help improve outcomes and reduce the risk of further complications.

The exact mechanism by which drugs can cause akathisia is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve changes in the levels of certain neurotransmitters (such as dopamine and serotonin) in the brain. These changes can affect the normal functioning of the nervous system, leading to symptoms such as agitation, restlessness, and an excessive desire to move about.

Drug-induced akathisia can occur with a wide range of medications and drugs, including antipsychotic medications, antidepressants, stimulants, and certain illegal substances. It is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of the potential for drug-induced akathisia when prescribing these medications, as it can be a serious side effect that can negatively impact a person's quality of life.

Treatment for drug-induced akathisia typically involves stopping or reducing the medication that is causing the symptoms. In some cases, additional medications may be prescribed to help manage the symptoms and reduce discomfort. It is important for individuals experiencing drug-induced akathisia to work closely with their healthcare provider to find the best course of treatment.

Psychomotor agitation is a common symptom of many mental health disorders, including bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder. It can also be caused by medications such as stimulants, antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines.

Some common signs and symptoms of psychomotor agitation include:

* Fidgeting or restlessness
* Purposeless movement of limbs (e.g., pacing, fiddling with objects)
* Increased muscle tension
* Difficulty sitting still
* Excessive talking or movement
* Increased heart rate and blood pressure
* Agitation or irritability

Psychomotor agitation can be assessed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Treatment options for psychomotor agitation depend on the underlying cause, but may include medication adjustments, behavioral interventions, or hospitalization in severe cases.

It is important to note that psychomotor agitation can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition, so it is essential to seek professional medical attention if you or someone you know is experiencing these symptoms. A healthcare professional can diagnose and treat the underlying cause of psychomotor agitation, reducing the risk of complications and improving quality of life.

Examples of acute diseases include:

1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.

Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

There are two types of heart arrest:

1. Asystole - This is when the heart stops functioning completely and there is no electrical activity in the heart.
2. Pulseless ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation - This is when the heart is still functioning but there is no pulse and the rhythm is abnormal.

Heart arrest can be diagnosed through various tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), blood tests, and echocardiography. Treatment options for heart arrest include cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation, and medications to restore a normal heart rhythm.

In severe cases of heart arrest, the patient may require advanced life support measures such as mechanical ventilation and cardiac support devices. The prognosis for heart arrest is generally poor, especially if it is not treated promptly and effectively. However, with proper treatment and support, some patients can recover and regain normal heart function.

Intractable pain can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, affecting their ability to perform daily activities, sleep, and overall well-being. Treatment for intractable pain often involves a combination of medications and alternative therapies such as physical therapy, acupuncture, or cognitive behavioral therapy.

Some common symptoms of intractable pain include:

* Chronic and persistent pain that does not respond to treatment
* Pain that is severe and debilitating
* Pain that affects daily activities and quality of life
* Pain that is burning, shooting, stabbing, or cramping in nature
* Pain that is localized to a specific area of the body or widespread
* Pain that is accompanied by other symptoms such as fatigue, anxiety, or depression.

Intractable pain can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Nerve damage or nerve damage from injury or disease
* Inflammation or swelling in the body
* Chronic conditions like arthritis, fibromyalgia, or migraines
* Infections such as shingles or Lyme disease
* Cancer or its treatment
* Neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease.

Managing intractable pain can be challenging and may involve a multidisciplinary approach, including:

* Medications such as pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, or muscle relaxants
* Alternative therapies such as physical therapy, acupuncture, or cognitive behavioral therapy
* Lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, stress management techniques, and a healthy diet
* Interventional procedures such as nerve blocks or spinal cord stimulation.

It is important to work closely with a healthcare provider to find the most effective treatment plan for managing intractable pain. With the right combination of medications and alternative therapies, many people are able to manage their pain and improve their quality of life.

Pneumoperitoneum can be caused by several factors, including:

1. Trauma: Blunt force trauma to the abdomen can cause air to enter the peritoneal cavity. This can occur due to car accidents, falls, or other types of injuries.
2. Surgery: During certain types of surgical procedures, such as laparoscopic surgery, gas may enter the peritoneal cavity.
3. Gastrointestinal perforation: A gastrointestinal perforation is a tear or hole in the lining of the digestive tract that can allow air to enter the peritoneal cavity. This can occur due to conditions such as ulcers, appendicitis, or diverticulitis.
4. Inflammatory bowel disease: Inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can cause air to enter the peritoneal cavity.
5. Intestinal obstruction: An intestinal obstruction can prevent the normal flow of food and gas through the digestive system, leading to a buildup of air in the peritoneal cavity.

The symptoms of pneumoperitoneum can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the location of the air in the abdomen. Common symptoms include:

1. Abdominal pain: Pain in the abdomen is the most common symptom of pneumoperitoneum. The pain may be sharp, dull, or colicky and may be accompanied by tenderness to the touch.
2. Distension: The abdomen may become distended due to the accumulation of air, which can cause discomfort and difficulty breathing.
3. Nausea and vomiting: Patients with pneumoperitoneum may experience nausea and vomiting due to the irritation of the peritoneum and the presence of air in the digestive system.
4. Diarrhea or constipation: Depending on the location of the air, patients may experience diarrhea or constipation due to the disruption of normal bowel function.
5. Fever: Pneumoperitoneum can cause a fever due to the inflammation and infection of the peritoneal cavity.

If you suspect that you or someone else may have pneumoperitoneum, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and order imaging tests such as a CT scan or X-ray to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include antibiotics for infection, drainage of the air from the peritoneal cavity, and surgery if necessary.

Pruritus can be acute or chronic, depending on its duration and severity. Acute pruritus is usually caused by a specific trigger, such as an allergic reaction or insect bite, and resolves once the underlying cause is treated or subsides. Chronic pruritus, on the other hand, can persist for months or even years and may be more challenging to diagnose and treat.

Some common causes of pruritus include:

1. Skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, and contact dermatitis.
2. Allergic reactions to medications, insect bites, or food.
3. Certain systemic diseases such as kidney disease, liver disease, and thyroid disorders.
4. Pregnancy-related itching (obstetric pruritus).
5. Cancer and its treatment, particularly chemotherapy-induced itching.
6. Nerve disorders such as peripheral neuropathy and multiple sclerosis.
7. Infections such as fungal, bacterial, or viral infections.
8. Parasitic infestations such as scabies and lice.

Managing pruritus can be challenging, as it often leads to a vicious cycle of scratching and skin damage, which can exacerbate the itching sensation. Treatment options for pruritus depend on the underlying cause, but may include topical corticosteroids, oral antihistamines, immunomodulatory drugs, and other medications. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to address the underlying condition and provide symptomatic relief.

In conclusion, pruritus is a common symptom with many possible causes, ranging from skin disorders to systemic diseases and infections. Diagnosis and management of pruritus require a comprehensive approach, involving both physical examination and laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause, as well as appropriate treatment options to provide relief and prevent complications.

Example sentence: The patient had a hemorrhage after the car accident and needed immediate medical attention.

There are several ways to manage labor pain, including:

1. Breathing techniques: Deep breathing, slow breathing, or controlled breathing can help relax the body and reduce pain.
2. Massage: Massaging the back, shoulders, or abdomen can help relieve tension and pain.
3. Pain relief medication: Medications such as nitrous oxide, epidural anesthesia, or narcotics can be used to reduce pain during labor.
4. Positioning: Changing positions during labor can help relieve pressure and pain. Examples include squatting, kneeling, or leaning on one's hands and knees.
5. Support: Having a supportive partner, family member, or doula can provide emotional support and help with breathing and relaxation techniques.
6. Water immersion: Soaking in a warm bath or pool during labor can help reduce pain and increase feelings of buoyancy.
7. Acupuncture: Acupuncture is a technique that involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate healing and pain relief.
8. Hypnosis: Hypnosis is a technique that involves guided relaxation and visualization to help reduce pain and anxiety during labor.
9. TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation): TENS is a device that uses electric impulses to stimulate nerves and reduce pain.
10. Chiropractic care: Some women may find that chiropractic care during pregnancy can help improve spinal alignment and reduce back pain during labor.

It's important to note that every woman's experience of labor pain is different, and what works for one person may not work for another. It's a good idea to discuss pain management options with a healthcare provider before going into labor.

The symptoms of gait disorders, neurologic can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include:

* Difficulty walking or standing
* Ataxia (loss of coordination)
* Spasticity (stiffness) or rigidity (inflexibility)
* Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
* Scanning (looking for support while walking)
* Pauses or freezing during gait
* Loss of balance or poor equilibrium
* Increased risk of falling

Gait disorders, neurologic can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, as they may limit their ability to perform daily activities and increase their risk of falling. Treatment for these disorders typically involves a combination of physical therapy, occupational therapy, and medications to manage symptoms such as spasticity and bradykinesia. In some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to address underlying causes of the gait disorder.

There are several key features of inflammation:

1. Increased blood flow: Blood vessels in the affected area dilate, allowing more blood to flow into the tissue and bringing with it immune cells, nutrients, and other signaling molecules.
2. Leukocyte migration: White blood cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, migrate towards the site of inflammation in response to chemical signals.
3. Release of mediators: Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, are released by immune cells and other cells in the affected tissue. These molecules help to coordinate the immune response and attract more immune cells to the site of inflammation.
4. Activation of immune cells: Immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, become activated and start to phagocytose (engulf) pathogens or damaged tissue.
5. Increased heat production: Inflammation can cause an increase in metabolic activity in the affected tissue, leading to increased heat production.
6. Redness and swelling: Increased blood flow and leakiness of blood vessels can cause redness and swelling in the affected area.
7. Pain: Inflammation can cause pain through the activation of nociceptors (pain-sensing neurons) and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.

Inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury or infection, which helps to resolve the issue quickly. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and cancer.

There are several types of inflammation, including:

1. Acute inflammation: A short-term response to injury or infection.
2. Chronic inflammation: A long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases.
3. Autoimmune inflammation: An inappropriate immune response against the body's own tissues.
4. Allergic inflammation: An immune response to a harmless substance, such as pollen or dust mites.
5. Parasitic inflammation: An immune response to parasites, such as worms or fungi.
6. Bacterial inflammation: An immune response to bacteria.
7. Viral inflammation: An immune response to viruses.
8. Fungal inflammation: An immune response to fungi.

There are several ways to reduce inflammation, including:

1. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
2. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and getting enough sleep.
3. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and mind-body practices.
4. Addressing underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalances, gut health issues, and chronic infections.
5. Using anti-inflammatory compounds found in certain foods, such as omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric, and ginger.

It's important to note that chronic inflammation can lead to a range of health problems, including:

1. Arthritis
2. Diabetes
3. Heart disease
4. Cancer
5. Alzheimer's disease
6. Parkinson's disease
7. Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Therefore, it's important to manage inflammation effectively to prevent these complications and improve overall health and well-being.

Arachnoiditis can be caused by a variety of factors, such as infection, injury, or certain medical procedures. It is often difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions, and there is no specific test for it. Treatment options are limited and may include pain medication, physical therapy, and other supportive measures.

Arachnoiditis is a rare condition, but it can have a significant impact on quality of life for those affected. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early diagnosis and treatment may improve outcomes.

MND is often fatal, usually within 2-5 years of diagnosis. There is currently no cure for MND, although various treatments and therapies can help manage the symptoms and slow its progression.

The most common types of MND are amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS). ALS is characterized by rapid degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. PLS is a slower-progressing form of MND that affects only the lower motor neurons.

MND can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, age, and exposure to toxins. It is often diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electromyography (EMG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

There is ongoing research into the causes and potential treatments for MND, including stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and drugs that target specific molecules involved in the disease process.

Heterotopic ossification can cause a range of symptoms depending on its location and severity, including pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and difficulty moving the affected limb or joint. Treatment options for heterotopic ossification include medications to reduce inflammation and pain, physical therapy to maintain range of motion, and in severe cases, surgical removal of the abnormal bone growth.

In medical imaging, heterotopic ossification is often diagnosed using X-rays or other imaging techniques such as CT or MRI scans. These tests can help identify the presence of bone growth in an abnormal location and determine the extent of the condition.

Overall, heterotopic ossification is a relatively rare condition that can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life if left untreated. Prompt medical attention and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent long-term complications.

Dislocation is a term used in medicine to describe the displacement of a bone or joint from its normal position, often due to injury or disease. This can cause pain, limited mobility, and potentially lead to long-term complications if left untreated.

There are several types of dislocations that can occur in different parts of the body, including:

1. Shoulder dislocation: The upper arm bone (humerus) is forced out of the shoulder socket.
2. Hip dislocation: The femur (thigh bone) is forced out of the hip socket.
3. Knee dislocation: The kneecap (patella) is forced out of its normal position in the knee joint.
4. Ankle dislocation: The bones of the ankle are forced out of their normal position.
5. Elbow dislocation: The humerus is forced out of the elbow joint.
6. Wrist dislocation: The bones of the wrist are forced out of their normal position.
7. Finger dislocation: One or more of the bones in a finger are forced out of their normal position.
8. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation: The jawbone is forced out of its normal position, which can cause pain and difficulty opening the mouth.

Dislocations can be caused by a variety of factors, including sports injuries, car accidents, falls, and certain medical conditions such as osteoporosis or degenerative joint disease. Treatment for dislocations often involves reducing the displaced bone or joint back into its normal position, either through manual manipulation or surgery. In some cases, physical therapy may be necessary to help restore strength and range of motion in the affected area.

The term "syndrome" refers to a collection of symptoms that together form a distinct clinical picture or pattern. In the case of Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome, the specific symptoms that are present depend on the location and severity of the injury or obstruction affecting the anterior spinal artery.

Some common symptoms of Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome include:

* Weakness or paralysis in one or both legs
* Numbness or tingling sensations in the legs, buttocks, and lower back
* Bladder dysfunction, such as urinary retention or incontinence
* Loss of sensation in the anal region
* Pain in the lower back, hips, or legs
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance

The exact cause of Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome can vary, but some common causes include trauma to the spine (such as a car accident or fall), tumors, infections, and blood vessel diseases. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and other tests. Treatment options for Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, but may include medications, surgery, or rehabilitation therapy.

The symptoms of MT can vary depending on the location and severity of the inflammation, but may include:

1. Weakness or paralysis in the arms and legs
2. Numbness or tingling sensations in the limbs
3. Bladder and bowel dysfunction
4. Pain and stiffness in the neck, back, and limbs
5. Fatigue and fever
6. Difficulty with coordination and balance
7. Vision problems

The exact cause of MT is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers in the spinal cord. It can be triggered by a variety of factors, such as infections, genetic predisposition, and exposure to toxins.

Diagnosis of MT is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as MRI. Treatment options include corticosteroids, immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis, which can help reduce inflammation and slow the progression of the disease. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve compressive symptoms or remove abscesses.

Prognosis for MT varies depending on the severity of the disease and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. While some individuals may experience a full recovery, others may have persistent neurological deficits or recurrent episodes of inflammation.

There are several types of respiratory insufficiency, including:

1. Hypoxemic respiratory failure: This occurs when the lungs do not take in enough oxygen, resulting in low levels of oxygen in the bloodstream.
2. Hypercapnic respiratory failure: This occurs when the lungs are unable to remove enough carbon dioxide from the bloodstream, leading to high levels of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
3. Mixed respiratory failure: This occurs when both hypoxemic and hypercapnic respiratory failure occur simultaneously.

Treatment for respiratory insufficiency depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and other supportive care measures. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms of respiratory insufficiency are present, as early intervention can improve outcomes and prevent complications.

Hypercapnia is a medical condition where there is an excessive amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the bloodstream. This can occur due to various reasons such as:

1. Respiratory failure: When the lungs are unable to remove enough CO2 from the body, leading to an accumulation of CO2 in the bloodstream.
2. Lung disease: Certain lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pneumonia can cause hypercapnia by reducing the ability of the lungs to exchange gases.
3. Medication use: Certain medications, such as anesthetics and sedatives, can slow down breathing and lead to hypercapnia.

The symptoms of hypercapnia can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Headaches
2. Dizziness
3. Confusion
4. Shortness of breath
5. Fatigue
6. Sleep disturbances

If left untreated, hypercapnia can lead to more severe complications such as:

1. Respiratory acidosis: When the body produces too much acid, leading to a drop in blood pH.
2. Cardiac arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms can occur due to the increased CO2 levels in the bloodstream.
3. Seizures: In severe cases of hypercapnia, seizures can occur due to the changes in brain chemistry caused by the excessive CO2.

Treatment for hypercapnia typically involves addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms through respiratory support and other therapies as needed. This may include:

1. Oxygen therapy: Administering oxygen through a mask or nasal tubes to help increase oxygen levels in the bloodstream and reduce CO2 levels.
2. Ventilation assistance: Using a machine to assist with breathing, such as a ventilator, to help remove excess CO2 from the lungs.
3. Carbon dioxide removal: Using a device to remove CO2 from the bloodstream, such as a dialysis machine.
4. Medication management: Adjusting medications that may be contributing to hypercapnia, such as anesthetics or sedatives.
5. Respiratory therapy: Providing breathing exercises and other techniques to help improve lung function and reduce symptoms.

It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you or someone else may have hypercapnia, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Gliosis is made up of glial cells, which are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection to neurons. When neural tissue is damaged, glial cells proliferate and form a scar-like tissue to fill in the gap and repair the damage. This scar tissue can be made up of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or microglia, depending on the type of injury and the location of the damage.

Gliosis can have both beneficial and harmful effects on the brain. On one hand, it can help to prevent further damage by providing a physical barrier against invading substances and protecting the surrounding neural tissue. It can also promote healing by bringing in immune cells and growth factors that aid in the repair process.

On the other hand, gliosis can also have negative effects on brain function. The scar tissue can disrupt normal communication between neurons, leading to impaired cognitive and motor function. In addition, if the scar tissue is too extensive or severe, it can compress or displaces surrounding neural tissue, leading to long-term neurological deficits or even death.

There are several ways to diagnose gliosis, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and histopathology. Treatment options for gliosis depend on the underlying cause of the condition and can include medications, surgery, or a combination of both.

In summary, gliosis is a type of scar tissue that forms in the brain and spinal cord as a result of damage to neural tissue. It can have both beneficial and harmful effects on brain function, and diagnosis and treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

Meningocele can occur alone or as part of other congenital anomalies, such as spina bifida or encephalocele. It is usually diagnosed at birth and can be associated with other neurological problems, such as hydrocephalus (fluid accumulation in the brain) or spinal cord abnormalities.

Treatment for meningocele typically involves surgery to repair the defect and relieve any pressure on the brain or spinal cord. In some cases, meningocele may be associated with other congenital anomalies that require additional surgical interventions. With appropriate treatment, many individuals with meningocele can lead normal lives. However, in severe cases, meningocele can be associated with long-term cognitive and physical disabilities.

1. Muscular dystrophy: A group of genetic disorders that cause progressive muscle weakness and degeneration.
2. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A progressive neurological disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventually death.
3. Spinal muscular atrophy: A genetic disorder that affects the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement.
4. Peripheral neuropathy: A condition that causes damage to the peripheral nerves, leading to weakness, numbness, and pain in the hands and feet.
5. Myasthenia gravis: An autoimmune disorder that affects the nerve-muscle connection, causing muscle weakness and fatigue.
6. Neuropathy: A term used to describe damage to the nerves, which can cause a range of symptoms including numbness, tingling, and pain in the hands and feet.
7. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: A group of inherited disorders that affect the peripheral nerves, leading to muscle weakness and wasting.
8. Guillain-Barré syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and damage to the nerves, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.
9. Botulism: A bacterial infection that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis by blocking the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
10. Myotonia congenita: A genetic disorder that affects the nerve-muscle connection, causing muscle stiffness and rigidity.

These are just a few examples of neuromuscular diseases, and there are many more conditions that can cause muscle weakness and fatigue. It's important to see a doctor if you experience persistent or severe symptoms to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

In medical terminology, nausea is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "dyspepsia," which refers to a general feeling of discomfort or unease in the stomach, often accompanied by symptoms such as bloating, belching, or heartburn. However, while nausea and dyspepsia can be related, they are not always the same thing, and it's important to understand the specific underlying cause of any gastrointestinal symptoms in order to provide appropriate treatment.

Some common causes of nausea include:

* Gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gastritis
* Motion sickness or seasickness
* Medication side effects, including chemotherapy drugs, antibiotics, and painkillers
* Pregnancy and morning sickness
* Food poisoning or other infections
* Migraines and other headaches
* Anxiety and stress

Treatment for nausea will depend on the underlying cause, but may include medications such as antihistamines, anticholinergics, or anti-nausea drugs, as well as non-pharmacological interventions such as ginger, acupressure, or relaxation techniques. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent dehydration or other complications.

Cicatrix is a term used to describe the scar tissue that forms after an injury or surgery. It is made up of collagen fibers and other cells, and its formation is a natural part of the healing process. The cicatrix can be either hypertrophic (raised) or atrophic (depressed), depending on the severity of the original wound.

The cicatrix serves several important functions in the healing process, including:

1. Protection: The cicatrix helps to protect the underlying tissue from further injury and provides a barrier against infection.
2. Strength: The collagen fibers in the cicatrix give the scar tissue strength and flexibility, allowing it to withstand stress and strain.
3. Support: The cicatrix provides support to the surrounding tissue, helping to maintain the shape of the affected area.
4. Cosmetic appearance: The appearance of the cicatrix can affect the cosmetic outcome of a wound or surgical incision. Hypertrophic scars are typically red and raised, while atrophic scars are depressed and may be less noticeable.

While the formation of cicatrix is a normal part of the healing process, there are some conditions that can affect its development or appearance. For example, keloid scars are raised, thick scars that can form as a result of an overactive immune response to injury. Acne scars can also be difficult to treat and may leave a lasting impression on the skin.

In conclusion, cicatrix is an important part of the healing process after an injury or surgery. It provides protection, strength, support, and can affect the cosmetic appearance of the affected area. Understanding the formation and functions of cicatrix can help medical professionals to better manage wound healing and improve patient outcomes.

The prevalence of OAS increases with age, affecting approximately 60% of people over the age of 65. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, obesity, joint injuries, and degenerative conditions such as scoliosis or spondylolisthesis.

The symptoms of OAS can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the specific location of the affected joints. Common symptoms include:

Back pain: Pain in the back, which can radiate to the buttocks, thighs, or arms
Stiffness: Limited mobility and rigidity in the spine
Limited range of motion: Decreased flexibility and ability to move the spine
Muscle spasms: Involuntary contractions of the muscles in the back
Decreased height: Compression fractures or loss of disc height can cause the spine to curve or shrink, leading to a decreased height.

The diagnosis of OAS is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays or MRIs. Treatment for OAS typically focuses on managing symptoms and slowing the progression of the condition. Conservative treatments may include:

Medications: Pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, and muscle relaxants
Physical therapy: Exercise and stretching to improve flexibility and strength
Lifestyle modifications: Maintaining a healthy weight, bracing, and good posture
Injections: Corticosteroid injections or platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy
Surgery: In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to relieve pressure on the spine, stabilize the joints, or fuse vertebrae together.

It is essential to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of OAS, as early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the condition.

There are several types of Urinary Bladder Calculi, including:

1. Calcium Oxalate Stones: These are the most common type of bladder stone and are formed from a combination of calcium and oxalate. They can occur in people with conditions such as kidney disease, gout, or inflammatory bowel disease.
2. Uric Acid Stones: These stones are formed from uric acid, a waste product that is normally present in the urine. They can occur in people with conditions such as gout, diabetes, or certain types of cancer.
3. Cystine Stones: These stones are formed from cystine, an amino acid that is present in small amounts in the body. They can occur in people with conditions such as cystinuria, a genetic disorder that affects the transport of cystine and other amino acids in the kidneys.
4. Struvite Stones: These stones are formed from a combination of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate, and can occur in people with urinary tract infections.

The symptoms of Urinary Bladder Calculi can vary depending on the size and location of the stone, but may include:

1. Severe pain in the lower abdomen or back
2. Frequent urination or a strong, persistent urge to urinate
3. Blood in the urine
4. Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
5. Fever and chills
6. Nausea and vomiting

If you suspect that you have Urinary Bladder Calculi, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Your healthcare provider may perform a physical examination, take a medical history, and order diagnostic tests such as a urinalysis, imaging studies (such as X-rays or CT scans), or a cystoscopy (a procedure that uses a thin, flexible tube with a camera on the end to examine the inside of the bladder) to confirm the diagnosis and determine the appropriate treatment.

Treatment for Urinary Bladder Calculi may include:

1. Drinking plenty of water to help flush out small stones
2. Medications such as alpha-blockers or potassium citrate to help dissolve larger stones
3. Ureteroscopy, a minimally invasive procedure in which a small, flexible scope is used to remove the stone
4. Lithotripsy, a procedure that uses shock waves to break up larger stones into smaller pieces that can be passed more easily
5. Catheterization, a procedure in which a thin tube is placed through the urethra and bladder to drain urine and flush out small stones
6. Surgery, such as open or laparoscopic surgery, to remove larger stones or repair any damage to the urinary tract.

In some cases, Urinary Bladder Calculi may recur, so it is important to follow up with your healthcare provider regularly to monitor for any new stones or complications.

There are many different types of chronic pain, including:

1. Musculoskeletal pain: This type of pain affects the muscles, bones, and joints, and can be caused by injuries, arthritis, or other conditions.
2. Nerve pain: This type of pain is caused by damage or irritation to the nerves, and can be burning, stabbing, or shooting in nature.
3. Chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS): This is a chronic pain condition that typically affects one limb and is characterized by burning, aching, or shooting pain.
4. Neuropathic pain: This type of pain is caused by damage or irritation to the nerves, and can be burning, stabbing, or shooting in nature.
5. Cancer pain: This type of pain is caused by cancer or its treatment, and can be severe and debilitating.
6. Postoperative pain: This type of pain is caused by surgery and can vary in severity depending on the type of procedure and individual's response to pain.
7. Pelvic pain: This type of pain can be caused by a variety of factors, including endometriosis, adhesions, or pelvic inflammatory disease.
8. Headache disorders: This type of pain can include migraines, tension headaches, and other types of headaches that are severe and recurring.

Chronic pain can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, affecting their ability to work, sleep, and participate in activities they enjoy. It can also lead to feelings of frustration, anxiety, and depression.

There are many treatment options for chronic pain, including medication, physical therapy, and alternative therapies like acupuncture and massage. It's important to work with a healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses the underlying cause of the pain and helps improve function and quality of life.

1. Parvovirus (Parvo): A highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and severe dehydration.
2. Distemper: A serious viral disease that can affect dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as fever, coughing, and seizures.
3. Rabies: A deadly viral disease that affects dogs and other animals, transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, and causing symptoms such as aggression, confusion, and paralysis.
4. Heartworms: A common condition caused by a parasitic worm that infects the heart and lungs of dogs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
5. Ticks and fleas: These external parasites can cause skin irritation, infection, and disease in dogs, including Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis.
6. Canine hip dysplasia (CHD): A genetic condition that affects the hip joint of dogs, causing symptoms such as arthritis, pain, and mobility issues.
7. Osteosarcoma: A type of bone cancer that affects dogs, often diagnosed in older dogs and causing symptoms such as lameness, swelling, and pain.
8. Allergies: Dog allergies can cause skin irritation, ear infections, and other health issues, and may be triggered by environmental factors or specific ingredients in their diet.
9. Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV): A life-threatening condition that occurs when a dog's stomach twists and fills with gas, causing symptoms such as vomiting, pain, and difficulty breathing.
10. Cruciate ligament injuries: Common in active dogs, these injuries can cause joint instability, pain, and mobility issues.

It is important to monitor your dog's health regularly and seek veterinary care if you notice any changes or abnormalities in their behavior, appetite, or physical condition.

OPLL is relatively rare in children but becomes more common with age, particularly after the age of 40. It is more common in people of Asian descent and those with a family history of the condition. Other risk factors for OPLL include smoking, obesity, and diabetes.

The exact cause of OPLL is not known, but it may be related to wear and tear on the spine over time or to certain genetic mutations. Treatment options for OPLL typically involve a combination of pain management medication and physical therapy exercises to help maintain flexibility and mobility in the spine. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the bony growth and relieve pressure on the surrounding nerves.

Also known as: Posterior longitudinal ligament ossification, OPLL, Spondylosis with osteogenesis.

Symptoms of lordosis may include back pain, stiffness, and difficulty standing up straight. In severe cases, it can also lead to nerve compression and other complications.

Treatment for lordosis typically involves a combination of physical therapy, bracing, and medication to address any associated pain or discomfort. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct the underlying structural issues.

Some common examples of respiration disorders include:

1. Asthma: A chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A progressive lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe, caused by exposure to pollutants such as cigarette smoke.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
4. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the airways that can cause coughing and difficulty breathing.
5. Emphysema: A condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged, making it difficult to breathe.
6. Sleep apnea: A sleep disorder that causes a person to stop breathing for short periods during sleep, leading to fatigue and other symptoms.
7. Cystic fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects the respiratory system and digestive system, causing thick mucus buildup and difficulty breathing.
8. Pulmonary fibrosis: A condition where the lungs become scarred and stiff, making it difficult to breathe.
9. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs and can cause coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
10. Lung cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the lungs and can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.

These are just a few examples of respiration disorders, and there are many other conditions that can affect the respiratory system and cause breathing difficulties. If you are experiencing any symptoms of respiration disorders, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Note: Spina bifida occulta is the mildest form of spina bifida, and it can be difficult to diagnose as it may not cause any noticeable symptoms.

Brown-Sequard syndrome is a rare neurological disorder that affects the spinal cord and brain. It is characterized by hemi-body weakness, loss of sensation on one side of the body, and paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face. The condition is caused by damage to the spinal cord, usually due to trauma or compression.

The syndrome was first described by French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot in 1870 and later named after two British neurologists, George Brown and Edward Sequard, who independently described similar cases in the late 19th century.

Brown-Sequard syndrome typically occurs due to trauma or compression of the spinal cord, such as a car accident or a fall onto the neck. It can also be caused by conditions such as herniated discs, tumors, or cysts that press on the spinal cord. In rare cases, it may be caused by a congenital condition or an infection such as meningitis.

Symptoms of Brown-Sequard syndrome may include:

* Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body
* Loss of sensation on one side of the body, including numbness or tingling
* Paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face
* Difficulty with speech and swallowing
* Weakness or paralysis of the limbs on one side of the body
* Loss of bladder or bowel control

Treatment for Brown-Sequard syndrome depends on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, pain management, and surgery to relieve compression on the spinal cord. In some cases, stem cell therapy may be used to promote nerve regeneration. The prognosis for the condition varies depending on the severity of the injury and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment.

Note: This definition is based on the current medical knowledge and may change as new research and discoveries are made.

Discitis is a rare inflammatory condition that affects the discs in the spine, causing pain and stiffness in the neck, back, or other areas of the body. It is also known as discitis or infective discitis.

The term "discitis" comes from the Latin words "discus," meaning "disk," and "-itis," meaning "inflammation." Together, the term describes a condition where the soft, spongy tissue between the vertebrae in the spine becomes inflamed.

The condition is caused by bacterial or viral infections that enter the body through small tears in the outer layer of the disc. It can be triggered by activities such as heavy lifting, bending, or twisting, which put excessive pressure on the spine.

Symptoms of discitis may include back pain, stiffness, fever, chills, and difficulty moving or bending. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear up any underlying infections, as well as rest and physical therapy to help manage symptoms and promote healing. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or remove the affected disc.

Example sentence: "The patient was diagnosed with an epidural hematoma after falling from a height and experienced severe headaches and blurred vision."

There are different types of anoxia, including:

1. Cerebral anoxia: This occurs when the brain does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cognitive impairment, confusion, and loss of consciousness.
2. Pulmonary anoxia: This occurs when the lungs do not receive enough oxygen, leading to shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain.
3. Cardiac anoxia: This occurs when the heart does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cardiac arrest and potentially death.
4. Global anoxia: This is a complete lack of oxygen to the entire body, leading to widespread tissue damage and death.

Treatment for anoxia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy, pain management, and other supportive care. In severe cases, anoxia can lead to long-term disability or death.

Prevention of anoxia is important, and this includes managing underlying medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory problems. It also involves avoiding activities that can lead to oxygen deprivation, such as scuba diving or high-altitude climbing, without proper training and equipment.

In summary, anoxia is a serious medical condition that occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the body or specific tissues or organs. It can cause cell death and tissue damage, leading to serious health complications and even death if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term disability or death.

There are two main types of nociceptive pain: somatic and visceral. Somatic pain arises from damage or inflammation of the skin, muscles, and other somatic tissues, while visceral pain originates from the internal organs. Visceral pain is often more difficult to localize than somatic pain because the organs are deep within the body and their sensory nerve endings are less accessible.

Nociceptive pain can be acute or chronic. Acute pain is typically a short-term response to a specific injury or inflammation, while chronic pain persists beyond the normal healing period and can last for months or even years. Common examples of nociceptive pain include headaches, muscle aches, menstrual cramps, and postoperative pain.

The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines nociceptive pain as "pain resulting from tissue damage or inflammation, including internal organs." The IASP also distinguishes between nociceptive and neuropathic pain, with nociceptive pain being caused by activating nociceptors, while neuropathic pain is caused by damage or dysfunction of the nervous system.

Nociceptive pain can be managed with various analgesic drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and other types of pain relievers. Additionally, nonpharmacological interventions like physical therapy, acupuncture, and cognitive-behavioral therapy can be effective in managing nociceptive pain.

The symptoms of MS can vary widely depending on the location and severity of the damage to the CNS. Common symptoms include:

* Weakness, numbness, or tingling in the limbs
* Fatigue
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision, double vision, or loss of vision
* Difficulty with balance and coordination
* Tremors or spasticity
* Memory and concentration problems
* Mood changes, such as depression or mood swings
* Bladder and bowel problems

There is no cure for MS, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These treatments include:

* Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) - These medications are designed to reduce the frequency and severity of relapses, and they can also slow the progression of disability. Examples of DMTs include interferons, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, and alemtuzumab.
* Steroids - Corticosteroids can help reduce inflammation during relapses, but they are not a long-term solution.
* Pain management medications - Pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can help manage pain caused by MS.
* Muscle relaxants - These medications can help reduce spasticity and tremors.
* Physical therapy - Physical therapy can help improve mobility, balance, and strength.
* Occupational therapy - Occupational therapy can help with daily activities and assistive devices.
* Speech therapy - Speech therapy can help improve communication and swallowing difficulties.
* Psychological counseling - Counseling can help manage the emotional and psychological aspects of MS.

It's important to note that each person with MS is unique, and the best treatment plan will depend on the individual's specific symptoms, needs, and preferences. It's essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to find the most effective treatment plan.

An abdominal aortic aneurysm can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, back pain, and difficulty breathing if it ruptures. It can also be diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment options for an abdominal aortic aneurysm include watchful waiting (monitoring the aneurysm for signs of growth or rupture), endovascular repair (using a catheter to repair the aneurysm from within the blood vessel), or surgical repair (open surgery to repair the aneurysm).

Word Origin and History

The word 'aneurysm' comes from the Greek words 'aneurysma', meaning 'dilation' and 'sma', meaning 'a vessel'. The term 'abdominal aortic aneurysm' was first used in the medical literature in the late 19th century to describe this specific type of aneurysm.


Prevalence and Incidence

Abdominal aortic aneurysms are relatively common, especially among older adults. According to the Society for Vascular Surgery, approximately 2% of people over the age of 65 have an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms increases with age, and men are more likely to be affected than women.


Risk Factors

Several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing an abdominal aortic aneurysm, including:

* High blood pressure
* Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
* Smoking
* Family history of aneurysms
* Previous heart attack or stroke
* Marfan syndrome or other connective tissue disorders.


Symptoms and Diagnosis

Abdominal aortic aneurysms can be asymptomatic, meaning they do not cause any noticeable symptoms. However, some people may experience symptoms such as:

* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Back pain
* Weakness or fatigue
* Palpitations
* Shortness of breath

If an abdominal aortic aneurysm is suspected, several diagnostic tests may be ordered, including:

* Ultrasound
* Computed tomography (CT) scan
* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
* Angiography

Treatment and Management

The treatment of choice for an abdominal aortic aneurysm depends on several factors, including the size and location of the aneurysm, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include:

* Watchful waiting (for small aneurysms that are not causing any symptoms)
* Endovascular repair (using a stent or other device to repair the aneurysm from within the blood vessel)
* Open surgical repair (where the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen to repair the aneurysm)

In some cases, emergency surgery may be necessary if the aneurysm ruptures or shows signs of impending rupture.

Complications and Risks

Abdominal aortic aneurysms can lead to several complications and risks, including:

* Rupture (which can be life-threatening)
* Infection
* Blood clots or blockages in the blood vessels
* Kidney damage
* Heart problems

Prevention

There is no guaranteed way to prevent an abdominal aortic aneurysm, but several factors may reduce the risk of developing one. These include:

* Maintaining a healthy lifestyle (including a balanced diet and regular exercise)
* Not smoking
* Managing high blood pressure and other medical conditions
* Getting regular check-ups with your healthcare provider

Prognosis and Life Expectancy

The prognosis for abdominal aortic aneurysms depends on several factors, including the size of the aneurysm, its location, and whether it has ruptured. In general, the larger the aneurysm, the poorer the prognosis. If treated before rupture, many people with abdominal aortic aneurysms can expect a good outcome and a normal life expectancy. However, if the aneurysm ruptures, the survival rate is much lower.

In conclusion, abdominal aortic aneurysms are a serious medical condition that can be life-threatening if left untreated. It is important to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of an aneurysm, and to seek medical attention immediately if any are present. With proper treatment, many people with abdominal aortic aneurysms can expect a good outcome and a normal life expectancy.

There are several different types of drug hypersensitivity reactions, including:

1. Maculopapular exanthema (MPE): This is a type of allergic reaction that causes a red, itchy rash to appear on the skin. It can be caused by a variety of medications, including antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
2. Exfoliative dermatitis: This is a more severe form of MPE that can cause widespread scaling and peeling of the skin. It is often associated with reactions to antibiotics and other medications.
3. Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS): This is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that can be caused by certain medications, including antibiotics and NSAIDs. SJS can cause blisters to form on the skin and mucous membranes, as well as fever and fatigue.
4. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN): This is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition that can be caused by certain medications, including antibiotics and NSAIDs. TEN can cause widespread peeling of the skin, as well as fever and fatigue.
5. Anaphylaxis: This is a severe allergic reaction that can be caused by a variety of medications, including antibiotics and NSAIDs. It can cause symptoms such as hives, itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing.

Drug hypersensitivity reactions can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Treatment typically involves discontinuing the medication that is causing the reaction, as well as providing supportive care to manage symptoms such as fever, itching, and pain. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the reaction.

Prevention of drug hypersensitivity reactions can be challenging, but there are several strategies that can help reduce the risk. These include:

1. Gradual dose escalation: When starting a new medication, it is important to gradually increase the dose over time to allow the body to adjust.
2. Monitoring for signs of a reaction: Patients should be monitored closely for signs of a reaction, such as hives, itching, or difficulty breathing.
3. Avoiding certain medications: In some cases, it may be necessary to avoid certain medications that are known to cause hypersensitivity reactions.
4. Skin testing: Skin testing can be used to determine whether a patient is allergic to a particular medication before starting treatment.
5. Desensitization: In some cases, desensitization therapy may be used to gradually expose the patient to the medication that is causing the reaction, with the goal of reducing the risk of an adverse event.

The term "angiolipoma" comes from the Greek words "angion," meaning "vessel," and "lipos," meaning "fat." This refers to the presence of small blood vessels within the tumor. Angiolipomas are typically slow-growing and painless, but they can cause symptoms if they become large enough to compress surrounding nerves or muscles.

Angiolipomas are rare, accounting for only about 1% to 3% of all soft tissue tumors. They can occur at any age but are more common in middle-aged adults. The exact cause of angiolipoma is not known, but it is thought to be due to genetic mutations that affect the growth and development of fat cells.

Treatment for angiolipoma usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, and the prognosis is generally good as long as the tumor is completely removed. However, there is a small risk of recurrence if any cancerous cells are left behind. Angiolipomas are not typically malignant (cancerous), but they can be difficult to distinguish from other types of soft tissue tumors that are more aggressive and malignant. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention if you notice any unusual lumps or masses in your body.

Some common symptoms of intracranial hypotension include:

1. Headache: This is the most common symptom of intracranial hypotension, and it can range from mild to severe.
2. Nausea and vomiting: Patients with intracranial hypotension may experience nausea and vomiting, especially during periods of increased intracranial pressure.
3. Dizziness and vertigo: Intracranial hypotension can cause dizziness and vertigo due to the changes in pressure within the cranium.
4. Fatigue and lethargy: Patients with intracranial hypotension may feel tired, weak, and lethargic due to the decreased pressure on the brain.
5. Confusion and disorientation: In severe cases of intracranial hypotension, patients may experience confusion, disorientation, and difficulty concentrating.

If left untreated, intracranial hypotension can lead to a range of complications, including:

1. Cerebral edema (swelling of the brain): The decreased pressure within the cranium can cause fluid to accumulate in the brain, leading to swelling and increased intracranial pressure.
2. Seizures: Intracranial hypotension can increase the risk of seizures, especially in patients with a history of seizure disorders.
3. Stroke: In severe cases of intracranial hypotension, there is a risk of stroke due to the decreased blood flow to the brain.
4. Hydrocephalus (fluid accumulation in the brain): Intracranial hypotension can cause fluid to accumulate in the brain, leading to hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure.

The diagnosis of intracranial hypotension is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination findings, and imaging studies. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, are used to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the extent of any damage to the brain.

Treatment of intracranial hypotension depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms. In mild cases, treatment may involve observation and supportive care, such as hydration and pain management. In more severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to relieve pressure on the brain and repair any damage to the cranium or dura mater.

In conclusion, intracranial hypotension is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that can have significant consequences if left untreated. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

A type of anxiety that occurs when an individual is separated from someone they have a strong emotional attachment to, such as a parent, child, or significant other. This can be a common experience for children who are separated from their parents, and it can also affect adults who are experiencing a long-distance relationship or the loss of a loved one.

Symptoms:

* Feeling panicked or uneasy when away from the person they are attached to
* Difficulty sleeping or concentrating when separated
* Intrusive thoughts or dreams about the person they are attached to
* Avoidance of situations that might lead to separation
* Physical symptoms such as headaches, stomachaches, or muscle tension

Treatment:

* Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), to help individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with separation anxiety
* Medications, such as antidepressants or anti-anxiety drugs, to help manage symptoms
* Relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or progressive muscle relaxation, to reduce physical symptoms of anxiety
* Support groups for individuals and families affected by separation anxiety

It's important to note that while some level of separation anxiety is normal, excessive or persistent separation anxiety can interfere with daily life and may be a sign of an underlying mental health condition. If you or someone you know is experiencing severe symptoms of separation anxiety, it's important to seek professional help from a mental health provider.

Symptoms:

* Chest pain or discomfort
* Shortness of breath
* Coughing up blood
* Pain in the back or shoulders
* Dizziness or fainting

Diagnosis is typically made with imaging tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, or MRI. Treatment may involve monitoring the aneurysm with regular imaging tests to check for growth, or surgery to repair or replace the affected section of the aorta.

This term is used in the medical field to identify a specific type of aneurysm and differentiate it from other types of aneurysms that occur in different locations.

There are several types of edema, including:

1. Pitting edema: This type of edema occurs when the fluid accumulates in the tissues and leaves a pit or depression when it is pressed. It is commonly seen in the skin of the lower legs and feet.
2. Non-pitting edema: This type of edema does not leave a pit or depression when pressed. It is often seen in the face, hands, and arms.
3. Cytedema: This type of edema is caused by an accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the limbs, particularly in the hands and feet.
4. Edema nervorum: This type of edema affects the nerves and can cause pain, numbness, and tingling in the affected area.
5. Lymphedema: This is a condition where the lymphatic system is unable to properly drain fluid from the body, leading to swelling in the arms or legs.

Edema can be diagnosed through physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as imaging studies and blood tests. Treatment options for edema depend on the underlying cause, but may include medications, lifestyle changes, and compression garments. In some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to remove excess fluid or tissue.

There are three types of pneumothorax:

1. Traumatic pneumothorax: occurs due to direct blows to the chest wall, such as in car accidents or falls.
2. Spontaneous pneumothorax: occurs without any obvious cause and is more common in men than women.
3. Tension pneumothorax: is a life-threatening condition that can occur when air enters the pleural space and causes the lung to collapse, leading to a buildup of pressure in the chest cavity. This can cause cardiac arrest and respiratory failure.

Symptoms of pneumothorax include:

* Chest pain
* Shortness of breath
* Coughing up blood
* Fatigue
* Pale or blue-tinged skin

Diagnosis is typically made using a chest X-ray, and treatment depends on the type and severity of the pneumothorax. Treatment options include:

* Observation and supportive care for mild cases
* Chest tubes to drain air from the pleural space in more severe cases
* Surgery to remove any damaged tissue or repair any holes in the lung.

It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any symptoms of pneumothorax, as prompt treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

There are several types of sensation disorders, including:

1. Peripheral neuropathy: This is a condition where the nerves in the hands and feet are damaged, leading to numbness, tingling, and pain.
2. Central sensory loss: This is a condition where there is damage to the brain or spinal cord, leading to loss of sensation in certain parts of the body.
3. Dysesthesia: This is a condition where an individual experiences abnormal sensations, such as burning, stabbing, or crawling sensations, in their body.
4. Hypoalgesia: This is a condition where an individual experiences decreased sensitivity to pain.
5. Hyperalgesia: This is a condition where an individual experiences increased sensitivity to pain.

Sensation disorders can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as nerve conduction studies or electromyography. Treatment options for sensation disorders depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, physical therapy, or surgery.

Some common causes of sensation disorders include:

1. Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage nerves, leading to numbness, tingling, and pain in the hands and feet.
2. Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, leading to loss of sensation, vision, and muscle weakness.
3. Spinal cord injury: Trauma to the spine can damage the nerves, leading to loss of sensation and function below the level of injury.
4. Stroke: A stroke can damage the nerves, leading to loss of sensation and function on one side of the body.
5. Vitamin deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins such as B12 or vitamin D can cause numbness and tingling in the hands and feet.
6. Chronic inflammation: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus can cause chronic inflammation, leading to nerve damage and sensation disorders.
7. Tumors: Tumors can compress or damage nerves, leading to sensation disorders.
8. Infections: Certain infections such as Lyme disease or shingles can cause sensation disorders.
9. Trauma: Physical trauma, such as a fall or a car accident, can cause nerve damage and lead to sensation disorders.

Some common symptoms of sensation disorders include:

1. Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
2. Pain or burning sensations
3. Difficulty perceiving temperature or touch
4. Weakness or paralysis of certain muscle groups
5. Loss of reflexes
6. Difficulty coordinating movements
7. Dizziness or loss of balance
8. Tremors or spasms
9. Muscle atrophy or wasting away of certain muscles

Treatment for sensation disorders depends on the underlying cause and can include:

1. Medications to control pain, inflammation, or infection
2. Physical therapy to improve strength and coordination
3. Occupational therapy to improve daily functioning
4. Lifestyle changes such as exercise, diet, and stress management
5. Surgery to repair nerve damage or relieve compression
6. Injections of medication or other substances to stimulate nerve regeneration
7. Electrical stimulation therapy to improve nerve function
8. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to reduce pain and inflammation
9. Alternative therapies such as acupuncture or massage to promote healing and relaxation.

Subdural effusion is a condition where there is an accumulation of fluid between the dura mater, the protective covering of the brain, and the skull. This fluid can be cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood. The excess fluid can cause pressure on the brain, leading to various symptoms such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, and confusion.

There are several causes of subdural effusion, including:

1. Traumatic brain injury: A blow to the head can cause the veins in the dura mater to tear, leading to bleeding or fluid accumulation.
2. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis: These infections can cause inflammation and fluid buildup in the dura mater.
3. Tumors: Both benign and malignant tumors can cause subdural effusion by obstructing the flow of CSF or by causing inflammation.
4. Hydrocephalus: This is a condition where there is an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure and fluid buildup in the dura mater.
5. Spinal or cerebral vasculature disorders: Conditions such as stroke, aneurysm, or arteriovenous malformation can cause subdural effusion by disrupting the flow of blood or CSF.

Symptoms of subdural effusion can vary depending on the location and severity of the fluid accumulation. Common symptoms include:

1. Headache: This is the most common symptom, which can range from mild to severe.
2. Nausea and vomiting: Patients may experience nausea and vomiting due to the pressure on the brain.
3. Confusion and disorientation: Subdural effusion can cause confusion, disorientation, and difficulty with concentration and memory.
4. Weakness or numbness: Patients may experience weakness or numbness in the arms or legs due to the pressure on the brain.
5. Seizures: In some cases, subdural effusion can cause seizures.

Diagnosis of subdural effusion typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, are used to confirm the presence of fluid accumulation in the subdural space. Laboratory tests, such as electrolyte panels and blood counts, may be ordered to rule out other conditions that can cause similar symptoms.

Treatment of subdural effusion depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, conservative management with supportive care, such as fluid and electrolyte replacement, pain management, and seizure control, may be sufficient. Surgical intervention may be necessary in more severe cases or if there is no response to conservative management.

Surgery for subdural effusion involves draining the excess fluid and repairing any underlying blood vessel ruptures or tears. In some cases, a shunt may be inserted to help drain excess fluid and relieve pressure on the brain. Postoperatively, patients may require close monitoring in an intensive care unit and may need to undergo rehabilitation to regain lost function and mobility.

Prevention of subdural effusion is challenging, as many of the underlying causes are unpredictable and unavoidable. However, prompt recognition and management of the condition can help prevent complications and improve outcomes. In some cases, prophylactic measures such as corticosteroid therapy or anticonvulsant medications may be used to reduce the risk of developing subdural effusion.

Overall, subdural effusion is a serious medical condition that requires prompt recognition and management to prevent complications and improve outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach involving neurologists, neurosurgeons, rehabilitation specialists, and other healthcare professionals may be necessary to provide comprehensive care for patients with this condition.

There are many different types of cardiac arrhythmias, including:

1. Tachycardias: These are fast heart rhythms that can be too fast for the body's needs. Examples include atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia.
2. Bradycardias: These are slow heart rhythms that can cause symptoms like fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. Examples include sinus bradycardia and heart block.
3. Premature beats: These are extra beats that occur before the next regular beat should come in. They can be benign but can also indicate an underlying arrhythmia.
4. Supraventricular arrhythmias: These are arrhythmias that originate above the ventricles, such as atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.
5. Ventricular arrhythmias: These are arrhythmias that originate in the ventricles, such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.

Cardiac arrhythmias can be diagnosed through a variety of tests including electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and holter monitors. Treatment options for cardiac arrhythmias vary depending on the type and severity of the condition and may include medications, cardioversion, catheter ablation, or implantable devices like pacemakers or defibrillators.

The disease is typically induced in laboratory animals such as mice or rats by immunizing them with myelin proteins, such as myelin basic protein (MBP) or proteolipid protein (PLP), emulsified in adjuvants. The resulting immune response leads to the production of autoantibodies and activated T cells that cross the blood-brain barrier and attack the CNS.

EAE is used as a model for MS because it shares many similarities with the human disease, including:

1. Demyelination: EAE induces demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS, which is also a hallmark of MS.
2. Autoimmune response: The immune response in EAE is triggered by autoantigens, similar to MS.
3. Chronic course: EAE is a chronic disease with recurrent relapses, similar to MS.
4. Lesion distribution: EAE lesions are distributed throughout the CNS, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord, which is also true for MS.

EAE has been used extensively in the study of MS to investigate the immunopathogenesis of the disease, to develop new diagnostic markers and treatments, and to test the efficacy of potential therapeutic agents.

Spondylitis, ankylosing can affect any part of the spine, but it most commonly affects the lower back (lumbar spine) and the neck (cervical spine). The condition can also affect other joints, such as the hips, shoulders, and feet.

The exact cause of spondylitis, ankylosing is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, meaning that the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the joints. Genetics may also play a role in the development of the condition.

Symptoms of spondylitis, ankylosing can include:

* Back pain and stiffness
* Pain and swelling in the joints
* Limited mobility and flexibility
* Redness and warmth in the affected area
* Fatigue

If you suspect that you or someone you know may have spondylitis, ankylosing, it is important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment. A healthcare professional can perform a physical examination and order imaging tests, such as X-rays or MRIs, to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.

Treatment for spondylitis, ankylosing typically involves a combination of medications and physical therapy. Medications may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Physical therapy can help improve mobility and flexibility, as well as strengthen the muscles supporting the affected joints.

In severe cases of spondylitis, ankylosing, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged joints. In some cases, the condition may progress to the point where the joints become fused and immobile, a condition known as ankylosis.

While there is no cure for spondylitis, ankylosing, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. With proper care and support, individuals with spondylitis, ankylosing can lead active and fulfilling lives.

The most common cause of sciatica is a herniated disc, which occurs when the gel-like center of a spinal disc bulges out through a tear in the outer disc. This can put pressure on the sciatic nerve and cause pain and other symptoms. Other possible causes of sciatica include spondylolisthesis (a condition in which a vertebra slips out of place), spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal), and piriformis syndrome (compression of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle).

Treatment for sciatica depends on the underlying cause of the symptoms. Conservative treatments such as physical therapy, pain medication, and anti-inflammatory medications are often effective in managing symptoms. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve compression on the sciatic nerve.

The term "sciatica" is derived from the Latin word "sciare," which means "to shoot." This refers to the shooting pain that can occur in the lower back and legs when the sciatic nerve is compressed or irritated.

There are several types of strabismus, including:

* Esotropia: where one eye turns inward toward the nose
* Exotropia: where one eye turns outward away from the face
* Hypertropia: where one eye turns upward
* Hypotropia: where one eye turns downward
* Duane's syndrome: a rare type of strabismus that affects only one eye and is caused by nerve damage.

Strabismus can have both visual and social consequences, including:

* Difficulty with depth perception and binocular vision
* Blurred or double vision
* Difficulty with eye teaming and tracking
* Poor eye-hand coordination
* Social and emotional effects such as low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression.

Treatment options for strabismus include:

* Glasses or contact lenses to correct refractive errors
* Prism lenses to align the eyes
* Eye exercises to strengthen the muscles and improve eye teaming
* Surgery to adjust the position of the muscles that control eye movement.

It is important for individuals with strabismus to receive timely and appropriate treatment to address the underlying cause of the condition and prevent long-term vision loss and social difficulties.

In medicine, cadavers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Anatomy education: Medical students and residents learn about the human body by studying and dissecting cadavers. This helps them develop a deeper understanding of human anatomy and improves their surgical skills.
2. Research: Cadavers are used in scientific research to study the effects of diseases, injuries, and treatments on the human body. This helps scientists develop new medical techniques and therapies.
3. Forensic analysis: Cadavers can be used to aid in the investigation of crimes and accidents. By examining the body and its injuries, forensic experts can determine cause of death, identify suspects, and reconstruct events.
4. Organ donation: After death, cadavers can be used to harvest organs and tissues for transplantation into living patients. This can improve the quality of life for those with organ failure or other medical conditions.
5. Medical training simulations: Cadavers can be used to simulate real-life medical scenarios, allowing healthcare professionals to practice their skills in a controlled environment.

In summary, the term "cadaver" refers to the body of a deceased person and is used in the medical field for various purposes, including anatomy education, research, forensic analysis, organ donation, and medical training simulations.

Note: Hematoma is a collection of blood outside the blood vessels.

Tsai, Tony; Greengrass, Roy (2007). "Spinal Anesthesia". In Hadzic, Admir (ed.). Textbook of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain ... Spinal anesthesia: The Bezold-Jarisch reflex has been suggested as a possible cause of profound bradycardia and circulatory ... collapse after spinal anesthesia and interscalene brachial plexus block. Vaso-vagal syncope: the role of the Bezold-Jarisch ... Miller's Anesthesia Ch.52 Pg. 1642 Smith, M. L. (May 1994). "Mechanisms of vasovagal syncope: relevance to postflight ...
... (or spinal anesthesia), also called spinal block, subarachnoid block, intradural block and intrathecal block ... Spinal anesthesia may be favored when the surgical site is amenable to spinal blockade for patients with severe respiratory ... but with a successful spinal anaesthetic the surgery can be performed with the patient wide awake. In spinal anesthesia, the ... or other disorders causing resistance to local anesthesia Complications of spinal anesthesia can result from the physiologic ...
Sikka, Paul K.; Beaman, Shawn T.; Street, James A. (2015-04-09). Basic Clinical Anesthesia. Springer. p. 470. ISBN ... "Clinical Features of Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy". "OMIM Entry - # 313200 - SPINAL AND BULBAR MUSCULAR ATROPHY, X-LINKED ... Spinal muscular atrophies Arvin, Shelley (2013-04-01). "Analysis of inconsistencies in terminology of spinal and bulbar ... Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy may share mechanistic features with other disorders caused by polyglutamine expansion, such ...
Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 40 (3): 182-212. doi:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000223. PMID 25899949. Deer, Timothy R.; ... There are also spinal cord stimulators under research and development that could enable patients with spinal cord injury to ... the spinal cord. In September 2018, Mayo Clinic and UCLA reported that spinal cord stimulation supported with physical therapy ... of lead migration for spinal cord stimulation. The neurophysiological mechanisms of action of spinal cord stimulation are not ...
... along with increased interest in spinal manipulation (SM). In the MUA literature, spinal manipulation under anesthesia has been ... Francis, R (1989). "Spinal manipulation under general anesthesia: a chiropractic approach in a hospital setting". J Am Chiro ... Since the 1930s, spinal manipulation under anesthesia has been reported in the published medical literature. Within the ... DiGiorgi D. Spinal manipulation under anesthesia: a narrative review of the literature and commentary. Chiropr Man Therap. 2013 ...
In 1925, Yudin published the book "Spinal Anesthesia". In 1926 this book was awarded the F.A. Rein prize by the All-Soviet ... Yudin S. Spinal anesthesia. Serpukhov: Nabat; 1922. Yudin S. A guest of American surgeons. Novi Khirurgichesky Archiv (Russian ...
... general anesthesia, spinal, local. Les pestiférés de Saint-Jean d'Acre et de Jaffa : un épisode de la vie de Desgenettes : ... La rachianesthésie, sa valeur et sa place actuelle dans la pratique, 1930 - Spinal anaesthesia, its value and its present place ... Précis d'anesthésie chirurgicale; anesthésies générale, rachidienne, locale, 1934 - Precise surgical anesthesia; ...
Anesthesia is used for labor and delivery even for women without sensation, who may only experience contractions as abdominal ... The location of injury to the spinal cord maps to the body, and the area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve is ... Committee on Spinal Cord Injury; Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health; Institute of Medicine (27 July 2005). Spinal Cord ... Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine (2010). "Sexuality and reproductive health in adults with spinal cord injury: A clinical ...
He was the first to perform spinal anesthesia and intravenous regional anesthesia. Bier began his medical education at the ... On 16 August 1898, Bier performed the first operation under spinal anesthesia at the Royal Surgical Hospital of the University ... Therefore, Bier suggested "cocainization" of the spinal cord as an alternative to general anesthesia. Bier injected 15 mg of ... Wulf, HFW (1998). "The centennial of spinal anesthesia". Anesthesiology. 89 (2): 500-6. doi:10.1097/00000542-199808000-00028. ...
"Chloroprocaine spinal anesthesia: back to the future?". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 100 (2): 549-52. doi:10.1213/01.ANE. ... Chloroprocaine is used for regional anaesthesia including spinal anaesthesia, caudal anaesthesia and epidural anesthesia It is ... "Rediscovered Local Holds Promise for Spinal Anesthesia". Anesthesiology News. McMahon Publishing. 5 June 2013. Archived from ... Chestnut: Obstetric Anesthesia, 3rd ed, p333. Hughes: Anesthesia for Obstetrics, 4th ed, p75. "Chloroprocaine". Drug ...
Meglio M (2004). "Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain management". Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 15 (3): 297-306. doi:10.1016/j. ... Regional anesthesia is aimed at anesthetizing a larger part of the body such as a leg or arm. Conduction anesthesia encompasses ... The following terms are often used interchangeably: Local anesthesia, in a strict sense, is anesthesia of a small part of the ... New York School of Regional Anesthesia Anesthesia Books Archived 2019-12-30 at the Wayback Machine General information and ...
It was used mostly in spinal anesthesia. Grignard reaction of chloroacetone (1) with one mole of magnesium ethyl bromide gives ...
Harry W. Martin, M.D.; Rachel E. Arbuthnot, M.D. Spinal Anesthesia. A Review Of More Than Six Thousand Cases In The Los Angeles ...
Gil, K.S.L. (2013). "Chapter 12: Anesthesia for Spinal Cord Injury Surgery". In Mongan, P.D.; Soriano, S.G.; Sloan, T.B. (eds ... Coric, D. (2014). "Spinal technologies not available in the United States: An editorial". Neurosurgery. 61 (Supplement 1): 26- ... The prosthesis is indicated for back and leg pain caused by central or lateral spinal stenosis, degenerative disease of the ... A more comprehensive focus on re-establishing the structure and function of the human functional spinal unit may include facet ...
Either a general or a spinal anesthesia is administered. Traditionally a myomectomy is performed via a laparotomy with a full ...
It is usually done under general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia. A retrograde pyelogram is done to locate the stone in the ...
Spinal anesthesia results in a blockade of the micturition reflex. Spinal anesthesia shows a higher risk of postoperative ... Anesthesia: General anesthetics during surgery may cause bladder atony by acting as a smooth muscle relaxant. General ... Tethered spinal cord syndrome. Psychogenic causes - psychosocial stresses, fear associated with urination, paruresis ("shy ... Nerve problems can occur from diabetes, trauma, spinal cord problems, stroke, or heavy metal poisoning. Medications that can ...
"Pharmacological characterization of noroxymorphone as a new opioid for spinal analgesia". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 106 (2): ... Oxycodone overdose has also been described to cause spinal cord infarction in high doses and ischemic damage to the brain, due ... Defalque RJ, Wright AJ (October 2003). "Scophedal (SEE) was it a fad or a miracle drug?". Bulletin of Anesthesia History. 21 (4 ... Davis PJ, Cladis FP (15 October 2016). Smith's Anesthesia for Infants and Children E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 234-. ...
"Pharmacological characterization of noroxymorphone as a new opioid for spinal analgesia". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 106 (2): ...
"Pharmacological characterization of noroxymorphone as a new opioid for spinal analgesia". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 106 (2): ...
Marx, GF (1994). "The first spinal anesthesia. Who deserves the laurels?". Regional Anesthesia. 19 (6): 429-30. PMID 7848956. ... Although Bier properly deserves credit for the introduction of spinal anesthesia into the clinical practice of medicine, it was ... On August 16, 1898, German surgeon August Bier (1861-1949) performed surgery under spinal anesthesia in Kiel. Following the ... Wulf, HFW (1998). "The centennial of spinal anesthesia". Anesthesiology. 89 (2): 500-6. doi:10.1097/00000542-199808000-00028. ...
... epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia) Abdominal surgery (epidural anesthesia/spinal anesthesia, often combined ... spinal/epidural anesthesia) Bone and joint surgery of the pelvis, hip, and leg (spinal/epidural anesthesia, peripheral nerve ... plexus anesthesia). Spinal anesthesia and epidural anesthesia merge into the central nervous system. Injection of LAs is often ... Within a few years, spinal anesthesia became widely used for surgical anesthesia and was accepted as a safe and effective ...
"Total hip replacement in Jehovah's Witnesses under spinal anesthesia without transfusion". Orthopedic Review. MEDLINE. 16 (1): ...
"Use of a spinal Cord Stimulator for Treatment of Martorell Hypertensive Ulcer". Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 36 (1): ...
For example, during any surgery on the thoracic or cervical spinal column, there is some risk to the spinal cord. Since the ... EEG measures taken during anesthesia exhibit stereotypic changes as anesthetic depth increases. These changes include complex ... or from spinal cord caudal to the surgery. This allows direct monitoring of motor tracts in the spinal cord. EEG ... A baseline is obtained, and if there are no significant changes, the assumption is that the spinal cord has not been injured. ...
And it was also in 1912 that he first used spinal anesthesia. He was considered an expert on both surgery and polio. He was a ...
PDPH is a common side effect of lumbar puncture and spinal anesthesia. Leakage of cerebrospinal fluid causes reduced fluid ... Using a pencil point needle rather than a cutting spinal needle decreases the risk. The size of the pencil point needle does ... Using a pencil point rather than a cutting spinal needle decreases the risk. The size of the pencil point needle does not ... Jabbari A, Alijanpour E, Mir M, Bani Hashem N, Rabiea SM, Rupani MA (2013). "Post spinal puncture headache, an old problem and ...
He was also a pioneer in the use of lumbar spinal anesthesia. In 1936, he was invited to address the Second International ...
Nausea and vomiting: Very common after surgery, usually due to the anesthesia. Pain: The patient is given morphine ... Unlike other spinal fusions, with a minimally invasive thoracic spinal fusion only about 10 percent of mobility is lost. This ... Spinal fusion is when the discs of the spine are removed and replaced with donor bone. The fusion is usually stabilized with a ... Spinal fusion is usually needed when a curvature reaches 40 degrees. However, there is a window of opportunity for a minimally ...
Digiorgi D (May 2013). "Spinal manipulation under anesthesia: a narrative review of the literature and commentary". ... targeted spinal manipulation result in similar patient outcomes. The effects of spinal manipulation have been shown[citation ... Spinal manipulation is an intervention performed on spinal articulations, synovial joints, which is asserted to be therapeutic ... There is not sufficient data to establish the safety of spinal manipulations, and the rate of adverse events is unknown. Spinal ...
During a C section, the patient is usually numbed with an epidural or a spinal block, but general anesthesia can be used as ... They may contribute to the care of a woman in labour by performing an epidural or by providing anaesthesia (often spinal ... Various methods may help with pain, such as relaxation techniques, opioids, and spinal blocks. It is best practice to limit the ... and spinal anaesthesia. Epidural analgesia is a generally safe and effective method of relieving pain in labour, but has been ...
... transport disease Coproporhyria Cor biloculare Cor pulmonale Cor triatriatum Cormier-Rustin-Munnich syndrome Corneal anesthesia ... III deficiency Congenital aplastic anemia Congenital arteriovenous shunt Congenital articular rigidity Congenital benign spinal ... neuropathy Cervical hypertrichosis peripheral neuropathy Cervical ribs sprengel anomaly polydactyly Cervical spinal stenosis ...
The procedure is performed under local anaesthesia, usually by way of a spinal block. It is typically performed on an ... These include:[citation needed] risks associated with regional or general anesthesia premature labor premature rupture of ...
Common self-hypnotic techniques include: Glove anesthesia: Pretending the hand is numb and placing it upon a painful region to ... and spinal metastases), who went into full remission, using his "program of intensive meditation" (essentially a very deep self ... Ketterhagen, D.; VandeVusse, L.; Berner, M. A. (2002). "Self-hypnosis: Alternative anesthesia for childbirth". MCN: The ...
Spinal α2 and α3 containing GABAA receptors are responsible for the anti-hyperalgesic action of intrathecal diazepam. This was ... Hans Selye demonstrated in the 1940 that certain pregnane steroids could cause both anesthesia and sedation but 40 years later ... Additionally, studies in α5 mice showed that the spinal α5-containing GABAA receptor has a minor role in inflammatory pain. An ... GABAA receptors in the periaqueductal gray are pro-nociceptive at supraspinal sites while GABAA that are found in the spinal ...
Otherwise, spinal anaesthesia may be used. Once the decision to perform an appendectomy has been made, the preparation ... During an open appendectomy, the person with suspected appendicitis is placed under general anesthesia to keep the muscles ... Laparoscopic surgery requires general anesthesia, and it can last up to two hours. Laparoscopic appendectomy has several ... so his or her vital signs can be closely monitored to detect anesthesia- or surgery-related complications. Pain medication may ...
The procedure is done under spinal anesthesia, a resectoscope is inserted inside the penis and the extra prostatic tissue is ... Prostate cancer in the spine can compress the spinal cord, causing tingling, leg weakness, and urinary and fecal incontinence. ...
They have connections with the spinal cord and ultimately the brain, however. Most commonly autonomic neuropathy is seen in ... anesthesia, paralysis, wasting, and disappearance of the reflexes. Causes of neuritis include: Physical injury Infection ... Autonomic nerve fibers form large collections in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis outside the spinal cord. ... meaning nerves beyond the brain and spinal cord. Damage to peripheral nerves may impair sensation, movement, gland, or organ ...
While an eruption can occur at any time, two of the most common triggers are anesthesia and direct tumor manipulation, making ... and to limit spinal cord compression. A multidisciplinary team from the Mayo Clinic retrospectively reviewed all of their ... but it will assist the surgical and anesthesia teams if there is hemodynamic instability during the operation. An elevated ... Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 31 (4): 1427-1439. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2017.02.023. PMID 28392094. Aronow WS ...
... an effective alternative to other regional anesthetic techniques such as peripheral nerve blocks and spinal-epidural anesthesia ... Anesthesia and Analgesia. 105 (6): 1787-1792, table of contents. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000290339.76513.e3. ISSN 1526-7598. PMID ...
... that area is sometimes targeted with the administration of regional anesthesia by an anesthesia provider. The nerve block, ... They are innervated by the third to the eight cervical spinal nerves (C3-C8). The anterior and middle scalene muscles lift the ... the symptoms of which may mimic a spinal disc herniation of the cervical vertebrae. Since the nerves of the brachial plexus ...
Patient with antibodies for whom cross-matched blood is unavailable Pediatric spines Craniotomy Prostatectomy Spinal fusion Hip ... American Association of Blood Banks American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & ... Anesthesia (Cer.A.T., or Cer.A.T.T.) Medical Technology (MLT, or MT) Nursing (LPN or RN) Perfusion (CCP) Respiratory Therapy ( ...
Additionally, Strauss has published on peripheral and central line catheters, anesthesia and surgical devices, safety injection ... devices, sharps disposal units, spinal and epidural catheters and vaccination devices. Intended as a retreat for health care ...
Brachial plexus Schema of brachial plexus with course of spinal nerves shown. Anatomy photo:05:st-0506 at the SUNY Downstate ... experienced in regional anesthesia. It is safe and relies on ultrasound imaging to localize the pectoralis major and minor ...
Spinal cord injuries or nervous system disorders are additional causes of overflow incontinence. In men, benign prostatic ... Epidural anesthesia and delivery also can cause the overflow incontinence.[citation needed] Overflow incontinence occurs when ...
These A-delta and C fibers enter the spinal cord via Lissauer's tract and connect with spinal cord nerve fibers in the central ... Horlocker TT, Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO, Carr DL (2008). Cousins and Bridenbaugh's Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and ... Other spinal cord fibers, known as wide dynamic range neurons, respond to A-delta and C fibers, but also to the much larger, ... Spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals, and others that carry both A-delta and C fiber pain ...
... a new class of drugs for spinal anesthesia". Anesthesiology. 97 (1): 177-82. doi:10.1097/00000542-200207000-00025. PMID ... Anesthesia and Analgesia. 105 (4): 1152-9, table of contents. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000281435.58012.e3. PMID 17898404. S2CID ...
This dated method is an invasive medical procedure which requires "the use of anesthesia for removing products of conception ... where the brain and spinal cord connect. In January 2017, a 22-year-old woman sought permission from the Supreme Court to abort ...
Depending on the approach chosen, the patient will need to undergo local, general, or spinal (regional) anesthesia. The ... Anesthesia for the tubal ligation will be the same as that being used for the Cesarean section itself, usually regional or ... If the patient chooses an interval tubal ligation, the procedure will typically be performed under general anesthesia in a ... Since most forms of tubal ligation require abdominal surgery under regional or general anesthesia, tubal ligation is also ...
History of neuraxial anesthesia History of neuroscience History of neuropsychology History of psychology History of psychiatry ... Three years later, Victor Horsley (1857-1916) was the first physician to remove a spinal tumour. On 16 March 1907 Austrian ... led to the view that the ventral horns of the spinal cord were motor and the dorsal horns sensory. Only when cells were ... the vascular supply to the brain and spinal cord, and an image of the peripheral nerves. Vesalius, unlike many of his ...
... has a range of medical applications including sedation, anesthesia, post-operative analgesic pain management, ... into the membranes surrounding the spinal cord). Until the 1980s, patients receiving infusion therapy often had to remain in an ...
Anesthesia and Analgesia. 87 (5): 1117-20. doi:10.1213/00000539-199811000-00025. PMID 9806692. Rezvani A, Stokes KB, Rhoads DL ... as a result of dopamine and endogenous opioids being suddenly released throughout numerous structures of the brain and spinal ...
Conversely, α2-adrenoceptor antagonists block the pain-reducing effects of N 2O when given directly to the spinal cord, but not ... Emmanouil DE, Quock RM (2007). "Advances in Understanding the Actions of Nitrous Oxide". Anesthesia Progress. 54 (1): 9-18. doi ... ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6. Keys, T.E. (1941). "The Development of Anesthesia". Anesthesiology. 2 (5): 552-574. Bibcode:1982AmSci.. ... 1993). "Neurologic Degeneration Associated with Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia in Patients with Vitamin B12 Deficiency". Archives of ...
... to implement the use of spinal anesthesia, which he improvised by crushing cocaine crystals in spinal fluid and re-injecting ... He also pioneered the use of spinal anesthesia and sterile techniques in treating gunshot wounds and is regarded as the first ... He found the bullet "entering the body just to the left of the spinal column in the region of the left kidney emerging on the ... It also injured the spinal column. It passed through the left kidney and also through the loin." Berry recovered from his wound ...
... by a Foley catheter and the obstetrician may attempt to manipulate the uterus if necessary using general or spinal anesthesia. ...
The neural pathways that descend from the brain to the spinal cord are not well developed in the newborn, resulting in the ... Pediatric Anesthesia. 10 (3): 303-318. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2000.00530.x. PMID 10792748. S2CID 22440254. Taddio A, Shah V, ... or into the epidural space surrounding the spinal cord. It is used for pain relief after surgery, but requires special ... potentiated by reducing the segmental spinal cord controls." Dr Daniel Annequin, 1999 in french : L'immaturité du système ...
The advantages of nerve blocks over general anesthesia include faster recovery, monitored anesthesia care vs. intubation with ... This block is useful because it has less risk than the interscalene (spinal cord or vertebral artery puncture) or ... Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 35: 524-529. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.08.041. ISSN 0952-8180. "About Regional Anesthesia / ... "Regional anesthesia for surgery". ASRA. Retrieved 4 August 2017. Sabanathan, S.; Mearns, A. J.; Smith, P. J. Bickford; Eng, J ...
Birth defects, such as spinal curvature, a small jawbone, or a small head sometimes occur along with CP. Symptoms may appear or ... Gynecological examinations may have to be performed under anesthesia due to spasticity, and equipment is often not accessible. ... Rutz, Erich; Brunner, Reinald (November 2013). "Management of spinal deformity in cerebral palsy: conservative treatment". ...
Spinal and epidural anesthesia are procedures that deliver medicines that numb parts of your body to block pain. They are given ... Macfarlane AJR, Hewson DW, Brull R. Spinal, epidural, and caudal anesthesia. In: Pardo MC, ed. Millers Basics of Anesthesia. ... Spinal and epidural anesthesia are procedures that deliver medicines that numb parts of your body to block pain. They are given ... Spinal and epidural anesthesia work well for certain procedures and do not require placing a breathing tube into the windpipe ( ...
... and spinal anesthesia, and can occur inadvertently during epidural anesthesia. Cases of meningitis have been reported after all ... She received spinal anesthesia from anesthesiologist B and delivered a healthy baby. Approximately 15 hours after receiving the ... She received combined spinal-epidural anesthesia from anesthesiologist A, and delivered a healthy baby. Approximately 22 hours ... Two small clusters of bacterial meningitis caused by S. salivarius after spinal anesthesia occurred during 2008--2009, despite ...
... secondary to upward extension of spinal anesthesia. Hypotension is commonly encountered during the conduct of spinal anesthesia ... STERILE HYPERBARIC SOLUTION FOR SPINAL ANESTHESIA Bupivacaine Hydrochloride in 8.25% Dextrose Injection, USP SPINAL 0.75% ... FOR SPINAL ANESTHESIA Rx only DESCRIPTION:. Bupivacaine hydrochloride is 2-Piperidinecarboxamide, 1-butyl- N-(2,6- ... Spinal anesthesia has also been reported to prolong the second stage of labor by removing the parturients reflex urge to bear ...
Data on the issue of the safety of neuraxial anesthesia with thrombocytopenia in HELLP syndrome is limited. A lower limit of ... Uneventful Spinal Anesthesia in a Patient with Precipitous Drop of Platelet Secondary to HELLP Syndrome: A Case Report and ... J. Liu, C. Li and H. Wang, "Uneventful Spinal Anesthesia in a Patient with Precipitous Drop of Platelet Secondary to HELLP ... We present a case of uneventful spinal anesthesia for urgent Cesarean section in a patient with severe pre-eclamsia, HELLP ...
... finding that spinal anesthesia is independently associated with a lower incidence of POUR compared to general anesthesia, even ... We collect and analyze one of the largest available cohorts of patients undergoing simple and complex surgeries under spinal ... compared with the spinal anesthesia group (4.3 %), p = 0.005. At baseline, the spinal anesthesia cohort had an older average ... Spinal anesthesia has become an attractive alternative to general anesthesia in elective lumbar surgery, with the potential of ...
General and regional anesthesia for elective surgery during use of long-term MAO-inhibitors remains a matter of debate because ... After local anesthesia of the puncture site with 30 mg isobar prilocaine, spinal anesthesia was achieved by a single shot of ... Antidepressant treatment with MAO-inhibitors during general and regional anesthesia: a review and case report of spinal ... Antidepressant treatment with MAO-inhibitors during general and regional anesthesia: a review and case report of spinal ...
... specializing in spinal and local anaesthesia for a comfortable and safe experience ... Spinal anesthesia: Also known as spinal block, is a type of regional anesthesia that numbs the lower part of the body by ... The effects of spinal anesthesia are usually quicker and more intense than epidural anesthesia and generally last for a shorter ... Spinal anesthesia is commonly used for procedures such as cesarean section (C-section), lower abdominal surgery, or orthopedic ...
Fractional spinal anesthesia and systemic hemodynamics in frail elderly hip fracture patie ... Fractional spinal anesthesia and systemic hemodynamics in frail elderly hip fracture patients. ... Fractional spinal anaesthesia administered prior to surgery induced a minor to moderate fall in MAP, mainly caused by a ... Patients received a spinal catheter and cardiac output monitoring using the LiDCOplus system. All measurements were performed ...
... supplier of disposable sterilized spinal anesthesia surgical kits made of medical non-woven fabrics for hospitals in Coimbatore ... What is Spinal anesthesia?. Spinal anesthesia is a form of neuraxial regional anesthesia involving the injection of a local ... Spinal Anesthesia Medical Kit Manufacturers and Suppliers. MEDIYOGS provides a wide range of Spinal Anaesthesia kits that ... Spinal Needle - BD or B Braun. 26 X 3.5 Inch. 1 no. ... Spinal anesthesia kit contains Luer lock syringe in 3ml,5ml, ...
Neurosurgical Anesthesia; Obstetric Anesthesia; Pain Mechanisms; Pain Medicine; Pediatric Anesthesia; Regional Anesthesia; ... Ambulatory Anesthesia; Anesthetic Pharmacology; Cardiovascular Anesthesia; Critical Care and Trauma; Economics, Education, and ... Backed by internationally-known authorities who serve on the Editorial Board and as Section Editors, Anesthesia &Analgesia is ... No other journal can match Anesthesia & Analgesia for its original and significant contributions to the anesthesiology field. ...
... studies have demonstrated that both spinal and epidural anesthesia tend to hav... ... The intraoperative use of regional anesthesia has many advantages, including the following: Reduces blood loss: In total hip ... regional anesthesia techniques are used extensively to allow the performance of orthopedic procedures. ... Regional anesthesia can be broadly divided into several categories:. * Neuraxial anesthesia, including intrathecal (aka "spinal ...
Anesthesia Experts , 3102 Erika Ave , Sedalia,MO 65301 , (660) 596-2224. © Copyright 2023 Anesthesia Experts. All Rights ... "Our anesthesia department was a thorn in my side that kept me awake at night. Anesthesia Experts swept in and brought order to ... "Anesthesia Experts has provided consistent anesthesia providers who display a high degree of integrity, responsibility and ... "Even though they are physically located 1000 miles away Anesthesia Experts just does not provide great anesthesia coverage they ...
Bladder function after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: an urodynamic evaluation. In: European Review for Medical and ... Bladder function after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: an urodynamic evaluation. Bruno Antonio Zanfini, Giancarlo ... Bladder function after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: an urodynamic evaluation. European Review for Medical and ... Bladder function after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: an urodynamic evaluation. / Zanfini, Bruno Antonio; Paradisi, ...
Or, you will be awake and given spinal anesthesia. You may also receive medicine to make you sleepy. ... You will need a ride home and will need to have someone with you for the first night if you have general anesthesia. ... You may receive general anesthesia. You will be asleep and unable to feel pain. ...
... associated with continuous spinal anesthesia, 200 male patients (mean age 65 years) were randomly assigned to receive spinal ... Conclusions. The incidence of PDPH associated with continuous spinal anesthesia is acceptable in appropriate clinical ... Postdural Puncture Headache after Continuous Spinal Anesthesia with 18-Gauge and 20-Gauge Needles ... Postdural Puncture Headache after Continuous Spinal Anesthesia with 18-Gauge and 20-Gauge Needles ...
began a 5-year collaboration in Ghana to improve obstetric anesthesia s … ... Anesthesia providers in low-income countries may infrequently provide regional anesthesia techniques for obstetrics due to ... A program was designed to teach spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery and spinal labor analgesia at Ridge Regional Hospital, ... of cesarean deliveries were conducted with spinal anesthesia, despite a doubling of the number performed. A trial of spinal ...
Procedure: continuous anesthesia of adductor canal Procedure: continuous anesthesia of femoral nerve Procedure: Spinal ... Procedure: Spinal anesthesia Before the beginning of surgery all patients will be anesthetised with 0.5 % hyperbaric ... Procedure: Spinal anesthesia Before the beginning of surgery all patients will be anesthetised with 0.5 % hyperbaric ... All patients will be anesthetized with spinal anesthesia. Continuous infusion of ropivacaine with a catheter implemented to the ...
Monitoring of Immobility to Noxious Stimulation during Sevoflurane Anesthesia Using the Spinal H-reflex Benno Rehberg, M.D.; ... De Jong RH, Hershey WN, Wagman IH: Measurement of a spinal reflex response (H-reflex) during general anesthesia in man: ... De Jong RH, Hershey WN, Wagman IH: Measurement of a spinal reflex response (H-reflex) during general anesthesia in man: ... Zhou HH, Mehta M, Leis AA: Spinal cord motoneuron excitability during isoflurane and nitrous oxide anesthesia. A nesthesiology ...
Anesthesia. *Cardiac surgery (heart and major blood vessels). *Neurosurgery (brain, spinal column, and nerves) ... Spinal cord injuries and disorders If you have a spinal cord injury or disorder, our specialists provide coordinated care ... VA has the nations largest system of care for spinal cord injuries and disorders. We provide a convenient, connected network ... Our experienced primary care providers are trained to check for problems unique to spinal cord injuries. ...
The recovery of spinal anesthesia is assessed through a scale defined in 1979 by Bromage and is based exclusively on the return ... Keywords : spinal anesthesia; autonomic nervous system; heart rate; recovery room post anesthetic; sympathic block; hypotension ... Fractality and chaotic behavior of heart rate variability as hypotension predictors after spinal anesthesia: Study protocol for ... submitted to orthopedic surgery of lower limbs and lower abdomen under spinal anesthesia. The Heart Rate Variability will be ...
Pediatric Anesthesia Procedures is designed to provide rapid access to information in order to solve a clinical problem as it ... Part III: Regional Anesthesia. 9. Caudal Epidural Anesthesia. Jared Hylton and Jorge Pineda. 10. Spinal Anesthesia. Alina Lazar ... Part III: Regional Anesthesia. 9. Caudal Epidural Anesthesia. Jared Hylton and Jorge Pineda. 10. Spinal Anesthesia. Alina Lazar ... Anesthesia for Tracheoesophageal Fistula. Ajay Dmello and Vidya Raman. 17. Anesthesia for Neonatal Myelomeningocele. Anna ...
Nociceptive specific activation of ERK in spinal neurons contributes to pain hypersensitivity. Nature Neuroscience. 1999;2:1114 ... Mass General Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 55 Fruit St.. Gray Bigelow Building. Suite 444. Boston, MA 02114 Phone: 617-726-3030 ... Anesthesia and Analgesia. In press.. *Prabhakar S, Taherian M, Gianni D, Conlon TJ, Fulci J, Brockmann J, Stemmer-Rachamimov A ... He is an Associate Professor in Anesthesia at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Brenner runs an NIH-funded lab focused on developing ...
United States Anesthesia Drugs Market: https://bit.ly/3MtWoTv. About the Company: ... spinal fusion remains the gold standard for treating spinal instability, deformity, and degenerative illness. Spinal fusion, ... For example, spinal fusion was once reserved for scoliosis and spinal tuberculosis, but it is now used to treat 14 other ... The segment is being driven even further by the rising incidence of spinal problems such as spinal stenosis, severe kyphosis, ...
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an important pathology leading to possibly fatal consequences. The most common repercussions are ... Journal of Anesthesia. 2015;. 29. (5):741-748. *141. Cheng I, Park DY, Mayle RE, Githens M, Smith RL, Park HY, et al. Does ... Spinal cord injury (SCI) can be defined as damage to the spinal cord (SC). It causes anatomical and physiological changes that ... High-dose methylprednisolone may cause myopathy in acute spinal cord injury patients. Spinal Cord. 2005;. 43. (4):199-203. ...
Satisfaction with anesthesia care.. Compared with patients who had general anesthesia, more patients who had spinal anesthesia ... Spinal anesthesia. Doctors inject medicine in the spinal fluid to numb the lower body and block pain. Patients usually also get ... To compare the effects of spinal anesthesia versus general anesthesia on the ability to walk after surgery and other ... This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of spinal anesthesia versus general anesthesia on new inability to walk ...
The surgery is usually done under general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia. The patients vitals and urine output are monitored ...
Spinal anesthesia. This is also called regional anesthesia. The pain medicine is injected into a space in your spine. You will ... Three different types of pain relief (anesthesia) may be used for knee arthroscopy surgery:. *Local anesthesia. Your knee may ... This type of anesthesia will block out pain so that you need less general anesthesia. ... General anesthesia. You will be asleep and pain-free.. *Regional nerve block (femoral or adductor canal block). This is another ...
Spinal anesthesia. Volume or concentration--what matters?. Van Zundert AA; Grouls RJ; Korsten HH; Lambert DH. Reg Anesth; 1996 ... 3. Local anesthesia using buffered 0.5% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine for tumors of the digits treated with Mohs ... 4. Pharmacokinetics of high-dose diluted lidocaine in local anesthesia for facelift procedures.. Ramon Y; Barak Y; Ullmann Y; ... Efficacy of tumescent local anesthesia with variable lidocaine concentration in 3430 consecutive cases of liposuction.. Habbema ...
Incidental Finding of Froin Syndrome during Spinal Anesthesia in a 72-Year-Old Patient )and has been a recipient of many award ... Step Aerobics Steroids and Fitness Substance-Related Disorders The Pre-Operative Phase Toe Amputation Types of Anesthesia ... Treatment Alcohol Rehabilitation Alternative Cancer Medicines Amphetamine Addiction Amphetamine-Related Disorders Anesthesia ... Oncology Palliative Psychology Palliative Sedation Palliative Surgery Palliative Treatment Pathophysiology Pediatric Anesthesia ...
  • The effects of spinal anesthesia are usually quicker and more intense than epidural anesthesia and generally last for a shorter period of time. (artemishospitals.com)
  • BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the effects of spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine plus sufentanil on bladder function in women undergoing cesarean section. (unicatt.it)
  • This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of spinal anesthesia versus general anesthesia on new inability to walk 10 feet or death among older adults 60 days after hip fracture surgery. (pcori.org)
  • The duration of anesthesia is significantly longer with Bupivacaine Hydrochloride in Dextrose Injection, USP than with any other commonly used local anesthetic. (nih.gov)
  • Also known as spinal block, is a type of regional anesthesia that numbs the lower part of the body by injecting a local anesthetic into the spinal fluid. (artemishospitals.com)
  • Spinal anesthesia is a form of neuraxial regional anesthesia involving the injection of a local anesthetic. (mediyogs.com)
  • Regional anesthesia refers to the focused delivery of anesthetic agent(s) to a given part of the body. (medscape.com)
  • Regional anesthesia is used extensively for various purposes, including as a primary anesthetic technique for surgery, as an analgesic modality to manage pain in the perioperative period, and as an analgesic modality for various other forms of acute and/or chronic pain. (medscape.com)
  • Regional anesthesia can reduce operative anesthetic requirements and in some cases allow avoidance of general anesthesia altogether. (medscape.com)
  • Intrathecal (IT), often referred to as "spinal," anesthesia refers to the delivery of anesthetic agents to the subarachnoid layer of the spinal column into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the spinal cord. (medscape.com)
  • The incidence of PDPH associated with continuous spinal anesthesia is acceptable in appropriate clinical circumstances, but large initial doses of local anesthetic should not be administered. (bmj.com)
  • Conduction anesthesia is a comprehensive term which encompasses a great variety of local and regional anesthetic techniques. (kids.net.au)
  • To achieve conduction anesthesia a local anesthetic is injected or applied to a body surface. (kids.net.au)
  • Anesthesia persists as long as there is a sufficient concentration of local anesthetic at the nerve or nerves to be blocked. (kids.net.au)
  • surface anesthesia - a local anesthetic spray, solution or cream is applied to the skin or a mucous membrane. (kids.net.au)
  • infiltration anesthesia - a local anesthetic is injected into the tissue to be anesthetized. (kids.net.au)
  • spinal anesthesia - a local anesthetic is injected into the cerebrospinal fluid , usually at the lumbar spine (in the lower back), where it acts on spinal nerve roots and part of the spinal cord . (kids.net.au)
  • intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier block) - blood circulation of a limb is interrupted using a tourniquet (a device similar to a blood pressure cuff), then a large volume of local anesthetic is injected into a peripheral vein. (kids.net.au)
  • All the women received epidural anesthesia - an anesthetic injected into the spinal column to reduce labor pain. (nih.gov)
  • The Regional Anesthesia Service has flourished under the leadership of pioneers in the field who developed regional anesthetic techniques and agents. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • S. Choi and R. Brull, "Neuraxial Techniques in Obstetric and Non-Obstetric Patients with Common Bleeding Diatheses," Anesthesia and Analgesia, Vol. 109, No. 2, 2009, pp. 648-660. (scirp.org)
  • A series of case reports and new comparative studies reveal the safety of anesthesia/analgesia in non-cardiac surgery without discontinuation of the MAO-inhibitor if best effort is made for maintenance of sympathetic homeostasis and if known drug interactions are avoided. (nih.gov)
  • Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in Anesthesia & Analgesia. (lww.com)
  • Anesthesia & Analgesia. (lww.com)
  • The advantages of IT opioids for analgesia, especially if spinal anesthesia is already planned, include its simplicity, lack of need for catheter care or pumps, low cost, and easy supplementation with low-dose patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) opioids as needed. (medscape.com)
  • A program was designed to teach spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery and spinal labor analgesia at Ridge Regional Hospital, Accra, the second largest obstetric unit in Ghana. (nih.gov)
  • Although subsequent efforts to provide spinal analgesia in the labor ward were hampered by anesthesia provider shortages, spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery proved to be practical and sustainable. (nih.gov)
  • Spinal analgesia. (nih.gov)
  • PDPH is a known complication of unintentional dural puncture during epidural analgesia or intentional dural puncture for spinal anesthesia or for diagnostic or interventional neuraxial procedures. (medscape.com)
  • It is a type of anesthesia that numbs a specific part of the body to relieve pain during a medical procedure. (artemishospitals.com)
  • This type of anesthesia is used for procedures such as dental work, minor skin procedures, and some types of surgeries. (artemishospitals.com)
  • This type of anesthesia will block out pain so that you need less general anesthesia. (mountsinai.org)
  • A needle is inserted into the spinal canal low in the back and cerebrospinal fluid is collected. (nih.gov)
  • J. Liu, C. Li and H. Wang, "Uneventful Spinal Anesthesia in a Patient with Precipitous Drop of Platelet Secondary to HELLP Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of Literatures," Open Journal of Anesthesiology , Vol. 2 No. 4, 2012, pp. 138-141. (scirp.org)
  • Cihangir Biçer - Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Kayseri, Turkey Erciyes Univercity Medical Faculty, Cihangir Biçer is extending valuable service as a Research Scholar in (Incidental Finding of Froin Syndrome during Spinal Anesthesia in a 72-Year-Old Patient )and has been a recipient of many award and grants. (omicsonline.org)
  • Comparing Two Types of Anesthesia for Hi. (pcori.org)
  • Future research could compare types of anesthesia for patients who are less likely to enroll in studies, like those with dementia. (pcori.org)
  • The use of perioperative regional anesthesia has many possible advantages. (medscape.com)
  • To assess cardiac autonomic modulation during perioperative hypotension caused by subarachnoid anesthesia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pediatric Anesthesia Procedures is designed to provide rapid access to information in order to solve a clinical problem as it is occurring. (oup.com)
  • The chapters within cover a wide variety of basic and advanced pediatric anesthesia procedures and provide generously illustrated step-by-step guidelines for performing them. (oup.com)
  • Data on the issue of the safety of neuraxial anesthesia with thrombocytopenia in HELLP syndrome is limited. (scirp.org)
  • A lower limit of 100,000 per microliter for platelet count was suggested as "safe" for performing neuraxial anesthesia, however there is no supporting data. (scirp.org)
  • Surface and infiltration anesthesia are collectively termed topical anesthesia . (kids.net.au)
  • After subarachnoid anesthesia, but before the beginning of surgery, a catheter will be implemented to the adductor canal and infusion of 5 mL/h of 0.2 % ropivacaine will be started. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Some studies address the value of HRV as a predictor of hypotension following subarachnoid anesthesia, mainly using linear methods in the frequency domain. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is understood to be important to analyze these factors using methods already validated in the domain of chaos, complexity and fractality, more compatible with the complexity of the behavior of biological systems, in the characterization of the autonomic function during the subarachnoid anesthesia. (bvsalud.org)
  • We present a case of uneventful spinal anesthesia for urgent Cesarean section in a patient with severe pre-eclamsia, HELLP syndrome and precipitous platelet drop from 230,000 to 42,000 per microliter. (scirp.org)
  • Spinal anesthesia is commonly used for procedures such as cesarean section (C-section), lower abdominal surgery, or orthopedic procedures on the lower extremities. (artemishospitals.com)
  • SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty caucasian healthy pregnants scheduled for elective Cesarean section under spinal anesthesia performed with hyperbaric bupivacaine plus sufentanil were enrolled. (unicatt.it)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine plus sufentanil causes a clinically significant disturbance on bladder function in women undergoing cesarean section. (unicatt.it)
  • Bupivacaine Hydrochloride in Dextrose Injection, USP is available in sterile hyperbaric solution for subarachnoid injection (spinal block). (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, when epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine is considered, incremental dosing is necessary. (nih.gov)
  • The onset of action with Bupivacaine Hydrochloride in Dextrose Injection, USP is rapid and anesthesia is long lasting. (nih.gov)
  • Pencil-point spinal needle and bupivacaine (Marcaine Heavy Spinal 0.5 %) will be used. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and lumbar reoperation for the treatment of failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), and examine their associated complications and health care costs. (anesthesiaexperts.com)
  • The spinal H-reflex has been shown to correlate with surgical immobility, i.e., the absence of motor responses to noxious stimulation, during isoflurane anesthesia. (silverchair.com)
  • He also provides radiofrequency ablation, spinal cord stimulation, and spinal injections. (spine-health.com)
  • Spinal anesthesia has become an attractive alternative to general anesthesia in elective lumbar surgery, with the potential of having a differential impact on POUR. (nih.gov)
  • General and regional anesthesia for elective surgery during use of long-term MAO-inhibitors remains a matter of debate because of an increased risk of drug interactions and decreased sympathetic stability. (nih.gov)
  • Spinal fusion, also known as spinal arthrodesis, is a surgical operation that involves joining two or more vertebral bodies in the spine. (medgadget.com)
  • The research team assigned patients by chance to receive spinal or general anesthesia. (pcori.org)
  • In June 2007, the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) recommended for the first time that surgical masks be worn by spinal procedure operators to prevent infections associated with these procedures ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Unlike general anesthesia, which affects the entire body and puts the patient to sleep, local anesthesia only numbs the specific area being treated, allowing the patient to remain awake during the procedure. (artemishospitals.com)
  • The goal of general anesthesia is to achieve complete muscle relaxation and loss of consciousness, allowing the patient to undergo a procedure without discomfort or distress. (artemishospitals.com)
  • The anesthesiologist will closely monitor the patient's vital signs and adjust the level of anesthesia as needed throughout the procedure to ensure the patient's safety and comfort. (artemishospitals.com)
  • After the procedure, the patient will gradually awaken from the general anesthesia, and the effects will typically wear off within a few hours. (artemishospitals.com)
  • You want fewer systemic medicines and less "hangover" than you would have from general anesthesia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination, and conduction velocity of affected nerve fibers. (nih.gov)
  • 422 spinal anesthesia procedures were prospectively collected between 2017 and 2021 and compared to 416 general anesthesia procedures retrospectively collected between 2014 and 2017, at a single academic center by the same senior neurosurgeon. (nih.gov)
  • General anesthesia is usually administered through an intravenous (IV) line or by inhaling a mixture of gases through a mask or an endotracheal tube. (artemishospitals.com)
  • The administration of general anesthesia is typically managed by an anesthesiologist, who is a medical doctor with specialized training in anesthesia. (artemishospitals.com)
  • This can be beneficial to a variety of patient populations, including those at risk for cognitive dysfunction after general anesthesia. (medscape.com)
  • IT opioids can be administered as an adjunct to general anesthesia (e.g., for scoliosis surgery) or combined with local anesthetics and administered during spinal anesthesia (e.g., for total hip arthroplasty). (medscape.com)
  • You may receive general anesthesia. (nih.gov)
  • You will need a ride home and will need to have someone with you for the first night if you have general anesthesia. (nih.gov)
  • 1 Although the suppression of movement is also an important clinical endpoint of general anesthesia, it is a quantal response (all or none) and therefore not useful in the clinical determination of depth of anesthesia. (silverchair.com)
  • Compared with patients who had general anesthesia, more patients who had spinal anesthesia took prescription pain medicine two months after surgery. (pcori.org)
  • In some cases (e.g. caesarean section ) conduction anesthesia is thought to carry a lower risk and is therefore usually preferred over general anesthesia . (kids.net.au)
  • In other situations conduction and general anesthesia can be used alternatively or in combination. (kids.net.au)
  • The surgery is usually done under general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia. (medicinenet.com)
  • An injection along a nerve in order to numb a surgical site can avoid the need for general anesthesia. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Pencil point spinal needle will be used. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • and group 3, 100 patients (control group, single injection spinal anesthesia) with a 22-gauge Quincke point needle. (bmj.com)
  • To determine whether other cases of health-care--associated bacterial meningitis had occurred, the hospital conducted a 6-month retrospective review among postpartum patients who received combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. (cdc.gov)
  • Fractional spinal anesthesia and systemic hemodynamics in frail elderly hip fracture patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • Patients received a spinal catheter and cardiac output monitoring using the LiDCOplus system. (bvsalud.org)
  • METHODS The MarketScan data set was used to analyze patients with FBSS who underwent SCS or spinal reoperation between 2000 and 2009. (anesthesiaexperts.com)
  • All patients will be anesthetized with spinal anesthesia. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • The sample consisted of 60 ASA patients I to III, submitted to orthopedic surgery of lower limbs and lower abdomen under spinal anesthesia. (bvsalud.org)
  • The authors studied 12 female patients during sevoflurane anesthesia before surgery. (silverchair.com)
  • Anesthesia keeps patients from feeling pain during surgery. (pcori.org)
  • For both anesthesia types, 18 percent of patients had a new inability to walk or died. (pcori.org)
  • The number of patients who had a new inability to walk or died after surgery was lower than the research team expected, which may have limited the study's ability to detect differences between anesthesia types. (pcori.org)
  • Older patients and their doctors can use the results when considering anesthesia types for hip fracture surgery. (pcori.org)
  • The regional anesthesia program was developed in response to the challenges of caring for a huge number of orthopedic patients with extremely complex medical conditions. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • The medicine acts on the nerve fibers in the spinal cord to provide pain relief to the lower extremities, abdomen, or pelvic region. (artemishospitals.com)
  • The resulting anesthesia usually extends from the legs to the abdomen or chest. (kids.net.au)
  • It has also encouraged development of innovative applications of regional anesthesia, such as thoracic epidural anesthesia for breast surgery and spinal anesthesia for back surgery. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • This article will focus on the use of regional anesthesia as a postoperative analgesic technique for orthopedic surgery. (medscape.com)
  • When a catheter is used for continuous infusion or repeated injection, conduction anesthesia can be extended for days or weeks. (kids.net.au)
  • Anesthesia providers in low-income countries may infrequently provide regional anesthesia techniques for obstetrics due to insufficient training and supplies, limited manpower, and a lack of perceived need. (nih.gov)
  • Epidural anesthesia is routinely used in obstetrics to alleviate labor pain. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • J. van Veen, T. J. Nokes and M. Makris, "The Risk of Spinal Haematoma Following Neuraxial Anaes-Thesia or Lumbar Puncture in Thrombocytopenic Individuals," British Journal of Haematology, Vol. 148, No. 1, 2010, pp. 15-25. (scirp.org)
  • The segment is being driven even further by the rising incidence of spinal problems such as spinal stenosis, severe kyphosis, and vertebral fracture. (medgadget.com)
  • Regional Anesthesia in the Patient Receiving Antithrombotic or Thrombolytic Therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines," Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2010, pp. 64-101. (scirp.org)
  • A type of regional anesthesia that numbs the lower part of the body, such as the pelvic region or lower extremities. (artemishospitals.com)
  • [ 2 , 3 ] In addition, in certain operations, such as total hip arthroplasty (THA), the use of regional anesthesia may be associated with certain positive trends such as reduced blood loss and reduced rates of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). (medscape.com)
  • Regional anesthesia is aimed at anesthetizing a larger part of the body such as a leg or arm. (kids.net.au)
  • This is also called regional anesthesia. (mountsinai.org)
  • This is another type of regional anesthesia. (mountsinai.org)
  • The guidelines were developed by the American Society for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine in collaboration with five other national and international professional societies. (medscape.com)
  • Outlined below are the three types of activities and interventions: comfort measures, medication, and regional anesthesia. (sutterhealth.org)
  • Born of a tradition boasting world-class expertise in orthopedics and rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital is a world leader in the field of regional anesthesia. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • The strong tradition of excellence in regional anesthesia has led to widespread use of these techniques by all services. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Our Department offers a variety of regional anesthesia options for appropriate cases. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • in this article however, conduction anesthesia is used, according to the definition given above. (kids.net.au)
  • Many surgical procedures can be done under conduction anesthesia. (kids.net.au)
  • Conduction anesthesia is also used for purposes of pain therapy and diagnostic procedures. (kids.net.au)
  • We examined the systemic haemodynamics of fractional spinal anaesthesia following intermittent microdosing of a local anaesthetic and an opioid . (bvsalud.org)
  • Fractional spinal anaesthesia administered prior to surgery induced a minor to moderate fall in MAP, mainly caused by a reduction in cardiac output , induced by systemic venodilation, causing a fall in venous return. (bvsalud.org)
  • MEDIYOGS provides a wide range of Spinal Anaesthesia kits that include all of the components required to perform these procedures. (mediyogs.com)
  • Epidural anesthesia is often used during labor and delivery, and surgery in the pelvis and legs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The two anesthesia types didn't differ in an outcome that combined the rate of a new inability to walk or death within two months of surgery. (pcori.org)
  • In addition, the market is expected to rise as the number of indications for spinal fusion surgery grows. (medgadget.com)
  • 2. A randomized, double-blind comparison of the total dose of 1.0% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine versus 0.5% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine required for effective local anesthesia during Mohs micrographic surgery for skin cancers. (nih.gov)
  • 3. Local anesthesia using buffered 0.5% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine for tumors of the digits treated with Mohs micrographic surgery. (nih.gov)
  • For example, spinal fusion was once reserved for scoliosis and spinal tuberculosis, but it is now used to treat 14 other disorders. (medgadget.com)
  • As Director of Surgical Services Departments there has been considerable changes have occurred in my department and Anesthesia Experts has always risen to meet our demands of our facility. (anesthesiaexperts.com)
  • Surgical procedures and implant-device (cage) technologies for spinal fusion have evolved dramatically over 40 years. (medgadget.com)
  • 4. Pharmacokinetics of high-dose diluted lidocaine in local anesthesia for facelift procedures. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Efficacy of tumescent local anesthesia with variable lidocaine concentration in 3430 consecutive cases of liposuction. (nih.gov)
  • Spinal and epidural anesthesia are procedures that deliver medicines that numb parts of your body to block pain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most people feel no pain during spinal and epidural anesthesia and recover fully. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Approximately 21 hours after initiation of anesthesia, patient B experienced headache, back and neck pain, and nausea. (cdc.gov)
  • These agents bind with opioid receptor sites in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, resulting in modulation of pain signals at the spinal cord level. (medscape.com)
  • Doctors inject medicine in the spinal fluid to numb the lower body and block pain. (pcori.org)
  • Local anesthesia is any technique to render part of the body insensitive to pain without affecting consciousness. (kids.net.au)
  • The growing geriatric population in North America and the increased incidence of sports injuries and fatal accidents are among the primary drivers driving demand for spinal fusion devices in the North American region. (medgadget.com)
  • Tell your provider about any allergies or health conditions you have, what medicines you are taking, and what anesthesia or sedation you have had before. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Or, you will be awake and given spinal anesthesia. (nih.gov)
  • A doctor who gives you epidural or spinal anesthesia is called an anesthesiologist. (medlineplus.gov)
  • She received combined spinal-epidural anesthesia from anesthesiologist A, and delivered a healthy baby. (cdc.gov)
  • A third case was identified in a woman aged 37 years (patient C) who received anesthesia from anesthesiologist A in July 2008. (cdc.gov)
  • Anesthesiologist A reported routine use of masks during spinal anesthesia procedures. (cdc.gov)
  • Spinal anesthesia is often used for genital, urinary tract, or lower body procedures. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The health care provider injects medicine just outside of the sac of fluid around your spinal cord. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The provider injects medicine into the fluid around your spinal cord. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Spinal and epidural anesthesia work well for certain procedures and do not require placing a breathing tube into the windpipe (trachea). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The findings underscore the need to follow established infection-control recommendations during spinal procedures, including the use of a mask and adherence to aseptic technique. (cdc.gov)
  • Staff members reported that the presence of unmasked visitors in the room during spinal anesthesia procedures was common. (cdc.gov)
  • Subsequently, the hospital reinforced policies and procedures to enhance hand hygiene and maintenance of sterile fields, and required the use of masks, gowns, and sterile gloves for staff members performing spinal anesthesia procedures. (cdc.gov)
  • Complication rates at 90 days were significantly lower for SCS than spinal reoperation (P less than 0.0001). (anesthesiaexperts.com)
  • The use of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery increased significantly from 6% in 2006 to 89% in 2009. (nih.gov)
  • Anesthesia relaxes the bladder muscles, making it hard to urinate. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Filling cystometry, proprioceptive bladder sensation during cystometry, rate of spontaneous voiding, post void residual volume, anocutaneous and bulbocavernosus reflex were analyzed at 4, 6 and 8 hours after spinal anesthesia. (unicatt.it)
  • In 2007, Kybele, Inc. began a 5-year collaboration in Ghana to improve obstetric anesthesia services. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, the hospital instituted new policies to minimize visitors and require masks for all persons in the room during spinal anesthesia. (cdc.gov)
  • Before AE took over the anesthesia department was described by the surgeons as the worst in the history of our hospital. (anesthesiaexperts.com)
  • The anesthesia department is now the very best hospital department in our entire facility. (anesthesiaexperts.com)
  • Local anesthesia , in a strict sense, is anesthesia of a small part of the body such as a tooth or an area of skin. (kids.net.au)
  • This will be done with local anesthesia and with the help of images. (nih.gov)