Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.Androstanes: The family of steroids from which the androgens are derived.Receptors, Steroid: Proteins found usually in the cytoplasm or nucleus that specifically bind steroid hormones and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. The steroid receptor-steroid hormone complex regulates the transcription of specific genes.Oxidoreductases, N-DemethylatingPhenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases: A large group of cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) monooxygenases that complex with NAD(P)H-FLAVIN OXIDOREDUCTASE in numerous mixed-function oxidations of aromatic compounds. They catalyze hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of substrates and are important in the metabolism of steroids, drugs, and toxins such as PHENOBARBITAL, carcinogens, and insecticides.Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc.Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1: A major cytochrome P-450 enzyme which is inducible by PHENOBARBITAL in both the LIVER and SMALL INTESTINE. It is active in the metabolism of compounds like pentoxyresorufin, TESTOSTERONE, and ANDROSTENEDIONE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP2B1 gene, also mediates the activation of CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE and IFOSFAMIDE to MUTAGENS.7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.Propanediol Dehydratase: An enzyme that catalyzes the dehydration of 1,2-propanediol to propionaldehyde. EC 4.2.1.28.Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A: A cytochrome P-450 suptype that has specificity for a broad variety of lipophilic compounds, including STEROIDS; FATTY ACIDS; and XENOBIOTICS. This enzyme has clinical significance due to its ability to metabolize a diverse array of clinically important drugs such as CYCLOSPORINE; VERAPAMIL; and MIDAZOLAM. This enzyme also catalyzes the N-demethylation of ERYTHROMYCIN.Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.Hep G2 Cells: A human liver tumor cell line used to study a variety of liver-specific metabolic functions.Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.Dihydroxydihydrobenzopyrenes: Benzopyrenes saturated in any two adjacent positions and substituted with two hydroxyl groups in any position. The majority of these compounds have carcinogenic or mutagenic activity.Steroid Hydroxylases: Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.Enzyme Induction: An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Metabolic Detoxication, Drug: Reduction of pharmacologic activity or toxicity of a drug or other foreign substance by a living system, usually by enzymatic action. It includes those metabolic transformations that make the substance more soluble for faster renal excretion.Clotrimazole: An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal CELL MEMBRANES. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane.Retinoid X Receptor alpha: A nuclear transcription factor. Heterodimerization with PPAR GAMMA is important in regulation of GLUCOSE metabolism and CELL GROWTH PROCESSES.Epoxy Compounds: Organic compounds that include a cyclic ether with three ring atoms in their structure. They are commonly used as precursors for POLYMERS such as EPOXY RESINS.Glucuronosyltransferase: A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17.CobamidesChrysenes: 1,2-Benzphenanthrenes. POLYCYCLIC COMPOUNDS obtained from coal tar.o-Aminoazotoluene: An azo dye with carcinogenic properties.Benzopyrenes: A class of chemicals that contain an anthracene ring with a naphthalene ring attached to it.Androstenols: Unsaturated androstanes which are substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position in the ring system.Oximes: Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.PPAR alpha: A nuclear transcription factor. Heterodimerization with RETINOID X RECEPTOR GAMMA is important to metabolism of LIPIDS. It is the target of FIBRATES to control HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4: A subfamily of nuclear receptors that regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a diverse group of GENES involved in the synthesis of BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and in GLUCOSE; CHOLESTEROL; and FATTY ACIDS metabolism.Pyridines: Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.Hinge Exons: Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene exons coding for the hinge region of the heavy chains between the first constant region (on the FAB FRAGMENTS) and the second constant region (on the FC FRAGMENTS).Cynanchum: A plant genus of the family ASCLEPIADACEAE. Members contain steroidal glycosides and cytotoxic phenanthroindolizidine N-oxide alkaloids.Stereoisomerism: The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.PhenanthrenesRNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II: The conjugation of exogenous substances with various hydrophilic substituents to form water soluble products that are excretable in URINE. Phase II modifications include GLUTATHIONE conjugation; ACYLATION; and AMINATION. Phase II enzymes include GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE and GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE. In a sense these reactions detoxify phase I reaction products.Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Bay-Region, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon: A concave exterior region on some POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS that have three phenyl rings in a non-linear arrangement.DNA Adducts: The products of chemical reactions that result in the addition of extraneous chemical groups to DNA.Organic Anion Transport Polypeptide C: An organic anion transporter found in human liver. It is capable of transporting a variety organic anions and mediates sodium-independent uptake of bile in the liver.Sulfotransferases: Enzymes which transfer sulfate groups to various acceptor molecules. They are involved in posttranslational sulfation of proteins and sulfate conjugation of exogenous chemicals and bile acids. EC 2.8.2.Ginkgolides: DITERPENES with three LACTONES and a unique tert-butyl group, which are found in GINKGO plants along with BILOBALIDES.Genes, Reporter: Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.Alcohols: Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Transcriptional Activation: Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins: A sequence-related subfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS that actively transport organic substrates. Although considered organic anion transporters, a subset of proteins in this family have also been shown to convey drug resistance to neutral organic drugs. Their cellular function may have clinical significance for CHEMOTHERAPY in that they transport a variety of ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS. Overexpression of proteins in this class by NEOPLASMS is considered a possible mechanism in the development of multidrug resistance (DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE). Although similar in function to P-GLYCOPROTEINS, the proteins in this class share little sequence homology to the p-glycoprotein family of proteins.Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2: A transcription factor that partners with ligand bound GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS and ESTROGEN RECEPTORS to stimulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. It plays an important role in FERTILITY as well as in METABOLISM of LIPIDS.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Active Transport, Cell Nucleus: Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.Microsomes, Liver: Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase: A liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 16-alpha-hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme is encoded by a number of genes from several CYP2 subfamilies.Receptor Cross-Talk: The simultaneous or sequential binding of multiple cell surface receptors to different ligands resulting in coordinated stimulation or suppression of signal transduction.Response Elements: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promoter and enhancer regions.Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1: A nuclear receptor coactivator with specificity for ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS. It contains a histone acetyltransferase activity that may play a role in the transcriptional activation of chromatin regions.Retinoid X Receptors: A subtype of RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS that are specific for 9-cis-retinoic acid which function as nuclear TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that regulate multiple signaling pathways.Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon: Cytoplasmic proteins that bind certain aryl hydrocarbons, translocate to the nucleus, and activate transcription of particular DNA segments. AH receptors are identified by their high-affinity binding to several carcinogenic or teratogenic environmental chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in cigarette smoke and smog, heterocyclic amines found in cooked foods, and halogenated hydrocarbons including dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls. No endogenous ligand has been identified, but an unknown natural messenger with a role in cell differentiation and development is suspected.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Steroids: A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)Mice, Inbred C57BLBase Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Receptors, Glucocorticoid: Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind glucocorticoids and mediate their cellular effects. The glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of DNA. Glucocorticoids were named for their actions on blood glucose concentration, but they have equally important effects on protein and fat metabolism. Cortisol is the most important example.Epoxide Hydrolases: Enzymes that catalyze reversibly the formation of an epoxide or arene oxide from a glycol or aromatic diol, respectively.Propylene Glycols: Derivatives of propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol). They are used as humectants and solvents in pharmaceutical preparations.Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.Klebsiella oxytoca: A species of gram-negative bacteria causing URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS and SEPTICEMIA.Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.P-Glycoproteins: A subfamily of transmembrane proteins from the superfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS that are closely related in sequence to P-GLYCOPROTEIN. When overexpressed, they function as ATP-dependent efflux pumps able to extrude lipophilic drugs, especially ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, from cells causing multidrug resistance (DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE). Although P-Glycoproteins share functional similarities to MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS they are two distinct subclasses of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS, and have little sequence homology.Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.Luciferases: Enzymes that oxidize certain LUMINESCENT AGENTS to emit light (PHYSICAL LUMINESCENCE). The luciferases from different organisms have evolved differently so have different structures and substrates.Mice, Inbred C3HGlutathione Transferase: A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.Benz(a)Anthracenes: Four fused benzyl rings with three linear and one angular, that can be viewed as a benzyl-phenanthrenes. Compare with NAPHTHACENES which are four linear rings.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Liver Neoplasms, Experimental: Experimentally induced tumors of the LIVER.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Androstenediols: Unsaturated androstane derivatives which are substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position in the ring system.P-Glycoprotein: A 170-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein from the superfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. It serves as an ATP-dependent efflux pump for a variety of chemicals, including many ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS. Overexpression of this glycoprotein is associated with multidrug resistance (see DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE).Ethers, Cyclic: Compounds of the general formula R-O-R arranged in a ring or crown formation.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.ThiazolesAcetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Cell Nucleus: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Receptors, Retinoic Acid: Proteins in the nucleus or cytoplasm that specifically bind RETINOIC ACID or RETINOL and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Retinoic acid receptors, like steroid receptors, are ligand-activated transcription regulators. Several types have been recognized.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Pregnenes: Unsaturated derivatives of PREGNANES.COS Cells: CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)Ethylene Glycols: An ethylene compound with two hydroxy groups (-OH) located on adjacent carbons. They are viscous and colorless liquids. Some are used as anesthetics or hypnotics. However, the class is best known for their use as a coolant or antifreeze.Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic: A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96)Hydro-Lyases: Enzymes that catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond leading to unsaturated products via the removal of water. EC 4.2.1.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction: Methods used for detecting the amplified DNA products from the polymerase chain reaction as they accumulate instead of at the end of the reaction.Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Enzyme Reactivators: Compounds which restore enzymatic activity by removing an inhibitory group bound to the reactive site of the enzyme.Polycyclic Compounds: Compounds consisting of two or more fused ring structures.Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.Creosote: A greasy substance with a smoky odor and burned taste created by high temperature treatment of BEECH and other WOOD; COAL TAR; or resin of the CREOSOTE BUSH. It contains CRESOLS and POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS which are CARCINOGENS. It has been widely used as wood preservative and in PESTICIDES and had former use medicinally in DISINFECTANTS; LAXATIVES; and DERMATOLOGIC AGENTS.ButanonesPentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.Cercopithecus aethiops: A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.Lipid Metabolism: Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Butylene Glycols: 4-carbon straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbons substituted with two hydroxyl groups. The hydroxyl groups cannot be on the same carbon atom.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Catalysis: The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.Cyclohexenes: Six-carbon alicyclic hydrocarbons which contain one or more double bonds in the ring. The cyclohexadienes are not aromatic, in contrast to BENZOQUINONES which are sometimes called 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diones.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Camphor: A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plants, especially CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA. It is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent.AcetalsEthanolamine Ammonia-Lyase: An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of ethanolamine to acetaldehyde. EC 4.3.1.7.Cyclization: Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Isomerism: The phenomenon whereby certain chemical compounds have structures that are different although the compounds possess the same elemental composition. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis: Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.RNA: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Mutagenicity Tests: Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential. They include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests.Cholestenes: Steroids with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a branched 8-carbon chain at C-17. Members include compounds with any degree of unsaturation; however, CHOLESTADIENES is available for derivatives containing two double bonds.Deoxyguanosine: A nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Chromatography, Thin Layer: Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)KetonesDown-Regulation: A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Oxygenases: Oxidases that specifically introduce DIOXYGEN-derived oxygen atoms into a variety of organic molecules.Chromatography, Paper: An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).Polyacetylenes: Hydrocarbons with more than one triple bond; or an oxidized form of POLYENES. They can react with SULFUR to form THIOPHENES.Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.Borates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of boric acid.Up-Regulation: A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Molecular Conformation: The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.Harpagophytum: A plant genus of the family PEDALIACEAE. Members contain harpagoside.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Chromatography, Gas: Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.Chemistry: A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.Chemical Phenomena: The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Norbornanes1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Atractylodes: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain hinesol and atractylon. Atractylodes rhizome is Byaku-jutsu. A. lancea rhizome is So-jutsu.Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.Chlorohydrins: Any of the compounds derived from a group of glycols or polyhydroxy alcohols by chlorine substitution for part of the hydroxyl groups. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Deoxyadenosines: Adenosine molecules which can be substituted in any position, but are lacking one hydroxyl group in the ribose part of the molecule.Citrobacter: A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped enterobacteria that can use citrate as the sole source of carbon.Waxes: A plastic substance deposited by insects or obtained from plants. Waxes are esters of various fatty acids with higher, usually monohydric alcohols. The wax of pharmacy is principally yellow wax (beeswax), the material of which honeycomb is made. It consists chiefly of cerotic acid and myricin and is used in making ointments, cerates, etc. (Dorland, 27th ed)Optical Rotation: The rotation of linearly polarized light as it passes through various media.Trimethylsilyl Compounds: Organic silicon derivatives used to characterize hydroxysteroids, nucleosides, and related compounds. Trimethylsilyl esters of amino acids are used in peptide synthesis.Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet: Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Astatine: Astatine. A radioactive halogen with the atomic symbol At, atomic number 85, and atomic weight 210. Its isotopes range in mass number from 200 to 219 and all have an extremely short half-life. Astatine may be of use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.Amino Alcohols: Compounds possessing both a hydroxyl (-OH) and an amino group (-NH2).Spectrophotometry, Infrared: Spectrophotometry in the infrared region, usually for the purpose of chemical analysis through measurement of absorption spectra associated with rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Hexanols: Isomeric forms and derivatives of hexanol (C6H11OH).Carcinogens, Environmental: Carcinogenic substances that are found in the environment.Juvenile Hormones: Compounds, either natural or synthetic, which block development of the growing insect.Benzoflavones: Organic compounds containing a BENZENE ring attached to a flavone group. Some of these are potent arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitors. They may also inhibit the binding of NUCLEIC ACIDS to BENZOPYRENES and related compounds. The designation includes all isomers; the 7,8-isomer is most frequently encountered.TriterpenesSpectrum Analysis: The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1: A liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase capable of biotransforming xenobiotics such as polycyclic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons into carcinogenic or mutagenic compounds. They have been found in mammals and fish. This enzyme, encoded by CYP1A1 gene, can be measured by using ethoxyresorufin as a substrate for the ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization: A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.Furans: Compounds with a 5-membered ring of four carbons and an oxygen. They are aromatic heterocycles. The reduced form is tetrahydrofuran.Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene: An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.EstersBoronic Acids: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain the basic structure RB(OH)2.PropaneHydrogenation: Addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to an unsaturated fat or fatty acid. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
Template:性激素 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书
Androstane-3,17-diol, (3α,5β,17β)-, 2TMS derivative
7-α,17-β-Dimethyl-5-β-Androstane-3-α,17-α-diol
Associations of Serum Sex Steroid Hormone and 5α-Androstane-3α,17β-Diol Glucuronide Concentrations with Prostate Cancer Risk...
GENTAUR antibody-antibodies.com The Marketplace for Antibodies : The androgen metabolite, 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol, decreases...
The androgen derivative 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol inhibits prostate cancer cell migration through activation of the estrogen...
5 alpha-Androstane-3 alpha 17 beta-diol Glucuronide 3 alpha-Diol G ELISA
5α-Androstane-3β,17β-diol (3β-diol), an estrogenic metabolite of 5α-dihydrotestosterone, is a potent modulator of estrogen...
Associations of Serum Sex Steroid Hormone and 5α-Androstane-3α,17β-Diol Glucuronide Concentrations with Prostate Cancer Risk...
Hormones and diet: low insulin-like growth factor-I but normal bioavailable androgens in vegan men
Mounting behavior of female guinea pigs after prenatal and adult administration of the propionates of testosterone,...
Bestimmung von androgenen und antiandrogenen Substanzen in wässrigen Umweltproben mit biologischen und chemischen Methoden...
1R,2S,10R,11S,15S)-2,15-dimethyl-4-(morpholin-... - Registration Dossier - ECHA
Hsd3b1 - 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5--|4-isomerase type 1 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Hsd3b1 gene & protein
Rdh16 - Retinol dehydrogenase 16 - Rattus norvegicus (Rat) - Rdh16 gene & protein
JoVE | Peer Reviewed Scientific Video Journal - Methods and Protocols
Polymorphic CAG/CAA Repeat Length in the AIB1/SRC-3 Gene and Prostate Cancer Risk | Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
RDH16 Gene - GeneCards | RDH16 Protein | RDH16 Antibody
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 - DrugBank
Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Etiocholanediol (HMDB0000551)
Sex hormone-binding globulin - wikidoc2β,3α,5α,16β,17β)-17-Acetoxy-3-hydroxy-2-(4-mo... - Substance Information - ECHA
Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Aldosterone 18-glucuronide (HMDB0010345)
Cell proliferation, tumorogenicity, and apoptosis sub-cluster 32
EstradiolGlucuronideMetabolitesSteroidsMetaboliteHydroxysteroidDHEASteroid HormoneAndrogensDerivativesConcentrationsDehydrogenaseReceptorsSerumProgesteroneEstrogenicTumorsSubstancesEnzymeConcentrationProstate2018ChromosomeBreast Cancer CellsRegulatesBetaMETHODSLevelsSRD5A2InhibitionDerivativeAndrostanediolCancerRegulatoryEsters
Estradiol11
- The concentration of 3β-diol in prostate is much higher than that of estradiol. (illinois.edu)
- To test this hypothesis, adult male rats were submitted to castration followed by estradiol, DHT or 3β-diol replacement. (illinois.edu)
- It has approximately 6% and 17% of the affinity of estradiol at the ERα and ERβ, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
- It has approximately 3% and 7% of the affinity of estradiol at the ERα and ERβ , respectively. (wikipedia.org)
- [3] Although androstenediol has far lower affinity for the ERs compared to the major estrogen estradiol , it circulates at approximately 100-fold higher concentrations, and so is thought may play a significant role as an estrogen in the body. (wikipedia.org)
- As an example, we report here that hydroxyestradiol-17β-glucuronide can be directly formed through oxidation of estradiol-17β-glucuronide on the aromatic C2 position. (aspetjournals.org)
- In the present study, we demonstrate the formation of 2-hydroxy-estradiol-17β-glucuronide by direct CYP 2C8 oxidation of estradiol-17β-glucuronide. (aspetjournals.org)
- 6β-Hydroxyl-estradiol was obtained from Steraloids (Newport, RI), and tritiated estradiol-17β-glucuronide [estradiol-6,7- 3 H (N)] was obtained from PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences (Paris, France). (aspetjournals.org)
- Converts 5-alpha-androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol to androsterone and estradiol to estrone (in vitro). (abcam.com)
- Based on this approach, we propose an HRPT for ERα agonism of 1E-04 relative to the potency of the endogenous estrogenic hormone 17β-estradiol or the pharmaceutical estrogen, 17α-ethinylestradiol. (springer.com)
- Besides estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2), androgen metabolites, such as androstene-3β, 17β-diol (Aenediol) or 5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol (Aanediol), are known to have estrogenic functions, although they have been studied much less in breast cancer. (elsevier.com)
Glucuronide6
- The 5 alpha-Androstane-3 alpha 17 beta-diol Glucuronide 3 alpha-Diol G ELISA is for the direct quantitative determination of 3α-Diol G by an enzyme immunoassay in human serum. (eaglebio.com)
- Results of recent studies have demonstrated that genetic variants of the enzyme steroid 5 reductase type II (SRD5A2) are associated with serum concentrations of major androgen metabolites such as conjugates of androstane-3,17β-diol-glucuronide (3-diol-G). However, this association was not consistently found among different ethnic groups. (scialert.net)
- Thus, we aimed to determine whether the association with SRD5A2 genetic variations exists in a cohort of healthy Chinese elderly men, by examining 2 metabolite conjugates: androstane-3,l7β-diol-3-glucuronide (3-diol-3G) and androstane-3,17β-diol-17-glucuronide (3-diol-17G). (scialert.net)
- Consonant with its capacity to be stimulated by FOXA1, the UGT2B17 −155A allele, compared with the −155G allele, is associated with higher levels of circulating androstane-3α,17β-diol glucuronide. (aspetjournals.org)
- Further analysis by LCMS also indicated that the glucuronide group in 3 alpha-DIOL-G was at position 17-carbon, 3 alpha-DIOL-G (86 +/- 3%) was the prominent metabolite formed from 3 alpha-DIOL, a minor product was detected at 7 +/- 1% and identified by mass spectrometry to correspond to a trihydroxylated C19 steroid. (nih.gov)
- To address these questions, we measured two hormonal indices of 5alpha-reductase activity [serum levels of androstane-3alpha-17beta-diol glucuronide (3alpha-diol G) and androsterone glucuronide (AG)] in healthy, older African-American, white, and Asian-American men, who are at high, intermediate, and low prostate cancer risk, respectively. (unboundmedicine.com)
Metabolites3
- The NADP + -dependent dehydrogenase activity of a predominant isoenzyme of human liver 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was activated by antihyperlipidemic drugs, such as bezafibrate and clinofibrate, and by clofibric acid and fenofibric acid (active metabolites of clofibrate and fenofibrate, respectively). (aspetjournals.org)
- The main parameters of the urinary steroid profile are the concentrations and ratios of the testosterone metabolites androsterone (A), etiocholanolone (Etio), 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5α-diol) and 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5β-diol), in addition to epitestosterone (E) (which originates from the biosynthesis of testosterone) and testosterone (T). The ratio of the most importance is the T/E ratio. (stitcher.com)
- Moreover, while about 3 out of 4 ART users had measured testosterone levels [ 6 ], most of them did not have test on glucuronidated androgen metabolites, as such are not routine measurements in clinical practice. (biomedcentral.com)
Steroids8
- A bifunctional enzyme responsible for the oxidation and isomerization of 3beta-hydroxy-Delta 5 -steroid precursors to 3-oxo-Delta 4 -steroids, an essential step in steroid hormone biosynthesis. (uniprot.org)
- Additionally, catalyzes the interconversion between 3beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo-5alpha-androstane steroids controlling the bioavalability of the active forms. (uniprot.org)
- 3. The measurement of steroids in prostatic tissues provides a more reliable index for separating malignant from benign hypertrophied tissues. (springer.com)
- Time course studies using 10 nM labeled testosterone, 3 alpha-DIOL, 3 beta-DIOL, or ADT showed that a large proportion of polar steroids were produced by LNCaP. (nih.gov)
- Planar C18 and C19 steroids with a 17α -hydroxyl group bind particularly well, whereas C19 17-ketosteroids such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstendione do not bind so easily. (cdc.gov)
- The encoded protein also catalyzes the interconversion of 3-beta-hydroxy- and 3-keto-5-alpha-androstane steroids. (genecards.org)
- The 3-beta-HSD enzymatic system plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of all classes of hormonal steroids. (genecards.org)
- Has 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity towards various steroids (in vitro). (abcam.com)
Metabolite6
- GENTAUR antibody-antibodies.com The Marketplace for Antibodies : The androgen metabolite, 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol, decreases cytokine-induced cyclooxygenase-2, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression, and P-glycoprotein expression in male human brain microvascular endothelial cells. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- The androgen metabolite, 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol, decreases cytokine-induced cyclooxygenase-2, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression, and P-glycoprotein expression in male human brain microvascular endothelial cells. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- The principal metabolite of DHT, 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol (3β-diol), activates estrogen receptor (ER)β and similarly decreases inflammatory markers in vascular cells. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Based on the high concentration of 3β-diol and since this metabolite is a physiological ERβ ligand, we hypothesized that 3β-diol would be involved in the regulation of ERβ expression. (illinois.edu)
- What percentage of testosterone is being converted into 5α-DHT, and from there through 5α-androstanediol into 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol ( aka 3α-adiol, a storage form of 5α-DHT) and 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol ( aka 3β-adiol, a cancer-preventive metabolite. (lmreview.com)
- however, under activity of this enzyme can promote prostate cancer since inhibition of 5α-DHT production will also inhibit production of its protective metabolite, 3β-adiol. (lmreview.com)
Hydroxysteroid3
- This enzyme binds bile acid with high affinity, and shows minimal 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. (nih.gov)
- The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative conversion of delta-5-3-beta-hydroxysteroid precursors into delta-4-ketosteroids, which leads to the production of all classes of steroid hormones. (genecards.org)
- Has 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity towards androsterone (in vitro). (abcam.com)
DHEA2
- Androstenediol possesses potent estrogenic activity, similarly to DHEA and 3β-androstanediol. (wikipedia.org)
- In men, DHEA administration caused 175%, 90%, 200% and 120% increases in the circulating levels of DHEA and its sulfate (DHEA-S), DHEA-fatty acid esters, and androst-5-ene-3 beta,17 beta-diol, respectively, with a return to basal values 7 days after cessation of the 14-day treatment. (anabolicminds.com)
Steroid Hormone1
- 3β-Androstanediol , also known as 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol , and often shortened to 3β-diol , is an endogenous steroid hormone . (wikipedia.org)
Androgens4
- [3] In women, SHBG serves to limit exposure to both androgens and estrogens . (wikidoc.org)
- [3] Low SHBG levels in women have been associated with hyperandrogenism and endometrial cancer due to heightened exposure to androgens and estrogens, respectively. (wikidoc.org)
- [3] The high SHBG levels during pregnancy may serve to protect the mother from exposure to fetal androgens that escape metabolism by the placenta . (wikidoc.org)
- Our results indicate metabolism of maternal androgens, very likely to 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol, etiocholanolone and their conjugated forms. (biologists.org)
Derivatives1
- Chemical synthesis, cytotoxicity, selectivity and bioavailability of 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol derivatives. (biomedsearch.com)
Concentrations3
- A determination of the circulating levels of 3β-diol in humans found concentrations of 239 ± 76 pg/ml and 82 ± 45 pg/ml of the compound in normal male and female serum , respectively. (wikipedia.org)
- The genetic variation of SRD5A2 is associated with circulating 3-diol-3G and 3-diol-17G concentrations in Chinese elderly men. (scialert.net)
- In this study, concentrations of 3alpha-diol G declined significantly with age and increased significantly with body mass index. (unboundmedicine.com)
Dehydrogenase3
- Expected to use NAD + as preferred electron donor for the 3-beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase activity and NADPH for the 3-ketosteroid reductase activity. (uniprot.org)
- HSD3B1 (Hydroxy-Delta-5-Steroid Dehydrogenase, 3 Beta- And Steroid Delta-Isomerase 1) is a Protein Coding gene. (genecards.org)
- The first step of this route is conversion of 17-OHP by 5α-reductase enzymes, the 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase type 1 (SRD5A1) and type 2 (SRD5A2), to 5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,20-dione, also known as 17α-hydroxy-dihydroprogesterone (17‐OH-DHP). (wikiversity.org)
Receptors2
- Using RT-qPCR, the mRNAs for AR, ERα, and ERβ and steroid metabolizing enzymes necessary for DHT conversion to 3β-diol were detected in male HBMECs demonstrating that the enzymes and receptors for production of and responsiveness to 3β-diol are present. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Since then, several other routes have been discovered that lead to 11-oxyandrogens [3] which are potent agonists of the androgen receptors. (wikiversity.org)
Serum1
- Ghanadian R, Puah CM (1981) Age-related changes of serum 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol in normal men. (springer.com)
Progesterone1
- Acylating Agent H_ O:O l Aluminum Alkoxide Hydrogen Acceptor 17-'hydroxy progesterone and to a novel method for the 2.5 production of a new cortical hormone A'LIG-pregnadien OR 3,20-dione-2l-ol and its esters. (docme.ru)
Estrogenic1
- [3] Their presence in both vertebrates and insects suggests that estrogenic sex hormones have an ancient evolutionary history. (worldheritage.org)
Tumors2
- In an attempt to understand early events in ovarian carcinogenesis, and to explore steps in its progression, we have applied multiple molecular genetic techniques to the analysis of 21 early-stage (stage I/II) and 17 advanced-stage (stage III/IV) ovarian tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
- To extend our understanding of any stepwise genetic alterations that may underlie the assumed clinical progression from early- to late-stage ovarian cancer, CGH 3 (14) was used to identify regions of genome loss and gain in the same series of tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
Substances1
- Consequently, the drug-testing paradigm established in the 1960s cannot prevent elite athletes from doping with impunity when using many potent doping substances such as designer recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) 3 and designer testosterone. (aaccjnls.org)
Enzyme1
- 3-beta-HSD is a bifunctional enzyme, that catalyzes the oxidative conversion of Delta(5)-ene-3-beta-hydroxy steroid, and the oxidative conversion of ketosteroids. (genecards.org)
Concentration6
- The intensity of the colour formed is inversely proportional to the concentration of 3α-Diol G in the sample. (eaglebio.com)
- The well-described SRD5A2 missense variant rs523349 (V89L) was modestly associated with the 3-diol-17G concentration ( P = 0.040). (scialert.net)
- On the other hand, SNP rs12470143 was found to be significantly correlated with 3-diol-3G concentration ( P = 0.021). (scialert.net)
- Results of haplotype analysis suggested that the presence of an A-C-G haplotype leads to an increased 3-diol-3G concentration, a finding consistent with results of single SNP analysis. (scialert.net)
- In addition, we showed that SRD5A2 haplotypic association, rather than a single SNP alone, might be a better predictor of the 3-diol-G concentration. (scialert.net)
- All ERβ agonists tested significantly decreased proliferation of OVCAR-3 and OAW-42 cells at a concentration of 10 nM. (biomedcentral.com)
Prostate5
- These results offer evidence that one functional role of 3β-diol in the prostate may be autoregulation of its natural receptor, ERβ. (illinois.edu)
- Because AR coactivators enhance transactivation of AR, in this report we evaluated the relationship of a CAG/CAA repeat length polymorphism in the AIB1/SRC-3 gene (amplified in breast cancer gene 1, a steroid receptor coactivator and an AR coactivator) with prostate cancer risk in a population-based case-control study in China. (aacrjournals.org)
- Together, our data indicate that the CAG/CAA repeat length in the AIB1/SRC-3 gene may be associated with prostate cancer risk in Chinese men and that the combination of CAG/CAA repeat lengths in both the AIB1/SRC-3 and AR genes may provide a useful marker for clinically significant prostate cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
- Expanded studies in other populations are needed to confirm this association and the combined effect of AIB1/SRC-3 and other hormone-related genes in prostate cancer etiology. (aacrjournals.org)
- 3β-Diol appears to be the endogenous ligand of ERβ in the prostate gland , and as a result of activation of the ERβ, 3β-diol has antiproliferative effects against prostate cancer cells . (wikipedia.org)
20182
- 1,1'-(Azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (CAS 10465-81-3) Market Research Report 2018 contents were prepared and placed on the website in April, 2018. (marketpublishers.com)
- Please note that 1,1'-(Azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (CAS 10465-81-3) Market Research Report 2018 is a half ready publication and contents are subject to change. (marketpublishers.com)
Chromosome3
- The gene for SHBG is called Shbg located on chromosome 17 on the short arm between the bands 17p12→p13. (wikipedia.org)
- Rs6259, also called Asp327Asn location 7633209 on Chromosome 17, results in there being an extra N-glycosilation site, and so an extra sugar can be attached. (wikipedia.org)
- Rs6258 also called Ser156Pro is at position 7631360 on the Chromosome 17. (wikipedia.org)
Breast Cancer Cells1
- Androstene-3β, 17β-diol proliferated estrogen receptor-apositive breast cancer cells in the absence of E2. (elsevier.com)
Regulates1
- T(3) rapidly regulates several steps of alpha subunit glycoprotein (CGA) synthesis and secretion in the pituitary of male rats: potential repercussions on TSH, FSH and LH secretion. (publish.csiro.au)
Beta2
METHODS1
Levels7
- Furthermore, diabetic patients (both men and women) under cyclosporine A therapy have shown increased 3α-Diol G levels, a side effect resulting in the appearance of hair in previously hairless areas. (eaglebio.com)
- Replacement with 3β-diol-induced the highest levels of ERβ, but was comparatively less effective in recovering the AR expression and the gland structure. (illinois.edu)
- [3] During pregnancy , due to activation of SHBG production in the liver by high estrogen levels, SHBG levels increase by 5- to 10-fold. (wikidoc.org)
- To get these benefits, you need adequate levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the blood. (zonediet.com)
- Both ERα and ERβ are differentially expressed in adult prostatic tissues, with the epithelial cells expressing mainly ERβ whereas the stromal cells expressing ERα at low levels ( 3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- There was age-related decline in performance of the inhibitory avoidance, water maze, defensive freezing, and forced swim tasks, and hippocampal 3α-diol levels. (frontiersin.org)
- Mean levels of 3alpha-diol G, adjusted for age and body mass index, were 6.1 ng/ml in African-Americans, 6.9 ng/ml in whites and 4.8 ng/ml in Asian-Americans. (unboundmedicine.com)
SRD5A21
- Genotyping of the 3 SRD5A2 tagSNPs [rs3731586, rs12470143, and rs523349 (V89L)] was performed by using melting-temperature-shift allele-specific PCR. (scialert.net)
Inhibition1
- Furthermore, given the drawbacks of 17α-hydroxylase inhibition, there is considerable interest in developing new CYP17A1 inhibitors that more specifically inhibit lyase activity and are therefore less likely to require glucocorticoid coadministration. (aacrjournals.org)
Derivative1
- Gandy HM, Peterson RE (1968) Measurements of testosterone and 17-ketosteroids in plasma by the double isotope dilution derivative technique. (springer.com)
Androstanediol2
- androst-5-en-3β-ol-17-one), and testosterone (androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one), as well as to 3β-androstanediol (5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol). (wikipedia.org)
- [ contradictory ] Unlike its 3α-isomer, 3α-androstanediol (3α-diol), 3β-diol does not bind to the GABA A receptor . (wikipedia.org)
Cancer2
- OVCAR-3 and OAW-42 ovarian cancer cells were treated with the ERβ agonists ERB-041, WAY200070, Liquiritigenin and 3β-Adiol and cell growth was measured by means of the Cell Titer Blue Assay (Promega). (biomedcentral.com)
- Recently, we investigated the effect of ERβ overexpression on the SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulatory1
- The development of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) for the treatment of anemia has been a highly active field over the past 2 decades, wherein 6 different rEPOs have been licensed worldwide and more than 90 biosimilar rEPOs or copies have become available in countries with low regulatory controls of pharmaceutical products ( 3 ). (aaccjnls.org)
