Anesthesia, General: Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.Anesthesia, Local: A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.Anesthesia, Epidural: Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.Anesthesia, Spinal: Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.Anesthesia, Inhalation: Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.Anesthesia, Conduction: Injection of an anesthetic into the nerves to inhibit nerve transmission in a specific part of the body.Anesthesia, Intravenous: Process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream.Anesthesia, Obstetrical: A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth.Anesthesia Recovery Period: The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.Anesthesia, Dental: A range of methods used to reduce pain and anxiety during dental procedures.Anesthetics, Inhalation: Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)Anesthetics, Intravenous: Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)Adjuvants, Anesthesia: Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage.Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.Methyl Ethers: A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3.Anesthesiology: A specialty concerned with the study of anesthetics and anesthesia.Anesthetics, Local: Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.Anesthetics, Combined: The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.Monitoring, Intraoperative: The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.Halothane: A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit: Inhalation anesthesia where the gases exhaled by the patient are rebreathed as some carbon dioxide is simultaneously removed and anesthetic gas and oxygen are added so that no anesthetic escapes into the room. Closed-circuit anesthesia is used especially with explosive anesthetics to prevent fires where electrical sparking from instruments is possible.Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)Anesthetics, General: Agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p.173)Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.Preanesthetic Medication: Drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic.Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.Ambulatory Surgical Procedures: Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.Nerve Block: Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.Anesthesia, Caudal: Epidural anesthesia administered via the sacral canal.Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)Anesthetics, Dissociative: Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.Intubation, Intratracheal: A procedure involving placement of a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to provide a patient with oxygen and anesthesia.Anesthesia Department, Hospital: Hospital department responsible for the administration of functions and activities pertaining to the delivery of anesthetics.Conscious Sedation: A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)Anesthesia, IntratrachealIntraoperative Complications: Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.Pain, Postoperative: Pain during the period after surgery.Intraoperative Period: The period during a surgical operation.Anesthesia and Analgesia: Medical methods of either relieving pain caused by a particular condition or removing the sensation of pain during a surgery or other medical procedure.Cesarean Section: Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.Electroencephalography: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment.Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.Hypnotics and Sedatives: Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.Surgical Procedures, Minor: Surgery restricted to the management of minor problems and injuries; surgical procedures of relatively slight extent and not in itself hazardous to life. (Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents: Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.EthersMidazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Hemodynamics: The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.Surgical Procedures, Operative: Operations carried out for the correction of deformities and defects, repair of injuries, and diagnosis and cure of certain diseases. (Taber, 18th ed.)Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.Double-Blind Method: A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.Heart Rate: The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.Analgesics, Opioid: Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.Consciousness Monitors: Devices used to assess the level of consciousness especially during anesthesia. They measure brain activity level based on the EEG.Laryngeal Masks: A type of oropharyngeal airway that provides an alternative to endotracheal intubation and standard mask anesthesia in certain patients. It is introduced into the hypopharynx to form a seal around the larynx thus permitting spontaneous or positive pressure ventilation without penetration of the larynx or esophagus. It is used in place of a facemask in routine anesthesia. The advantages over standard mask anesthesia are better airway control, minimal anesthetic gas leakage, a secure airway during patient transport to the recovery area, and minimal postoperative problems.Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: Drugs that interrupt transmission of nerve impulses at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. They can be of two types, competitive, stabilizing blockers (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS) or noncompetitive, depolarizing agents (NEUROMUSCULAR DEPOLARIZING AGENTS). Both prevent acetylcholine from triggering the muscle contraction and they are used as anesthesia adjuvants, as relaxants during electroshock, in convulsive states, etc.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Carticaine: A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.Intraoperative Awareness: Occurence of a patient becoming conscious during a procedure performed under GENERAL ANESTHESIA and subsequently having recall of these events. (From Anesthesiology 2006, 104(4): 847-64.)Blood Pressure: PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.Pain Measurement: Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.Neuromuscular Blockade: The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.Manuals as Topic: Books designed to give factual information or instructions.Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.Laryngoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the larynx performed with a specially designed endoscope.Androstanols: Androstanes and androstane derivatives which are substituted in any position with one or more hydroxyl groups.Hypotension, Controlled: Procedure in which arterial blood pressure is intentionally reduced in order to control blood loss during surgery. This procedure is performed either pharmacologically or by pre-surgical removal of blood.Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.Deep Sedation: Drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients cannot be easily aroused but respond purposely following repeated painful stimulation. The ability to independently maintain ventilatory function may be impaired. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)Operating Rooms: Facilities equipped for performing surgery.Analgesia: Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.Intraoperative Care: Patient care procedures performed during the operation that are ancillary to the actual surgery. It includes monitoring, fluid therapy, medication, transfusion, anesthesia, radiography, and laboratory tests.Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures: Surgery performed on the eye or any of its parts.Urethane: Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen.Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.Hypotension: Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.Shivering: Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals.Postoperative Period: The period following a surgical operation.Hernia, Inguinal: An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.Respiration: The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.Laryngismus: A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.Blood Gas Analysis: Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.Mandibular Nerve: A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.Oxygen: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Nurse Anesthetists: Professional nurses who have completed postgraduate training in the administration of anesthetics and who function under the responsibility of the operating surgeon.Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.Surgical Procedures, Elective: Surgery which could be postponed or not done at all without danger to the patient. Elective surgery includes procedures to correct non-life-threatening medical problems as well as to alleviate conditions causing psychological stress or other potential risk to patients, e.g., cosmetic or contraceptive surgery.Amides: Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Body Temperature: The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.Dexmedetomidine: A imidazole derivative that is an agonist of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. It is closely-related to MEDETOMIDINE, which is the racemic form of this compound.Cervical Plexus: A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four CERVICAL SPINAL CORD segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head. It also distributes motor fibers to muscles of the cervical SPINAL COLUMN, infrahyoid muscles, and the DIAPHRAGM.Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used as HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES, as ANESTHETICS, or as ANTICONVULSANTS.Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Tooth Extraction: The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include PREANESTHETIC MEDICATION.Awareness: The act of "taking account" of an object or state of affairs. It does not imply assessment of, nor attention to the qualities or nature of the object.Dermatologic Surgical Procedures: Operative procedures performed on the SKIN.Fiber Optic Technology: The technology of transmitting light over long distances through strands of glass or other transparent material.Ethyl EthersTiletamine: Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.Needles: Sharp instruments used for puncturing or suturing.Gynecologic Surgical Procedures: Surgery performed on the female genitalia.Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture: A 3:1 mixture of alfaxalone with alfadolone acetate that previously had been used as a general anesthetic. It is no longer actively marketed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1445)Monitoring, Physiologic: The continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine.Dental Care for Disabled: Dental care for the emotionally, mentally, or physically disabled patient. It does not include dental care for the chronically ill ( = DENTAL CARE FOR CHRONICALLY ILL).Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.Analgesia, Epidural: The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.Perioperative Care: Interventions to provide care prior to, during, and immediately after surgery.Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.Injections: Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.Pulmonary Atelectasis: Absence of air in the entire or part of a lung, such as an incompletely inflated neonate lung or a collapsed adult lung. Pulmonary atelectasis can be caused by airway obstruction, lung compression, fibrotic contraction, or other factors.Partial Pressure: The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Preoperative Care: Care given during the period prior to undergoing surgery when psychological and physical preparations are made according to the special needs of the individual patient. This period spans the time between admission to the hospital to the time the surgery begins. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)Chloral Hydrate: A hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of INSOMNIA.Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180)Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).Autonomic Nerve Block: Interruption of sympathetic pathways, by local injection of an anesthetic agent, at any of four levels: peripheral nerve block, sympathetic ganglion block, extradural block, and subarachnoid block.Dental Pulp Test: Investigations conducted on the physical health of teeth involving use of a tool that transmits hot or cold electric currents on a tooth's surface that can determine problems with that tooth based on reactions to the currents.Postoperative Care: The period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)Oral Surgical Procedures: Surgical procedures used to treat disease, injuries, and defects of the oral and maxillofacial region.Orthopedic Procedures: Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.Zolazepam: A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals.Cataract Extraction: The removal of a cataractous CRYSTALLINE LENS from the eye.Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.Respiration, Artificial: Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).Bronchial Spasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.Body Temperature Regulation: The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.Dental Care for Chronically Ill: Dental care for patients with chronic diseases. These diseases include chronic cardiovascular, endocrinologic, hematologic, immunologic, neoplastic, and renal diseases. The concept does not include dental care for the mentally or physically disabled which is DENTAL CARE FOR DISABLED.Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.Injections, Intravenous: Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.Evoked Potentials, Auditory: The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.Tourniquets: Devices for the compression of a blood vessel by application around an extremity to control the circulation and prevent the flow of blood to or from the distal area. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Pneumonia, Aspiration: A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.Pain: An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.Risk Management: The process of minimizing risk to an organization by developing systems to identify and analyze potential hazards to prevent accidents, injuries, and other adverse occurrences, and by attempting to handle events and incidents which do occur in such a manner that their effect and cost are minimized. Effective risk management has its greatest benefits in application to insurance in order to avert or minimize financial liability. (From Slee & Slee: Health care terms, 2d ed)Single-Blind Method: A method in which either the observer(s) or the subject(s) is kept ignorant of the group to which the subjects are assigned.Sensation: The process in which specialized SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS transduce peripheral stimuli (physical or chemical) into NERVE IMPULSES which are then transmitted to the various sensory centers in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.Skin Temperature: The TEMPERATURE at the outer surface of the body.Airway Management: Evaluation, planning, and use of a range of procedures and airway devices for the maintenance or restoration of a patient's ventilation.Infusions, Intravenous: The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.Propoxycaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)Cardiac Output: The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).Analgesics: Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.gamma-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of eight (8) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents: Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction by causing sustained depolarization of the motor end plate. These agents are primarily used as adjuvants in surgical anesthesia to cause skeletal muscle relaxation.Emergencies: Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.Recovery Room: Hospital unit providing continuous monitoring of the patient following anesthesia.Surgery, Oral: A dental specialty concerned with the diagnosis and surgical treatment of disease, injuries, and defects of the human oral and maxillofacial region.Unconsciousness: Loss of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment combined with markedly reduced responsiveness to environmental stimuli. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp344-5)Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.Analgesia, Patient-Controlled: Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).Antiemetics: Drugs used to prevent NAUSEA or VOMITING.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Muscle Relaxants, Central: A heterogeneous group of drugs used to produce muscle relaxation, excepting the neuromuscular blocking agents. They have their primary clinical and therapeutic uses in the treatment of muscle spasm and immobility associated with strains, sprains, and injuries of the back and, to a lesser degree, injuries to the neck. They have been used also for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions that have in common only the presence of skeletal muscle hyperactivity, for example, the muscle spasms that can occur in MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p358)Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T.Femoral Nerve: A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.Bradycardia: Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.Cerebrovascular Circulation: The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.
The dose-response of caudal ropivacaine in children. (1/65)
BACKGROUND: Ropivacaine, a new local anesthetic, is less cardiotoxic in adults and is less likely to cause motor blockade than is bupivacaine. The authors evaluated the clinical effectiveness and hemodynamic effects of ropivacaine compared with bupivacaine and the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine when given for caudal blocks in 56 children 4.1 +/- 1.2 yr old (mean +/- SD). METHODS: Patients scheduled for inguinal hernia repair were randomly given a caudal injection (0.75 ml/kg) of ropivacaine, 0.25% (R0.25 group); ropivacaine, 0.5% (R0.5 group); or bupivacaine, 0.25% (B0.25 group). Postoperative measurements included the duration of analgesia, which was our primary outcome variable, and hemodynamic and respiratory monitoring for 4 h in the recovery room. Thereafter, analgesic requirements for the following 24 h were assessed by an independent observer on the ward using an observational pain-discomfort scale, which gives a cumulative score from 5 to 15 to estimate the quality of analgesia by assessment of behavioral objective parameters. Plasma levels of ropivacaine were measured before the procedure was started and 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 45 min and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h after caudal block. RESULTS: A significantly longer (P < 0.0001) duration of analgesia (median [range]) was observed in the R0.5 group (1,440 [335-1,440] min), whereas the R0.25 group (208 [175-340] min) and the B0.25 group (220 [100-390] min) were comparable. All groups showed a significant decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate from baseline values, but differences between groups were not observed. CONCLUSION: Ropivacaine is well tolerated and provides effective analgesia when given for caudal blockade in small children for inguinal hernia repair. (+info)Confirmation of caudal needle placement using nerve stimulation. (2/65)
BACKGROUND: The study was designed to examine a new method of confirming proper caudal needle placement using nerve stimulation. METHODS: Thirty-two pediatric patients were studied. A 22-gauge insulated needle was inserted into the caudal canal via the sacral notch until a "pop" was felt. The needle placement was classified as correct or incorrect depending upon the presence or absence of anal sphincter contraction (S2-S4) to electrical simulation (1 to 10 mA). RESULTS: Three patients were excluded, two because they inadvertently received neuromuscular blockers and one because the patient's anatomy precluded any attempt at a caudal block. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were both 100% in predicting clinical outcomes of the caudal block. Six patients had a negative stimulation test after the first attempt to place the needle. Four of these went on to receive a second attempt of needle insertion after a subcutaneous bulge or resistance to local anesthetic injection were observed. Following needle reinsertion, positive stimulation tests were elicited. These patients received the local anesthetic injection with ease and had good analgesia postoperatively. No attempt was made to reinsert the needle in the remaining two patients with a negative stimulation test, as they did not show subcutaneous bulge or resistance upon injection. These patients had poor analgesia postoperatively. The positive predictive value of the test was greater than the presence of a "pop" alone (P < 0.05) but not significantly different (P = 0.492) over the presence of "pop" and easy injection. CONCLUSION: This test may be used as a teaching and adjuvant tool in performing caudal block. (+info)Caudal block in children: ropivacaine compared with bupivacaine. (3/65)
BACKGROUND: Bupivacaine provides reliable, long-lasting anesthesia and analgesia when given via the caudal route. Ropivacaine is a newer, long-acting local anesthetic that (at a concentration providing similar pain relief) has less motor nerve blockade and may have less cardiotoxicity than bupivacaine. METHODS: In a double-blind trial, 81 healthy children, undergoing ambulatory surgical procedures, were randomly allocated to receive caudal analgesia with either bupivacaine or ropivacaine, 0.25%, 1 mVkg. All blocks were placed by an attending anesthesiologist or an anesthesia fellow after induction of general anesthesia. RESULTS: Data were available for 75 children. There were no significant differences between the two groups in baseline characteristics or in anesthesia, surgery, recovery room, or day surgery unit durations. The quality and duration of postoperative pain relief did not differ. Motor and sensory effects were similar. Time to first micturition did not differ. CONCLUSION: Ropivacaine (0.25%, 1 ml/kg) provided adequate postoperative analgesia with no difference from bupivacaine (0.25%, 1 ml/kg) in quality and duration of pain relief, motor and sensory effects, or time to first micturition in our study children. (+info)S(+)-ketamine for caudal block in paediatric anaesthesia. (4/65)
We have evaluated the intra- and postoperative analgesic efficacy of preservative-free S(+)-ketamine compared with bupivacaine for caudal block in paediatric hernia repair. After induction of general anaesthesia, 49 children undergoing hernia repair were given a caudal injection (0.75 ml kg-1) of S(+)-ketamine 0.5 mg kg-1 (group K1), S(+)-ketamine 1.0 mg kg-1 (group K2) or 0.25% bupivacaine with epinephrine 1:200,000 (group B). No additional analgesic drugs were required during operation in any of the groups. Haemodynamic and respiratory variables remained stable during the observation period. Mean duration of analgesia was significantly longer in groups B and K2 compared with group K1 (300 (SD 96) min and 273 (123) min vs 203 (117) min; P < 0.05). Groups B and K2 required less analgesics in the postoperative period compared with group K1 (30% and 33% vs 72%; P < 0.05). Postoperative sedation scores were comparable between the three groups. We conclude that S(+)-ketamine 1.0 mg kg-1 for caudal block in children produced surgical and postoperative analgesia equivalent to that of bupivacaine. (+info)Caudal clonidine for postoperative analgesia in adults. (5/65)
We have assessed the analgesic efficacy and side effects of caudally administered clonidine in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. We studied 64 adult patients undergoing elective haemorrhoidectomy. Caudal block was performed in all patients using a mixture of 0.5% bupivacaine 35 mg with 2% lidocaine 140 mg and epinephrine 5 micrograms ml-1. Patients were allocated randomly to one of two groups. Clonidine 75 micrograms was added in group C and saline 1 ml in group S. Median time to first analgesic requirements was significantly longer in group C (mean 729 (SD 120) min) than in group S (276 (131) min) (P = 0.01). Bradycardia occurred in seven patients in group C but did not affect mean arterial pressure. (+info)Fissurectomy as a treatment for anal fissures in children. (6/65)
INTRODUCTION: Anal fissures, characterised by painful defecation and rectal bleeding, are common in both children and infants. A significant proportion are resistant to simple laxative therapy, and no simple surgical treatment has been described which does not risk compromising sphincteric function. This study reports the initial experience of fissurectomy as a treatment of this condition. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over a 36 month period, 37 children with an anal fissure were treated by fissurectomy. There were 14 boys and 23 girls, with an age range of 17 weeks to 12 years. Fissurectomy was performed under general anaesthetic, with additional caudal anaesthesia. Stay sutures were used to avoid the need for an anal retractor, thereby preventing stretching of the internal anal sphincter. Of the 37 operations, 36 (97%) were performed as day cases and all children were discharged on laxative therapy. RESULTS: At review, 6 weeks postoperatively, 30 (81%) were asymptomatic. Six (16%) patients were symptomatic; however, 4 of these had failed to comply with the postoperative laxative regimen. One patient failed follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Fissurectomy is a successful treatment for anal fissures, when combined with postoperative laxative therapy. As dilatation of the internal anal sphincter is not involved, the risk of iatrogenic faecal incontinence is obviated. (+info)Ropivacaine pharmacokinetics after caudal block in 1-8 year old children. (7/65)
We studied the pharmacokinetics after caudal block of ropivacaine (2 mg ml-1, 1 ml kg-1) performed in 20 children aged 1-8 yr undergoing subumbilical surgery, in this open, non-comparative, multicentre study. Venous blood samples were collected up to 12-36 h. The mean (SD) peak plasma concentration, 0.47 (0.16) mg litre-1, was achieved after 12-249 min. The free fraction was 5% and the highest individual peak plasma concentration of free ropivacaine was 0.04 mg litre-1. Clearance was 7.4 (1.9) ml min-1 kg-1 and the terminal half-life 3.2 (0.8) h. Thus, the free plasma concentrations of ropivacaine were well below those associated with toxic symptoms in adults and the capacity to eliminate ropivacaine seems to be well developed in this age group. In this open study of 20 patients, ropivacaine was well tolerated and provided satisfactory postoperative pain relief without observable motor block. (+info)Newborn blood levels of lidocaine and mepivacaine in the first postnatal day following maternal epidural anesthesia. (8/65)
Distribution and elimination of lidocaine and mepivacaine were studies in 114 subjects after obstetric epidural anesthesia, Epinephrine significantly lowered the concentrations of lidocaine in the mothers' circulations by about 33 per cent, and the concentrations of mepivacaine by about 22 per cent. It also significantly altered their concentrations in the newborns' circulations at delivery and in the first 4 hours after birth. More mepivacaine than lidocaine crossed the placenta. The mepivacaine concentration in the cord blood was 36 to 47 per cent higher, and the mean fetal to maternal ratio for mepivacaine without epinephrine was 0.64, in contrast to 0.52 for the equivalent lidocaine group. Of importance was the long persistance of either drug in the newborns' circulation. Detectable levels of lidocaine and mepivacaine were present until 8 and 24 hours after birth, respectively. Pharmacokinetic models revealed that the long-term rate of disappearance of lidocaine was approximately three times as fast as that of mepivacaine. Computed half-times averaged 3 hours for lidocaine and 9 hours for mepivacaine. (+info)
Caudal anesthesia synonyms, caudal anesthesia antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Caudal Anesthesia - NYSORA
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Hiatus
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Regional anesthesiaSpinalEpidural blockSurgical anesthesiaDifferent DosesPatientsAnalgesicAnatomicalInjectionRisksPainfulChildrenPainFailure rateAnesthesiologyAnestheticMiller's AnesthesiaSEDATIONReceived a caudal blockLumbarSurgicalNeuraxial anesthesiaComplicationsType of anesthesiaPractice of AnesthesiaObstetricSurgeryDurationCatheterInguinal hernia repairInternational Anesthesia Research SocietyBlockadeTypes of regional anesthesiaSurgeriesPostoperative pain2018Perioperative MedicineAbstractSevofluraneRegional anesthesia techniqueCesareanThoracic epidural anesthesiaProcedureAnatomyEfficacyDepth of anesthesiaManagement of AnesthesiaConsciousnessProceduresSacral canalVersus caudalTechnique
Regional anesthesia1
- Other studies done with tramadol in Regional anesthesia by Kumari P21, Farikha N12, Brijesh J22, Ozcengiz D23 have demonstrated its efficacy as an adjuvant in spinal epidural or caudal anesthesia in place of pure opioid agonists. (freethesaurus.com)
Spinal1
- Caudal injections are best for curing lower back pain and leg pain, usually caused by sciatica, spinal stenosis, spondylosis, and other back-related issues. (bestpaindoctornyc.com)
Epidural block3
- The technique of caudal epidural block in pain management has been greatly enhanced by the use of fluoroscopic guidance and epidurography, in which high success rates can be attained. (nysora.com)
- Under these circumstances, it is recommended that fluoroscopically guided caudal epidural block be performed in lieu of the traditional palpation approach. (nysora.com)
- The second resurgence in popularity of caudal anesthesia has paralleled the increasing need to find safe alternatives to conventional lumbar epidural block in selected patient populations, such as individuals with failed back surgery syndrome. (nysora.com)
Surgical anesthesia1
- Caudal epidural anesthesia has many applications, including surgical anesthesia in children and adults, as well as the management of acute and chronic pain conditions. (nysora.com)
Different Doses2
- A comparison of two different doses of bupivacaine in caudal anesthesia for neonatal circumcision. (freethesaurus.com)
- Comparison of two different doses of dexmedetomidine with bupivacaine in paediatric caudal anesthesia for infraumbilical surgeries: a randomized double blind clinical study. (freethesaurus.com)
Patients1
- Unfortunately, clinical indications and especially therapeutic interventions for the relief of chronic pain in individuals with failed back surgery syndrome are often most prevalent in patients with difficult caudal landmarks. (nysora.com)
Analgesic1
- Relative analgesic potencies of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine for caudal anesthesia in children. (freethesaurus.com)
Anatomical1
- One of the major reasons caudal anesthesia was not embraced is the wide anatomical variations of sacral bones and the consequent failure rate associated with attempts to locate the sacral hiatus. (nysora.com)
Injection7
- If you want to learn more about caudal injection and its effectiveness, you must read further. (bestpaindoctornyc.com)
- What is a Caudal Injection? (bestpaindoctornyc.com)
- A caudal injection is a type of steroid injection that gets administered in the lowest area of your epidural space. (bestpaindoctornyc.com)
- The only way to reduce this terrible pain is by getting a caudal injection as it helps saturate the inflammation. (bestpaindoctornyc.com)
- The process of administering a caudal injection is pretty simple, but it is painful to a certain extent. (bestpaindoctornyc.com)
- As soon as you get the injection, the medicines will then spread into the caudal and epidural spaces, which will give you some relief from the pain. (bestpaindoctornyc.com)
- Whenever you plan on getting a caudal injection, you must prepare yourself mentally and physically and keep all the required information ready. (bestpaindoctornyc.com)
Risks1
- There are a few risks involved when you get the caudal injections. (bestpaindoctornyc.com)
Painful1
- Caudal anesthesia in the clinical assessment of painful anal lesions. (freethesaurus.com)
Children1
- Caudal anesthesia was applied to all children by the same specialist. (freethesaurus.com)
Pain2
- A pain management specialist injects the caudal shot in the affected area to relieve the patient of the pain and discomfort. (bestpaindoctornyc.com)
- Caudal injections are quite effective, especially when it comes to getting rid of severe back pain. (bestpaindoctornyc.com)
Failure rate1
- The failure rate of 5% to 10% made caudal epidural anesthesia unpopular until a resurgence of interest in the 1940s, led by Hingson and colleagues, who used it in obstetrical anesthesia. (nysora.com)
Anesthesiology1
- Anesthesiology residencies should graduate physicians skilled in providing competent and safe ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia (UGRA). (asra.com)
Anesthetic29
- regional anesthesia by injection of local anesthetic solution into the epidural space through the sacral hiatus. (drugs.com)
- CONCLUSIONS: Safety concerns should not be a barrier to the use of caudal blocks in children assuming an appropriate selection of local anesthetic dosage. (luriechildrens.org)
- It may be the sole anesthetic or combined with general anesthesia . (drugster.info)
- Prepackaged collections of the devices and supplies (i.e., either custom or standard kits) needed for providing a local anesthetic solution into the caudal portion of the epidural space, usually through the sacral hiatus. (optometricmanagement.com)
- Spinal anesthesia involves administering local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space. (unboundmedicine.com)
- This is due to the administration or injection of a local anesthetic into the caudal canal of the spine, which is usually found at the sacrum or rear part of the body. (anesthesiabilling.org)
- An anesthesiologist, a doctor who specializes in the administration of an anesthetic, is usually the one giving the caudal anesthesia before the start of a surgical procedure. (anesthesiabilling.org)
- It is often done as a supplement to a general anesthesia, the administration of anesthetic to make the child unconscious during the procedure. (anesthesiabilling.org)
- The SmartTots program is a multi-year collaborative effort designed to increase the safety of anesthetic and sedative drugs for the millions of children who undergo anesthesia and sedation each year. (smarttots.org)
- Highlights the potential mechanisms by which spinal anesthesia may fail, detail strategies to decrease the failure rate and protocols for managing an incomplete spinal anesthetic. (nysora.com)
- The term "conduction anesthesia" encompasses both local and regional anesthetic techniques. (lymphedemapeople.com)
- Anesthesia that balances the depressing effects on the motor, sensory, reflex and mental aspects of nervous system function by the anesthetic agents. (lymphedemapeople.com)
- a) Narcosis produced by preliminary medication so that the inhalation of anesthetic necessary to produce surgical anesthesia is greatly reduced. (lymphedemapeople.com)
- b) n a state of narcosis, induced before the administration of a general anesthetic, that permits the production of states of surgical anesthesia with greatly reduced amounts of general anesthetic agents. (lymphedemapeople.com)
- A local anesthesia induced by injecting the local anesthetic agent close to the nerve trunk, at some distance from the operative field. (lymphedemapeople.com)
- That produced by injection of the anesthetic into the extradural space, either between the vertebral spines or into the sacral hiatus (caudal block - anesthesia by injection of local anesthetic into the caudal or sacral canal. (lymphedemapeople.com)
- a) Local anesthesia produced by injection of the anesthetic solution in the area of terminal nerve endings. (lymphedemapeople.com)
- We monitored EA episodes at 5 and 30 min in the post-anesthetic care unit (PACU) by using the four-point agitation scale and the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale. (bvsalud.org)
- With emerging evidence that specific anesthetic agents may affect neurocognitive outcomes, there has been renewed interest in the applications of spinal anesthesia in neonates and infants. (journalmc.org)
- Find the latest information on non-or anesthesia (NORA), robotics, sleep medicine in anesthesia, perioperative and anesthesia-related neurotoxicity, the anesthetic implications of complementary and alternative medicine, and more. (indigo.ca)
- Inhalation anesthesia where the gases exhaled by the patient are rebreathed as some carbon dioxide is simultaneously removed and anesthetic gas and oxygen are added so that no anesthetic escapes into the room. (bioportfolio.com)
- An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent. (bioportfolio.com)
- Background Bupivacaine is a potent local anesthetic widely used for prolonged local and regional anesthesia. (ahajournals.org)
- With high doses of local anesthesia, the anesthetic can go into the rest of the body and affect your brain or heart. (rexhealth.com)
- Why do you have differential blockade with spinal anesthesia when using a hyperbaric spinal anesthetic? (brainscape.com)
- General anesthesia Most children receive a general anesthetic to help them sleep through surgery safely. (childrensdayton.org)
- Spinal anesthesia]] is a technique whereby a [[local anesthetic]] drug is injected into the cerebrospinal fluid. (wikidoc.org)
- The author states that the anesthesia provider needs to be vigilant and recognize the unique anesthetic considerations in order to avoid catastrophic outcomes. (aana.com)
- ASRA practice advisory on local anesthetic systemic toxicity," Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine , vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 152-161, 2010. (hindawi.com)
Miller's Anesthesia1
- From fundamental principles to advanced subspecialty procedures, Miller's Anesthesia covers the full scope of contemporary anesthesia practice. (elsevier.com)
SEDATION9
- Tell your doctor about any allergies or health conditions you have, what medicines you are taking, and what anesthesia or sedation you have had before. (medlineplus.gov)
- Four of the 5 patients who received a dexmedetomidine infusion received one additional bolus dose [0.5-1 microg/kg] due to inadequate sedation, patient movement, or increased heart rate Conclusions: Combined spinal and caudal epidural anesthesia can be used as an alternative to general anesthesia for prolonged urologic procedures. (who.int)
- Sub-umbilical surgery under caudal block in conjunction with sevoflurane sedation may be safe in terms of maintaining spontaneous breathing and avoiding complications associated with general anesthesia . (bvsalud.org)
- Forty children ( aged 1-5 years) scheduled to undergo inguinal hernia repair under caudal block with sevoflurane sedation via a face mask were randomized into either the low- dose (1.0%) end-tidal sevoflurane concentration group (Group LS) or the high- dose (2.5%) end-tidal sevoflurane concentration group (Group HS). (bvsalud.org)
- Face - mask sedation with 1.0% sevoflurane in conjunction with caudal block may be more effective than that with 2.5% sevoflurane in preventing EA. (bvsalud.org)
- Informed consent was obtained for combined spinal anesthesia and caudal epidural anesthesia with sedation. (journalmc.org)
- The examinations were simple, required no anesthesia or sedation, and were coordinated with decannulation of the tracheostomy. (biomedsearch.com)
- There are three general uses of immobilization of ornamental fishes: sedation, loss of equilibrium, and anesthesia. (fda.gov)
- We evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of ureteroscopic lithotripsy for ureteral stones under local anesthesia without any sedation. (urotoday.com)
Received a caudal block1
- RESULTS: Eighteen thousand six hundred-fifty children who received a caudal block were included in the study. (luriechildrens.org)
Lumbar13
- The second resurgence in popularity of caudal anesthesia has paralleled the increasing need to find safe alternatives to conventional lumbar epidural block in selected patient populations, such as individuals with failed back surgery syndrome. (nysora.com)
- Caudal anesthesia procedure kits and trays are intended for use in the block of sacral and lower lumbar nerve roots during diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures. (optometricmanagement.com)
- OBJECTIVES To investigate the accuracy of placement of epidural injections using the lumbar and caudal approaches. (bmj.com)
- Group L had a lumbar approach to the epidural space and group C a caudal approach to the epidural space. (bmj.com)
- 97% of lumbar and 85% of caudal epidural injections clinically thought to be correctly placed were confirmed radiographically. (bmj.com)
- For epidural injections where the clinical impression was "maybe", 91% of lumbar injections, but only 45% of caudal injections were correctly placed. (bmj.com)
- In the non-obese patient, lumbar epidural injections can be accurately placed without x ray screening, but caudal epidural injections, to be placed accurately, require x ray screening no matter what the weight of the patient. (bmj.com)
- Both lumbar and caudal (through the sacral hiatus) approaches to the epidural space are regularly used, but little is known of their relative efficacy. (bmj.com)
- 2 3 This randomised study aimed at examining the accuracy of placement of lumbar and caudal epidural injections by experienced operators, and identifying other factors that may affect the accuracy of placement of epidural injections. (bmj.com)
- The patients were randomly allocated to receive an epidural injection using either the caudal or lumbar approach. (bmj.com)
- Spinal anesthesia can be challenging in patients with lumbar scoliosis or previous lumbar spine surgery. (bioportfolio.com)
- Targets key skills specific to pediatric lumbar puncture and caudal injection procedures. (cpr-savers.com)
- History of epidural anesthesia== * In 1921, a Spanish surgeon named Fidel Pages developed the epidural anesthesia technique, he was the pioneer of lumbar epidural anesthesia. (wikidoc.org)
Surgical13
- Caudal epidural anesthesia has many applications, including surgical anesthesia in children and adults, as well as the management of acute and chronic pain conditions. (nysora.com)
- BACKGROUND: The caudal block is the most commonly performed regional anesthesia technique in pediatric patients undergoing surgical procedures, but safety concerns raised by previous reports remain to be addressed. (luriechildrens.org)
- Two different surgical techniques have been described for performing caudal maxillectomies in dogs including the intraoral (IO) and combined dorsolateral and intraoral (DL-IO) approach. (frontiersin.org)
- This technique is recommended for tumors of the mid-to-caudal maxilla that arise or extend dorsolaterally and/or caudally into the inferior orbit, and provides improved exposure and thus increased ability to resect the mass to microscopic disease and potentially achieve clean surgical margins ( 8 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Examples of surgical procedures employing caudal anesthesia in children include orchidopexy, the repair of the undescended testicle, and herniorrhaphy, the repair of hernia which is the bulging of some internal organs through the abnormal opening in the abdomen. (anesthesiabilling.org)
- Caudal anesthesia has been used for postoperative pain control in pediatric surgical patients, but the duration of the analgesic effect is occasionally unsatisfactory. (ovid.com)
- Many surgical procedures can be done with conduction anesthesia without significant pain. (lymphedemapeople.com)
- In one infant, SA provided surgical anesthesia for the duration of the case so the caudal epidural catheter was not dosed. (who.int)
- We present two infants in whom this technique was used to provide surgical anesthesia (without general anesthesia or airway manipulation) for two cases lasting more than 90 min. (journalmc.org)
- We present two infants in whom a combined SA with a caudal epidural catheter technique was used to provide surgical anesthesia for cases lasting more than 90 min. (journalmc.org)
- Abnormally slow pace of regaining CONSCIOUSNESS after general anesthesia (ANESTHESIA, GENERAL) usually given during surgical procedures. (bioportfolio.com)
- Dexamethasone as an Adjuvant for Caudal Blockade in Pediatric Surgical Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. (uwo.ca)
- Anesthesia for Cardiac Surgical Procedures 55. (elsevier.com)
Neuraxial anesthesia2
- Massachusetts General Hospital guidelines regarding neuraxial anesthesia in anticoagulated patients are listed in Table 17.3 . (unboundmedicine.com)
- Obstetric specialty societies recommend neuraxial anesthesia, when possible, for cesarean deliveryCurrent data regarding the association of obstetric anesthesiologist specialization and use of general. (bioportfolio.com)
Complications3
- Our main objective in current investigation was to estimate the overall and specific incidence of complications associated with the performance of caudal block in children. (luriechildrens.org)
- From basic science to various anesthesia techniques to complications, the meticulously updated, fifth edition of Chestnut s Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice, covers all you need to know about obstetric anesthesia. (elsevier.com)
- What are the risks and complications of anesthesia? (rexhealth.com)
Type of anesthesia4
- The association between type of anesthesia used and recurrence of cancer remains controversial. (bioportfolio.com)
- What determines the type of anesthesia used? (rexhealth.com)
- Your doctor or nurse may prefer one type of anesthesia over another for your surgery. (rexhealth.com)
- Your risk depends on the type of anesthesia you get, your age, your health, and how you respond to the medicines used. (rexhealth.com)
Practice of Anesthesia2
- The SAFE-T Consortium (Safe Anaesthesia For Everybody - Today) is a global collaboration of industry and organizations committed to the advancement of patient safety and the International Standards for a Safe Practice of Anesthesia. (iars.org)
- The International Scope and Practice of Anesthesia 3. (elsevier.com)
Obstetric11
- Pioneers of obstetric anesthesia extended these findings to cases of parturition or childbirth, notably including James Young Simpson of Scotland (1811-1870), John Snow of London (1813-1858) and Walter Channing of the United States of America (1786-1876). (wikipedia.org)
- Medical objections were similarly disintegrated with casebook publications that reflected the safety of obstetric anesthesia for both mother and child. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus the advent of obstetric anesthesia facilitated the use of instruments during delivery as obstetricians were afforded greater scope in terms of these materials. (wikipedia.org)
- John Snow was responsible for anesthetizing the Queen and is also attributed for influencing public and medical opinions on obstetric anesthesia through his various recorded experiences Though the birth of the Queen's 8th child Prince Leopold on April 7, 1853 was not generally publicized, the London social elite were aware of the use of chloroform in this delivery and found it appealing. (wikipedia.org)
- Until this time, there had been considerable public and religious opposition to obstetric anesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
- This societal aspect of childbirth was recognized by Dr. Churchill of Dublin and later published on the statistics of obstetric anesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
- In the practice of obstetric anesthesia, John Snow greatly differed from Simpson in that Snow emphasized proper quantity measurements and the delay of administration until the second stage of labor commenced. (wikipedia.org)
- These differences among others are why the title "Father of Obstetric Anesthesia" has become so controversial. (wikipedia.org)
- Chestnut and his 79 expert contributors have once again released a current guide to obstetric anesthesia that proves useful to both junior learners and subspecialty providers. (elsevier.com)
- Delivers contributions from many leaders in the fields of obstetric anesthesia and maternal-fetal medicine from all over the world. (elsevier.com)
- Obstetric anesthesia. (medlineplus.gov)
Surgery30
- Your child's surgery will be done under general anesthesia ( an-es-THEEZ-ya ), which means that he or she will be sound asleep during the surgery. (chp.edu)
- A pediatric anesthesiologist-a doctor who specializes in anesthesia for children-will give the general and caudal medications during your child's surgery. (chp.edu)
- A caudal allows the anesthesiologist to give a smaller amount of general anesthesia during the surgery, and also provides up to 4 hours of pain relief in that area after the surgery. (chp.edu)
- Once your child has been registered for the surgery, a member of the anesthesia staff will meet with you to take your child's vital signs, weight and medical history. (chp.edu)
- To assess the efficacy and safety of caudal clonidine in addition to local anaesthetics in comparison with local anaesthetics alone in children undergoing urological, lower abdominal or lower limb surgery. (york.ac.uk)
- Uguralp S, Mutus M, Koroglu A, et al (2002) Regional anesthesia is a good alternative to general anesthesia in pediatric surgery: experience in 1,554 children. (springer.com)
- Comparative Stud‌y between Intrathecal and Caudal Epidural Anesthesia in Children for Lower Abdominal Surgery', The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine , 73(11), pp. 8039-8046. (ekb.eg)
- Epidural anesthesia is often used during labor and delivery, and surgery in the pelvis and legs. (medlineplus.gov)
- However, there are also many types of surgery in which general anesthesia is clearly appropriate. (lymphedemapeople.com)
- For some surgeries that involve the area below the waist, a doctor may do a caudal block to help keep your child as pain-free as possible in the first few hours after surgery. (alberta.ca)
- A caudal block is done along with giving your child medicine to make him or her sleep during surgery. (alberta.ca)
- To compare the incidence of EA in children undergoing sub-umbilical surgery under caudal block with two different doses of sevoflurane . (bvsalud.org)
- The purpose of this study is to describe, in real-life conditions, the factors influencing the choice of anesthesia (spinal anesthesia or short general anesthesia) in outpatient surgery. (bioportfolio.com)
- Anesthesia is a way to control pain during a surgery or procedure by using medicine called anesthetics . (rexhealth.com)
- With general anesthesia, you're unconscious and you don't feel pain during the surgery. (rexhealth.com)
- For example, you may need general anesthesia to ensure your comfort and safety during certain types of surgery. (rexhealth.com)
- Many people are nervous before they have anesthesia and surgery. (rexhealth.com)
- Finkel JC, Boltz MG, Conran AM. Hemodynamic changes during high spinal anesthesia in children undergoing open heart surgery. (springer.com)
- Caudal block is widely used as a safe, easy, and effective method of regional anesthesia in pediatric surgery. (cpr-savers.com)
- One is to administer general anesthesia to help them sleep through the surgery. (childrensdayton.org)
- Not all children receive a regional nerve block during surgery, and many of those who do also receive general anesthesia. (childrensdayton.org)
- The more you understand about what will happen before, during and after surgery with your child's anesthesia needs, the more support and reassurance you will be able to provide. (childrensdayton.org)
- The type and amount of anesthesia your child receives will depend on many factors, including the type of surgery, how long it will last, medications your child is taking and your child's age, height, weight and general health. (childrensdayton.org)
- After surgery, it usually takes about 45 minutes to an hour for kids to wake up from general anesthesia. (childrensdayton.org)
- Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery 54. (elsevier.com)
- Anesthesia for Vascular Surgery 57. (elsevier.com)
- Anesthesia for Neurologic Surgery and Neurointerventions 58. (elsevier.com)
- Injection Caudal block Adult: In surgery: 37. (scribd.com)
- General anesthesia is treatment with certain medicines that puts you into a deep sleep so you do not feel pain during surgery. (stlukes-stl.com)
- The authors conclude that the use of guided imagery in the ambulatory surgery setting can significantly reduce preoperative anxiety, which can result in less postoperative pain and earlier postoperative anesthesia care unit discharge times. (aana.com)
Duration6
- Epidural anesthesia can be continued for longer duration during longer surgeries by either giving top ups of local anesthetics or by continuous infusion of local anesthetics by infusion pumps. (wikipedia.org)
- Dohi S, Naito H, Takahashi T (1979) Age-related changes in blood pressure and duration of motor block in spinal anesthesia. (springer.com)
- Dose varies with procedure, onset and depth of anesthesia desired, vascularity of tissues, duration of anesthesia, and condition of patient: A test dose of short-acting local anesthestic containing epinephrine (eg, 3 to 5 mL) should be administered prior to induction of complete block with ropivacaine. (drugs.com)
- A particular stage of anesthesia can be achieved using many different drug dose/duration combinations. (fda.gov)
- For example, different stages of anesthesia can usually be achieved using the same dose but altering the exposure duration. (fda.gov)
- Inherent differences within a species of finfish, let alone differences between fish species, in which it may take several seconds to many minutes longer to sedate fish to the same stage of anesthesia, make it very difficult to identify one dose/duration combination to achieve a pre-determined stage of anesthesia. (fda.gov)
Catheter2
- We present a rare case of a 7-month-old infant who developed a pseudomeningocele 16 days after an uneventful caudal catheter placement. (ovid.com)
- Continuous Peridural Segmental Anesthesia by Means of a Ureteral Catheter. (lww.com)
Inguinal hernia repair1
- Paravertebral block anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair. (thefreedictionary.com)
International Anesthesia Research Society1
- The International Anesthesia Research Society hosted a SmartTots-related education session at the IARS 2017 Annual Meeting. (iars.org)
Blockade2
- 11Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO (eds): Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain, 3rd ed. (ac.ir)
- Anesthesia Central , anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia/view/ClinicalAnesthesiaProcedures/728229/all/Spinal__Epidural__and_Caudal_Anesthesia___Anticoagulation_and_Neuraxial_Blockade. (unboundmedicine.com)
Types of regional anesthesia1
- What are the different types of regional anesthesia? (brainscape.com)
Surgeries1
- To identify postoperative pain relief benefits of caudal neostigmine in children undergoing lower abdominal surgeries. (alliedacademies.org)
Postoperative pain2
- Intravenous Versus Caudal Supplementation of Ketamine for Postoperative Pain Control in Children,A Double-blind Controlled Clinical Trial. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Efficacy of caudal neostigmine for postoperative pain relief: A systemic review and meta-analysis. (alliedacademies.org)
20181
- Apply Now - IARS 2018 Frontiers in Anesthesia Research Award (FARA)! (iars.org)
Perioperative Medicine1
- Dr. Cheng has served as the Chair/Chief, Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine since September 2001. (iars.org)
Abstract1
- Abstract:Objective: There has been no study evaluating sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration for the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) removal (MAC-LMA removal) in children whom caudal anesthesia was performed. (inonu.edu.tr)
Sevoflurane4
- The aim of this study is to determine the MAC-LMA removal of sevoflurane in children caudal anesthesia was performed. (inonu.edu.tr)
- After sevoflurane induction, children were randomized to receive LMA insertion with or without caudal anesthesia. (inonu.edu.tr)
- Results: The MAC-LMA removal of sevoflurane was 1.60% in the group with caudal anesthesia and 1.72% in the group without caudal anesthesia. (inonu.edu.tr)
- Conclusion: Caudal anesthesia did not reduce the MAC-LMA removal of sevoflurane in children aged 2 mo and 8 yr. (inonu.edu.tr)
Regional anesthesia technique1
- Previous work has identified learning curves that set the number of procedures a trainee or novice needs to perform to gain technical proficiency in a particular regional anesthesia technique. (asra.com)
Cesarean3
- Ultrasound-Assisted Technology Versus the Conventional Landmark Location Method in Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery in Obese Parturients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. (bioportfolio.com)
- Spinal anesthesia, which is commonly used in cesarean deliveries, is often difficult to perform in obese parturients because of poorly palpable surface landmarks and positioning challenges. (bioportfolio.com)
- Anesthesia for cesarean section: further studies. (biomedsearch.com)
Thoracic epidural anesthesia1
- Effects of mechanical ventilation and thoracic epidural anesthesia. (ac.ir)
Procedure3
- Anesthesia Medical billing Guidelines and procedure codes. (anesthesiabilling.org)
- Anesthesia is the use of medications to reduce pain or sensation during a medical procedure. (childrensmercy.org)
- Our anesthesia staff will monitor your child closely as the anesthesia is being given, and observe your child during the procedure to ensure his or her well-being and see if more medication is needed. (childrensdayton.org)
Anatomy2
- The objectives of this study were to describe a modified approach for caudal maxillectomy in the dog involving preligation of the maxillary artery, to retrospectively evaluate the ability of this modified approach to limit hemorrhage in a cohort of 22 dogs, and to clarify the vascular anatomy of the maxillary artery and its branches in relation to associated nerves. (frontiersin.org)
- Describes the anatomy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and interventional techniques for anesthesia and pain management. (nysora.com)
Efficacy1
- Other studies done with tramadol in Regional anesthesia by Kumari P21, Farikha N12, Brijesh J22, Ozcengiz D23 have demonstrated its efficacy as an adjuvant in spinal epidural or caudal anesthesia in place of pure opioid agonists. (freethesaurus.com)
Depth of anesthesia1
- Monitoring Depth of Anesthesia (Monitoring Brain State) 41. (elsevier.com)
Management of Anesthesia1
- Management of Anesthesia for Laminectomy. (lww.com)
Consciousness1
- Regional anesthesia numbs a larger part of the body such as a leg or arm, also without affecting consciousness. (lymphedemapeople.com)
Procedures12
- Spinal, Epidural, and Caudal Anesthesia - Spinal Anesthesia is a topic covered in the Clinical Anesthesia Procedures . (unboundmedicine.com)
- This collection of drug, procedures and test information is derived from Davis's Drug, MGH Clinical Anesthesia Procedures, Pocket Guide to Diagnostic Tests, and MEDLINE Journals. (unboundmedicine.com)
- 2019). In Pino, R. M. (Ed.), Clinical Anesthesia Procedures (9th edition). (unboundmedicine.com)
- In adults, caudal anesthesia is usually given in procedures like hemorrhoidectomy and vaginal hysterectomy. (anesthesiabilling.org)
- Spinal and epidural anesthesia work well for certain procedures and do not require placing a breathing tube into the windpipe (trachea). (medlineplus.gov)
- Spinal anesthesia is often used for genital, urinary tract, or lower body procedures. (medlineplus.gov)
- however, the scope is expanding to involve anesthesia for both maternal as well as fetal procedures. (wikipedia.org)
- Local anesthesia numbs a small part of the body for minor procedures. (rexhealth.com)
- The relative ease, use, and experience with smaller and flexible instruments has indicated the routine use of local anesthesia for endoscopic procedures . (urotoday.com)
- Pediatric Anesthesia Procedures is designed to provide rapid access to information in order to solve a clinical problem as it is occurring. (oup.com)
- The chapters within cover a wide variety of basic and advanced pediatric anesthesia procedures and provide generously illustrated step-by-step guidelines for performing them. (oup.com)
- To accomplish this, procedures focus on reducing the diameter of the urethral lumen, correcting caudal displacement of the bladder neck to increase intra-abdominal forces acting on the urethra, and improving the functional length of the urethra. (dvm360.com)
Sacral canal1
- Epidural anesthesia administered via the sacral canal. (bioportfolio.com)
Versus caudal1
- This variation in the distribution of movement-type information may be related to differences in the rostral versus caudal regions of the primary motor cortex and to its underlying somatotopic organization. (jneurosci.org)
Technique4
- As with any other technique, caudal blocks are not without risks, and obviously in choosing an anaesthetic method advantages and disadvantages should be carefully evaluated. (springer.com)
- To avoid this limitation, we report a technique combining spinal and caudal epidural anesthesia. (journalmc.org)
- The technique is presented, its applications discussed, and previous reports from the literature regarding the combined use of spinal and epidural anesthesia in the pediatric population reviewed. (journalmc.org)
- This technique has some similarity to epidural anesthesia, and the two techniques may be easily confused with each other. (wikidoc.org)