AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
Androstenedione17-alpha-HydroxyprogesteroneDehydroepiandrosteroneTestosteroneAndrogensEstroneTheca Cells17-KetosteroidsGonadal Steroid HormonesProgesteroneEstradiolAromataseHydroxyprogesteronesAndrostanesDehydroepiandrosterone SulfateLuteinizing HormoneSteroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase17-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesSteroidsSex Hormone-Binding GlobulinPregnenoloneOvarian FollicleFollicle Stimulating HormoneOvaryPolycystic Ovary SyndromeTestolactoneEstrogensHirsutismDihydrotestosteroneHyperandrogenismEpitestosteroneAndrostenediolFollicular FluidGranulosa CellsAndrosteroneOvulation17-alpha-HydroxypregnenoloneGonadotropins, PituitaryAromatase InhibitorsAndrostenediols3-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesAdrenal Hyperplasia, CongenitalHormonesClitorisAminoglutethimideFreemartinismCarnivoraFeminizationAdrenal GlandsHydrocortisoneEstrusCortodoxoneChorionic GonadotropinRadioimmunoassayGenitaliaGynecomastiaAndrostenolsSteroid 16-alpha-HydroxylaseTestisKetosteroidsEtiocholanoloneProgesterone ReductaseEstriolFollicular AtresiaRadioisotope Dilution TechniquePregnancyInhibinsSteroid HydroxylasesAdrenocorticotropic HormoneAnovulationVirilismSexual MaturationGonadotropins3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-DehydrogenaseCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneCorpus LuteumCholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage EnzymeAndrostane-3,17-diolCattleEstrous CycleFollicular CystLeydig CellsIntubation, GastrointestinalPostmenopauseFollicular PhaseOligomenorrheaSteroid 21-HydroxylaseCholestenone 5 alpha-ReductaseFadrozoleMicrosomesGonadotropins, EquineProlactinHydroxytestosteronesTritiumOvariectomyPremenopauseCytochrome P-450 CYP2B1Organ SizeAdrenal Gland DiseasesMenopauseInsulin-Like Growth Factor IPlacentaStanozololSteroid 11-beta-HydroxylaseSheepCastrationCosyntropin
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone: A metabolite of PROGESTERONE with a hydroxyl group at the 17-alpha position. It serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of HYDROCORTISONE and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES.Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.Testosterone: A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.Androgens: Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.Estrone: An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. It is converted from ANDROSTENEDIONE directly, or from TESTOSTERONE via ESTRADIOL. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, PLACENTA, and the ADIPOSE TISSUE of men and postmenopausal women.Theca Cells: The flattened stroma cells forming a sheath or theca outside the basal lamina lining the mature OVARIAN FOLLICLE. Thecal interstitial or stromal cells are steroidogenic, and produce primarily ANDROGENS which serve as precusors of ESTROGENS in the GRANULOSA CELLS.17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.Gonadal Steroid Hormones: Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.Progesterone: The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.Estradiol: The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.Aromatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the desaturation (aromatization) of the ring A of C19 androgens and converts them to C18 estrogens. In this process, the 19-methyl is removed. This enzyme is membrane-bound, located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogen-producing cells of ovaries, placenta, testes, adipose, and brain tissues. Aromatase is encoded by the CYP19 gene, and functions in complex with NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE in the cytochrome P-450 system.Hydroxyprogesterones: Metabolites or derivatives of PROGESTERONE with hydroxyl group substitution at various sites.Androstanes: The family of steroids from which the androgens are derived.Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.Luteinizing Hormone: A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase: A microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 17-alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone or pregnenolone and subsequent cleavage of the residual two carbons at C17 in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP17 gene, generates precursors for glucocorticoid, androgen, and estrogen synthesis. Defects in CYP17 gene cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL) and abnormal sexual differentiation.17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: A class of enzymes that catalyzes the oxidation of 17-hydroxysteroids to 17-ketosteroids. EC 1.1.-.Steroids: A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin: A glycoprotein migrating as a beta-globulin. Its molecular weight, 52,000 or 95,000-115,000, indicates that it exists as a dimer. The protein binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the plasma. Sex hormone-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosaccharide modifications.Pregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid, derived from CHOLESTEROL and found in steroid hormone-producing tissues. Pregnenolone is the precursor to GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.Ovarian Follicle: An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.Follicle Stimulating Hormone: A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.Ovary: The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.Estrogens: Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.Hirsutism: A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.Hyperandrogenism: A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.Epitestosterone: The 17-alpha isomer of TESTOSTERONE, derived from PREGNENOLONE via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. Epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. The ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse.Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).Follicular Fluid: The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes.Granulosa Cells: Supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the OVARY. They are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the OOCYTE in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the OVUM in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors (RECEPTORS, LH).Androsterone: A metabolite of TESTOSTERONE or ANDROSTENEDIONE with a 3-alpha-hydroxyl group and without the double bond. The 3-beta hydroxyl isomer is epiandrosterone.Ovulation: The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.Gonadotropins, Pituitary: Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation (OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS).Aromatase Inhibitors: Compounds that inhibit AROMATASE in order to reduce production of estrogenic steroid hormones.Androstenediols: Unsaturated androstane derivatives which are substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position in the ring system.3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: Catalyze the oxidation of 3-hydroxysteroids to 3-ketosteroids.Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital: A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.Clitoris: An erectile structure homologous with the penis, situated beneath the anterior labial commissure, partially hidden between the anterior ends of the labia minora.Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.Freemartinism: A condition occurring in the female offspring of dizygotic twins (TWIN, DIZYGOTIC) in a mixed-sex pregnancy, usually in CATTLE. Freemartinism can occur in other mammals. When placental fusion between the male and the female FETUSES permits the exchange of fetal cells and fetal hormones, TESTICULAR HORMONES from the male fetus can androgenize the female fetus producing a sterile XX/XY chimeric "female"(CHIMERISM).Carnivora: An order of MAMMALS, usually flesh eaters with appropriate dentition. Suborders include the terrestrial carnivores Fissipedia, and the aquatic carnivores PINNIPEDIA.Feminization: Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.Adrenal Glands: A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.Estrus: The period in the ESTROUS CYCLE associated with maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in non-primate female mammals.Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.Chorionic Gonadotropin: A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.Genitalia: The external and internal organs related to reproduction.Gynecomastia: Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.Androstenols: Unsaturated androstanes which are substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position in the ring system.Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase: A liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 16-alpha-hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme is encoded by a number of genes from several CYP2 subfamilies.Testis: The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.Ketosteroids: Steroid derivatives formed by oxidation of a methyl group on the side chain or a methylene group in the ring skeleton to form a ketone.Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.Progesterone Reductase: An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a 3 beta-hydroxy-delta(5)-steroid to 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid in the presence of NAD. It converts pregnenolone to progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione. EC 1.1.1.145.Estriol: A hydroxylated metabolite of ESTRADIOL or ESTRONE that has a hydroxyl group at C3, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position. Estriol is a major urinary estrogen. During PREGNANCY, a large amount of estriol is produced by the PLACENTA. Isomers with inversion of the hydroxyl group or groups are called epiestriol.Follicular Atresia: The degeneration and resorption of an OVARIAN FOLLICLE before it reaches maturity and ruptures.Radioisotope Dilution Technique: Method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of radionuclide into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Inhibins: Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectivelySteroid Hydroxylases: Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).Anovulation: Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.Virilism: Development of male secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the FEMALE. It is due to the effects of androgenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.Sexual Maturation: Achievement of full sexual capacity in animals and in humans.Gonadotropins: Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities.3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of TESTOSTERONE to 5-ALPHA DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE.Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.Corpus Luteum: The yellow body derived from the ruptured OVARIAN FOLLICLE after OVULATION. The process of corpus luteum formation, LUTEINIZATION, is regulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE.Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Estrous Cycle: The period of cyclic physiological and behavior changes in non-primate female mammals that exhibit ESTRUS. The estrous cycle generally consists of 4 or 5 distinct periods corresponding to the endocrine status (PROESTRUS; ESTRUS; METESTRUS; DIESTRUS; and ANESTRUS).Follicular Cyst: Cyst due to the occlusion of the duct of a follicle or small gland.Leydig Cells: Steroid-producing cells in the interstitial tissue of the TESTIS. They are under the regulation of PITUITARY HORMONES; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; or interstitial cell-stimulating hormone. TESTOSTERONE is the major androgen (ANDROGENS) produced.Intubation, Gastrointestinal: The insertion of a tube into the stomach, intestines, or other portion of the gastrointestinal tract to allow for the passage of food products, etc.Postmenopause: The physiological period following the MENOPAUSE, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life.Follicular Phase: The period of the MENSTRUAL CYCLE representing follicular growth, increase in ovarian estrogen (ESTROGENS) production, and epithelial proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM. Follicular phase begins with the onset of MENSTRUATION and ends with OVULATION.Oligomenorrhea: Abnormally infrequent menstruation.Steroid 21-Hydroxylase: An adrenal microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 21-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP21 gene, converts progesterones to precursors of adrenal steroid hormones (CORTICOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE). Defects in CYP21 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).Cholestenone 5 alpha-Reductase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of 3-oxo-delta4 steroids into their corresponding 5alpha form. It plays an important role in the conversion of TESTOSTERONE into DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE and PROGESTERONE into DIHYDROPROGESTERONE.Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.Microsomes: Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Gonadotropins, Equine: Gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary or the placenta in horses. This term generally refers to the gonadotropins found in the pregnant mare serum, a rich source of equine CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. Unlike that in humans, the equine LUTEINIZING HORMONE, BETA SUBUNIT is identical to the equine choronic gonadotropin, beta. Equine gonadotropins prepared from pregnant mare serum are used in reproductive studies.Prolactin: A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.Hydroxytestosterones: 17 beta-Hydroxy-4-androsten-3-ones. Testosterone derivatives formed by the substitution of one or more hydroxyl groups in any position.TritiumOvariectomy: The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.Premenopause: The period before MENOPAUSE. In premenopausal women, the climacteric transition from full sexual maturity to cessation of ovarian cycle takes place between the age of late thirty and early fifty.Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: A major cytochrome P-450 enzyme which is inducible by PHENOBARBITAL in both the LIVER and SMALL INTESTINE. It is active in the metabolism of compounds like pentoxyresorufin, TESTOSTERONE, and ANDROSTENEDIONE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP2B1 gene, also mediates the activation of CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE and IFOSFAMIDE to MUTAGENS.Organ Size: The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.Adrenal Gland Diseases: Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.Menopause: The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.Insulin-Like Growth Factor I: A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.Placenta: A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194)Steroid 11-beta-Hydroxylase: A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 11-beta-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B1 gene, is important in the synthesis of CORTICOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Defects in CYP11B1 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).Sheep: Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.Castration: Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads.Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.

The treatment of insulin resistance does not improve adrenal cytochrome P450c17alpha enzyme dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome. (1/906)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether metformin. when given to non-diabetic women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), results in a reduction of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia while body weight is maintained. Also we aimed to see whether the reduction in insulin levels attenuates the activity of adrenal P450c17alpha enzyme in patients with PCOS. DESIGN: We investigated the 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and androstenedione responses to ACTH, insulin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glucose disposal rate in an insulin tolerance test before and after metformin therapy (500 mg, orally, twice daily, for 12 weeks). METHODS: The presence of hyperinsulinemia in 15 women with PCOS was demonstrated by an OGTT and results were compared with those of 10 healthy women. Insulin sensitivity was measured by the rate of endogenous glucose disposal after i.v. bolus injection of insulin. 17-OHP and androstenedione responses to ACTH were measured in all the women with PCOS and the normal women. RESULTS: Women with PCOS were hyperinsulinemic (102.0+/-13.0 (S.E.M.) VS 46.2+/-4.4 pmol/l) and hyperandrogenemic (free testosterone 15.3+/-1.7 vs 7.9+/-0.6 nmol/l; androstenedione 11.8+/-0.8 vs 8.2+/-0.6 nmol/l) and more hirsute (modified Ferriman-Gallwey score, 17.7+/-1.6 vs 3.0+/-0.3) than healthy women. In addition, women with PCOS had higher 17-OHP and androstenedione responses to ACTH when compared with healthy women. Metformin therapy resulted in some improvement in insulin sensitivity and reduced the basal and post-glucose load insulin levels. But 17-OHP and androstenedione responses to ACTH were unaltered in response to metformin. CONCLUSIONS: PCOS is characterized by hyperactivity of the adrenal P450c17alpha enzyme and insulin resistance. It seems that there is no direct relationship between insulin resistance and adrenal P450c17alpha enzyme dysregulation.  (+info)

The aromatase inactivator 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-OH-A) inhibits tamoxifen metabolism by rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 3A: potential for drug-drug interaction of tamoxifen and 4-OH-A in combined anti-breast cancer therapy. (2/906)

Tamoxifen (tam), an anti-breast cancer agent, is metabolized into tam-N-oxide by the hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase and into N-desmethyl- and 4-hydroxy-tam by cytochrome P-450s (CYPs). Additionally, tam is metabolically activated by hepatic CYP3A, forming a reactive intermediate that binds covalently to proteins. Tam and 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-OH-A) are currently used to treat breast cancer, and it has been contemplated that 4-OH-A be given concurrently with tam to contravene potential tumor resistance to tam. Because alterations in tam metabolism may influence its therapeutic efficacy, the effect of 4-OH-A on tam metabolism was examined. Incubation of tam with liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats, in the presence of 4-OH-A (10-100 microM), resulted in marked inhibition of tam-N-demethylation and tam covalent binding and in decreased tam-N-oxide accumulation; however, there was no inhibition of the formation of 4-hydroxy-tam and of 3,4-dihydroxytamoxifen. These findings indicate that 4-OH-A inhibits CYP3A, but not P-450(s) that catalyze tam 4-hydroxylation. The diminished tam-N-oxide accumulation could be due to decreased N-oxide formation and/or due to increased N-oxide reduction. Incubation of tam-N-oxide with liver microsomes containing heat-inactivated flavin-containing monooxygenase demonstrated that 4-OH-A increases the accumulation of tam, possibly by diminishing its P-450-mediated metabolism. Kinetic studies indicate that 4-OH-A is a competitive inhibitor of CYP3A, but not a time-dependent inactivator. Consequently, the concurrent treatment of tam and 4-OH-A may result in increased tam half-life and thus could potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of tam and diminish the potential side effects of tam by inhibiting its covalent binding to proteins and possibly to DNA.  (+info)

Dihydrotestosterone, stanozolol, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate inhibit leptin secretion in female but not in male samples of omental adipose tissue in vitro: lack of effect of testosterone. (3/906)

Leptin, the product of the Ob gene, is a polypeptide hormone expressed in adipocytes which acts as a signalling factor from the adipose tissue to the central nervous system, regulating food intake and energy expenditure. It has been reported that circulating leptin levels are higher in women than in men, even after correction for body fat. This gender-based difference may be conditioned by differences in the levels of androgenic hormones. To explore this possibility, a systematic in vitro study with organ cultures from human omental adipose tissue, either stimulated or not with androgens (1 microM), was undertaken in samples obtained from surgery on 44 non-obese donors (21 women and 23 men). The assay was standardized in periods of 24 h, ending at 96 h, with no apparent tissue damage. Leptin results are expressed as the mean+/-s.e.m. of the integrated secretion into the medium, expressed as ng leptin/g tissue per 48 h. Spontaneous leptin secretion in samples from female donors (4149+/-301) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that from male donors (2456+/-428). Testosterone did not exert any significant effect on in vitro leptin secretion in either gender (4856+/-366 in women, 3322+/-505 in men). Coincubation of adipose tissue with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induced a significant (P<0.05) leptin decrease in samples taken from women (3119+/-322) but not in those taken from men (2042+/-430). Stanozolol, a non-aromatizable androgen, decreased (P<0.05) leptin secretion in female samples (2809+/-383) but not in male (1553+/-671). Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) induced a significant (P<0.01) leptin decrease in female samples (2996+/-473), with no modifications in samples derived from males (1596+/-528). Exposure to androstenedione also resulted in a significant reduction (P<0.01) of leptin secretion in samples taken from women (2231+/-264), with no effect on male adipose tissue (1605+/-544). In conclusion, DHT, stanozolol, DHEA-S and androstenedione induced a significant inhibition of in vitro leptin secretion in samples from female donors, without affecting the secretion in samples from men. Testosterone was devoid of activity in either gender.  (+info)

Ovarian hormone secretory response to gonadotropins and nitric oxide following chronic nitric oxide deficiency in the rat. (4/906)

Ovarian hormone secretion is regulated by gonadotropins, and it has been demonstrated that this response is modulated by nitric oxide (NO). The focus of this study was to determine the effect of chronic NO deficiency on the secretion of ovarian steroids. Female rats were given N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA; 0.6 g/L) in their drinking water, and vaginal smears were obtained daily. By 4 wk of treatment, all the rats were in constant estrus or proestrus. At 6-8 wk the animals were killed; the ovaries were removed and incubated in the presence of eCG (1 IU/ml) and hCG (1 IU/ml) and/or S-nitroso-L-acetyl penicillamine (an NO donor, S-NAP; 0.1 mM) for 4 h. Medium was collected at 30-min intervals, and estradiol, progesterone, and androstenedione were measured. Ovaries from proestrous rats served as controls. Ovaries from L-NNA-treated animals had a greater basal and gonadotropin-stimulated release of estradiol but not of androstenedione or progesterone in comparison to ovaries from untreated controls. S-NAP decreased the gonadotropin-stimulated estradiol, progesterone, and androstenedione in ovaries from NO-deficient rats. Steroid secretion in controls was not responsive to S-NAP. We conclude that chronic NO inhibition produces constant estrus due to increased estradiol production and that NO acts to inhibit estradiol and androstenedione production.  (+info)

YM116, 2-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-9H-carbazole, decreases adrenal androgen synthesis by inhibiting C17-20 lyase activity in NCI-H295 human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. (5/906)

The concentrations of androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone, products of C17-20 lyase, in the medium after a 6-hr incubation of NCI-H295 cells were decreased by YM116 (2-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-9H-carbazole) (IC50: 3.6 and 2.1 nM) and ketoconazole (IC50: 54.9 and 54.2 nM). 17Alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, a product of 17alpha-hydroxylase, was increased by YM116 (1-30 nM) and by ketoconazole (10-300 nM) and then was decreased at higher concentrations of both agents (IC50: 180 nM for YM116, 906 nM for ketoconazole), indicating that YM116 and ketoconazole were 50- and 16.5-fold more specific inhibitors of C17-20 lyase, respectively, than 17alpha-hydroxylase. Compatible with these findings, progesterone, a substrate of 17alpha-hydroxylase, was increased by these agents. Cortisol production was inhibited by YM116 and ketoconazole (IC50: 50.4 and 80.9 nM, respectively). YM116 was a 14-fold more potent inhibitor of androstenedione production than cortisol production, whereas ketoconazole was a nonselective inhibitor of the production of both steroids. YM116 and ketoconazole inhibited the C17-20 lyase activity in human testicular microsomes (IC50: 4.2 and 17 nM, respectively). These results demonstrate that YM116 reduces the synthesis of adrenal androgens by preferentially inhibiting C17-20 lyase activity.  (+info)

The effect of chronic treatment with GH on gonadal function in men with isolated GH deficiency. (6/906)

Eleven adult males, previously submitted to neurosurgery because of a pituitary lesion (three with craniopharyngioma, three with clinically non-functioning adenoma and five with macroprolactinoma) were treated with recombinant GH for 12 months after the diagnosis of GH deficiency was made. Circulating FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone, 17 beta-estradiol (E2), dehyroepiandrosterone (DHEA-S), androstenedione. 17-OH-progesterone (17OHP), IFG-I, and steroid hormone-binding protein (SHBG) levels were assayed before and after CG test at study entry and 6 and 12 months after GH treatment. A significant increase in plasma IGF-I levels was obtained after 6 and 12 months of GH treatment. In addition, CG-stimulated, but not baseline, testosterone levels showed a significant increase after 6 and 12 months of GH treatment when compared with study entry (9.6 +/- 0.5 and 9.9 +/- 0.5 vs 7.9 +/- 0.5 ng/ml; P < 0.05). Baseline, but not CG-stimulated, serum 17OHP levels were significantly increased only after 12 months of GH treatment (1.7 +/- 0.1 vs 1.4 +/- 0.1 ng/ml; P < 0.05). No significant difference was found as far as both basal and CG-stimulated E2, androstenedione, DHEA-S and SHBG were concerned. With regards to the semen analysis, only seminal plasma volume was significantly increased after 12 months of GH treatment (2.9 +/- 0.3 vs 1.7 +/- 0.3 ml; P < 0.05). No significant change in sperm count, motility and abnormal forms was observed. These data show that GH treatment displays a clear-cut effect upon Leydig cell function and increases the production of seminal plasma volume in fertile adult males with isolated GH deficiency.  (+info)

Dynamics of periovulatory steroidogenesis in the rhesus monkey follicle after ovarian stimulation. (7/906)

The temporal relationships and regulation of events in the primate follicle during the periovulatory interval are poorly understood. This study was designed to elucidate the dynamics of steroid synthesis in the macaque follicle during ovarian stimulation cycles in which serum/follicular fluid aspirates were collected at precise intervals before (0 h) and after (up to 36 h) administration of the ovulatory human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) bolus. Serum concentrations of progesterone increased (P < 0.05) within 30 min, and follicular fluid progesterone concentrations were elevated 180-fold within 12 h, of HCG injection, and remained elevated until the time of ovulation. In contrast, 17beta-oestradiol concentrations increased initially, but then declined (P < 0.05) by 36 h post-HCG. Acute incubation of granulosa cells with and without steroidogenic substrates demonstrated that: (i) 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and aromatase activities were present in equivalent amounts before and after HCG; whereas (ii) P450 side-chain cleavage activity increased (P < 0.05) within 12 h of HCG; and (iii) exogenous low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol were not utilized for steroidogenesis. This model should be useful for further studies on ovulation and luteinization in primates, and enable elucidation of the local actions of progesterone and other steroids at specific time points during the periovulatory interval.  (+info)

Concentration of steroids in bovine peripheral plasma during the oestrous cycle and the effect of betamethasone treatment. (8/906)

Testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone were measured in peripheral plasma during the oestrous cycle of 6 heifers. Oestradiol and progesterone results confirmed earlier reports. Concentration of testosterone on the day of oestrus was 40+/-3 pg/ml (mean+/-S.E.M.), and two peaks were detected during the cycle, one 7 days before oestrus (1809+/-603 pg/ml) and the other (78+/- 7 pg/ml) on the day before the onset of oestrus. The concentration of progesterone declined in most cases 1 day after the maximum concentration of testosterone. Betamethasone treatment in 5 heifers extended luteal function by an average of 10 days: plasma androstenedione and oestradiol concentrations were unaltered; cortisol values were depressed for at least 16 days after treatment; testosterone concentrations were lowered by 13+/-2-4% during treatment, and except in one heifer the peak on Day -7 was abolished.  (+info)

Radioimmunologic determination of androstenedione and the effect of physical training on its levels in human blood and salivaRadioimmunologic determination of androstenedione and the effect of physical training on its levels in human blood and saliva
Abstract: A radioimmunoassay (RIA) of androstenedione in biological fluids was developed. The sensitivity of the method was 30 pg/ml. The efficiency of the standard detection in blood and saliva was 98.2%. The intra- and interassay variations were 5.6% and 12,7%, respectively. Specificity pf the antiserum was determined in cross reactions using 17 steroids. The specificity depended upon the method used, the duration of immunization and the quantity of the antigen. Mathematic methods were used for definition of optimal values of the main parameters and conditions for RIA. 60 different regimes were investigated. The influence of regular physical exercises on androstenedione content in blood and saliva was investigated in 100 athletes. Physical exercises increased androstenedione concentration in men and women blood and saliva. Concentration of androstenedione was increased 1.3- and 2.2-fold in men blood and saliva, respectively, the concentration of androstenedione was increased 1.6-fold in women ...
CERI Q&A: Risks from androstenedione?CERI Q&A: Risks from androstenedione?
use.. Androstenedione offers a fast-acting, over-the-counter alternative to prescription-only testosterone patches, creams and lotions. It is sold in capsules or pills for oral use, and it has recently become available in a liquid spray for sublingual use. The sublingual spray raises testosterone levels in less than 30 minutes.. The problem with androstenedione is that it is quickly metabolized into estrogens. Estrogens have strong anti-testosterone-like metabolic effects that last for a long time (days as opposed to hours). Androstenedione produces estrogens through two separate pathways. First, it can be directly metabolized into estrone (see Figure 1). Second, it can be metabolized to testosterone and then to estradiol. Both estradiol and estrone are strong estrogens which suppress the anabolic, metabolism-enhancing, fat-loss and tissue-healing properties of testosterone. I believe that many people will suffer estrogen-related side effects from androstenedione that will have far more negative ...
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Ability of lymphocytes infiltrating breast-cancer tissue to convert androstenedione. - Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteAbility of lymphocytes infiltrating breast-cancer tissue to convert androstenedione. - Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute
Lymphocytes were isolated from 43 surgical samples of breast cancer after tumor enzyme digestion and Ficoll/Verographine procedure. In all, 23 specimens from lymphocytic-tissue infiltrates were analyzed (in some cases, material from 2 or 3 patients was combined). The ability of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) to convert androstenedione was demonstrated, as evaluated by hard-water release from the androgenic precursor 3H-1beta-androstenedione. In material obtained from menopausal women this ability was higher than in the women of reproductive age. A positive correlation was revealed between the level of androstenedione conversion in TIL and aromatase activity in tumor tissue, while no correlation was shown between androstenedione conversion in TIL and percentage of tumor cells in lymphocytic suspension. The data obtained suggest that factors secreted by a neoplasm are able to induce aromatase gene expression in TIL ...
A comprehensive guide to Androstenedione | How to buy 1-Andro pills onlineA comprehensive guide to Androstenedione | How to buy 1-Andro pills online
For a while, androstenedione was bodybuildings little secret as the outside world was oblivious to the fact that people all over the country were popping this testosterone precursor like candy in hopes it would increase their muscle mass. That all changed with the Mark McGwire fiasco and now "andro" has become virtually a household name.. Then came the mother of all anti-andro sound bites for the media, a major study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (King DS, Sharp RL, Vukovich MD, et al. Effect of oral androstenedione on serum testosterone and adaptations to resistance training in young men. JAMA. 1999;281:2020-2028) that painted a very negative picture of androstenedione.. The media then compared "andro" to those evil steroids on the ten oclock news in their standard "dont confuse us with the facts" style of journalism. Of course androstenediones Achilles heel has been the fact that so little research existed, no one could say either way what it did exactly or ...
Androstenedione hormone, molecular model - Stock Image A619/0144 - Science Photo LibraryAndrostenedione hormone, molecular model - Stock Image A619/0144 - Science Photo Library
Androstenedione hormone. Molecular model of the structure of the human hormone Androstenedione. Atoms are represented as rods and are colour- coded: carbon (blue), hydrogen (gold), and oxygen (red). Androstenedione is a steroid that is produced in the adrenal glands of both sexes and is a precursor of all the sex hormones. It is sold as a supplement under the brand name Andro but is banned from many sporting events due to athletes abusing it in order to enhance their performances. - Stock Image A619/0144
AndrostenedioneAndrostenedione
Describes how the androstenedione test is used, when an androstenedione test is ordered, and what the results of an androstenedione test might mean
INFLUENCE OF ANDROSTENEDIONE ON SEDENTARY FEMALE RATS by Janet E. Steele"INFLUENCE OF ANDROSTENEDIONE ON SEDENTARY FEMALE RATS" by Janet E. Steele
The pUfPose of this study was to examine the influence of androstenedione supplementation on plasma testosterone, cortisol, and cholesterol, mean arterial pressure (MAP), body weight, organ weights, and bone mineral density (BMD) in female rats. At age 10 weeks, an initial BMD measure was made. Rats in the andro group (n = 13) received implants designed to deliver 1 μg androstenedione per gram body wt per day. Rats in the control group (n = 13) received similar implants containing dextrose. After 8 weeks an arterial catheter was surgically implanted. MAP was measured for 30 minutes during home cage rest and a blood sample was taken for measurement of plasma cholesterol and testosterone. The next day animals were exposed to a novel stress (immersion in shoulder-deep, 37 °C water) for 15 minutes. MAP was measured before, during, and after the stress, and blood samples were taken for measurement of plasma cortisol. Animals were then euthanized and a final BMD measurement was made. The heart, liver,
4-Androstenedione CAS: 63-05-84-Androstenedione CAS: 63-05-8
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Androst-4-ene-3, [1,2,6,7-3H(N)]-, 17-Dione, 250µCi (9.25MBq) | PerkinElmerAndrost-4-ene-3, [1,2,6,7-3H(N)]-, 17-Dione, 250µCi (9.25MBq) | PerkinElmer
250 µCi quantities of Androst-4-ene-3, [1,2,6,7-3H(N)]-, 17-Dione are available for your research. Application of [3H] Androstenedione can be found in: effects of HCG and PMS on bioconversion in steroid biochemistry, breast cancer cell research, inhibition study of human placental aromatase in steroid biochemistry, in vitro metabolism studies in steroid chemistry; etc. ...
Androstenedione | Facts, Dosage and Side effects - anabolika.de/enAndrostenedione | Facts, Dosage and Side effects - anabolika.de/en
Androstenedione is referred to as ProHormon because it is an intermediate product formed during testosterone and estrio-biosynthesis. The exact ...
androstenedione - Siambandrostenedione - Siamb
מאמרים (כתבות) עם התגית androstenedione: 57(1) Full article PDF, 59(1) Full article PDF, Contents of 57(1), 2005, Contents of 59(1), 2007, ועוד...
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Insulin-dependent diabetic women have been shown to have subnormal hormone levels in the first trimester of pregnancy. To determine whether these abnormalities were the result of poor diabetes control, testosterone, androstenedione, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and prolactin were studied longitudinally in diabetic women made normoglycemic before conception (N = 11) and normal (N = 6) control subjects beginning at the fifth week of gestation. HCG levels rose normally in all 11 diabetic and six control subjects and then declined as expected, with peak levels between 8 and 12 wk of gestation. Prolactin levels similarly rose significantly (P , 0.00001) during the period studied. Plasma androstenedione did not increase during the course of this study, but testosterone levels increased significantly (P = 0.0001). Androgen levels were consistently higher in diabetic subjects despite the normoglycemic state, although the differences reached statistical significance at only one point. This study ...
Androstenedione producing tumours - Cancer - Condition | Our HealthAndrostenedione producing tumours - Cancer - Condition | Our Health
It can certainly be an indication, but its no good to worry about it. It could be lots of other things. Most cancers are easily treatable these days, though, so even if that IS what it turns out to be, its not the death sentence that it used to be. Most people with ovarian cancer go into remission and go on to live full, healthy lives ...
Tren e prohormone | Andro Cycles - Androstenedione Information and Effects.Tren e prohormone | Andro Cycles - Androstenedione Information and Effects.
At Pro-hormones.co.uk we know how tempting it can be to want to stack more than one product together, they all look great, sound great so more of them could be good right? Wrong. Stacking the wrong products together could seriously hinder your gains and
Androstenedione InfoAndrostenedione Info
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ANDROSTENEDIONE ELISA - LDNANDROSTENEDIONE ELISA - LDN
LDN ist ein privates, mittelständisches Unternehmen, das sich auf die Entwicklung, Herstellung und Vermarktung von Immunoassays für medizinische Laboratorien, Lebensmittelanalytik und biomedizinische Forschung spezialisiert hat. Bei LDN ist es unsere Leidenschaft und Hingabe, Probleme eingehend zu untersuchen und jede Perspektive zu berücksichtigen, wenn wir die besten Lösungen für unsere Kunden finden.. ...
6-Bromo Androstenedione | CAS: 38632-00-76-Bromo Androstenedione | CAS: 38632-00-7
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1 1/2 year old Formestane in NP Penetrate still good? - AnabolicMinds.com1 1/2 year old Formestane in NP Penetrate still good? - AnabolicMinds.com
I have 5g of Formestane in NP Penetrate from about 1 1/2 years ago. I shake the bottle every week or two. The bottle has been kept in a cool dark
When is Penetrate back in stock? - AnabolicMinds.comWhen is Penetrate back in stock? - AnabolicMinds.com
so i got the formestane, but am waiting on the penetrate. Just looking for an eta on it anybody has the time. Thanks in advance, and as always, NP i
Androstenedione - WikipediaAndrostenedione - Wikipedia
Androstenedione, or 4-androstenedione (abbreviated as A4 or Δ4-dione), also known as androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, is an endogenous weak androgen steroid hormone and intermediate in the biosynthesis of testosterone from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and of estrone. It is closely related to androstenediol (androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol). Androstenedione is a precursor of testosterone and other androgens, as well as of estrogens like estrone, in the body. In addition to functioning as an endogenous prohormone, androstenedione also has weak androgenic activity in its own right. Androstenedione has been found to possess some estrogenic activity, similarly to other DHEA metabolites. However, in contrast to androstenediol, its affinity for the estrogen receptors is very low, with less than 0.01% of the affinity of estradiol for both the ERα and ERβ. In children aged 6 to 8 years old, there is a rise in androstenedione secretion along with DHEA during adrenarche. This rise in androstenedione and DHEA is ...
Suppression of Plasma Androstenedione and Testosterone in Hirsute Women. | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of...Suppression of Plasma Androstenedione and Testosterone in Hirsute Women. | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of...
This study documented hyperandrogenism in 18 hirsute women and determined if the condition was gonadotropin dependent. Plasma androstenedione, testosterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by radioimmunoassay. All had 24-hour urinary 17-ketosteroids, 17-ketogenic steroids, and pregnanetriol measured, and those with Cushings syndrome and congenital adrenal hyperplasia we e excluded from the study. Six underwent bilateral longitudinal ovarian wedge resection and had polycystic ovarian disease. The mean plasma androstenedione of 18 patients was 332 ng/100 ml (SE ± 24.6 ng/100 ml). The normal mean androstenedione is 180 ng/100 ml. Mean plasma testosterone was 77 ng/100 ml (±12.2). The normal range for ...
Androstenedione (Andro) | InjuryBoard.comAndrostenedione (Andro) | InjuryBoard.com
InjuryBoard News: Androstenedione - Find trial lawyers and attorneys with experience in lawsuits involving Androstenedione. Contact an attorney who can help you protect your legal rights, free of cha
Effects of methotrexate on rabbit testes. Part 2: Hormonal changes. - Semantic ScholarEffects of methotrexate on rabbit testes. Part 2: Hormonal changes. - Semantic Scholar
Thirty mature and peripubertal male rabbits were examined for endocrine function and tissue methotrexate (MTX) concentration after single (57.5 mg/kgBW, group 1) and repeated (6 mg/kgBW, once a week for 14 weeks, group 2) MTX doses. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and androstenedione plasma levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). We found elevated plasma FSH levels in both groups. Elevated plasma androstenedione level and reduced plasma testosterone level in group 2 suggest an enzymatic defect in the gonadal steroid synthesis. Unchanged LH plasma level, when compared to controls, is thought to be the result of a combined effect of MTX on the gonadal steroids and gonadotropin synthesis.
Androstenedione | Portsmouth Regional HospitalAndrostenedione | Portsmouth Regional Hospital
Learn more about Androstenedione at Portsmouth Regional Hospital Uses Principal Proposed Uses Sports Performance Enhancement ...
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Primary monolayer cultures of bovine theca cells isolated from pooled ovarian follicles (3-10 mm diameter) were used to examine the effects of various granulosa cell-derived substances on basal and luteinizing hormone (LH)-induced androgen and progesterone secretion. After an overnight pretreatment period, cells were incubated with a range of treatments including LH, oestradiol-17β, inhibin, activin and follistatin. Media were collected after 48 h and assessment of androstenedione and progesterone secretion made by radioimmunoassay.. Addition of LH (5-50 ng/ml) to the cells resulted in a dose-dependent stimulation of both androstenedione (2·5-to 3-fold rise; P,0·01) and progesterone (∼ 1·6-fold rise; P,0·001) production. Secretion of androstenedione was also raised (up to 5-fold; P,0·001) by addition of oestradiol-17β (0·3-300 ng/ml), whilst levels of the androgen in the presence of both LH (20 ng/ml) and oestradiol (300 ng/ml) were up to 12-fold higher (P,0·001) than control values. ...
Formestane Lentaron CAS 566-48-3 Anti-estrogen Steroids Powder - Wuhan Hezhong Bio-Chemical Manufacture Co., Ltd - ecplaza.netFormestane Lentaron CAS 566-48-3 Anti-estrogen Steroids Powder - Wuhan Hezhong Bio-Chemical Manufacture Co., Ltd - ecplaza.net
Anti-estrogen Steroids Powder Formestane Lentaron CAS 566-48-3 Quick Detail: Name: Formestane Other name: Lentaron; CAS: 566-48-3 MF: C19H26O3 MW: 302.41 Assay: 99% Appearance:White powder. Formestane Description: Formestane is currently one of the...
Lawful Steroids - crazybulkreviews2qLawful Steroids - crazybulkreviews2q
Above the previous couple of several years the serious human body builders have been making use of the alternative authorized steroids and obtaining remarkable final results. Authorized steroids like Androstenedione ( andro), 1-AD,1-test and 4-Androstenedione would be the closest issue to actual steroids and they are available lawfully. These different steroids when utilized accurately are both a safe and successful strategy to increase and increase strength, energy and muscle restoration ...
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This report is the first to study sites within P-450 2B6 that are involved in substrate specificity. Workers in our laboratory have used multiple amino acid sequence alignments in the past to develop homology models of several P-450s (Szklarz et al., 1995; Szklarz and Halpert, 1997), and a similar alignment was used here to choose 12 sites within the predicted 2B6 SRSs for study. The panel of marker substrates, androstenedione, 7-EFC, and RP 73401 was useful for separating mutations that caused nonspecific functional alterations from those that produced a change in an enzyme-specific function. We were most interested in mutants that would display only decreased 2B6-specific RP 73401 hydroxylase activity or demonstrate a significant increase in 2B1-specific androstenedione hydroxylase activity.. Each of the mutants was tested for the three marker activities, and the results were compared with 2B6 (Fig. 2). Only T292L exhibited an almost complete lack of any of the three activities tested. T292A ...
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Aromatisation is a complex hormonal process that affects both men and women at certain times of life, particularly after the age of 50. ¤ This enzymatic process is responsible for converting androstenedione and testosterone in
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A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion. . ...
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Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 4-(4-aminobenzyl)-2-oxazolidinones as novel inhibitors of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme...Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 4-(4'-aminobenzyl)-2-oxazolidinones as novel inhibitors of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme...
The synthesis of a series of N-alkylated 4-(4()aminobenzyl)-2-oxazolidinones is described using a synthetically useful scheme which avoids the use of phosgene-since the derivatization is undertaken with the oxazolidin-2-one ring intact. The compounds were tested for human placental aromatase (AR) inhibition in vitro, using [1beta,2beta-3H]androstenedione as substrate for the AR enzyme. The compounds were found, in general, to be more potent than the standard compound, aminoglutethimide (AG), and as such proved to be good lead compounds in the search for more specific AR inhibitors.. ...
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Mechanism of Action Exemestane is an irreversible, steroidal aromatase inhibitor. No detectable effect on synthesis of adrenal corticosteroids or aldosterone. It inhibits the activity of aromatase, the principal enzyme responsible for the conversion of androstenedione to estrone, and testosterone to estradiol. Structurally related to androstenedione, one of the usual aromatase substrates, exemestane inactivates the enzyme by irreversibly binding to the active site on aromatase. ...
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Abstract: The toxic effect of various environmental contaminants such as heavy metals or industrial chemicals such as alkylphenolson male reproductive systemwasfound. 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), one of the environmental contaminants used in the manufacture of plastics and other products, is released largely into the environment. The majority of studies on NP have focused on their endocrine disrupting and potential adverse effects on reproductive system. The target of our in vitro study was to determine the potential impact of 4-nonylphenol as an endocrine disruptor on the hormonal secretion and viability of mice Leydig cells. Cells were cultured with addition of 0.04; 0.2; 1.0; 2.5; and 5.0 µg/mL of 4-nonylphenol for 44h and compared with the control. Cells destined for the determination of androstenedione production were cultured in the presence of cyclic AMP solution. Quantification of cAMP stimulated androstenedion production directly from aliquots of the medium was performed by enzyme linked ...
Familial occurrence of hormonal and metabolic abnormalities in first-degree relatives of women with PCOSFamilial occurrence of hormonal and metabolic abnormalities in first-degree relatives of women with PCOS
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder with a pathogenesis in which hormonal and metabolic disturbances have been considered. There is evidence of a familial aggregation of hormonal and metabolic abnormalities in siblings of PCOS women. Some of the female relatives fulfill the diagnostic criteria of PCOS. Premature balding in the age of ,30 has been proposed as the male phenotype in PCOS families.. The aim of the study was to determine whether siblings of women with PCOS had evidence of hormonal and metabolic abnormalities typical for PCOS.. Material and methods: Eighty-six siblings of women with PCOS (44 sisters, 42 brothers) were recruited. Two control groups consisted of 70 healthy women and 30 healthy men. Assessment of antropometric parameters, hormonal parameters (testosterone, androstendione, DHEA-S, LH, FSH) and metabolic parameters (glucose and insulin: fasting and during OGTT, insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance indexes, lipidogram) were carried out in all ...
Delta-isomerase 2 (HSD3B2) which catalyzes the conversion of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to | Cuentanos tu HistoriaDelta-isomerase 2 (HSD3B2) which catalyzes the conversion of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to | Cuentanos tu Historia
Delta-isomerase 2 (HSD3B2) which catalyzes the conversion of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to androstenedione, a critical step in producing DHT from adrenal androgens, is also overexpressed at high levels [201]. Taken together, these data suggest a mechanism for how MCRPCa cells can continue to upregulate genes that require AR transactivation. The most obvious argument against this model is that t
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... ,Testosterone is the most important androgen secreted into the blood. In males, testosterone is secreted,,,primarily by the Leydig cells of the testes; in females ca. 50% of circulating testosterone is derived from,,,peripheral conversion of androstenedione, ca. 25% from the ovary and ca. 25% from t,medicine,medical supply,medical supplies,medical product
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The book tended to cycle through four main ways of explaining reasons behind why girls act the way they do; scientific experiments with lots of complicated sounding terms and processes, stories of the authors experiences as well as those of her patients, and studies/experiments. I tend to not even be able to focus on terms that sound too scientific while doing any sort of reading, so Im not going to lie and say that my eyes didnt glaze over when I read giant paragraphs with just scientific words like vasopressin and androstenedione and allopregnanolone. However, I think that the scientific explanations were essential, otherwise the author would have lost a lot of credibility. So Ill forgive her. Also, the patient stories often were conveniently sandwiched between the scienc-y stuff, so it was like reading a novel (thus, bearable). ...
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Androgen conversion in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes - androstenedione and testosterone inhibit estrogen...Androgen conversion in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes - androstenedione and testosterone inhibit estrogen...
This study demonstrated three important new aspects of hormone conversion in primary synovial cells and synovial tissue of long-standing RA and OA patients in the advanced phase of the disease:. 1. Conversion of DHEA yielded high amounts of estrogens and 16α-hydroxylated products in relation to testosterone (similar in RA and OA);. 2. Conversion of ASD and testosterone particularly yielded androgens with elevated levels of 5α-hydroxylated androgens in RA as compared with OA (general blockade of aromatization and support of 5α-hydroxylation, particularly in RA);. 3. Similarly in RA and OA, spontaneously released estrogens were markedly elevated in relation to free testosterone and aromatase expression was similar in the two disease groups. All effects were independent of gender and therapeutic administration of NSAIDs, leflunomide, or prednisolone.. Delta 4 androgens such as testosterone and ASD inhibit secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, and other proinflammatory mediators [1-7]. The more potent, ...
Development of a Method of Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry using Selected Ion Monitoring for the Measurement...Development of a Method of Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry using Selected Ion Monitoring for the Measurement...
A method for the analysis of testosterone, androstenedione, 5β-dihydrotestosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 5β-pregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol, 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol, 5β-androstane-3β,17β-diol, 5β-pregnane-3α,17α,20β-triol, 5β-androstane-3α,11β-diol-17-one, 5β-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one, 17α,20β,21-trihydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one and 11-deoxycortisol in water was developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring.. Fish sex steroids were extracted from holding water using C18 SPE cartridges, and eluted using methanol. Free and glucuronide conjugate levels of steroids were determined, glucuronide conjugates by hydrolysis using β-glucuronidase prior to. derivatisation and free steroids by direct derivatisation. The method thus developed was applied to twelve goldfish holding water samples.. Androstenedione was found to be excreted in considerably higher quantities ...
Androstenedione response to recombinant human FSH is the most valid predictor of the number of selected follicles in polycystic...Androstenedione response to recombinant human FSH is the most valid predictor of the number of selected follicles in polycystic...
In this study, we observed that in PCOS, the cumulative A4 response to low-dose rhFSH is a more valid measure of the number of selected follicles than the cumulative Estradiol (E2) response [13].. The early and midfollicular A4 variations are more critical determinants than the late follicular variations (following follicle selection), because drops or plateauing observed in A4 in the late stages did not influence cycle outcome. The A4 respond to rhFSH was earlier than that of E2 in cycles with progressive follicular growth and conception.. In six cycles cancelled due to lack of response to rhFSH, there was no A4 response. In contrast, in four of the eight cycles cancelled due to excessive response, a dosage step-up had been made due to lack of E2response, while there had already been an initial A4response. If this corrective information could have been taken into account, an unnecessary step-up could have been avoided.. PCOS is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility, and is reported ...
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This test measures the level of DHEA and DHEA-S in your blood. It may also be used to check how well your adrenal glands are working.
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17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency
11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione
List of androgens/anabolic steroids (alternate)List of androgens/anabolic steroids (alternate)
1-Androstenediol1-Androstenediol
HirsutismHirsutism
Dehydroepiandrosterone (disambiguation)Dehydroepiandrosterone (disambiguation)
Jeff BagwellJeff Bagwell
Ketosteroid monooxygenaseKetosteroid monooxygenase
PregnenolonePregnenolone
SRD5A1SRD5A1
FormestaneFormestane
Steroidal aromatase inhibitorSteroidal aromatase inhibitor
The Great Pheromone MythThe Great Pheromone Myth
AndrostenediolAndrostenediol
AndrostanedioneAndrostanedione
11-Deoxycortisol11-Deoxycortisol
PrasteronePrasterone
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4-Hydroxytestosterone4-Hydroxytestosterone
ProgesteroneProgesterone
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AndrogenAndrogen
5α-Reductase inhibitor5α-Reductase inhibitor
Testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenaseTestosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase
5α-Reductase5α-Reductase
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Ireland at the 1996 Summer OlympicsIreland at the 1996 Summer Olympics
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A rapid and simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the measurement of testosterone, androstenedione,...A rapid and simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the measurement of testosterone, androstenedione,...
Indication-specific dosing for (androstenedione), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions,...Indication-specific dosing for (androstenedione), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions,...
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Reactome | Reduction of androstenedione to testosteroneReactome | Reduction of androstenedione to testosterone
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
Androstenedione17-alpha-HydroxyprogesteroneDehydroepiandrosteroneTestosteroneAndrogensEstroneTheca Cells17-KetosteroidsGonadal Steroid HormonesProgesteroneEstradiolAromataseHydroxyprogesteronesAndrostanesDehydroepiandrosterone SulfateLuteinizing HormoneSteroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase17-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesSteroidsSex Hormone-Binding GlobulinPregnenoloneOvarian FollicleFollicle Stimulating HormoneOvaryPolycystic Ovary SyndromeTestolactoneEstrogensHirsutismDihydrotestosteroneHyperandrogenismEpitestosteroneAndrostenediolFollicular FluidGranulosa CellsAndrosteroneOvulation17-alpha-HydroxypregnenoloneGonadotropins, PituitaryAromatase InhibitorsAndrostenediols3-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesAdrenal Hyperplasia, CongenitalHormonesClitorisAminoglutethimideFreemartinismCarnivoraFeminizationAdrenal GlandsHydrocortisoneEstrusCortodoxoneChorionic GonadotropinRadioimmunoassayGenitaliaGynecomastiaAndrostenolsSteroid 16-alpha-HydroxylaseTestisKetosteroidsEtiocholanoloneProgesterone ReductaseEstriolFollicular AtresiaRadioisotope Dilution TechniquePregnancyInhibinsSteroid HydroxylasesAdrenocorticotropic HormoneAnovulationVirilismSexual MaturationGonadotropins3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-DehydrogenaseCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneCorpus LuteumCholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage EnzymeAndrostane-3,17-diolCattleEstrous CycleFollicular CystLeydig CellsIntubation, GastrointestinalPostmenopauseFollicular PhaseOligomenorrheaSteroid 21-HydroxylaseCholestenone 5 alpha-ReductaseFadrozoleMicrosomesGonadotropins, EquineProlactinHydroxytestosteronesTritiumOvariectomyPremenopauseCytochrome P-450 CYP2B1Organ SizeAdrenal Gland DiseasesMenopauseInsulin-Like Growth Factor IPlacentaStanozololSteroid 11-beta-HydroxylaseSheepCastrationCosyntropin
PrecursorSteroidAdrenalTestosterone levelsSerumPlasmaHormoneSteroidsEffectsLevelBodyBloodFoundNegativeFunctionLongEffect of androstenedioneDehydroepiandrosteroneDHEAAndrogenEstroneProhormoneHormonesSubstrateEstradiolAdrenal glands2017OvariesHigh levels of androstenedioneBiosynthesisSerum androstenedione levelsEstrogenSupplementsPrecursor of testosteroneAromataseLevel of androstenedioneEffects of androstenedioneConversion of androstenedioneAndrogenic activityPostmenopausalOral androstenedioneTestesPubertyACTHFecundinHuman serumQuantitativeIntermediateEstrogensCongenital adrenal hypSupplementationAndrogensPlasma testosteroneNaturallyCortisolInversely proportionalTestosterone in the bodyDietary supplementMalesLevelsEnzymeSteroid that is producedLeydigTumorsMenopause
Precursor2
  • For a while, androstenedione was bodybuilding's little secret as the outside world was oblivious to the fact that people all over the country were popping this testosterone precursor like candy in hopes it would increase their muscle mass. (powerandbulk.com)
  • The ability of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) to convert androstenedione was demonstrated, as evaluated by hard-water release from the androgenic precursor 3H-1beta-androstenedione. (cam.ac.uk)
Steroid2
Adrenal5
Testosterone levels1
Serum1
Plasma1
  • The pUfPose of this study was to examine the influence of androstenedione supplementation on plasma testosterone, cortisol, and cholesterol, mean arterial pressure (MAP), body weight, organ weights, and bone mineral density (BMD) in female rats. (unl.edu)
Hormone1
Steroids1
Effects2
  • In addition to the ineffectiveness on adaptation effects in force training, a possibly unfavorable reduction of the body's testosterone synthesis could also be observed as a result of the androstenedione intake. (anabolika.de)
  • Since androstenedione has not yet been sufficiently investigated in terms of long-term use, further side effects are possible. (anabolika.de)
Level3
Body2
  • Rats in the andro group (n = 13) received implants designed to deliver 1 μg androstenedione per gram body wt per day. (unl.edu)
  • Androstenedione, which is said to stimulate body-borne testosterone production, is a very popular dietary supplement in the US. (anabolika.de)
Blood1
Found1
Negative1
Function1
Long1
  • Though we now appear to have limited research on some of the andro products, in particular androstenedione, we are nowhere near answering the long list of questions we have on this compound and much of the research done to date has minimal if any usefulness in the real world. (powerandbulk.com)
Effect of androstenedione3
Dehydroepiandrosterone10
DHEA10
Androgen7
Estrone11
Prohormone3
Hormones6
Substrate3
Estradiol4
Adrenal glands5
20171
Ovaries3
High levels of androstenedione2
Biosynthesis2
Serum androstenedione levels3
Estrogen6
Supplements13
Precursor of testosterone1
Aromatase1
  • A positive correlation was revealed between the level of androstenedione conversion in TIL and aromatase activity in tumor tissue, while no correlation was shown between androstenedione conversion in TIL and percentage of tumor cells in lymphocytic suspension. (cam.ac.uk)
Level of androstenedione2
Effects of androstenedione4
Conversion of androstenedione3
Androgenic activity2
Postmenopausal4
Oral androstenedione2
Testes4
  • It was discovered that androstenedione is biosynthesized in the testes and in the adrenal gland. (ergogenics.org)
  • Although the testes produce large amounts of androstenedione in males, they secrete only a little amount of this into the blood and, instead, it rapidly converts it into testosterone inside the testes. (swolhq.com)
  • Androstenedione is formed in the adrenal cortex and gonads, in men in the testes, in women in the follicles. (anabolika.de)
  • In an adult male, the androstenedione is mainly formed in the testes, in the adult female in the half in the ovary and the adrenal. (anabolika.de)
Puberty3
  • But since that episode, it has been classified as an anabolic steroid and as such, it is illegal to use without a legitimate medical reason.Androstenedione concentrations increase in boys undergoing puberty, for about two years prior to significant increases in testosterone. (izkpl.gq)
  • Boys with too little androstenedione may fail to develop the sexual characteristics associated with puberty, including pubic and body hair, growth of the sexual organs and deepening of the voice. (nutragreen-extracts.com)
  • Helps testosterone production: Androstenedione levels are increased during puberty but declines gradually after the age of 30. (jigsy.com)
ACTH1
  • Produksi adrenal 4-Androstenedione diatur oleh ACTH, sedangkan produksi gonadal 4-Androstenedione dikendalikan oleh gonadotropin. (biosteroids.com)
Fecundin1
  • Twelve ewes were immunised against androstenedione (with Fecundin) from a total number of twenty four. (lincoln.ac.nz)
Human serum1
  • The Diagnostic Automation Androstenedione EIA test kit is a Competitive immunoenzymatic colorimetric method for quantitative determination of Androstenedione concentration in human serum and plasma. (rapidtest.com)
Quantitative1
Intermediate1
  • Androstenedione was hydroxylated in the 7α-position to give a key intermediate in the synthesis of the diuretic-7α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione with 82% conversion. (mdpi.com)
Estrogens3
Congenital adrenal hyp1
  • Elevated androstenedione levels have been demonstrated in virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (rapidtest.com)
Supplementation1
  • The pUfPose of this study was to examine the influence of androstenedione supplementation on plasma testosterone, cortisol, and cholesterol, mean arterial pressure (MAP), body weight, organ weights, and bone mineral density (BMD) in female rats. (unl.edu)
Androgens1
Plasma testosterone2
Naturally1
Cortisol1
  • The secondary pathway involves conversion of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, most often a precursor to cortisol, to androstenedione directly by way of 17,20-lyase. (wikipedia.org)
Inversely proportional2
Testosterone in the body1
Dietary supplement5
Males1
  • In fact, some doctors are concerned that androstenedione may cause obesity in males, emotional problems , prostate problems , and heart problems . (legalexaminer.com)
Levels12
Enzyme1
  • Androstenedione (antigen) in the sample competes with horseradish peroxidase Androstenedione (enzyme-labeled antigen), for binding onto the limited number of anti-Androstenedione coated on the microplates. (rapidtest.com)
Steroid that is produced1
Leydig1
  • Although the scientists also mention that to their own surprise androstenedione decreased "incidences of male rat Leydig cell adenomas and female rat mammary gland fibroadenomas ", they did not mention that it did so (if not always in a statistically significant manner) in mononuclear cell leukemia and interstitial cell adenoma , as well (cf. figure 1). (blogspot.com)
Tumors1
  • In male and female mice, androstenedione was carcinogenic based upon a significant increase in hepatocellular tumors [cancerous growth in the liver]. (blogspot.com)
Menopause2
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