A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)
Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).
A megaloblastic anemia occurring in children but more commonly in later life, characterized by histamine-fast achlorhydria, in which the laboratory and clinical manifestations are based on malabsorption of vitamin B 12 due to a failure of the gastric mucosa to secrete adequate and potent intrinsic factor. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.
Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.
A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.
A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus equine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, EQUINE), causing acute and chronic infection in horses. It is transmitted mechanically by biting flies, mosquitoes, and midges, and iatrogenically through unsterilized equipment. Chronic infection often consists of acute episodes with remissions.
The oxygen-carrying proteins of ERYTHROCYTES. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements.
A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.
Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.
Viral disease of horses caused by the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV; INFECTIOUS ANEMIA VIRUS, EQUINE). It is characterized by intermittent fever, weakness, and anemia. Chronic infection consists of acute episodes with remissions.
Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.
The type species of GYROVIRUS, a small, non-enveloped DNA virus originally isolated from contaminated vaccines in Japan. It causes chicken infectious anemia and may possibly play a key role in hemorrhagic anemia syndrome, anemia dermatitis, and blue wing disease.
A familial disorder characterized by ANEMIA with multinuclear ERYTHROBLASTS, karyorrhexis, asynchrony of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, and various nuclear abnormalities of bone marrow erythrocyte precursors (ERYTHROID PRECURSOR CELLS). Type II is the most common of the 3 types; it is often referred to as HEMPAS, based on the Hereditary Erythroblast Multinuclearity with Positive Acidified Serum test.
A rare congenital hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. The disease is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, occasional neutropenia or thrombocytosis, a normocellular bone marrow with erythroid hypoplasia, and an increased risk of developing leukemia. (Curr Opin Hematol 2000 Mar;7(2):85-94)
A diverse group of proteins whose genetic MUTATIONS have been associated with the chromosomal instability syndrome FANCONI ANEMIA. Many of these proteins play important roles in protecting CELLS against OXIDATIVE STRESS.
A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a blood disease (HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES) which involves BLOOD CELLS or COAGULATION FACTORS. The hematologic disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or FETUS.
The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.
Agents which improve the quality of the blood, increasing the hemoglobin level and the number of erythrocytes. They are used in the treatment of anemias.
Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.
A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that regulates the activities of CYTOCHROME P450 REDUCTASE and GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE. It is found predominately in the CYTOPLASM, but moves to the CELL NUCLEUS in response to FANCE PROTEIN.
A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that undergoes mono-ubiquitination by FANCL PROTEIN in response to DNA DAMAGE. Also, in response to IONIZING RADIATION it can undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein. Modified FANCD2 interacts with BRCA2 PROTEIN in a stable complex with CHROMATIN, and it is involved in DNA REPAIR by homologous RECOMBINATION.
The volume of packed RED BLOOD CELLS in a blood specimen. The volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. It is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, ANEMIA shows a low value; POLYCYTHEMIA, a high value.
A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that is the most commonly mutated protein in FANCONI ANEMIA. It undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by PROTEIN KINASE B and forms a complex with FANCC PROTEIN in the CELL NUCLEUS.
The production of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES). In humans, erythrocytes are produced by the YOLK SAC in the first trimester; by the liver in the second trimester; by the BONE MARROW in the third trimester and after birth. In normal individuals, the erythrocyte count in the peripheral blood remains relatively constant implying a balance between the rate of erythrocyte production and rate of destruction.
Any one of a group of congenital hemolytic anemias in which there is no abnormal hemoglobin or spherocytosis and in which there is a defect of glycolysis in the erythrocyte. Common causes include deficiencies in GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE; PYRUVATE KINASE; and GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE.
A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin.
The number of RED BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.
Iron-containing proteins that are widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Their major function is to store IRON in a nontoxic bioavailable form. Each ferritin molecule consists of ferric iron in a hollow protein shell (APOFERRITINS) made of 24 subunits of various sequences depending on the species and tissue types.
ERYTHROCYTE size and HEMOGLOBIN content or concentration, usually derived from ERYTHROCYTE COUNT; BLOOD hemoglobin concentration; and HEMATOCRIT. The indices include the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).
Measurement of hemoglobin concentration in blood.
The introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.
A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE during MITOSIS. It forms a complex with other FANCONI ANEMIA PROTEINS and helps protect CELLS from DNA DAMAGE by genotoxic agents.
A test to detect non-agglutinating ANTIBODIES against ERYTHROCYTES by use of anti-antibodies (the Coombs' reagent.) The direct test is applied to freshly drawn blood to detect antibody bound to circulating red cells. The indirect test is applied to serum to detect the presence of antibodies that can bind to red blood cells.
The number of RETICULOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. The values are expressed as a percentage of the ERYTHROCYTE COUNT or in the form of an index ("corrected reticulocyte index"), which attempts to account for the number of circulating erythrocytes.
Iron or iron compounds used in foods or as food. Dietary iron is important in oxygen transport and the synthesis of the iron-porphyrin proteins hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and cytochrome oxidase. Insufficient amounts of dietary iron can lead to iron-deficiency anemia.
Organic and inorganic compounds that contain iron as an integral part of the molecule.
Forms of hepcidin, a cationic amphipathic peptide synthesized in the liver as a prepropeptide which is first processed into prohepcidin and then into the biologically active hepcidin forms, including in human the 20-, 22-, and 25-amino acid residue peptide forms. Hepcidin acts as a homeostatic regulators of iron metabolism and also possesses antimicrobial activity.
Oxygen-carrying RED BLOOD CELLS in mammalian blood that are abnormal in structure or function.
The transfer of erythrocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)
The senescence of RED BLOOD CELLS. Lacking the organelles that make protein synthesis possible, the mature erythrocyte is incapable of self-repair, reproduction, and carrying out certain functions performed by other cells. This limits the average life span of an erythrocyte to 120 days.
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.
A genus in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE containing one species: Infectious salmon anemia virus.
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.
A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein. It is an essential component of a nuclear core complex that protects the GENOME against CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY. It interacts directly with FANCG PROTEIN and helps stabilize a complex with FANCA PROTEIN and FANCC PROTEIN.
Diazo derivatives of aniline, used as a reagent for sugars, ketones, and aldehydes. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that interacts with FANCC PROTEIN and FANCD2 PROTEIN. It promotes the accumulation of FANCC protein in the CELL NUCLEUS.
The major component of hemoglobin in the fetus. This HEMOGLOBIN has two alpha and two gamma polypeptide subunits in comparison to normal adult hemoglobin, which has two alpha and two beta polypeptide subunits. Fetal hemoglobin concentrations can be elevated (usually above 0.5%) in children and adults affected by LEUKEMIA and several types of ANEMIA.
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.
The number of LEUKOCYTES and ERYTHROCYTES per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the HEMOGLOBIN; HEMATOCRIT; and ERYTHROCYTE INDICES.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.
Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.
Enlargement of the spleen.
Immature, nucleated ERYTHROCYTES occupying the stage of ERYTHROPOIESIS that follows formation of ERYTHROID PRECURSOR CELLS and precedes formation of RETICULOCYTES. The normal series is called normoblasts. Cells called MEGALOBLASTS are a pathologic series of erythroblasts.
RED BLOOD CELL sensitivity to change in OSMOTIC PRESSURE. When exposed to a hypotonic concentration of sodium in a solution, red cells take in more water, swell until the capacity of the cell membrane is exceeded, and burst.
Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.
Serum containing GAMMA-GLOBULINS which are antibodies for lymphocyte ANTIGENS. It is used both as a test for HISTOCOMPATIBILITY and therapeutically in TRANSPLANTATION.
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain divalent iron.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.
An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.
Abnormal intracellular inclusions, composed of denatured hemoglobin, found on the membrane of red blood cells. They are seen in thalassemias, enzymopathies, hemoglobinopathies, and after splenectomy.
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.
Membrane glycoproteins found in high concentrations on iron-utilizing cells. They specifically bind iron-bearing transferrin, are endocytosed with its ligand and then returned to the cell surface where transferrin without its iron is released.
A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.
An abnormal hemoglobin resulting from the substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 of the beta chain of the globin moiety. The heterozygous state results in sickle cell trait, the homozygous in sickle cell anemia.
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.
A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.
A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.
The process by which fetal Rh+ erythrocytes enter the circulation of an Rh- mother, causing her to produce IMMUNOGLOBULIN G antibodies, which can cross the placenta and destroy the erythrocytes of Rh+ fetuses. Rh isoimmunization can also be caused by BLOOD TRANSFUSION with mismatched blood.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Small cationic peptides that are an important component, in most species, of early innate and induced defenses against invading microbes. In animals they are found on mucosal surfaces, within phagocytic granules, and on the surface of the body. They are also found in insects and plants. Among others, this group includes the DEFENSINS, protegrins, tachyplesins, and thionins. They displace DIVALENT CATIONS from phosphate groups of MEMBRANE LIPIDS leading to disruption of the membrane.
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
The cells in the erythroid series derived from MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS or from the bi-potential MEGAKARYOCYTE-ERYTHROID PROGENITOR CELLS which eventually give rise to mature RED BLOOD CELLS. The erythroid progenitor cells develop in two phases: erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) followed by erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E); BFU-E differentiate into CFU-E on stimulation by ERYTHROPOIETIN, and then further differentiate into ERYTHROBLASTS when stimulated by other factors.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and parasitic diseases. The parasitic infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
Agents used to prevent or reverse the pathological events leading to sickling of erythrocytes in sickle cell conditions.
The type species of ERYTHROVIRUS and the etiological agent of ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM, a disease most commonly seen in school-age children.
A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia.
The persistent eating of nonnutritive substances for a period of at least one month. (DSM-IV)
State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients.
Hemoglobins characterized by structural alterations within the molecule. The alteration can be either absence, addition or substitution of one or more amino acids in the globin part of the molecule at selected positions in the polypeptide chains.
Virus infections caused by the PARVOVIRIDAE.
A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.
An imbalanced nutritional status resulted from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Surgical procedure involving either partial or entire removal of the spleen.
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.
An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.
An increase in circulating RETICULOCYTES, which is among the simplest and most reliable signs of accelerated ERYTHROCYTE production. Reticulocytosis occurs during active BLOOD regeneration (stimulation of red bone marrow) and in certain types of ANEMIA, particularly CONGENITAL HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA.
Therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the BLOOD by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, and HEMODIAFILTRATION.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of ETHIOPIA, west of SOMALIA with TANZANIA to its south, and coastline on the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Nairobi.
Tests used in the analysis of the hemic system.
The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.
A commercially important species of SALMON in the family SALMONIDAE, order SALMONIFORMES, which occurs in the North Atlantic.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
In utero transfusion of BLOOD into the FETUS for the treatment of FETAL DISEASES, such as fetal erythroblastosis (ERYTHROBLASTOSIS, FETAL).
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes condensation of the succinyl group from succinyl coenzyme A with glycine to form delta-aminolevulinate. It is a pyridoxyal phosphate protein and the reaction occurs in mitochondria as the first step of the heme biosynthetic pathway. The enzyme is a key regulatory enzyme in heme biosynthesis. In liver feedback is inhibited by heme. EC 2.3.1.37.
Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.
Increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
An abnormal hemoglobin that results from the substitution of lysine for glutamic acid at position 26 of the beta chain. It is most frequently observed in southeast Asian populations.
Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.
A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.
The development and formation of various types of BLOOD CELLS. Hematopoiesis can take place in the BONE MARROW (medullary) or outside the bone marrow (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).
The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.
A condition characterized by the abnormal presence of ERYTHROBLASTS in the circulation of the FETUS or NEWBORNS. It is a disorder due to BLOOD GROUP INCOMPATIBILITY, such as the maternal alloimmunization by fetal antigen RH FACTORS leading to HEMOLYSIS of ERYTHROCYTES, hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC), general edema (HYDROPS FETALIS), and SEVERE JAUNDICE IN NEWBORN.
Porphyrins with four methyl, two vinyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Protoporphyrin IX occurs in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and most of the cytochromes.
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
Stable iron atoms that have the same atomic number as the element iron, but differ in atomic weight. Fe-54, 57, and 58 are stable iron isotopes.
Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.
Any food that has been supplemented with essential nutrients either in quantities that are greater than those present normally, or which are not present in the food normally. Fortified food includes also food to which various nutrients have been added to compensate for those removed by refinement or processing. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Removal of bone marrow and evaluation of its histologic picture.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
A republic in western Africa, south of BURKINA FASO and west of TOGO. Its capital is Accra.

Twin-twin transfusion syndrome: a five year review. (1/42)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, complications, management, and outcome in infants with twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) over a period of five years. METHODS: TTTS was diagnosed in monochorionic twins if one was pale and the other plethoric with a haemoglobin difference > or =5 g/100 ml and/or birthweight differences > or =15%. RESULTS: Eighteen (6.2%) of the 292 twin pairs had TTTS. Eight pairs (44%) had the acute type and the rest (56%) had the chronic type of TTTS. The mean (SEM) intrapair haemoglobin difference in the acute type was 4.8 (2.1) g/100 ml which gave a discordance of 7.1 (4.6)%, whereas that in the chronic type was 6.9 (2.9) g/100 ml and 24.4 (6.1)% respectively. Infants with the acute type had a significantly higher incidence of vaginal delivery (p<0.03), hypotension (p<0.025), and respiratory distress (p<0.01) compared with those with the chronic type. There was no significant difference in the incidence of anaemia, polycythaemia, asphyxia, hypoglycaemia, and hyperbilirubinaemia. Two recipients died in utero as the result of chronic TTTS, while their survivors developed spastic cerebral palsy. There were no neonatal deaths. CONCLUSIONS: TTTS, although uncommon, may have an adverse neurodevelopmental outcome especially if one twin dies in utero. Prompt recognition and management of the haemodynamic and haematological problems of infants with the acute types of TTTS will result in optimal neurodevelopmental outcome.  (+info)

Massive transplacental hemorrhage: clinical manifestations in the newborn. (2/42)

Thirteen newborn infants had transplacental hemorrhage in excess of 30 ml. Fetal blood in the maternal circulation was demonstrated in all cases by the acid elution technique. Anemia was noted in five babies either at birth or within the first 24 hours of life. One baby was stillborn, the death possibly being related to fetal hemorrhage. The other seven babies were clinically normal in spite of massive transplacental hemorrhage. The hemoglobin values and reticulocyte counts were normal at birth and the first 5 days of life. The data on this group of babies suggest that the clinical manifestations of transplacental hemorrhage are related not only to the size of the hemorrhage but also to the time at which the hemorrhage occurs.  (+info)

The role of high-dose oral iron supplementation during erythropoietin therapy for anemia of prematurity. (3/42)

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether a high intake of oral iron would increase the effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) on hemoglobin synthesis. METHODS: We studied 30 preterm infants (gestational age 29+/-1.8 weeks, birth weight 1161+/-200 g, at age of 28+/-10 days) who were randomly assigned to receive either 8 mg/kg per day (n=15) or 16 mg/kg per day of oral iron during a course of rHuEPO therapy (900 microg/kg per week) for a duration of 4 weeks. Both groups were comparable in regard to clinical and laboratory data at the time of enrollment. RESULTS: rHuEPO caused a significant increase in reticulocyte count in the low- and high-dose iron groups, 17.1+/-5.3 to 34.7+/-9.2 and 16.3+/-3.3 to 42.5+/-5.6 (10(9)/l), respectively (p<0.05). However, in both groups, hematocrit values remained stable at the end of the study as compared to baseline (0.35+/-0.03% vs. 0.30+/-0.03%, 0.35+/-0.05% vs. 0.30+/-0.03%, NS) and in both groups there was a comparable and significant decrease in ferritin level (259+/-109 to 101+/-40 and 168+/-54 to 69+/-38 microg/l, respectively; p<0.01). The rates of bloody stools without any evidence of necrotizing enterocolitis were not significantly different between the two treatment groups (1/15 vs. 4/15, NS). CONCLUSION: We conclude that a higher dose (16 mg/kg per day) of oral iron is not more beneficial when compared to a lower dose (8 mg/kg per day) during rHuEPO therapy for anemia of prematurity. Further studies will define the optimal dosage and route of administration of iron supplementation during rHuEPO therapy.  (+info)

Effects of vitamin E supplementation during erythropoietin treatment of the anaemia of prematurity. (4/42)

AIMS: To evaluate the effects of vitamin E supplementation on haemoglobin concentration and the requirement for transfusion in premature infants treated with erythropoietin and iron. METHODS: Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. Thirty infants +info)

Serum erythropoietin concentrations in symptomatic infants during the anaemia of prematurity. (5/42)

A comparison was carried out between a series of neonates who weighed less than 1500 g at birth and received red cell transfusions for symptomatic anaemia of prematurity (group 1, n = 14) and controls of similar gestational age and weight, who remained well and were not transfused during their nursery stay (group 2, n = 10). Mean (SD) haemoglobin concentrations at birth were 163 (12) g/l and 183 (17) g/l (p = 0.004), respectively. Transfusion resulted in significantly better weight gain in six infants who had been growing poorly:mean (SE) 8.8 (2.8) g/day improved to 23.3 (2.1) g/day (p less than 0.002). Geometric mean (SD) serum immunoreactive erythropoietin (SiEp) concentrations (17.7 (1.3) U/l) for the whole group of infants were similar to those of normal adults (17.4 (4.7) U/l) despite considerably reduced haemoglobin values. There was a significant inverse correlation between haemoglobin and log SiEp concentrations in the infants requiring transfusion (r = -0.43; p less than 0.01), but this was not apparent in the untransfused babies. Moreover, at haemoglobin concentrations below 120 g/l the mean (SE) SiEp concentration of 20 (1.08) U/l in group 1 was significantly higher than in group 2 (14 (1.06) U/l; p = 0.002). These data suggest that an increased concentration of SiEp early in the course of the anaemia of prematurity helps to identify those infants who would benefit from red cell transfusions, but that clinical criteria, although ill defined, do so equally well.  (+info)

The effects of anaemia as a programming agent in the fetal heart. (6/42)

The intrauterine environment plays a powerful role in determining the life-long risk of cardiovascular disease. A number of stressors are well known to affect the development of the cardiovascular system in utero including over/under maternal nutrition, excess glucocorticoid and chronic hypoxia. Chronic fetal anaemia in sheep is a complex stressor that alters cardiac loading conditions, causes hypoxic stress and stimulates large changes in flow to specific tissues, including large increases in resting coronary blood flow and conductance. Decreased viscosity can account for approximately half of the increased flow. It appears that immature hearts are 'plastic' in that increases in coronary conductance with fetal anaemia persist into adulthood even if the anaemia is corrected before birth. These large changes in conductance are possible only through extensive remodelling of the coronary tree. Adult hearts that were once anaemic in utero are more resistant to hypoxic stress as adults but it is not known whether such an adaptation would be deleterious in later life. These studies indicate the need for investigation into the basic mechanisms of coronary tree remodelling in the immature myocardium. New information on these mechanisms is likely to lead to better prevention of and therapies for adult-onset coronary disease.  (+info)

Reduction in red blood cell transfusions among preterm infants: results of a randomized trial with an in-line blood gas and chemistry monitor. (7/42)

BACKGROUND: Critically ill, extremely premature infants develop anemia because of intensive laboratory blood testing and undergo multiple red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in the early weeks of life. To date, researchers have had only limited success in finding ways to reduce transfusions significantly in this patient population. OBJECTIVE: To reduce RBC transfusions for these infants by using a point-of-care bedside monitor that returns analyzed blood to the patient. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: This was a prospective, 2-center, randomized, open, controlled, clinical trial with a 1:1 assignment of extremely low birth weight infants (weighing 500-1000 g at birth) to control or monitor groups and analysis with the intention-to-treat approach. Predefined RBC transfusion criteria were applied uniformly in the 2 groups. INTERVENTIONS: Clinical treatment of study subjects with an in-line, ex vivo, bedside monitor that withdraws blood through an umbilical artery catheter, analyzes blood gases and sodium, potassium, and hematocrit levels, and returns the sample to the patient. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The total volume and number of RBC transfusions during the first 2 weeks of life and the total volume of blood removed for laboratory testing. RESULTS: The trial was terminated prematurely when one center's NICU changed its standard method of laboratory testing. In the first 2 weeks of life, there was a nonsignificant 17% lower cumulative RBC transfusion volume in the monitor group (n = 46), compared with the control group (n = 47). However, data from the first week only (the period of greater catheter use) demonstrated a significant 33% lower cumulative RBC transfusion volume in the monitor group. Cumulative phlebotomy loss was approximately 25% less in the monitor group throughout the 2-week study period. There was no difference between groups in neonatal mortality, morbidity, and neurodevelopmental outcome rates at 18 to 24 months. This is the first randomized trial documenting that RBC transfusions administered to neonates can by reduced by decreasing laboratory phlebotomy loss. CONCLUSIONS: As long as an umbilical artery catheter is available for blood sampling with an in-line blood gas and chemistry monitor, significant reductions in neonatal RBC transfusions can be achieved. The patients most likely to benefit from monitor use are the smallest, most critically ill newborns.  (+info)

A randomized, controlled trial of the effects of adding vitamin B12 and folate to erythropoietin for the treatment of anemia of prematurity. (8/42)

BACKGROUND: Premature infants, especially those with birth weights of <1500 g, often suffer from anemia of prematurity and associated problems. Erythropoietin therapy is a safe effective way to prevent and to treat anemia of prematurity. We hypothesized that combined administration of vitamin B12 and folate with erythropoietin and iron would enhance erythropoietin-induced erythropoiesis. METHODS: In a randomized, controlled trial, 64 premature infants (birth weight: 801-1300 g) receiving erythropoietin and iron supplementation were assigned randomly to receive either vitamin B12 (3 microg/kg per day) and folate (100 microg/kg per day) (treatment group) or a lower dose of folate (60 microg/kg per day) (control group). RESULTS: During the 4-week observation period, vitamin B12 and folate enhanced erythropoietin-induced erythropoiesis significantly, as indicated by a 10% increase in red blood cell counts, compared with folate alone. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels remained stable in the treatment group, whereas they decreased in the control group. Vitamin B12 levels in the treatment group increased over baseline and control values, whereas red blood cell folate levels were comparable between the groups. Subsequent analysis showed slight nonsignificant differences in baseline red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit level, and mean corpuscular volume values, which must be addressed as a limitation. CONCLUSIONS: With the limitation of a slight imbalance in baseline data between the study groups, combined therapy with vitamin B12, folate, erythropoietin, and orally and intravenously administered iron seemed more effective in stimulating erythropoiesis among premature infants, compared with erythropoietin, iron, and low-dose folate alone. Additional trials are necessary to confirm these data.  (+info)

There are many different types of anemia, each with its own set of causes and symptoms. Some common types of anemia include:

1. Iron-deficiency anemia: This is the most common type of anemia and is caused by a lack of iron in the diet or a problem with the body's ability to absorb iron. Iron is essential for making hemoglobin.
2. Vitamin deficiency anemia: This type of anemia is caused by a lack of vitamins, such as vitamin B12 or folate, that are necessary for red blood cell production.
3. Anemia of chronic disease: This type of anemia is seen in people with chronic diseases, such as kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.
4. Sickle cell anemia: This is a genetic disorder that affects the structure of hemoglobin and causes red blood cells to be shaped like crescents or sickles.
5. Thalassemia: This is a genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin and can cause anemia, fatigue, and other health problems.

The symptoms of anemia can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and dizziness or lightheadedness. Anemia can be diagnosed with a blood test that measures the number and size of red blood cells, as well as the levels of hemoglobin and other nutrients.

Treatment for anemia depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, dietary changes or supplements may be sufficient to treat anemia. For example, people with iron-deficiency anemia may need to increase their intake of iron-rich foods or take iron supplements. In other cases, medical treatment may be necessary to address underlying conditions such as kidney disease or cancer.

Preventing anemia is important for maintaining good health and preventing complications. To prevent anemia, it is important to eat a balanced diet that includes plenty of iron-rich foods, vitamin C-rich foods, and other essential nutrients. It is also important to avoid certain substances that can interfere with the absorption of nutrients, such as alcohol and caffeine. Additionally, it is important to manage any underlying medical conditions and seek medical attention if symptoms of anemia persist or worsen over time.

In conclusion, anemia is a common blood disorder that can have significant health implications if left untreated. It is important to be aware of the different types of anemia, their causes, and symptoms in order to seek medical attention if necessary. With proper diagnosis and treatment, many cases of anemia can be successfully managed and prevented.

Symptoms of aplastic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, and increased risk of bleeding or infection. Treatment options for aplastic anemia typically involve blood transfusions and immunosuppressive drugs to stimulate the bone marrow to produce new blood cells. In severe cases, a bone marrow transplant may be necessary.

Overall, aplastic anemia is a rare and serious condition that requires careful management by a healthcare provider to prevent complications and improve quality of life.

Symptoms of hemolytic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness, headaches, and pale or yellowish skin. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include blood transfusions, medication to suppress the immune system, antibiotics for infections, and removal of the spleen (splenectomy) in severe cases.

Prevention strategies for hemolytic anemia include avoiding triggers such as certain medications or infections, maintaining good hygiene practices, and seeking early medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

It is important to note that while hemolytic anemia can be managed with proper treatment, it may not be curable in all cases, and ongoing monitoring and care are necessary to prevent complications and improve quality of life.

There are currently no cures for Fanconi anemia, but bone marrow transplantation and other supportive therapies can help manage some of the symptoms and improve quality of life. Research into the genetics and molecular biology of Fanconi anemia is ongoing to better understand the disorder and develop new treatments.

Some of the common symptoms of Fanconi anemia include short stature, limb deformities, hearing loss, vision problems, and an increased risk of infections and cancer. Children with Fanconi anemia may also experience developmental delays, learning disabilities, and social and emotional challenges.

The diagnosis of Fanconi anemia is typically made based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment options for Fanconi anemia depend on the severity of the disorder and may include bone marrow transplantation, blood transfusions, antibiotics, and other supportive therapies.

Fanconi anemia is a rare disorder that affects approximately 1 in 160,000 births worldwide. It is more common in certain populations, such as Ashkenazi Jews and individuals of Spanish descent. Fanconi anemia can be inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that a child must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the disorder.

Overall, Fanconi anemia is a complex and rare genetic disorder that requires specialized medical care and ongoing research to better understand its causes and develop effective treatments. With appropriate management and supportive therapies, individuals with Fanconi anemia can lead fulfilling lives despite the challenges associated with the disorder.

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a specific type of hemolytic anemia that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys red blood cells. This can happen due to various underlying causes such as infections, certain medications, and some types of cancer.

In autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the immune system produces antibodies that coat the surface of red blood cells and mark them for destruction by other immune cells called complement proteins. This leads to the premature destruction of red blood cells in the spleen, liver, and other organs.

Symptoms of autoimmune hemolytic anemia can include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, and a pale or yellowish complexion. Treatment options for AIHA depend on the underlying cause of the disorder, but may include medications to suppress the immune system, plasmapheresis to remove antibodies from the blood, and in severe cases, splenectomy (removal of the spleen) or bone marrow transplantation.

In summary, autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a type of hemolytic anemia that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys red blood cells, leading to premature destruction of red blood cells and various symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and jaundice. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause of the disorder and may include medications, plasmapheresis, and in severe cases, splenectomy or bone marrow transplantation.

In hypochromic anemia, the RBCs are smaller than normal and have a lower concentration of hemoglobin. This can lead to a decrease in the amount of oxygen being carried to the body's tissues, which can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.

There are several possible causes of hypochromic anemia, including:

1. Iron deficiency: Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin, so a lack of iron can lead to a decrease in hemoglobin levels and the development of hypochromic anemia.
2. Vitamin deficiency: Vitamins such as vitamin B12 and folate are important for the production of red blood cells, so a deficiency in these vitamins can lead to hypochromic anemia.
3. Chronic disease: Certain chronic diseases, such as kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer, can lead to hypochromic anemia.
4. Inherited disorders: Certain inherited disorders, such as thalassemia and sickle cell anemia, can cause hypochromic anemia.
5. Autoimmune disorders: Autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, can cause hypochromic anemia by destroying red blood cells.

Hypochromic anemia is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood counts (CBCs) and serum iron studies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the anemia and may include dietary changes, supplements, medication, or blood transfusions.

Symptoms of macrocytic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is typically made through a complete blood count (CBC) test that shows an elevated mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and reticulocyte count. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but may include vitamin supplements, changes in medication, or addressing any underlying medical conditions.

In summary, macrocytic anemia is a type of anemia characterized by large red blood cells that are prone to breakdown and can be caused by various factors. It can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath, and diagnosis is made through a CBC test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.

Note: The information provided above is a general definition of the medical condition 'Anemia, Pernicious'. It is not meant to be a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment. If you have any concerns about this condition, you should consult a qualified healthcare professional for proper evaluation and care.

Sickle cell anemia is caused by mutations in the HBB gene that codes for hemoglobin. The most common mutation is a point mutation at position 6, which replaces the glutamic acid amino acid with a valine (Glu6Val). This substitution causes the hemoglobin molecule to be unstable and prone to forming sickle-shaped cells.

The hallmark symptom of sickle cell anemia is anemia, which is a low number of healthy red blood cells. People with the condition may also experience fatigue, weakness, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), infections, and episodes of severe pain. Sickle cell anemia can also increase the risk of stroke, heart disease, and other complications.

Sickle cell anemia is diagnosed through blood tests that measure hemoglobin levels and the presence of sickle cells. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and preventing complications with medications, blood transfusions, and antibiotics. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended.

Prevention of sickle cell anemia primarily involves avoiding the genetic mutations that cause the condition. This can be done through genetic counseling and testing for individuals who have a family history of the condition or are at risk of inheriting it. Prenatal testing is also available for pregnant women who may be carriers of the condition.

Overall, sickle cell anemia is a serious genetic disorder that can significantly impact quality of life and life expectancy if left untreated. However, with proper management and care, individuals with the condition can lead fulfilling lives and manage their symptoms effectively.

The symptoms of sideroblastic anemia can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and a rapid heart rate. Treatment options for sideroblastic anemia typically involve addressing the underlying genetic cause of the condition, such as through gene therapy or enzyme replacement therapy, and managing symptoms with medication and lifestyle modifications.

In summary, sideroblastic anemia is a rare inherited disorder characterized by abnormalities in iron metabolism that can lead to impaired red blood cell production and various other symptoms. It is important for individuals with this condition to receive timely and appropriate medical attention to manage their symptoms and prevent complications.

Symptoms of megaloblastic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, and weight loss. The condition is typically diagnosed through a physical examination, blood tests (including a complete blood count and blood chemistry tests), and possibly a bone marrow biopsy.

Treatment for megaloblastic anemia usually involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, such as vitamin B12 or folate supplements. In some cases, medications to stimulate the production of red blood cells may be prescribed. If left untreated, megaloblastic anemia can lead to complications such as heart problems and increased risk of infections.

There are several subtypes of refractory anemia, including:

1. Refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB): This type of anemia is characterized by a high number of immature red blood cells in the bone marrow.
2. Refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (RARS): This type of anemia is characterized by the presence of abnormal red blood cells that have a "ring-like" appearance under a microscope.
3. Refractory anemia with multilineage dysplasia (RARMD): This type of anemia is characterized by abnormal cell development in the bone marrow, including immature red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Refractory anemia can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to certain chemicals or toxins, and certain medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease or rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment for refractory anemia typically involves blood transfusions and supportive care, such as folic acid supplements and antibiotics to prevent infection. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended.

Prevalence: Anemia, hemolytic, congenital is a rare disorder, affecting approximately 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 200,000 births.

Causes: The condition is caused by mutations in genes that code for proteins involved in hemoglobin synthesis or red blood cell membrane structure. These mutations can lead to abnormal hemoglobin formation, red blood cell membrane instability, and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, which can result in hemolytic anemia.

Symptoms: Symptoms of anemia, hemolytic, congenital may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, the condition can lead to life-threatening complications such as anemia, infections, and kidney failure.

Diagnosis: Anemia, hemolytic, congenital is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including blood smear examination, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and mutation analysis.

Treatment: Treatment for anemia, hemolytic, congenital depends on the specific underlying genetic cause and may include blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, antibiotics, and/or surgery to remove the spleen. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis: The prognosis for anemia, hemolytic, congenital varies depending on the specific underlying genetic cause and the severity of the condition. With appropriate treatment, many individuals with this condition can lead relatively normal lives, but in severe cases, the condition can be life-threatening.

The symptoms of EIA can vary in severity and may include fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, depression, and anemia. In severe cases, the disease can lead to death. There is no cure for EIA, but it can be managed with antiretroviral medications and supportive care.

EIA is a significant concern in the equine industry, as infected animals can transmit the disease to other horses and can be a risk to human health. Testing for EIA is done through a blood test, and infected animals are typically euthanized to prevent the spread of the disease.

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Source: Genetic Home Reference: NIH

1. Iron deficiency anemia: This is the most common hematologic complication of pregnancy, caused by the increased demand for iron and the potential for poor dietary intake or gastrointestinal blood loss.
2. Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in platelet count, which can be mild and resolve spontaneously or severe and require treatment.
3. Leukemia: Rare but potentially serious, leukemia can occur during pregnancy and may require prompt intervention to ensure the health of both the mother and the fetus.
4. Thrombosis: The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel, which can be life-threatening for both the mother and the baby if left untreated.
5. Hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding during pregnancy, which can be caused by various factors such as placenta previa or abruption.
6. Preeclampsia: A condition characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the kidneys and liver, which can increase the risk of hemorrhage and other complications.
7. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside of the uterus, often in the fallopian tube, which can cause severe bleeding and be life-threatening if left untreated.

A condition where newborn babies have a lower than normal number of red blood cells or low levels of hemoglobin in their blood. The condition can be caused by various factors such as premature birth, low birth weight, infections, and genetic disorders. Symptoms may include jaundice, fatigue, and difficulty breathing. Treatment options may vary depending on the underlying cause but may include blood transfusions and iron supplements.

Example usage: "Neonatal anemia is a common condition in newborn babies that can be caused by various factors such as premature birth or low birth weight."

The term "refractory" refers to the fact that this type of anemia does not respond well to standard treatments, such as blood transfusions or medications. The term "excess blasts" refers to the presence of a large number of immature cells in the bone marrow.

RAEB is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can develop into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. AML is characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells, which can crowd out normal cells in the bone marrow and lead to a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

RAEB is usually diagnosed in adults over the age of 60, although it can occur at any age. The condition is often associated with other health problems, such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), a group of disorders that affect the bone marrow and blood cells.

Treatment for RAEB typically involves chemotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation. The goal of treatment is to slow the progression of the disease, reduce symptoms, and improve quality of life. In some cases, RAEB may be managed with supportive care, such as blood transfusions and antibiotics, to help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Overall, refractory anemia with excess blasts is a serious and complex condition that requires careful management by a healthcare team of hematologists, oncologists, and other specialists. With appropriate treatment, many people with RAEB are able to achieve long-term remission and improve their quality of life.

Pallor is often used as an indicator of underlying disease, particularly in conditions where there is a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood, such as anemia or blood loss. It can also be a sign of other diseases such as liver cirrhosis, kidney failure, and some types of cancer.

There are different types of pallor, including:

1. Anemic pallor: This is the most common type of pallor and is caused by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. It can be seen in conditions such as iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, and sickle cell anemia.
2. Post-inflammatory pallor: This type of pallor is caused by inflammation that leads to a decrease in blood flow to the skin. It can be seen in conditions such as erythema migrans (Lyme disease), and other inflammatory conditions.
3. Cirrhotic pallor: This type of pallor is caused by liver cirrhosis and is characterized by a pale, washed-out appearance of the skin.
4. Renal pallor: This type of pallor is caused by kidney failure and is characterized by a pale, washed-out appearance of the skin.
5. Cancer pallor: This type of pallor is caused by certain types of cancer, such as carcinomas and lymphomas, and is characterized by a pale, washed-out appearance of the skin.

In summary, pallor is a term used to describe an abnormal paleness or whiteness of the skin that can be caused by a variety of underlying medical conditions. It is often used as an indicator of illness and can be seen in a wide range of conditions, including anemia, inflammation, liver cirrhosis, kidney failure, and certain types of cancer.

Causes:

* Dietary deficiency due to a lack of animal products in the diet
* Malabsorption due to gastrointestinal disorders such as Crohn's disease or celiac disease
* Pernicious anemia, an autoimmune condition that affects the absorption of vitamin B12 in the gut.
* Surgical removal of part of the small intestine
* Certain medications such as metformin and proton pump inhibitors

Symptoms:

* Fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath
* Pale skin and mouth sores
* Difficulty walking or balance problems
* Numbness or tingling sensations in the hands and feet
* Memory loss and depression
* Poor appetite and weight loss

Diagnosis:

* Blood tests to measure vitamin B12 levels and other related markers such as homocysteine
* Physical examination and medical history to identify risk factors or signs of deficiency

Treatment:

* Dietary changes to include more animal products such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products.
* Vitamin B12 supplements in the form of tablets, lozenges, or injections.
* Addressing underlying conditions that may be contributing to the deficiency such as gastrointestinal disorders.

Prevention:

* Consuming animal products as part of a balanced diet
* Avoiding medications that can interfere with vitamin B12 absorption.

There are two main types of beta-thalassemia:

1. Beta-thalassemia major (also known as Cooley's anemia): This is the most severe form of the condition, and it can cause serious health problems and a shortened lifespan if left untreated. Children with this condition are typically diagnosed at birth or in early childhood, and they may require regular blood transfusions and other medical interventions to manage their symptoms and prevent complications.
2. Beta-thalassemia minor (also known as thalassemia trait): This is a milder form of the condition, and it may not cause any noticeable symptoms. People with beta-thalassemia minor have one mutated copy of the HBB gene and one healthy copy, which allows them to produce some normal hemoglobin. However, they may still be at risk for complications such as anemia, fatigue, and a higher risk of infections.

The symptoms of beta-thalassemia can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the age of onset. Common symptoms include:

* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Pale skin
* Shortness of breath
* Frequent infections
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Enlarged spleen

Beta-thalassemia is most commonly found in people of Mediterranean, African, and Southeast Asian ancestry. It is caused by mutations in the HBB gene, which is inherited from one's parents. There is no cure for beta-thalassemia, but it can be managed with blood transfusions, chelation therapy, and other medical interventions. Bone marrow transplantation may also be a viable option for some patients.

In conclusion, beta-thalassemia is a genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, leading to anemia, fatigue, and other complications. While there is no cure for the condition, it can be managed with medical interventions and bone marrow transplantation may be a viable option for some patients. Early diagnosis and management are crucial in preventing or minimizing the complications of beta-thalassemia.

Symptoms of pancytopenia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and increased risk of bleeding or infection. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but may include blood transfusions, antibiotics, or immunosuppressive medications. In severe cases, pancytopenia can lead to anemia, infections, or bleeding complications that can be life-threatening.

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There are two main types of thalassemia: alpha-thalassemia and beta-thalassemia. Alpha-thalassemia is caused by abnormalities in the production of the alpha-globin chain, which is one of the two chains that make up hemoglobin. Beta-thalassemia is caused by abnormalities in the production of the beta-globin chain.

Thalassemia can cause a range of symptoms, including anemia, fatigue, pale skin, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, it can lead to life-threatening complications such as heart failure, liver failure, and bone deformities. Thalassemia is usually diagnosed through blood tests that measure the levels of hemoglobin and other proteins in the blood.

There is no cure for thalassemia, but treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment may include blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, and medications to reduce the severity of anemia. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended.

Preventive measures for thalassemia include genetic counseling and testing for individuals who are at risk of inheriting the disorder. Prenatal testing is also available for pregnant women who are carriers of the disorder. In addition, individuals with thalassemia should avoid marriage within their own family or community to reduce the risk of passing on the disorder to their children.

Overall, thalassemia is a serious and inherited blood disorder that can have significant health implications if left untreated. However, with proper treatment and management, individuals with thalassemia can lead fulfilling lives and minimize the risk of complications.

There are several different types of malaria, including:

1. Plasmodium falciparum: This is the most severe form of malaria, and it can be fatal if left untreated. It is found in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
2. Plasmodium vivax: This type of malaria is less severe than P. falciparum, but it can still cause serious complications if left untreated. It is found in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
3. Plasmodium ovale: This type of malaria is similar to P. vivax, but it can cause more severe symptoms in some people. It is found primarily in West Africa.
4. Plasmodium malariae: This type of malaria is less common than the other three types, and it tends to cause milder symptoms. It is found primarily in parts of Africa and Asia.

The symptoms of malaria can vary depending on the type of parasite that is causing the infection, but they typically include:

1. Fever
2. Chills
3. Headache
4. Muscle and joint pain
5. Fatigue
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Diarrhea
8. Anemia (low red blood cell count)

If malaria is not treated promptly, it can lead to more severe complications, such as:

1. Seizures
2. Coma
3. Respiratory failure
4. Kidney failure
5. Liver failure
6. Anemia (low red blood cell count)

Malaria is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as blood smears or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Treatment for malaria typically involves the use of antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine or artemisinin-based combination therapies. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications and provide supportive care.

Prevention is an important aspect of managing malaria, and this can include:

1. Using insecticide-treated bed nets
2. Wearing protective clothing and applying insect repellent when outdoors
3. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities to reduce the number of mosquito breeding sites
4. Using indoor residual spraying (IRS) or insecticide-treated wall lining to kill mosquitoes
5. Implementing malaria control measures in areas where malaria is common, such as distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS)
6. Improving access to healthcare services, particularly in rural and remote areas
7. Providing education and awareness about malaria prevention and control
8. Encouraging the use of preventive medications, such as intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) for pregnant women and children under the age of five.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are critical in preventing the progression of malaria and reducing the risk of complications and death. In areas where malaria is common, it is essential to have access to reliable diagnostic tools and effective antimalarial drugs.

1. Anemia: Folic acid plays a critical role in the production of red blood cells, so a deficiency can lead to anemia, which can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
2. Birth defects: Folic acid is crucial for fetal development during pregnancy, and a deficiency can increase the risk of birth defects such as spina bifida and cleft palate.
3. Heart disease: Folic acid helps to regulate homocysteine levels in the blood, which are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and stroke.
4. Neurological problems: Folic acid is important for the health of the nervous system, and a deficiency can lead to neurological problems such as cognitive impairment, mood disturbances, and seizures.
5. Poor wound healing: Folic acid is necessary for the production of collagen, which is important for wound healing. A deficiency can lead to slow or poor wound healing.
6. Increased risk of cancer: Some studies suggest that a folic acid deficiency may increase the risk of certain types of cancer, such as colon cancer.
7. Hair loss: Folic acid is important for hair growth, and a deficiency can lead to hair loss.
8. Skin problems: Folic acid is important for skin health, and a deficiency can lead to skin problems such as dry, flaky skin and mouth sores.
9. Mood changes: Folic acid plays a role in the production of neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that regulate mood. A deficiency can lead to mood changes such as depression and anxiety.
10. Fatigue: Folic acid is important for energy metabolism, and a deficiency can lead to fatigue and weakness.

Folic acid deficiency can be caused by a number of factors, including:

1. Poor diet: A diet that is low in folate-rich foods can lead to a deficiency.
2. Malabsorption: Certain medical conditions such as celiac disease and Crohn's disease can lead to malabsorption of folic acid.
3. Pregnancy and lactation: Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding have a higher need for folic acid, and may be at risk for deficiency if they do not consume enough.
4. Alcoholism: Heavy alcohol consumption can interfere with the absorption of folic acid.
5. Certain medications: Some medications, such as antacids and proton pump inhibitors, can interfere with the absorption of folic acid.

To diagnose a folic acid deficiency, a healthcare provider may perform a physical exam, take a medical history, and order blood tests to measure folic acid levels. Treatment for a folic acid deficiency typically involves dietary changes and supplements. Dietary changes may include consuming more folate-rich foods, such as leafy green vegetables, legumes, and whole grains. Supplements may include folic acid tablets or liquid supplements. In severe cases of deficiency, injections of folic acid may be necessary. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect a folic acid deficiency, as untreated deficiencies can lead to serious health problems.

The term splenomegaly is used to describe any condition that results in an increase in the size of the spleen, regardless of the underlying cause. This can be caused by a variety of factors, such as infection, inflammation, cancer, or genetic disorders.

Splenomegaly can be diagnosed through a physical examination, where the doctor may feel the enlarged spleen during an abdominal palpation. Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may also be used to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the extent of the splenomegaly.

Treatment for splenomegaly depends on the underlying cause. For example, infections such as malaria or mononucleosis are treated with antibiotics, while cancerous conditions may require surgical intervention or chemotherapy. In some cases, the spleen may need to be removed, a procedure known as splenectomy.

In conclusion, splenomegaly is an abnormal enlargement of the spleen that can be caused by various factors and requires prompt medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Sources:

1. Dictionary of Medical Microbiology, Second Edition. Edited by A. S. Chakrabarti and S. K. Das. Springer, 2012.
2. Medical Microbiology, Fourth Edition. Edited by P. R. Murray, K. S. N air, and M. J. Laurence. Mosby, 2014.

Symptoms of iron overload can include fatigue, weakness, joint pain, and abdominal discomfort. Treatment for iron overload usually involves reducing iron intake and undergoing regular phlebotomy (blood removal) to remove excess iron from the body. In severe cases, iron chelation therapy may be recommended to help remove excess iron from tissues and organs.

In addition to these medical definitions and treatments, there are also some key points to keep in mind when it comes to iron overload:

1. Iron is essential for human health, but too much of it can be harmful. The body needs a certain amount of iron to produce hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. However, excessive iron levels can damage organs and tissues.
2. Hereditary hemochromatosis is the most common cause of iron overload. This genetic disorder causes the body to absorb too much iron from food, leading to its accumulation in organs and tissues.
3. Iron overload can increase the risk of certain diseases, such as liver cirrhosis, diabetes, and heart disease. It can also lead to a condition called hemosiderosis, which is characterized by the deposition of iron in tissues and organs.
4. Phlebotomy is a safe and effective treatment for iron overload. Regular blood removal can help reduce excess iron levels and prevent complications such as liver damage, heart failure, and anemia.
5. Iron chelation therapy may be recommended in severe cases of iron overload. This involves using drugs to remove excess iron from tissues and organs, but it is not always necessary and can have potential side effects.

A condition in which the kidneys gradually lose their function over time, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the body. Also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Prevalence:

Chronic kidney failure affects approximately 20 million people worldwide and is a major public health concern. In the United States, it is estimated that 1 in 5 adults has CKD, with African Americans being disproportionately affected.

Causes:

The causes of chronic kidney failure are numerous and include:

1. Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage the kidneys over time.
2. Hypertension: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys.
3. Glomerulonephritis: An inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood.
4. Interstitial nephritis: Inflammation of the tissue between the kidney tubules.
5. Pyelonephritis: Infection of the kidneys, usually caused by bacteria or viruses.
6. Polycystic kidney disease: A genetic disorder that causes cysts to grow on the kidneys.
7. Obesity: Excess weight can increase blood pressure and strain on the kidneys.
8. Family history: A family history of kidney disease increases the risk of developing chronic kidney failure.

Symptoms:

Early stages of chronic kidney failure may not cause any symptoms, but as the disease progresses, symptoms can include:

1. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak.
2. Swelling: In the legs, ankles, and feet.
3. Nausea and vomiting: Due to the buildup of waste products in the body.
4. Poor appetite: Loss of interest in food.
5. Difficulty concentrating: Cognitive impairment due to the buildup of waste products in the brain.
6. Shortness of breath: Due to fluid buildup in the lungs.
7. Pain: In the back, flank, or abdomen.
8. Urination changes: Decreased urine production, dark-colored urine, or blood in the urine.
9. Heart problems: Chronic kidney failure can increase the risk of heart disease and heart attack.

Diagnosis:

Chronic kidney failure is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical examination findings, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include:

1. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine: Waste products in the blood that increase with decreased kidney function.
2. Electrolyte levels: Imbalances in electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and phosphorus can indicate kidney dysfunction.
3. Kidney function tests: Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to determine the level of kidney function.
4. Urinalysis: Examination of urine for protein, blood, or white blood cells.

Imaging studies may include:

1. Ultrasound: To assess the size and shape of the kidneys, detect any blockages, and identify any other abnormalities.
2. Computed tomography (CT) scan: To provide detailed images of the kidneys and detect any obstructions or abscesses.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): To evaluate the kidneys and detect any damage or scarring.

Treatment:

Treatment for chronic kidney failure depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the disease. The goals of treatment are to slow progression of the disease, manage symptoms, and improve quality of life. Treatment may include:

1. Medications: To control high blood pressure, lower cholesterol levels, reduce proteinuria, and manage anemia.
2. Diet: A healthy diet that limits protein intake, controls salt and water intake, and emphasizes low-fat dairy products, fruits, and vegetables.
3. Fluid management: Monitoring and control of fluid intake to prevent fluid buildup in the body.
4. Dialysis: A machine that filters waste products from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to do so.
5. Transplantation: A kidney transplant may be considered for some patients with advanced chronic kidney failure.

Complications:

Chronic kidney failure can lead to several complications, including:

1. Heart disease: High blood pressure and anemia can increase the risk of heart disease.
2. Anemia: A decrease in red blood cells can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
3. Bone disease: A disorder that can lead to bone pain, weakness, and an increased risk of fractures.
4. Electrolyte imbalance: Imbalances of electrolytes such as potassium, phosphorus, and sodium can cause muscle weakness, heart arrhythmias, and other complications.
5. Infections: A decrease in immune function can increase the risk of infections.
6. Nutritional deficiencies: Poor appetite, nausea, and vomiting can lead to malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies.
7. Cardiovascular disease: High blood pressure, anemia, and other complications can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
8. Pain: Chronic kidney failure can cause pain, particularly in the back, flank, and abdomen.
9. Sleep disorders: Insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome are common complications.
10. Depression and anxiety: The emotional burden of chronic kidney failure can lead to depression and anxiety.

1. Types of Hookworms: There are two main types of hookworms that can infect humans: Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. A. duodenale is more common in temperate climates, while N. americanus is found in tropical and subtropical regions.
2. Transmission: Hookworms are typically spread through contact with contaminated feces or soil. This can happen when someone ingests food or water that has been contaminated with hookworm eggs or larvae. In rare cases, hookworms can also be transmitted through blood transfusions or organ transplants.
3. Symptoms: The symptoms of hookworm infections can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the number of worms present. Common symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and anemia. In severe cases, hookworms can cause inflammation of the intestines, which can lead to complications such as bowel obstruction or perforation.
4. Diagnosis: Hookworm infections are typically diagnosed through a stool sample or blood test. A doctor may also perform a physical examination and take a medical history to help determine the presence of hookworms.
5. Treatment: Hookworm infections can be treated with antiparasitic medications, such as albendazole or mebendazole. These medications work by killing the worms in the intestines, which helps to relieve symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, treatment may also involve addressing any underlying conditions that have been exacerbated by the hookworm infection, such as anemia or malnutrition.
6. Prevention: The best way to prevent hookworm infections is to practice good hygiene and avoid contact with contaminated feces or soil. This includes washing your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before handling food. Additionally, wearing shoes when outdoors can help reduce the risk of contracting a hookworm infection through contact with contaminated soil.


The most common types of hemoglobinopathies include:

1. Sickle cell disease: This is caused by a point mutation in the HBB gene that codes for the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. It results in the production of sickle-shaped red blood cells, which can cause anemia, infections, and other complications.
2. Thalassemia: This is a group of genetic disorders that affect the production of hemoglobin and can result in anemia, fatigue, and other complications.
3. Hemophilia A: This is caused by a defect in the F8 gene that codes for coagulation factor VIII, which is essential for blood clotting. It can cause bleeding episodes, especially in males.
4. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency: This is caused by a point mutation in the G6PD gene that codes for an enzyme involved in red blood cell production. It can cause hemolytic anemia, especially in individuals who consume certain foods or medications.
5. Hereditary spherocytosis: This is caused by point mutations in the ANK1 or SPTA1 genes that code for proteins involved in red blood cell membrane structure. It can cause hemolytic anemia and other complications.

Hemoglobinopathies can be diagnosed through genetic testing, such as DNA sequencing or molecular genetic analysis. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disorder but may include blood transfusions, medications, and in some cases, bone marrow transplantation.

There are several possible causes of thrombocytopenia, including:

1. Immune-mediated disorders such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
2. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia or leukemia.
3. Viral infections such as HIV or hepatitis C.
4. Medications such as chemotherapy or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
5. Vitamin deficiencies, especially vitamin B12 and folate.
6. Genetic disorders such as Bernard-Soulier syndrome.
7. Sepsis or other severe infections.
8. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a condition where blood clots form throughout the body.
9. Postpartum thrombocytopenia, which can occur in some women after childbirth.

Symptoms of thrombocytopenia may include easy bruising, petechiae (small red or purple spots on the skin), and prolonged bleeding from injuries or surgical sites. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include platelet transfusions, steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and in severe cases, surgery.

In summary, thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by low platelet counts that can increase the risk of bleeding and bruising. It can be caused by various factors, and treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause.

Falciparum malaria can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, the disease can lead to anemia, organ failure, and death.

Diagnosis of falciparum malaria typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to detect the presence of parasites in the blood or other bodily fluids. Treatment usually involves the use of antimalarial drugs, such as artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) or quinine, which can effectively cure the disease if administered promptly.

Prevention of falciparum malaria is critical to reducing the risk of infection, and this includes the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying (IRS), and preventive medications for travelers to high-risk areas. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities can also help reduce the number of mosquitoes and the spread of the disease.

In summary, falciparum malaria is a severe and life-threatening form of malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, which is responsible for the majority of malaria-related deaths worldwide. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and death from this disease. Prevention measures include the use of bed nets, indoor spraying, and preventive medications, as well as reducing standing water around homes and communities.

There are two main forms of alpha-Thalassemia:

1. Alpha-thalassemia major (also known as Hemoglobin Bart's hydrops fetalis): This is a severe form of the disorder that can cause severe anemia, enlarged spleen, and death in infancy. It is caused by a complete absence of one or both of the HBA1 or HBA2 genes.
2. Alpha-thalassemia minor (also known as Hemoglobin carrier state): This form of the disorder is milder and may not cause any symptoms at all. It is caused by a partial deletion of one or both of the HBA1 or HBA2 genes.

People with alpha-thalassemia minor may have slightly lower levels of hemoglobin and may be more susceptible to anemia, but they do not typically experience any severe symptoms. Those with alpha-thalassemia major, on the other hand, are at risk for serious complications such as anemia, infections, and organ failure.

There is no cure for alpha-thalassemia, but treatment options include blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy, and management of associated complications. Screening for alpha-thalassemia is recommended for individuals who are carriers of the disorder, as well as for those who have a family history of the condition.

Also known as: Hereditary spherocytosis (HSS)

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Isoimmunization is a condition that occurs when an individual has antibodies against their own red blood cell antigens, specifically the Rh antigen. This can happen due to various reasons such as:

1. Incompatibility between the mother's and father's Rh antigens, leading to the development of antibodies in the mother during pregnancy or childbirth.
2. Blood transfusions from an incompatible donor.
3. Certain medical conditions like autoimmune hemolytic anemia or bone marrow transplantation.

Rh isoimmunization can lead to a range of complications, including:

1. Hemolytic disease of the newborn: This is a condition where the baby's red blood cells are destroyed by the mother's antibodies, leading to anemia, jaundice, and other serious complications.
2. Rh hemolytic crisis: This is a severe and potentially life-threatening complication that can occur during pregnancy or childbirth.
3. Chronic hemolytic anemia: This is a condition where the red blood cells are continuously destroyed, leading to anemia and other complications.

Rh isoimmunization can be diagnosed through blood tests such as the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) or the indirect Coombs test (ICT). Treatment typically involves managing any underlying conditions and monitoring for complications. In severe cases, a bone marrow transplant may be necessary. Prevention is key, and women who are Rh-negative should receive an injection of Rh immune globulin during pregnancy to prevent the development of antibodies against the Rh antigen.

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

In this article, we will explore the definition and impact of chronic diseases, as well as strategies for managing and living with them. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and prevention, as well as the role of healthcare providers in addressing the needs of individuals with chronic diseases.

What is a Chronic Disease?

A chronic disease is a condition that lasts for an extended period of time, often affecting daily life and activities. Unlike acute diseases, which have a specific beginning and end, chronic diseases are long-term and persistent. Examples of chronic diseases include:

1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Asthma
5. Cancer
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
8. Hypertension
9. Osteoporosis
10. Stroke

Impact of Chronic Diseases

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the WHO. In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

Chronic diseases can also have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in activities they enjoy and affecting their relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the financial burden of chronic diseases can lead to poverty and reduce economic productivity, thus having a broader societal impact.

Addressing Chronic Diseases

Given the significant burden of chronic diseases, it is essential that we address them effectively. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:

1. Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging healthy behaviors such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation can help prevent and manage chronic diseases.
2. Early detection and diagnosis: Identifying risk factors and detecting diseases early can help prevent or delay their progression.
3. Medication management: Effective medication management is crucial for controlling symptoms and slowing disease progression.
4. Multi-disciplinary care: Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and families is essential for managing chronic diseases.
5. Health promotion and disease prevention: Educating individuals about the risks of chronic diseases and promoting healthy behaviors can help prevent their onset.
6. Addressing social determinants of health: Social determinants such as poverty, education, and employment can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing health disparities and improving overall health.
7. Investing in healthcare infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, technology, and research is necessary to improve disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. Encouraging policy change: Policy changes can help create supportive environments for healthy behaviors and reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
9. Increasing public awareness: Raising public awareness about the risks and consequences of chronic diseases can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.
10. Providing support for caregivers: Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on family members and caregivers, so providing them with support is essential for improving overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

Chronic diseases are a major public health burden that affect millions of people worldwide. Addressing these diseases requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, addressing social determinants of health, investing in healthcare infrastructure, encouraging policy change, increasing public awareness, and providing support for caregivers. By taking a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and management, we can improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.

There are two main types of hemolysis:

1. Intravascular hemolysis: This type occurs within the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as mechanical injury, oxidative stress, and certain infections.
2. Extravascular hemolysis: This type occurs outside the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as bone marrow disorders, splenic rupture, and certain medications.

Hemolytic anemia is a condition that occurs when there is excessive hemolysis of RBCs, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.

Some common causes of hemolysis include:

1. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. Autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).
3. Infections such as malaria, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood thinners.
5. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelofibrosis.
6. Splenic rupture or surgical removal of the spleen.
7. Mechanical injury to the blood vessels.

Diagnosis of hemolysis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), blood smear examination, and direct Coombs test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, blood transfusions, and medications to suppress the immune system or prevent infection.

Examples of pregnancy complications, parasitic include:

1. Toxoplasmosis: This is a condition caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, which can infect the mother and/or the fetus during pregnancy. Symptoms include fever, headache, and fatigue. In severe cases, toxoplasmosis can cause birth defects, such as intellectual disability, blindness, and deafness.
2. Malaria: This is a condition caused by the Plasmodium spp. parasite, which can be transmitted to the mother and/or the fetus during pregnancy. Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like symptoms. In severe cases, malaria can cause anemia, organ failure, and death.
3. Schistosomiasis: This is a condition caused by the Schistosoma spp. parasite, which can infect the mother and/or the fetus during pregnancy. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fatigue. In severe cases, schistosomiasis can cause organ damage and infertility.

Pregnancy complications, parasitic can be diagnosed through blood tests, imaging studies, and other medical procedures. Treatment depends on the type of parasite and the severity of the infection. In some cases, treatment may involve antibiotics, antimalarial drugs, or anti-parasitic medications.

Preventive measures for pregnancy complications, parasitic include:

1. Avoiding contact with cat feces, as Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted through contaminated soil and food.
2. Avoiding travel to areas where malaria and other parasitic infections are common.
3. Taking antimalarial medications before and during pregnancy if living in an area where malaria is common.
4. Using insecticide-treated bed nets and wearing protective clothing to prevent mosquito bites.
5. Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly, especially after handling food or coming into contact with cats.
6. Avoiding drinking unpasteurized dairy products and undercooked meat, as these can increase the risk of infection.
7. Ensuring that any water used for cooking or drinking is safe and free from parasites.

Preventive measures for pregnancy complications, parasitic are important for women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, as well as for their partners and healthcare providers. By taking these preventive measures, the risk of infection and complications can be significantly reduced.

In conclusion, pregnancy complications, parasitic are a serious issue that can have severe consequences for both the mother and the fetus. However, by understanding the causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures, women can take steps to protect themselves and their unborn babies from these infections. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of these issues and provide appropriate education and care to pregnant women to reduce the risk of complications.

FAQs
1. What are some common parasitic infections that can occur during pregnancy?
Ans: Some common parasitic infections that can occur during pregnancy include malaria, toxoplasmosis, and cytomegalovirus (CMV).
2. How do parasitic infections during pregnancy affect the baby?
Ans: Parasitic infections during pregnancy can have serious consequences for the developing fetus, including birth defects, growth restriction, and stillbirth.
3. Can parasitic infections during pregnancy be treated?
Ans: Yes, parasitic infections during pregnancy can be treated with antibiotics and other medications. Early detection and treatment are important to prevent complications.
4. How can I prevent parasitic infections during pregnancy?
Ans: Preventive measures include avoiding areas where parasites are common, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and practicing good hygiene. Pregnant women should also avoid undercooked meat and unpasteurized dairy products.
5. Do all pregnant women need to be tested for parasitic infections?
Ans: No, not all pregnant women need to be tested for parasitic infections. However, certain groups of women, such as those who live in areas where parasites are common or have a history of previous parasitic infections, may need to be tested and monitored more closely.
6. Can I prevent my baby from getting a parasitic infection during pregnancy?
Ans: Yes, there are several steps you can take to reduce the risk of your baby getting a parasitic infection during pregnancy, such as avoiding certain foods and taking antibiotics if necessary. Your healthcare provider can provide guidance on how to prevent and treat parasitic infections during pregnancy.
7. How are parasitic infections diagnosed during pregnancy?
Ans: Parasitic infections can be diagnosed through blood tests, stool samples, or imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Your healthcare provider may also perform a physical exam and take a medical history to determine the likelihood of a parasitic infection.
8. Can parasitic infections cause long-term health problems for my baby?
Ans: Yes, some parasitic infections can cause long-term health problems for your baby, such as developmental delays or learning disabilities. In rare cases, parasitic infections can also lead to more serious complications, such as organ damage or death.
9. How are parasitic infections treated during pregnancy?
Ans: Treatment for parasitic infections during pregnancy may involve antibiotics, antiparasitic medications, or other supportive care. Your healthcare provider will determine the best course of treatment based on the severity and type of infection, as well as your individual circumstances.
10. Can I take steps to prevent parasitic infections during pregnancy?
Ans: Yes, there are several steps you can take to prevent parasitic infections during pregnancy, such as avoiding undercooked meat and fish, washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly, and practicing good hygiene. Additionally, if you have a higher risk of parasitic infections due to travel or other factors, your healthcare provider may recommend preventative medications or screening tests.
11. I'm pregnant and have been exposed to a parasitic infection. What should I do?
Ans: If you suspect that you have been exposed to a parasitic infection during pregnancy, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Your healthcare provider can perform tests to determine if you have an infection and provide appropriate treatment to prevent any potential complications for your baby.
12. Can I breastfeed while taking medication for a parasitic infection?
Ans: It may be safe to breastfeed while taking medication for a parasitic infection, but it is important to consult with your healthcare provider before doing so. Some medications may not be safe for your baby and could potentially be passed through your milk. Your healthcare provider can provide guidance on the safest treatment options for you and your baby.
13. What are some common complications of parasitic infections during pregnancy?
Ans: Complications of parasitic infections during pregnancy can include miscarriage, preterm labor, low birth weight, and congenital anomalies. In rare cases, parasitic infections can also be transmitted to the baby during pregnancy or childbirth, which can lead to serious health problems for the baby.
14. Can I get a parasitic infection from my pet?
Ans: Yes, it is possible to get a parasitic infection from your pet if you come into contact with their feces or other bodily fluids. For example, toxoplasmosis can be transmitted through contact with cat feces, while hookworm infections can be spread through contact with contaminated soil or feces. It is important to practice good hygiene and take precautions when handling pets or coming into contact with potentially contaminated areas.
15. How can I prevent parasitic infections?
Ans: Preventing parasitic infections involves taking steps to avoid exposure to parasites and their vectors, as well as practicing good hygiene and taking precautions when traveling or engaging in activities that may put you at risk. Some ways to prevent parasitic infections include:
* Avoiding undercooked meat, especially pork and wild game
* Avoiding raw or unpasteurized dairy products
* Avoiding contaminated water and food
* Washing your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before handling food
* Avoiding contact with cat feces, as toxoplasmosis can be transmitted through contact with cat feces
* Using protective clothing and insect repellent when outdoors in areas where parasites are common
* Keeping your home clean and free of clutter to reduce the risk of parasite infestations
* Avoiding touching or eating wild animals or plants that may be contaminated with parasites
16. What are some common misconceptions about parasitic infections?
Ans: There are several common misconceptions about parasitic infections, including:
* All parasites are the same and have similar symptoms
* Parasitic infections are only a problem for people who live in developing countries or have poor hygiene
* Only certain groups of people, such as children or pregnant women, are at risk for parasitic infections
* Parasitic infections are rare in developed countries
* All parasites can be treated with antibiotics
* Parasitic infections are not serious and do not require medical attention
17. How can I diagnose a parasitic infection?
Ans: Diagnosing a parasitic infection typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Some common methods for diagnosing parasitic infections include:
* Physical examination to look for signs such as skin lesions or abdominal pain
* Blood tests to check for the presence of parasites or their waste products
* Stool tests to detect the presence of parasite eggs or larvae
* Imaging tests, such as X-rays or CT scans, to look for signs of parasite infection in internal organs
* Endoscopy, which involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera into the body to visualize the inside of the digestive tract and other organs.
18. How are parasitic infections treated?
Ans: Treatment for parasitic infections depends on the type of parasite and the severity of the infection. Some common methods for treating parasitic infections include:
* Antiparasitic drugs, such as antibiotics or antimalarials, to kill the parasites
* Supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes, to manage symptoms and prevent complications
* Surgery to remove parasites or repair damaged tissues
* Antibiotics to treat secondary bacterial infections that may have developed as a result of the parasitic infection.
It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you have a parasitic infection, as untreated infections can lead to serious complications and can be difficult to diagnose.
19. How can I prevent parasitic infections?
Ans: Preventing parasitic infections involves taking steps to avoid contact with parasites and their vectors, as well as maintaining good hygiene practices. Some ways to prevent parasitic infections include:
* Avoiding undercooked meat and unpasteurized dairy products, which can contain harmful parasites such as Trichinella spiralis and Toxoplasma gondii
* Washing your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before eating
* Avoiding contact with contaminated water or soil, which can harbor parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium
* Using insecticides and repellents to prevent mosquito bites, which can transmit diseases such as malaria and dengue fever
* Wearing protective clothing and applying insect repellent when outdoors in areas where ticks and other vectors are common
* Avoiding contact with animals that may carry parasites, such as dogs and cats that can transmit Toxoplasma gondii
* Using clean water and proper sanitation to prevent the spread of parasitic infections in communities and developing countries.
It is also important to be aware of the risks of parasitic infections when traveling to areas where they are common, and to take appropriate precautions such as avoiding undercooked meat and unpasteurized dairy products, and using insecticides and repellents to prevent mosquito bites.
20. What is the prognosis for parasitic infections?
Ans: The prognosis for parasitic infections varies depending on the specific type of infection and the severity of symptoms. Some parasitic infections can be easily treated with antiparasitic medications, while others may require more extensive treatment and management.
In general, the prognosis for parasitic infections is good if the infection is detected early and properly treated. However, some parasitic infections can cause long-term health problems or death if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
It is also important to note that some parasitic infections can be prevented through public health measures such as using clean water and proper sanitation, and controlling the spread of insect vectors. Prevention is key to avoiding the negative outcomes associated with these types of infections.
21. What are some common complications of parasitic infections?
Ans: Some common complications of parasitic infections include:
* Anemia and other blood disorders, such as thrombocytopenia and leukopenia
* Allergic reactions to parasite antigens
* Inflammation and damage to organs and tissues, such as the liver, kidneys, and brain
* Increased risk of infections with other microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses
* Malnutrition and deficiencies in essential nutrients
* Organ failure and death.
22. Can parasitic infections be prevented? If so, how?
Ans: Yes, some parasitic infections can be prevented through public health measures such as:
* Using clean water and proper sanitation to reduce the risk of ingesting infected parasites.
* Avoiding contact with insect vectors, such as mosquitoes and ticks, by using repellents, wearing protective clothing, and staying indoors during peak biting hours.
* Properly cooking and storing food to kill parasites that may be present.
* Avoiding consuming undercooked or raw meat, especially pork and wild game.
* Practicing safe sex to prevent the transmission of parasitic infections through sexual contact.
* Keeping children away from areas where they may come into contact with contaminated soil or water.
* Using antiparasitic drugs and other treatments as recommended by healthcare providers.
* Implementing control measures for insect vectors, such as spraying insecticides and removing breeding sites.
30. Can parasitic infections be treated with antibiotics? If so, which ones and why?
Ans: No, antibiotics are not effective against parasitic infections caused by protozoa, such as giardiasis and amoebiasis, because these organisms are not bacteria. However, antibiotics may be used to treat secondary bacterial infections that can develop as a complication of parasitic infections.
32. What is the difference between a parasite and a pathogen?
Ans: A parasite is an organism that lives on or in another organism, called the host, and feeds on the host's tissues or fluids without providing any benefits. A pathogen, on the other hand, is an organism that causes disease. While all parasites are pathogens, not all pathogens are parasites. For example, bacteria and viruses can cause diseases but are not considered parasites because they do not live within the host's body.

People with pica may eat these items in secret and experience a sense of relief or satisfaction after consuming them. The condition is more common in children and adolescents, but it can also affect adults. Pica can lead to nutritional deficiencies, gastrointestinal problems, and other health issues if the eaten items are not digestible or contain harmful substances.

Treatment for pica usually involves addressing any underlying mental health issues and providing education on nutrition and healthy eating habits. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms. It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of pica, as early intervention can help prevent complications and improve overall health.

The most common parvoviridae infection in animals is feline panleukopenia (FPV) or canine parvovirus (CPV), which affects dogs and cats. These infections are highly contagious and can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and loss of appetite. In severe cases, they can lead to life-threatening complications such as anemia, bone marrow failure, and death.

There is no specific treatment for parvoviridae infections, but supportive care such as fluid therapy, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory medication can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent parvoviridae infections, and vaccines are available for dogs, cats, and other animals.

In humans, parvoviridae infections are rare but can occur through contact with infected animals or contaminated feces. The most common human parvoviridae infection is erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease), which causes a rash, fever, and mild symptoms. Pregnant women who contract parvoviridae infections may experience complications such as miscarriage or preterm labor. There is no specific treatment for human parvoviridae infections, but supportive care can help manage symptoms.

The disorder is caused by mutations in the HBB gene that codes for the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. These mutations result in the production of abnormal hemoglobins that are unstable and prone to breakdown, leading to the release of free hemoglobin into the urine.

HP is classified into two types based on the severity of symptoms:

1. Type 1 HP: This is the most common form of the disorder and is characterized by mild to moderate anemia, occasional hemoglobinuria, and a normal life expectancy.
2. Type 2 HP: This is a more severe form of the disorder and is characterized by severe anemia, recurrent hemoglobinuria, and a shorter life expectancy.

There is no cure for HP, but treatment options are available to manage symptoms and prevent complications. These may include blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, and medications to reduce the frequency and severity of hemoglobinuria episodes.

1. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM): This type of malnutrition is caused by a lack of protein and energy in the diet. It is common in developing countries and can lead to weight loss, weakness, and stunted growth in children.
2. Iron deficiency anemia: This type of malnutrition is caused by a lack of iron in the diet, which is necessary for the production of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
3. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies: Malnutrition can also be caused by a lack of essential vitamins and minerals such as vitamin A, vitamin D, calcium, and iodine. Symptoms vary depending on the specific deficiency but can include skin problems, impaired immune function, and poor wound healing.
4. Obesity: This type of malnutrition is caused by consuming too many calories and not enough nutrients. It can lead to a range of health problems including diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease.

Signs and symptoms of malnutrition can include:

* Weight loss or weight gain
* Fatigue or weakness
* Poor wound healing
* Hair loss
* Skin problems
* Increased infections
* Poor appetite or overeating
* Digestive problems such as diarrhea or constipation
* Impaired immune function

Treatment for malnutrition depends on the underlying cause and may include:

* Dietary changes: Eating a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-rich foods can help to correct nutrient deficiencies.
* Nutritional supplements: In some cases, nutritional supplements such as vitamins or minerals may be recommended to help address specific deficiencies.
* Medical treatment: Certain medical conditions that contribute to malnutrition, such as digestive disorders or infections, may require treatment with medication or other interventions.

Prevention is key, and there are several steps you can take to help prevent malnutrition:

* Eat a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-rich foods.
* Avoid restrictive diets or fad diets that limit specific food groups.
* Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water.
* Avoid excessive alcohol consumption, which can interfere with nutrient absorption and lead to malnutrition.
* Maintain a healthy weight through a combination of a balanced diet and regular exercise.

It is important to note that malnutrition can be subtle and may not always be easily recognizable. If you suspect you or someone you know may be experiencing malnutrition, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

The condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern, meaning that the gene for G6PD deficiency is located on the X chromosome and affects males more frequently than females. Females may also be affected but typically have milder symptoms or may be carriers of the condition without experiencing any symptoms themselves.

G6PD deficiency can be caused by mutations in the G6PD gene, which can lead to a reduction in the amount of functional enzyme produced. The severity of the condition depends on the specific nature of the mutation and the degree to which it reduces the activity of the enzyme.

Symptoms of G6PD deficiency may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, the condition can lead to hemolytic anemia, which is characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells. This can be triggered by certain drugs, infections, or foods that contain high levels of oxalic acid or other oxidizing agents.

Diagnosis of G6PD deficiency typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment is focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications through dietary modifications, medications, and avoidance of triggers such as certain drugs or infections.

Overall, G6PD deficiency is a relatively common genetic disorder that can have significant health implications if left untreated. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for this condition is important for ensuring appropriate care and management for individuals affected by it.

Examples of hematologic diseases include:

1. Anemia - a condition where there are not enough red blood cells or hemoglobin in the body.
2. Leukemia - a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood, causing an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
3. Lymphoma - a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, including the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes.
4. Thalassemia - a genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, leading to anemia and other complications.
5. Sickle cell disease - a genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped and prone to breaking down.
6. Polycythemia vera - a rare disorder where there is an overproduction of red blood cells.
7. Myelodysplastic syndrome - a condition where the bone marrow produces abnormal blood cells that do not mature properly.
8. Myeloproliferative neoplasms - a group of conditions where the bone marrow produces excessive amounts of blood cells, including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis.
9. Deep vein thrombosis - a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, often in the leg or arm.
10. Pulmonary embolism - a condition where a blood clot travels to the lungs and blocks a blood vessel, causing shortness of breath, chest pain, and other symptoms.

These are just a few examples of hematologic diseases, but there are many others that can affect the blood and bone marrow. Treatment options for these diseases can range from watchful waiting and medication to surgery, chemotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of hematologic disease, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes.

The term "reticulocytosis" is derived from the Latin words "reticulum," meaning net-like, and "cytosis," meaning the condition of cells. This refers to the characteristic net-like appearance of reticulocytes under a microscope.

There are several possible causes of reticulocytosis, including:

1. Inherited disorders such as hereditary elliptocytosis, hereditary spherocytosis, and pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency.
2. Acquired disorders such as hemolytic anemia, thalassemia, and sickle cell disease.
3. Infections such as malaria, dengue fever, and babesiosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and anti-inflammatory medications.
5. Other conditions such as chronic kidney disease, liver disease, and autoimmune disorders.

Reticulocytosis can be diagnosed through a blood test called a complete blood count (CBC) or a reticulocyte count. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary, while in other cases, medication or blood transfusions may be required.

1. Leukemia: A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
2. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that affects the immune system, often involving the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues.
3. Multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of abnormal plasma cells.
4. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): A group of disorders characterized by the impaired development of blood cells in the bone marrow.
5. Osteopetrosis: A rare genetic disorder that causes an overgrowth of bone, leading to a thickened bone marrow.
6. Bone marrow failure: A condition where the bone marrow is unable to produce enough blood cells, leading to anemia, infection, and other complications.
7. Myelofibrosis: A condition characterized by the scarring of the bone marrow, which can lead to an overproduction of blood cells and an increased risk of bleeding and infection.
8. Polycythemia vera: A rare blood disorder that causes an overproduction of red blood cells, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and other complications.
9. Essential thrombocythemia: A rare blood disorder that causes an overproduction of platelets, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and other complications.
10. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs): A group of rare blood disorders that are characterized by the overproduction of blood cells and an increased risk of bleeding and infection.

These are just a few examples of bone marrow diseases. There are many other conditions that can affect the bone marrow, and each one can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have a bone marrow disease, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can perform tests and provide a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

Sickle cell trait is relatively common in certain populations, such as people of African, Mediterranean, or Middle Eastern descent. It is estimated that about 1 in 12 African Americans carry the sickle cell gene, and 1 in 500 are homozygous for the trait (meaning they have two copies of the sickle cell gene).

Although people with sickle cell trait do not develop sickle cell anemia, they can experience certain complications related to the trait. For example, they may experience episodes of hemolytic crisis, which is a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. This can occur under certain conditions, such as dehydration or infection.

There are several ways that sickle cell trait can affect an individual's life. For example, some people with the trait may experience discrimination or stigma based on their genetic status. Additionally, individuals with sickle cell trait may be more likely to experience certain health problems, such as kidney disease or eye damage, although these risks are generally low.

There is no cure for sickle cell trait, but it can be managed through proper medical care and self-care. Individuals with the trait should work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their health and address any complications that arise.

Overall, sickle cell trait is a relatively common genetic condition that can have significant implications for an individual's life. It is important for individuals with the trait to understand their risk factors and take steps to manage their health and well-being.

In healthy individuals, the normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. In thrombocytosis, the platelet count is significantly higher than this range, often above 600,000 platelets/μL.

Thrombocytosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Bone marrow disorders: Disorders such as essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and myelofibrosis can lead to an overproduction of platelets in the bone marrow.
2. Infection: Sepsis and other infections can cause a temporary increase in platelet production.
3. Inflammation: Certain inflammatory conditions, such as appendicitis and pancreatitis, can also lead to thrombocytosis.
4. Cancer: Some types of cancer, such as leukemia and lymphoma, can cause an overproduction of platelets.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as estrogens and corticosteroids, can increase platelet production.

Thrombocytosis can lead to a range of complications, including:

1. Blood clots: The excessive number of platelets in the blood can increase the risk of blood clots forming in the veins and arteries.
2. Pulmonary embolism: If a blood clot forms in the lungs, it can cause a pulmonary embolism, which can be life-threatening.
3. Stroke: Thrombocytosis can increase the risk of stroke, especially if there are existing risk factors such as high blood pressure or a history of cardiovascular disease.
4. Heart attack and heart failure: Excessive platelet activity can increase the risk of heart attack and heart failure.
5. Gastrointestinal bleeding: The increased number of platelets in the blood can make it more difficult to control bleeding, especially in the gastrointestinal tract.

Thrombocytosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as:

1. Complete blood count (CBC): This test measures the number of platelets in the blood, as well as other components such as red and white blood cells.
2. Blood smear: A sample of blood is examined under a microscope to assess the shape and size of the platelets.
3. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: These tests involve removing a small sample of bone marrow tissue to examine the number and type of cells present.
4. Imaging studies: Imaging tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to look for evidence of blood clots or other complications.

Treatment for thrombocytosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Some common treatments include:

1. Medications: Drugs such as aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood thinners may be used to reduce the risk of blood clots and other complications.
2. Plateletpheresis: This is a procedure in which the patient's blood is removed and the platelets are separated from the rest of the blood components. The remaining blood is then returned to the body.
3. Splenectomy: In some cases, surgical removal of the spleen may be necessary to treat thrombocytosis.
4. Chemotherapy: This is a treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells, which can cause thrombocytosis in some cases.

Overall, it is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of thrombocytosis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

The symptoms of RCPA can vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include:

* Severe anemia
* Fatigue
* Pale skin
* Shortness of breath
* Increased risk of bleeding

Diagnosis of RCPA typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including blood counts, genetic analysis, and bone marrow aspiration. Treatment for RCPA may involve blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy, and in some cases, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

The prognosis for RCPA is generally poor, with a high risk of bleeding and death in early childhood if left untreated. However, with timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, patients with RCPA can have a good quality of life and a normal lifespan.

The condition is caused by sensitization of the mother's immune system to the Rh factor, which can occur when the mother's blood comes into contact with the fetus's blood during pregnancy or childbirth. The antibodies produced by the mother's immune system can attack the red blood cells of the fetus, leading to hemolytic anemia and potentially causing stillbirth or death in the newborn.

Erythroblastosis fetalis is diagnosed through blood tests that measure the levels of antibodies against the Rh factor. Treatment typically involves the administration of Rh immune globulin, which can help to prevent the mother's immune system from producing more antibodies against the Rh factor and reduce the risk of complications for the fetus. In severe cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary to increase the newborn's red blood cell count.

Erythroblastosis fetalis is a serious condition that requires close monitoring and proper medical management to prevent complications and ensure the best possible outcome for both the mother and the baby.

Types of Kidney Diseases:

1. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): A sudden and reversible loss of kidney function that can be caused by a variety of factors, such as injury, infection, or medication.
2. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): A gradual and irreversible loss of kidney function that can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
3. End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD): A severe and irreversible form of CKD that requires dialysis or a kidney transplant.
4. Glomerulonephritis: An inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste products.
5. Interstitial Nephritis: An inflammation of the tissue between the tubules and blood vessels in the kidneys.
6. Kidney Stone Disease: A condition where small, hard mineral deposits form in the kidneys and can cause pain, bleeding, and other complications.
7. Pyelonephritis: An infection of the kidneys that can cause inflammation, damage to the tissues, and scarring.
8. Renal Cell Carcinoma: A type of cancer that originates in the cells of the kidney.
9. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS): A condition where the immune system attacks the platelets and red blood cells, leading to anemia, low platelet count, and damage to the kidneys.

Symptoms of Kidney Diseases:

1. Blood in urine or hematuria
2. Proteinuria (excess protein in urine)
3. Reduced kidney function or renal insufficiency
4. Swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet (edema)
5. Fatigue and weakness
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Abdominal pain
8. Frequent urination or polyuria
9. Increased thirst and drinking (polydipsia)
10. Weight loss

Diagnosis of Kidney Diseases:

1. Physical examination
2. Medical history
3. Urinalysis (test of urine)
4. Blood tests (e.g., creatinine, urea, electrolytes)
5. Imaging studies (e.g., X-rays, CT scans, ultrasound)
6. Kidney biopsy
7. Other specialized tests (e.g., 24-hour urinary protein collection, kidney function tests)

Treatment of Kidney Diseases:

1. Medications (e.g., diuretics, blood pressure medication, antibiotics)
2. Diet and lifestyle changes (e.g., low salt intake, increased water intake, physical activity)
3. Dialysis (filtering waste products from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly)
4. Kidney transplantation ( replacing a diseased kidney with a healthy one)
5. Other specialized treatments (e.g., plasmapheresis, hemodialysis)

Prevention of Kidney Diseases:

1. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
2. Monitoring blood pressure and blood sugar levels
3. Avoiding harmful substances (e.g., tobacco, excessive alcohol consumption)
4. Managing underlying medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, high blood pressure)
5. Getting regular check-ups and screenings

Early detection and treatment of kidney diseases can help prevent or slow the progression of the disease, reducing the risk of complications and improving quality of life. It is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of kidney diseases and seek medical attention if they are present.

Anemia is frequent. Other findings that have been reported include macrocephaly (95%), large fontanelle, prominent forehead, ... Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease Responsive to Interleukin-1{beta} Inhibition N Engl J Med 2006 355: 581-592. ( ... Neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease is a rare genetic periodic fever syndrome which causes uncontrolled ... anaemia, increased numbers of polymorphs, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and elevated concentrations of C-reactive ...
ISBN 978-0-323-29854-4. Polin RA, Abman SH, Rowitch D, Benitz WE (2016). Fetal and Neonatal Physiology (5 ed.). Elsevier Health ... Look up anemia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Anemia, U.S. National Library of Medicine [About Anemia] (CS1: long volume ... Fanconi anemia is a hereditary disorder or defect featuring aplastic anemia and various other abnormalities. Anemia of kidney ... Anemia of folate deficiency, as with vitamin B12, causes megaloblastic anemia Anemia of prematurity, by diminished ...
This usually develops during the neonatal period. About 47% of affected individuals also have a variety of congenital ... GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Diamond-Blackfan Anemia OMIM entries on Diamond-Blackfan Anemia Diamond-Blackfan anemia ... Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by normocytic or macrocytic anemia (low red blood cell counts) with decreased ... Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a congenital erythroid aplasia that usually presents in infancy. DBA causes low red blood cell ...
Neonatal Medicine. 31 (7): 946-957. doi:10.1080/14767058.2017.1301423. ISSN 1476-7058. PMID 28277912. S2CID 205831632. Melchert ... Transfusion-dependent anemia is a form of anemia characterized by the need for continuous blood transfusion. It is a condition ... See more: Anemia When transfusion dependent patients do not receive their transfusion, symptoms of anemia may arise. The most ... Diagnosis of transfusion dependent anemia is challenging because this anemia is caused by multiple diseases. Therefore, other ...
... autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hemolysis secondary to drug toxicity, thalassemia minor, and congenital dyserythropoietic anemias ... Hatzenbuehler L, Zaidi AK, Sundar S, Sultana S, Abbasi F, Rizvi A, Darmstadt GL (September 2010). "Validity of neonatal ... If other symptoms of anemia is present, the amount of serum haptoglobin in the patient can be measured to test for hemolysis. ... "Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia - Conditions - GTR - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-14. Orf K, Cunnington ...
... iatrogenic anemia) and partly due to anemia of prematurity. Most transfusions are given as small volume top-up transfusions to ... "Prevention of Iatrogenic Anemia in Critical and Neonatal Care". Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 25 (1): 191-197 ... Module 6 Neonatal and Paediatrics , National Blood Authority on neonatal and pediatric transfusion Transfusion handbook free ... It removes neonatal red cells coated with maternal antibody and reduces the level of bilirubin. A 'double volume exchange' (160 ...
It is a potential cause of neonatal hemolytic anemia. Infantile pyknocytosis typically presents with neonatal jaundice and ... Une anémie néonatale mal connue à propos de 5 cas" [Infantile pyknocytosis: A rare form of neonatal hemolytic anemia. 5 case- ... The associated hemolytic anemia is often transient with peak incidence at 3-4 weeks, with spontaneous and complete resolution ... A cause of haemolytic anaemia of the newborn". British Journal of Haematology. 133 (4): 439-42. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006. ...
Neonatal hemolysis may not follow the classic patterns as in adults. Treatment will depend on the cause of the normocytic ... The most common type of normocytic anemia is anemia of chronic disease. A normocytic anemia is when the red blood cells (RBCs) ... microcytic anemias are defined as an anemia with a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) less than 80 fL and macrocytic anemias have a ... Normocytic anemia is a type of anemia and is a common issue that occurs for men and women typically over 85 years old. Its ...
Clinically, it is characterized by neonatal haemolytic anaemia. Sometimes, the presence of skin lesions with marked faecal ... "Neonatal hemolytic anemia due to inherited harderoporphyria: clinical characteristics and molecular basis". Blood. 91 (4): 1453 ...
... anemia enlarged liver and spleen, often presenting in the neonatal period. Later in life, these individuals may present with ... "Neonatal hemolytic anemia due to inherited harderoporphyria: Clinical characteristics and molecular basis". Blood. 91 (4): 1453 ... in a family with three children identified at birth with jaundice and hemolytic anemia. There is no standard treatment for ...
The hemolytic process can result in anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal thrombocytopenia, and neonatal neutropenia. With the ... These antibodies can cause severe anemia by interfering with the early proliferation of red blood cells as well as causing ... Reticulocyte count - Reticulocytes are elevated when the infant is producing more blood to combat anemia. A rise in the retic ... Anti-Kell can cause severe anemia regardless of titer. Anti-Kell suppresses the bone marrow, by inhibiting the erythroid ...
The hemolytic process can result in anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal thrombocytopenia, and neonatal neutropenia. With the ... Maternal titers are not useful in predicting fetal anemia after the first affected gestation and should not be used for the ... MoM of 1.5 or greater indicates severe anemia and should be treated with IUT. There are several intervention options available ... Reticulocyte count - Reticulocytes are elevated when the infant is producing more blood to combat anemia. A rise in the retic ...
It may also cause prematurity, low birth weight, neonatal thrombocytopenia, anemia, and hepatitis. The risk of major defects in ... Best JM (2007). "Rubella". Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 12 (3): 182-92. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.017. PMID 17337363. Stegmann BJ ...
The hemolytic process can result in anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal thrombocytopenia, and neonatal neutropenia. With the ... Hemolytic anemia Hemolytic disease of the newborn Rh blood group system Murray, N. A; Roberts, I. A G (2007). "Haemolytic ... Antenatal & neonatal screening (second edition). Chapter 12: Rhesus and other haemolytic diseases, by E.A. Letsky, I. Leck, J.M ... MoM of 1.5 or greater indicates severe anemia and should be treated with IUT. It has been suggested that women of child-bearing ...
"Impact of Fetal-Neonatal Iron Deficiency on Recognition Memory at 2 Months of Age". The Journal of Pediatrics. 167 (6): 1226- ... conditions such as iron-deficiency anemia or anemia as a result of an infection). The causes of anemia during pregnancy can be ... The majority of women presenting with postpartum anemia have pre-delivery iron deficiency anemia or iron deficiency anemia ... Anemia is a condition in which blood has a lower-than-normal amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin. Anemia in pregnancy is a ...
"A murine neonatal model of necrotizing enterocolitis caused by anemia and red blood cell transfusions." Nature Communications. ... He administered the academic and the clinical programs at the neonatal intensive care unit at Tampa General Hospital. In his ... Many experts are working to standardize quality-improvement measures in all aspects of neonatal care. Others seek to establish ... Premature and critically ill babies often develop severe anemia. In anemic infants, insufficient tissue oxygenation can disrupt ...
... of adults exhibit anemia, over half of whom will go on to require a blood transfusion. In the neonatal intensive care unit ( ... Iatrogenic anemia, also known as nosocomial anemia or hospital-acquired anemia, is a condition in which a person develops ... This iatrogenic anemia often occurs alongside the anemia caused by kidney disease.: 629 Another factor that contributes to ... Blood Conservation Techniques for Preventing Neonatal Anemia-Effective and Promising Strategies for Reducing Transfusion". ...
doi:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2006.00541.x. Haider BA, Olofin I, Wang M, Spiegelman D, Ezzati M, Fawzi WW (June 2013). "Anaemia, ... Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ (2011). Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk. ... Women having serum ferritin less than 70 µg/L may need iron supplements to prevent iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy and ... Rahmati S, Azami M, Badfar G, Parizad N, Sayehmiri K (August 2020). "The relationship between maternal anemia during pregnancy ...
The common side effects tend to be mild and include constipation, stomach pain, acid reflux, and anemia. If the infant is ... The neonatal was also diagnosed with cerebral palsy. Initially, prednisolone was given as a first line treatment at 4 mg/kg/day ... Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis (DNH) is a potentially fatal disorder where multiple benign (non-cancerous) blood vessel ... Second to the liver, the brain is the most common place for diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis. With that being said, there has ...
Acute cases can threaten to cause hypoxia secondary to anemia and acute kernicterus through high blood levels of bilirubin, ... Neonatal or In-Utero Onset HS (severe): ... This leads to both splenomegaly and anemia. Should this process ... which leads to a shortage of erythrocytes resulting in hemolytic anemia. HS was first described in 1871, and is the most common ... Early symptoms include anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly, and fatigue. ...
She researches cord blood transplants in children with cerebral palsy or neonatal brain injuries. Gluckman, E., Broxmeyer, H. E ... Hematopoietic Reconstitution in a Patient with Fanconi's Anemia by Means of Umbilical-Cord Blood from an HLA-Identical Sibling ...
... may develop before birth, causing stillbirth, in the neonatal period, or later in life. TORCH syndrome is caused ... They include hepatosplenomegaly (enlargement of the liver and spleen), fever, lethargy, difficulty feeding, anemia, petechiae, ...
It however should not be used in late pregnancy due to the potential risk of hemolytic anemia in the newborn. Newborns of women ... Nordeng, H; Lupattelli, A; Romøren, M; Koren, G (February 2013). "Neonatal outcomes after gestational exposure to ... so nitrofurantoin must not be used because it can cause haemolytic anaemia. For the same reason, nitrofurantoin should not be ... because of risk of intravascular hemolysis resulting in anemia. The most common side effects with nitrofurantoin are nausea, ...
In the U.S. where many neonatal infections and other causes of neonatal death have been markedly reduced, prematurity is the ... This same study found statistically significant relative risks of maternal anemia, intrapartum fever, unknown bleeding, renal ... A 2003 study in the U.S. determined neonatal costs to be $224,400 for a newborn at 500-700 g versus $1,000 at over 3,000 g. The ... Other some neonatal specialists feel that starting to feed a preterm infant fortified milk earlier is beneficial to improve ...
Neonatal mortality is a puissant part of overall child mortality. Neonatal mortality rate of Bangladesh fell gradually from ... and one-third of such women have low BMI and anemia. In urban area, anemia and Vitamin A deficiency was found to be prevalent ... Nutritional anaemia: The most frequent cause is iron deficiency and less frequently follate and vitamin B12 deficiency. ... In 1990, the number of under-5 deaths, infant deaths, and neonatal deaths were 532193.00, 368085.00 and 240316.00 and in 2017 ...
Malaria may lead to malaria-induced anemia and may also cause low birth weights. Pregnant women in Ghana are encouraged to ... In 2011, the Government of Ghana announced that it had eliminated maternal and neonatal tetanus. This was an achievement on the ... "Ghana eliminates maternal and neonatal tetanus". UNICEF. Retrieved 15 March 2014. Sundaram, Aparna; Juarez, Fatima; Bankole, ...
... obtaining an arterial blood gas from a neonatal patient is painful to the patient and a major cause of neonatal anemia. Motion ... Most of the oxygen in the blood is carried by hemoglobin; in severe anemia, the blood contains less hemoglobin, which despite ... Pulse oximetry was of particular value in the neonatal unit where the patients do not thrive with inadequate oxygenation, but ... If there is insufficient bloodflow or insufficient hemoglobin in the blood (anemia), tissues can suffer hypoxia despite high ...
Clinical neonatal hyperthyroidism occurs in about 1% of infants born to mothers with Graves' disease. Rarely neonatal ... anaemia in pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, abruptio placenta and postpartum haemorrhage can occur in pregnant women with overt ... 2004). "Fetal and neonatal thyroid function in relation to maternal Graves' disease". Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 18 ... Also, the offspring of these mothers can have complications such as premature birth, low birth weight and increased neonatal ...
These specific requirements place additional restrictions on blood donors who can donate for neonatal use. Neonatal ... In those who were given red blood only with significant anemia infection rates were 12% while in those who were given red blood ... Anemia Arnault Tzanck Blood transfusion in Sri Lanka Blood type (non-human) Xenotransfusion Young blood transfusion, a ... The advisory caution to use blood transfusion only with more severe anemia is in part due to evidence that outcomes are ...
Hemolytic anemia* is a type of regenerative anemia found in dogs characterized by destruction of the red blood cell. The most ... neonatal isoerythrolysis. The behavioral condition pica, especially when involving the eating of concrete dust, tile grout, or ... Babesiosis can cause hemolytic anemia in dogs. Neosporosis* is caused by Neospora caninum Protothecosis in dogs is caused by a ... Antibodies are present on the cell surface, leading to lysis and severe anemia. Other causes of hemolytic lesion include ...
It damages the intestines, bladder, and other organs and can lead to anemia and protein-energy deficiency. Along with malaria, ... For example, 98% of the 11,600 daily maternal and neonatal deaths occur in developing countries. Three other diseases, measles ... anemia, a decrease in the number of red blood cells, increases viral shedding in the birth canal, which also increases risk of ...
Low maternal zinc status has been associated with less attention during the neonatal period and worse motor functioning. In ... and anemia which were all reversed by zinc supplementation. In 1972 fifteen Iranian rejected army inductees with symptoms of ... "Zinc metabolism in patients with the syndrome of iron deficiency anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, dwarfism, and hypognadism". The ... review on zinc supplementation trials during pregnancy did not report a significant effect of zinc supplementation on neonatal ...
... disorder Convulsions benign familial neonatal dominant form Convulsions benign familial neonatal Cooks syndrome Cooley's anemia ... Congenital skeletal disorder Congenital skin disorder Congenital spherocytic anemia Congenital spherocytic hemolytic anemia ... diffuse Cystic fibrosis gastritis megaloblastic anemia Cystic fibrosis Cystic hamartoma of lung and kidney Cystic hygroma ... Colavita-Kozlowski syndrome Cold abscess Cold agglutination syndrome Cold agglutinin disease Cold antibody hemolytic anemia ...
Cashore, William J. (2017). "Neonatal Bilirubin Metabolism". Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. Elsevier. pp. 929-933. doi:10.1016/ ... "Bilirubin and hemolytic anemia". eClinpath. Archived from the original on 2018-08-07. Retrieved 2019-05-05. Namita Roy- ... Bhutani, Vinod K.; Wong, Ronald (2015). "Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND)". Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal ... Neonatal Medicine. 20 (1): 52-57. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2014.12.003. ISSN 1744-165X. PMC 4651619. PMID 25585889. Radmacher, Paula ...
Levine F. "Basic Genetic Principles". Fetal and neonatal physiology (Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. pp. 1-13. doi:10.1016/B978-0 ... Brodsky RA (November 2015). "Complement in hemolytic anemia". Blood. 126 (22): 2459-65. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-06-640995. PMID ...
... is secreted in breast milk and neonatal cases of respiratory depression in association with maternal doxepin use have ... hypoplastic anemia (rarely) Others: frequently increased appetite and weight gain, rarely nausea, rarely high blood pressure. ...
Anaemia is common in pregnancy and the puerperium, and folate deficiency has been linked to psychosis. The psychoses, mentioned ... Guerrier G, Oluyide B, Keramarou M, Grais R (2013) High maternal and neonatal mortality rates in northern Nigeria: an 8-month ...
Neonatal Medicine. 27 (8): 844-50. doi:10.3109/14767058.2013.837879. PMID 23981182. S2CID 29893463. Zhang Y, Fan M, Geng G, Liu ... chronic hemolytic anemia, immunosuppression, hemophilia B Leyden, and thrombophlebitis and myocardial infarction. Savinkova et ...
These complications range from anemia, malaria, HIV and other STIs, postpartum bleeding and other postpartum complications, ... fetal and neonatal death." HIV infection is less unbalanced in gender infections, but other STDs disproportionately affect ...
In most cases Ballantyne syndrome causes fetal or neonatal death and, in contrast, maternal involvement is limited at the most ... anemia, and low hematocrit without hemolysis. The problem of distinguishing (or not) between Ballantyne syndrome and ...
The idea that folic acid deficiency could cause megaloblastic anemia was not new. What was new was the idea that drugs could ... Powell, C.; Painter MJ; Pippenger CE (October 1984). "Primidone therapy in refractory neonatal seizures". Journal of Pediatrics ... Folic acid had been found to alleviate the symptoms of megaloblastic anemia in the 1940s, not long after it was discovered, but ... Megaloblastic anemia is actually a group of related disorders with different causes that share morphological characteristics- ...
A deficiency of GPI is responsible for 4% of the hemolytic anemias due to glycolytic enzyme deficiencies. Several cases of GPI ... immediate neonatal death and neurological impairment. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided ... Defects in this gene are the cause of nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, and a severe enzyme deficiency can be associated with ... 1981). "The first stable variant of erythrocyte glucose-phosphate isomerase associated with severe hemolytic anemia". American ...
The National Iron+ Initiative is an attempt to look at Iron Deficiency Anaemia in which beneficiaries will receive iron and ... It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women and to reduce neo-natal mortality and maternal mortality. ... Neonatal-Child and Adolescent Health, and Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases. NHM envisages achievement of universal ...
44% of children under the age of 5 are underweight, while 72% of infants have anemia. It is considered that one in three ... high rates of neonatal and maternal mortality, growth in noncommunicable diseases, high rates of road traffic accidents and ... nutritional anemia which can lead to lessened productivity, sometimes becoming terminal Vitamin A deficiency: which can lead to ... of them under 6 suffer from anemia, and 60% have to deal with malnutrition. Jharkhand and Bihar: At 56.5%, Jharkhand has ...
Intestinal dysbiosis Acute hypoxia Antibiotic exposure Blood transfusions Cardiac anomalies Neonatal anemia Poor intestinal ...
LAC+USC operates one of only three burn centers in Los Angeles County and one of the few Level III Neonatal Intensive Care ... It provides care for half of all sickle-cell anemia patients and those people living with AIDS in Southern California. The LAC+ ...
In cases of pathogenic NDUFB11 mutations, complex I deficiency with lactic acidosis and sideroblastic anemia has been found to ... is a disorder of the mitochondrial respiratory chain that causes a wide range of clinical manifestations from lethal neonatal ... "A novel mutation in NDUFB11 unveils a new clinical phenotype associated with lactic acidosis and sideroblastic anemia". ...
... autoimmune hemolytic anemia and food allergy. IPEX syndrome is inherited in males via an x-linked recessive manner, as the ... which leads to mild symptoms later in life or during the neonatal period. In case of suspicion of IPEX syndrome patients should ... autoimmune anemia and decreased number of FOXP3 Treg cells. Genetic testing: single-gene testing and multigene panel. In terms ...
Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 85 (1): 73-74. doi:10.1136/fn.85.1.F73. PMC 1721277. PMID 11420330. Schiebinger, Londa (1993). ... important in the prevention of anaemia.[failed verification] In response to public pressure, the health departments of various ...
"Fanconi anemia". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2019-08-02. Damlich, Jennifer; Qato, Roa; Cruz, Meredith; Colon, Maria; ... Martin, Richard J.; Fanaroff, Avroy A.; Walsh, Michele C. (2014-08-20). Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine E- ... Fanconi anemia, ligase 4 deficiency syndrome and Bloom syndrome. These findings suggest that a normal DNA damage response is ... Congenital HIV encephalopathy Meningitis Encephalitis Toxins Chronic kidney failure Deprivation Hypothyroidism Anemia ...
As for vitamin B12 deficiency, it might cause anemia and confusion for the elderly population. Finally, for long term vitamin C ... and neonatal neurologic function" (PDF). J. Pediatr. 136 (5): 599-605. doi:10.1067/mpd.2000.102774. PMID 10802490. S2CID ...
October 2012). "Rapid whole-genome sequencing for genetic disease diagnosis in neonatal intensive care units". Science ... were denied insurance coverage or charged higher premiums because they were known carriers of sickle-cell anemia, but as ... differential diagnosis in neonatal care. However, the often blurred distinction between medical usage and research usage can ...
... and/or neonatal because of the reduced risks and complications. The technique used to repair the hysterotomy is dependent on ... possibly leading to anemia), wound infection, fertility problems, premature labor, postoperative pain, and many others. In ... anaemia due to continuing blood loss, fever and possible wound infection, breastfeeding issues, difficulty passing urine, ...
... permanent neonatal; 606176; KCNJ11 Diamond-Blackfan anemia 1; 105650; RPS19 Diamond-Blackfan anemia 10; 613309; RPS26 Diamond- ... SCN5A Heinz body anemia; 140700; HBA2 Heinz body anemias, alpha-; 140700; HBA1 Heinz body anemias, beta-; 140700; HBB HELLP ... RPL5 Diamond-Blackfan anemia 7; 612562; RPL11 Diamond-Blackfan anemia 8; 612563; RPS7 Diamond-Blackfan anemia 9; 613308; RPS10 ... NT5C3 Anemia, hemolytic, Rh-null, regulator type; 268150; RHAG Anemia, hypochromic microcytic; 206100; NRAMP2 Anemia, ...
It is most active in fetal and neonatal life. It increases to a mass of 20 to 50 grams by puberty. It then begins to decrease ... pernicious anaemia and dermatomyositis, likely because of defects in negative selection in proliferating T cells. Thymomas can ... The usual reason for removal is to gain access to the heart for surgery to correct congenital heart defects in the neonatal ... The thymus is largest and most active during the neonatal and pre-adolescent periods. By the early teens, the thymus begins to ...
Anemia de Células Falciformes/diagnóstico Tamizaje Neonatal/economía Anemia de Células Falciformes/epidemiología Anemia de ... A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Pilot Neonatal Screening Program for Sickle Cell Anemia in the Republic of Angola.. McGann, ... To assess the cost-effectiveness of a pilot newborn screening (NBS) and treatment program for sickle cell anemia (SCA) in ...
Anemia is the worlds most common nutritional deficiency disorder. Maternal anaemia has become one of the worlds major health ... In future, With the help of national health programme we should aim in reduction of incidence of anemia in pregnancy and their ... The hemoglobin for 100 anemic mother and hemoglobin of 100 non anemic mother was considered and it was correlated with neonatal ... OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine the effect of maternal anemia with new borns birth weight, and gestational ...
... warm-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia; neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia when unresponsive to other treatments; immune- ... Anemia because of parvovirus B19; patients with stable multiple myeloma who are at high risk for recurrent infection; ... anemia not otherwise specified (NOS); asthma; bleeding disorders; neurologic disease or thrombocytopenia if NOS; Behcets ...
Progressively developing anemia, icterus or rarely hemoglobinuria leading to depression, anorexia, collapse, death. ... "Manual of Equine Neonatal Medicine. Available at: https://www.ivis.org/library/manual-of-equine-neonatal-medicine/neonatal- ... Neonatal isoerythrolysis in mule foals [2,3] A RBC antigen of some donkeys is not found in mares. Donkeys with this antigen ... Neonatal isoerythrolysis (N.I.) is an immune-mediated hemolytic disorder of newborn foals due to absorption of colostral ...
Neonatal jaundice and liver diseases. In: Martin RJ, Fanaroff AA, Walsh MC, eds. Fanaroff and Martins Neonatal-Perinatal ... Anemia and hyperbilirubinemia. In: Marcdante KJ, Kliegman RM, eds. Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2019:chap ... Neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus. In: Gleason CA, Juul SE, eds. Averys Diseases of the Newborn. 10th ed. ... Phototherapy for jaundice; Bilirubin - bili lights; Neonatal care - bili lights; Newborn care - bili lights ...
These include stillbirths and neonatal and perinatal mortality in iron use meta-analyses and birth length and neonatal ... "anemia" [mesh] OR "anaemia" [tiab] OR "anemia" [tiab] OR "haemoglobin" [tiab] OR "hemoglobin" [tiab] OR "ferritin" [tiab]) OR " ... Prenatal anaemia significantly increased the risk of low birth weight compared with no anaemia (crude odds ratio 1.25, 1.08 to ... Anaemia, prenatal iron.... *Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta- ...
... neonatal mortality - Featured Topics from the National Center for Health Statistics ... neonatal mortality and infant mortality rates by race; childhood mortality rates by age; and trends in age-adjusted death rates ...
Categories: Anemia, Neonatal Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 2 ...
At day 14 after birth, pallor and jaundice suggested severe neonatal anemia. Blood testing indicated decreased hemoglobinemia ( ... Although it could not be confirmed, neonatal anemia was attributed to fetal-maternal hemorrhage. ... Follow-up at 3 and 5 months of age showed resolution of anemia and no relapse of malaria. Test results for hemolysis remained ... At the time of admission, hematologic testing confirmed severe regenerative hemolytic anemia (hemoglobin 9.5 g/dL, ...
Neonatal prevalence is approximately 1 case per 1,000. The annual incidence in patients with sickle cell anemia is ...
Anemia or hyperbilirubinemia may be of such magnitude as to require exchange transfusion in the neonatal period. Anemia usually ... Hereditary hemolytic anemia has been described in patients with a complete deficiency of protein 4.2. RBC morphology in these ... HS is the most common hereditary hemolytic anemia in people of northern European descent. [13] In the United States, the ... Improving Quality of Care in Patients With Iron Deficiency Anemia and Inflammatory Bowel Disease 0.5 CME / CE / ABIM MOC ...
Eight patients were treated with IV anti-D (WinRho) with reasonable efficacy and fetal safety;67 no cases of neonatal anemia or ... There could also be pernicious anemia secondary to vitamin B12 deficiency or an autoimmune hemolytic anemia, such as Evans ... VanderMeulen H, Sholzberg M.. Iron deficiency and anemia in patients with inherited bleeding disorders. Transfus Apher Sci. ... Omission of fetal sampling in treatment of subsequent pregnancies in fetal-neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Am J Obstet ...
... autosomal recessive with lack of family history or in neonatal period with severe anemia leading to multiple transfusions [5]. ... Some patients, who later on develop only mild or moderate anemia, can present with severe transfusion-dependent anemia in the ... 6] reported a novel ankyrin mutation using NGS and have reviewed the relevant literature focusing on the pediatric/neonatal ... Novel α-Spectrin Mutation in Trans with α-Spectrin LEPRA Causing Severe Neonatal Jaundice from Hereditary Spherocytosis ...
The primary causes of death were congenital and neonatal diseases, tuberculosis, malaria, pneumonia, gastroenteritis and ... diarrhea, and anemia; the most prevalent diseases were worms, respiratory infections, arthritis, goiter, and nutritional ...
Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality. May cause fetal harm. Embryofetal toxicity (e.g., postimplantation loss) and ... Cytopenias, including neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia, reported.. Monitor CBCs during therapy. If hematologic ... May cause fetal harm. (See Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality under Cautions.) ...
e) Chronic, severe anemia, such as sickle cell disease.. f) Conditions that compromise the immune mechanism, including certain ... residual pulmonary dysplasia following the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome).. c) Chronic renal disease with azotemia or ...
... longer neonatal intensive care unit stay, shorter gestational age, and maternal anemia54 (supplementary table 6, available at ... With smoking cannabis use pregnancy, increased risks of anemia (OR = 1.36 [1.10, 1.69]), low birth weight (P = 1.77 [1.04, 3.01 ... Maternal marijuana use and adverse neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2016;128:713-23.. * ... cannabis use during pregnancy was associated with reduced neonatal length, smaller head circumference, ...
Low bilirubin levels are associated with aplastic anemia, and certain types of secondary anemia resulting from toxic therapy ... neonatal hypoglycemia, and idiopathic hypoglycemia. ... and sometimes severe anemia or infection. 9. Creatinine ... Iron (non-heme) measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as iron deficiency anemia, chronic renal ... Iron (non-heme) measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as iron deficiency anemia, chronic renal ...
Birth Weight and Early Neonatal Outcome in Infants Born to Malnourished Pregnant Women given Multimicronutrient Supplementation ... Birth Weight and Early Neonatal Outcome in Infants Born to Malnourished Pregnant Women given Multimicronutrient Supplementation ... may be deficient in mothers and children of developing countries which can have adverse effects on the mothers also like anemia ... Among these 240 cases, 200 neonates could be followed up during early neonatal period (first week). Details of early neonatal ...
An example in neonatal claims is failure to estimate and document fetal weight prior to proceeding with a vaginal delivery. ... and anemia and bilirubinemia. ... A review of allegations for neonatal patients over a 10-year ... The neonate was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) under the care of a neonatologist. The patient was mottled ... Patient deaths occurred in 13 percent of claims filed for neonatal patients, 30 percent for patients in their first year of ...
Maternal Group B streptococcal colonisation can lead to neonatal pneumonia, meningitis or sepsis. Neonatal Group B ... Transfusion-dependent Microcytic Anaemia in a 10-year-old Girl. Anselm CW Lee, Wen Chang Ting ... Legal Issues in Neonatal Screening. J.Gerard Loeber This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on "Download PDF" on ... Two-year Outcome of Normal-birth-weight Infants Admitted to a Singapore Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. W B Lian, C L Yeo, L Y Ho ...
Addressing maternal and neonatal mortality through antenatal care in remote regions Grand challenges Canada. Canada. ... Reducing Anemia in children under two years old. Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru.. Peru. ...
Neonatal outcomes including weight, Apgar score, neonatal asphyxia, fetal distress, neonatal pathological jaundice, neonatal ... anemia, polyhydramnios between the two groups in all BMI classes were no difference(P , 0.05). ... At the same time, underweight was associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. Results from the research of Haugen et al. showed ... Table 6. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence interval for neonatal outcomes in multinomial logistic regression for pre- ...
  • Progressive hemolytic anemia. (ivis.org)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] It is also one of the most common causes of hemolytic anemia due to membrane defect. (medscape.com)
  • Clinically, HS shows marked heterogeneity, ranging from an asymptomatic condition to fulminant hemolytic anemia. (medscape.com)
  • Next-generation sequencing (NGS) provides a comprehensive and cost-effective approach to molecular diagnosis of hereditary hemolytic anemia, especially in cases where biochemical testing is unreliable due to multiple transfusions. (karger.com)
  • This can cause hemolytic anemia in certain conditions. (mountsinai.org)
  • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP, congenital or acquired) is a rare form of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) characterized by thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) associated with a range of clinical findings related to end-organ damage. (pathologyoutlines.com)
  • As described in this case of the week, patients with congenital TTP (Upshaw-Schulman syndrome) typically present shortly after birth or early in the neonatal period with a range of clinical findings, which may include hemolytic anemia with fragmentation of erythrocytes, thrombocytopenia, diffuse and non-focal neurologic findings, decreased renal function and fever. (pathologyoutlines.com)
  • Neonatal jaundice and liver disease. (nih.gov)
  • Treatments for neonatal morbidities , such as retinopathy or prematurity and jaundice. (nih.gov)
  • Her mother has had jaundice, anemia, and splenomegaly for 17 years. (karger.com)
  • There was no significant family medical history, specifically no known history of jaundice, anemia or hematological disorders. (pathologyoutlines.com)
  • A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Pilot Neonatal Screening Program for Sickle Cell Anemia in the Republic of Angola. (bvsalud.org)
  • To assess the cost - effectiveness of a pilot newborn screening (NBS) and treatment program for sickle cell anemia (SCA) in Luanda, Angola . (bvsalud.org)
  • In the city of Kisangani, in the Tshopo province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, identifying difficulties in access to care will help guide interventions to fight sickle cell anemia. (who.int)
  • The cost of care associated with sickle cell anemia is unaffordable for 93.6% of participants. (who.int)
  • Iron overload can occur in patients with underlying disease states especially those that require blood transfusions including β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia and other congenital anemias and often with cancer treatment. (pediatriceducation.org)
  • Anemia and hyperbilirubinemia. (nih.gov)
  • Neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is important to note that neonatal screening and intrauterine diagnosis cannot detect all possible hereditary diseases and not all diseases can be treated successfully if detected. (lakhasly.com)
  • Maternal anaemia has become one of the world's major health concerns and it is linked to negative maternal and foetal outcomes such as Maternal and perinatal mortality rates, premature birth, low birth weight, and certain anomalies have all increased. (ejmcm.com)
  • The prevention and control of anaemia is one of the key strategies of the Health, Nutrition and Population Sector Programme for reducing maternal, neonatal and childhood mortality and improving maternal and childhood nutrition. (who.int)
  • This precipitates mortality and morbidity not only during neonatal period but also in infancy and childhood (1). (pediatriconcall.com)
  • ABSTRACT Maternal anaemia is a common problem in pregnancy, particularly in developing countries. (who.int)
  • We investigated the relationship between maternal anaemia and perinatal outcome in a cohort of 629 pregnant women from October 2001 to 2002. (who.int)
  • However, the extent · singleton pregnancy to which maternal anaemia affects maternal · had complete medical records of the and neonatal health is still uncertain. (who.int)
  • Neonatal prevalence is approximately 1 case per 1,000. (medscape.com)
  • 3 According to the Nutrition Impact Model Study's 2011 estimates, the worldwide prevalence of anaemia in pregnant women was 38% (95% confidence interval 33% to 43%), translating into 32 (28 to 36) million pregnant women globally. (bmj.com)
  • Pregnancy: fetal growth retardation and neonatal anemia. (nih.gov)
  • We identified a missense mutation in the fetal Gγ-globin gene (HBG2) in a father and daughter with transient neonatal cyanosis and anemia. (nih.gov)
  • Formed in 1986 through NICHD's Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch , the NRN is a collaborative network of neonatal intensive care units across the United States. (nih.gov)
  • CONCLUSION: According to WHO data from 2018, anaemia in pregnancy affects 65-75% of pregnant women in India. (ejmcm.com)
  • In future, With the help of national health programme we should aim in reduction of incidence of anemia in pregnancy and their detrimental effect on new born. (ejmcm.com)
  • The effects of anaemia tal care, height and weight were recorded on pregnancy outcome in Pakistan have not at each antenatal visit and haemoglobin lev- been evaluated systematically in random- el was measured at the first antenatal visit, ized, prospective intervention trials that in- at 28 to 32 weeks, at 33 to 37 weeks and in clude a sufficient number of iron-deficient labour. (who.int)
  • 1 2 It is the most common cause of anaemia during pregnancy. (bmj.com)
  • Clinical presentation is variable, ranging from asymptomatic to severe form of anemia, and can be exacerbated by pregnancy, sudden blood loss, or superimposed infection, i.e., parvovirus that targets the erythroid precursors. (karger.com)
  • To study the effect of multimicronutrient supplementation to malnourished pregnant women on the birth weight and early neonatal outcome. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Prenatal marijuana use and neonatal outcome. (nature.com)
  • So, the current study was carried out with the objectives of comparing the birth weight and early neonatal outcome (during the first week of life) in neonates born to malnourished women administered micronutrient supplementation vs. placebo. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • In malaria-endemic areas, severe malarial anemia is the major form of acute disease in young children. (nih.gov)
  • A 2011 Cochrane Collaboration review and the World Health Organization both recommend treating patients for iron deficiency anemia with iron supplementation in malaria-endemic areas. (pediatriceducation.org)
  • Excessive blood draws can result in anemia and require corrective transfusions in critically ill pediatric/neonatal patients. (nih.gov)
  • This technology has been used successfully to determine the molecular basis of HS in complex scenarios, i.e., autosomal recessive with lack of family history or in neonatal period with severe anemia leading to multiple transfusions [ 5 ]. (karger.com)
  • Neonatal isoerythrolysis (N.I.) is an immune-mediated hemolytic disorder of newborn foals due to absorption of colostral immunoglobulins which contain antibodies against red cell antigens inherited from the stallion. (ivis.org)
  • Anaemia affects the lives of millions of children, adolescents and women in Bangladesh today. (who.int)
  • Focused on newborns, particularly extremely preterm and low birth rate (ELBW) and very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, the NRN facilitates the advancement of neonatal care by establishing a network of academic centers that, by rigorous patient evaluation using common protocols, can study the required numbers of patients and can provide answers more rapidly than individual centers acting alone. (nih.gov)
  • The prevention of anemia in premature infants: the role of recombinant human erythropoietin in a level III neonatology department]. (nih.gov)
  • These infants are at high risk for anemia because of their early stage of development, reduced ability to produce red blood cells, and need for blood sampling as part of their intensive medical care. (nih.gov)
  • We consider many possibilities beyond primary ITP e.g., hypogammaglobulinemia, chronic infection, and anemia, and how to approach their diagnosis and management. (haematologica.org)
  • Moreover, the diagnosis can be challenging in the neonatal period due to unreliability of biochemical tests like osmotic fragility and eosin-5′ maleimide if age-appropriate controls are not used. (karger.com)
  • The new intern wasn't sure how to manage the diagnosis of anemia and asked about how much iron to prescribe. (pediatriceducation.org)
  • The hemoglobin for 100 anemic mother and hemoglobin of 100 non anemic mother was considered and it was correlated with neonatal outcomes such as gestational age at birth and birth weight. (ejmcm.com)
  • Anemia is a common problem in pediatrics with an estimated 25% of school age children worldwide being anemic. (pediatriceducation.org)
  • Women with a past history of preterm livery and adverse outcomes [ 5 ] while delivery, obstetric complications or medical others have not found a significant associa- illnesses, except anaemia, were excluded. (who.int)
  • In July 1998, a 76-year-old patient with multiple myeloma, chronic renal insuffi- ciency, anemia, and thrombocytopenia was hospitalized in Pennsylvania for hip re- placement. (cdc.gov)
  • Complete blood counts show mild anemia (hemoglobin 10.2 g/dL) and thrombocytopenia with a platelet count of 5x10 9 /L The internist sends her urgently to the emergency room concerned that she might possibly have leukemia. (haematologica.org)
  • Some patients, who later on develop only mild or moderate anemia, can present with severe transfusion-dependent anemia in the neonatal period due to ineffective erythropoiesis as well as increased splenic function immediately after birth [ 1 ]. (karger.com)
  • Congenital and Perinatal Rare Disease Clinical Research Consortium relates protocols on acute flaccid myelitis, neonatal enterovirus, cytomegalovirus infections or their treatments. (usf.edu)
  • Hemolytic anemias: red blood cell membrane and metabolic defects. (mountsinai.org)
  • The most common type of anemia in childhood is iron deficiency commonly caused by inadequate stores (e.g. premature infant), inadequate intake (e.g. poor nutrition) or blood loss (e.g. menses). (pediatriceducation.org)
  • A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of recombinant human erythropoietin in the anemia of prematurity. (nih.gov)
  • Erythropoietin therapy for anemia of prematurity. (nih.gov)
  • This FOA encourages applications to develop microfluidic devices to analyze blood for factors related to the thrombotic, transfusion, and/or hemostatic status of pediatric/neonatal patients. (nih.gov)
  • Use of these devices could significantly reduce levels of phlebotomy-induced blood loss in pediatric/neonatal patients. (nih.gov)
  • The objective of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to support the development of microfluidic devices to evaluate blood of pediatric/neonatal patients. (nih.gov)
  • As a result, these critical blood evaluations may not be performed, or are performed infrequently in pediatric/neonatal patients due to the risk of depleting their limited blood volumes. (nih.gov)
  • Obstetricians were most frequently involved with neonatal patients. (thedoctors.com)
  • The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation. (nih.gov)
  • A hemoglobin variant associated with neonatal cyanosis and anemia. (nih.gov)
  • The presence of this polar amino acid in the heme pocket is predicted to enhance hemoglobin denaturation, causing anemia. (nih.gov)
  • BACKGROUND: Anemia is the world's most common nutritional deficiency disorder. (ejmcm.com)
  • Analysis of cohort studies showed a significantly higher risk of low birth weight (adjusted odds ratio 1.29, 1.09 to 1.53) and preterm birth (1.21, 1.13 to 1.30) with anaemia in the first or second trimester. (bmj.com)
  • MPBS has observed that malaria infection increases the risk of stillbirth and preterm delivery in primigravidae, and early neonatal death in multigravidae. (nih.gov)
  • The capability of microfluidic devices to analyze small volumes of whole blood or sera makes this technology ideally suited to a variety of clinical applications, particularly those involving pediatric/neonatal subjects for whom sample size and sampling frequency must necessarily be limited. (nih.gov)
  • Anaemia is a pervasive problem among children and women in Bangladesh. (who.int)
  • Anaemia is a widespread public health problem in Bangladesh, affecting the lives of 27 million children, adolescents and women. (who.int)
  • Anaemia is a serious public health problem amongst children and women in Bangladesh, and calls for urgent action among for all concerned. (who.int)
  • I am confident that if the comprehensive actions identified in National Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Anaemia are fully implemented, children and women in Bangladesh will be better protected from this public health problem. (who.int)
  • Guided by this document, the government will co-ordinate actions by all stakeholders for the prevention and control of anaemia in Bangladesh. (who.int)
  • In this cohort study, the association of mul- a major public health problem especially tiple effects of anaemia on perinatal out- among poorer segments of the population come were studied among the pregnant in developing countries such as India, Paki- women attending the Obstetrics Depart- stan and Bangladesh [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • Based on the result of above study it can be said that multi-micronutrient supplementation to malnourished women reduces the risk of Low birth weight (LBW) and early neonatal morbidity. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • I am pleased that the 'National Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Anaemia' has been developed to identify the strategies and comprehensive actions needed to eliminate this serious obstacle to survival, health and development. (who.int)
  • The prevention and control of anaemia requires a coordinated response among multiple stakeholders and partners, and I request that they all come forward to support interventions in line with the National Strategy. (who.int)
  • Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Anaemia provides a guide for all stakeholders and partners on how policy makers, health professionals, employers, community members and families can take action to prevent and control anaemia. (who.int)
  • The National Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Anaemia lays out the strategies, actions and roles of all stakeholders and partners in addressing this important public health problem. (who.int)
  • The findings come from the Transfusion of Prematures (TOP) trial, which was conducted at 41 neonatal intensive care units across the United States. (nih.gov)
  • It now appears that several nutrient factors including both the macronutrients and micronutrients may be deficient in mothers and children of developing countries which can have adverse effects on the mothers also like anemia, hypertension, complications of labor (more oxidative stress) and even death. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Iron use increased maternal mean haemoglobin concentration by 4.59 (95% confidence interval 3.72 to 5.46) g/L compared with controls and significantly reduced the risk of anaemia (relative risk 0.50, 0.42 to 0.59), iron deficiency (0.59, 0.46 to 0.79), iron deficiency anaemia (0.40, 0.26 to 0.60), and low birth weight (0.81, 0.71 to 0.93). (bmj.com)
  • Neonatal screening is a type of medical screening that is performed on newborns. (lakhasly.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine the effect of maternal anemia with new born's birth weight, and gestational age at delivery. (ejmcm.com)
  • After discussion with her attending physician, they decided that this presumably was iron deficiency anemia, and they would treat with supplemental iron for 1 month and then followup with repeat labs including a reticulocyte count. (pediatriceducation.org)
  • Anemia screening is recommended at age 9-12 months, and in adolescent males and females during routine health examinations. (pediatriceducation.org)
  • Prior re- delivery and the data from the interview search in Pakistan has documented iron and medical records were recorded on a deficiency as the leading cause of anaemia pre-designed questionnaire. (who.int)
  • 6 ] reported a novel ankyrin mutation using NGS and have reviewed the relevant literature focusing on the pediatric/neonatal population. (karger.com)
  • At the time of delivery, birth weights, neonatal anthropometry, were recorded and the babies were followed up for 7 days for complication. (pediatriconcall.com)