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AndrogensReceptors, AndrogenAndrogen AntagonistsAndrogen Receptor AntagonistsDihydrotestosteroneTestosteroneProstatic NeoplasmsTestosterone CongenersMetriboloneFlutamideAndrogen-Insensitivity SyndromeProstateAndrostenedioneNeoplasms, Hormone-DependentNandroloneAndrostane-3,17-diolDehydroepiandrosterone3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-DehydrogenaseCyproterone AcetateTestisSteroid 17-alpha-HydroxylaseDehydroepiandrosterone SulfateCell Line, TumorCholestenone 5 alpha-ReductaseAromataseNitrilesFeminizationEstradiolHyperandrogenismGonadal Steroid HormonesEstrogensAndrogen-Binding ProteinTestosterone PropionateSeminal VesiclesSex Hormone-Binding GlobulinGenitalia, MalePolycystic Ovary SyndromeSex DifferentiationSex CharacteristicsCyproteroneSteroidsAntineoplastic Agents, HormonalHirsutismGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticEpididymisRNA, MessengerAndrostenolsMethyltestosteroneReceptors, SteroidLuteinizing HormoneTranscriptional Activation5-alpha Reductase InhibitorsHypogonadismPhenylthiohydantoin3-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesGenitaliaEstrenesAndrostenediolSertoli Cells17-alpha-HydroxyprogesteroneFinasterideNuclear Receptor CoactivatorsGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneProstatic HyperplasiaLeuprolideReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionOvarySignal TransductionAnabolic AgentsProstatic Neoplasms, Castration-ResistantLeydig CellsHypospadiasImmunohistochemistryTranscription, GeneticNuclear Receptor Coactivator 2GoserelinCell ProliferationReceptors, EstrogenAzasteroidsFollicle Stimulating HormoneTumor Cells, Cultured17-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesOrgan SizeSexual MaturationSpermatogenesisPenisEstrogen Receptor betaTransfectionAlopeciaTheca CellsCryptorchidismCell NucleusBulbo-Spinal Atrophy, X-LinkedDisorders of Sex DevelopmentFluoxymesteroneMuscular Disorders, AtrophicProgesteroneAndropauseBase SequencePromoter Regions, GeneticHormonesCOS CellsLigandsAdrenal GlandsMolecular Sequence DataEstrogen Receptor alphaBlotting, WesternMice, NudeAdrenarchePregnadienesCell DivisionGene Expression RegulationUrogenital SystemReceptors, GlucocorticoidEstroneResponse ElementsDrug ImplantsAdrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
Androgens: Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.Receptors, Androgen: Proteins, generally found in the CYTOPLASM, that specifically bind ANDROGENS and mediate their cellular actions. The complex of the androgen and receptor migrates to the CELL NUCLEUS where it induces transcription of specific segments of DNA.Androgen Antagonists: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of androgens.Androgen Receptor Antagonists: Compounds that bind to and inhibit the activation of ANDROGEN RECEPTORS.Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.Testosterone: A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.Prostatic Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.Testosterone Congeners: Steroidal compounds related to TESTOSTERONE, the major mammalian male sex hormone. Testosterone congeners include important testosterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with androgenic activities.Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome: A disorder of sexual development transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait. These patients have a karyotype of 46,XY with end-organ resistance to androgen due to mutations in the androgen receptor (RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN) gene. Severity of the defect in receptor quantity or quality correlates with their phenotypes. In these genetic males, the phenotypic spectrum ranges from those with normal female external genitalia, through those with genital ambiguity as in Reifenstein Syndrome, to that of a normal male with INFERTILITY.Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the URINARY BLADDER and the URETHRA. It secretes a substance that liquefies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the RECTUM.Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent: Certain tumors that 1, arise in organs that are normally dependent on specific hormones and 2, are stimulated or caused to regress by manipulation of the endocrine environment.Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of TESTOSTERONE to 5-ALPHA DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE.Cyproterone Acetate: An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites.Testis: The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase: A microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 17-alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone or pregnenolone and subsequent cleavage of the residual two carbons at C17 in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP17 gene, generates precursors for glucocorticoid, androgen, and estrogen synthesis. Defects in CYP17 gene cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL) and abnormal sexual differentiation.Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Cholestenone 5 alpha-Reductase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of 3-oxo-delta4 steroids into their corresponding 5alpha form. It plays an important role in the conversion of TESTOSTERONE into DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE and PROGESTERONE into DIHYDROPROGESTERONE.Aromatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the desaturation (aromatization) of the ring A of C19 androgens and converts them to C18 estrogens. In this process, the 19-methyl is removed. This enzyme is membrane-bound, located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogen-producing cells of ovaries, placenta, testes, adipose, and brain tissues. Aromatase is encoded by the CYP19 gene, and functions in complex with NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE in the cytochrome P-450 system.Nitriles: Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE.Feminization: Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.Estradiol: The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.Hyperandrogenism: A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.Gonadal Steroid Hormones: Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.Estrogens: Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.Androgen-Binding Protein: Carrier proteins produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis, secreted into the seminiferous tubules, and transported via the efferent ducts to the epididymis. They participate in the transport of androgens. Androgen-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as SEX HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosaccharide modifications.Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.Seminal Vesicles: A saclike, glandular diverticulum on each ductus deferens in male vertebrates. It is united with the excretory duct and serves for temporary storage of semen. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin: A glycoprotein migrating as a beta-globulin. Its molecular weight, 52,000 or 95,000-115,000, indicates that it exists as a dimer. The protein binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the plasma. Sex hormone-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosaccharide modifications.Genitalia, Male: The male reproductive organs. They are divided into the external organs (PENIS; SCROTUM;and URETHRA) and the internal organs (TESTIS; EPIDIDYMIS; VAS DEFERENS; SEMINAL VESICLES; EJACULATORY DUCTS; PROSTATE; and BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS).Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.Sex Differentiation: The process in developing sex- or gender-specific tissue, organ, or function after SEX DETERMINATION PROCESSES have set the sex of the GONADS. Major areas of sex differentiation occur in the reproductive tract (GENITALIA) and the brain.Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.Steroids: A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal: Antineoplastic agents that are used to treat hormone-sensitive tumors. Hormone-sensitive tumors may be hormone-dependent, hormone-responsive, or both. A hormone-dependent tumor regresses on removal of the hormonal stimulus, by surgery or pharmacological block. Hormone-responsive tumors may regress when pharmacologic amounts of hormones are administered regardless of whether previous signs of hormone sensitivity were observed. The major hormone-responsive cancers include carcinomas of the breast, prostate, and endometrium; lymphomas; and certain leukemias. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994, p2079)Hirsutism: A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.Epididymis: The convoluted cordlike structure attached to the posterior of the TESTIS. Epididymis consists of the head (caput), the body (corpus), and the tail (cauda). A network of ducts leaving the testis joins into a common epididymal tubule proper which provides the transport, storage, and maturation of SPERMATOZOA.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Androstenols: Unsaturated androstanes which are substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position in the ring system.Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).Receptors, Steroid: Proteins found usually in the cytoplasm or nucleus that specifically bind steroid hormones and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. The steroid receptor-steroid hormone complex regulates the transcription of specific genes.Luteinizing Hormone: A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.Transcriptional Activation: Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors: Drugs that inhibit 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE. They are commonly used to reduce the production of DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE.Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).Phenylthiohydantoin: Thiohydantoin benzene derivative.3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: Catalyze the oxidation of 3-hydroxysteroids to 3-ketosteroids.Genitalia: The external and internal organs related to reproduction.Estrenes: Unsaturated derivatives of the ESTRANES with methyl groups at carbon-13, with no carbon at carbon-10, and with no more than one carbon at carbon-17. They must contain one or more double bonds.Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).Sertoli Cells: Supporting cells projecting inward from the basement membrane of SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN and hormones such as ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. The tight junctions of Sertoli cells with the SPERMATOGONIA and SPERMATOCYTES provide a BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER.17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone: A metabolite of PROGESTERONE with a hydroxyl group at the 17-alpha position. It serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of HYDROCORTISONE and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES.Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.Nuclear Receptor Coactivators: Proteins that enhance gene expression when associated with ligand bound activated NUCLEAR RECEPTORS. The coactivators may act through an enzymatic process that affects the rate of transcription or the structure of chromatin. Alternatively nuclear receptor coactivators can function as adaptor proteins that bring nuclear receptors into close proximity with transcriptional complexes.Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.Prostatic Hyperplasia: Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Ovary: The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Anabolic Agents: These compounds stimulate anabolism and inhibit catabolism. They stimulate the development of muscle mass, strength, and power.Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant: Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.Leydig Cells: Steroid-producing cells in the interstitial tissue of the TESTIS. They are under the regulation of PITUITARY HORMONES; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; or interstitial cell-stimulating hormone. TESTOSTERONE is the major androgen (ANDROGENS) produced.Hypospadias: A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2: A transcription factor that partners with ligand bound GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS and ESTROGEN RECEPTORS to stimulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. It plays an important role in FERTILITY as well as in METABOLISM of LIPIDS.Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.Receptors, Estrogen: Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important.Azasteroids: Steroidal compounds in which one or more carbon atoms in the steroid ring system have been substituted with nitrogen atoms.Follicle Stimulating Hormone: A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: A class of enzymes that catalyzes the oxidation of 17-hydroxysteroids to 17-ketosteroids. EC 1.1.-.Organ Size: The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.Sexual Maturation: Achievement of full sexual capacity in animals and in humans.Spermatogenesis: The process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through SPERMATOGONIA; SPERMATOCYTES; SPERMATIDS; to the mature haploid SPERMATOZOA.Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra.Estrogen Receptor beta: One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has greater affinity for ISOFLAVONES than ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA does. There is great sequence homology with ER alpha in the DNA-binding domain but not in the ligand binding and hinge domains.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.Theca Cells: The flattened stroma cells forming a sheath or theca outside the basal lamina lining the mature OVARIAN FOLLICLE. Thecal interstitial or stromal cells are steroidogenic, and produce primarily ANDROGENS which serve as precusors of ESTROGENS in the GRANULOSA CELLS.Cryptorchidism: A developmental defect in which a TESTIS or both TESTES failed to descend from high in the ABDOMEN to the bottom of the SCROTUM. Testicular descent is essential to normal SPERMATOGENESIS which requires temperature lower than the BODY TEMPERATURE. Cryptorchidism can be subclassified by the location of the maldescended testis.Cell Nucleus: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Bulbo-Spinal Atrophy, X-Linked: An X-linked recessive form of spinal muscular atrophy. It is due to a mutation of the gene encoding the ANDROGEN RECEPTOR.Disorders of Sex Development: In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.Muscular Disorders, Atrophic: Disorders characterized by an abnormal reduction in muscle volume due to a decrease in the size or number of muscle fibers. Atrophy may result from diseases intrinsic to muscle tissue (e.g., MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY) or secondary to PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES that impair innervation to muscle tissue (e.g., MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL).Progesterone: The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.Andropause: An endocrine state in men, characterized by a significant decline in the production of TESTOSTERONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and other hormones such as HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE. Andropause symptoms are related to the lack of androgens including DEPRESSION, sexual dysfunction, and OSTEOPOROSIS. Andropause may also result from hormonal ablation therapy for malignant diseases.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.COS Cells: CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Adrenal Glands: A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Estrogen Receptor alpha: One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has marked affinity for ESTRADIOL. Its expression and function differs from, and in some ways opposes, ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Mice, Nude: Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.Adrenarche: A stage of development at which the ADRENAL GLANDS undergo maturation leading to the capability of producing increasing amounts of adrenal androgens, DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenarche usually begins at about 7 or 8 years of age before the signs of PUBERTY and continues throughout puberty.Pregnadienes: Pregnane derivatives containing two double bonds anywhere within the ring structures.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Urogenital System: All the organs involved in reproduction and the formation and release of URINE. It includes the kidneys, ureters, BLADDER; URETHRA, and the organs of reproduction - ovaries, UTERUS; FALLOPIAN TUBES; VAGINA; and CLITORIS in women and the testes; SEMINAL VESICLES; PROSTATE; seminal ducts; and PENIS in men.Receptors, Glucocorticoid: Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind glucocorticoids and mediate their cellular effects. The glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of DNA. Glucocorticoids were named for their actions on blood glucose concentration, but they have equally important effects on protein and fat metabolism. Cortisol is the most important example.Estrone: An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. It is converted from ANDROSTENEDIONE directly, or from TESTOSTERONE via ESTRADIOL. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, PLACENTA, and the ADIPOSE TISSUE of men and postmenopausal women.Response Elements: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promoter and enhancer regions.Drug Implants: Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital: A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.

Plasma concentration changes in LH and FSH following electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic are or dorsal anterior hypothalamic area of estrogen- or androgen-sterilized rats.(1/3406)

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The effects of androgens and antiandrogens on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (2/3406)

We have examined five human breast cancer cell lines in continuous tissue culture for androgen responsiveness. One of these cell lines shows a 2- to 4-fold stimulation of thymidine incorporation into DNA, apparent as early as 10 hr following androgen addition to cells incubated in serum-free medium. This stimulation is accompanied by an acceleration in cell replication. Antiandrogens [cyproterone acetate (6-chloro-17alpha-acetate-1,2alpha-methylene-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) and R2956 (17beta-hydroxy-2,2,17alpha-trimethoxyestra-4,9,11-triene-1-one)] inhibit both protein and DNA synthesis below control levels and block androgen-mediated stimulation. Prolonged incubation (greater than 72 hr) in antiandrogen is lethal. The MCF- cell line contains high-affinity receptors for androgenic steroids demonstrable by sucrose density gradients and competitive protein binding analysis. By cross-competition studies, androgen receptors are distinguishable from estrogen receptors also found in this cell line. Concentrations of steroid that saturate androgen receptor sites in vitro are about 1000 times lower than concentrations that maximally stimulate the cells. Changes in quantity and affinity of androgen binding to intact cells at 37 degrees as compared with usual binding techniques using cytosol preparation at 0 degrees do not explain this difference between dissociation of binding and effect. However, this difference can be explained by conversion of [3H]-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone to 5alpha-androstanediol and more polar metabolites at 37 degrees. An examination of incubation media, cytoplasmic extracts and crude nuclear pellets reveals probable conversion of [3H]testosterone to [3H]-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Our data provide compelling evidence that some human breast cancer, at least in vitro, may be androgen dependent.  (+info)

Kinetics of neuroendocrine differentiation in an androgen-dependent human prostate xenograft model. (3/3406)

It was previously shown in the PC-295 xenograft that the number of chromogranin A (CgA)-positive neuroendocrine (NE) cells increased after androgen withdrawal. NE cells did not proliferate and differentiated from G0-phase-arrested cells. Here we further characterized NE differentiation, androgen receptor status, and apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 expression in the PC-295 model after androgen withdrawal to assess the origin of NE cells. PC-295 tumor volumes decreased by 50% in 4 days. Intraperitoneal bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and MIB-1 labeling decreased to 0%, and the apoptosis was maximal at day 4. Androgen receptor expression and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) serum levels decreased rapidly within 2 days. The number of NE cells increased 6-fold at day 4 and 30-fold at day 7. Five and ten percent of the CgA-positive cells were BrdU positive after continuous BrdU labeling for 2 and 4 days, respectively. However, no MIB-1 expression was observed in CgA-positive cells. NE cells expressed the regulated secretory pathway marker secretogranin III but were negative for androgen receptor and Bcl-2. Bcl-2 expression did increase in the non-NE tumor cells. In conclusion, androgen withdrawal leads to a rapid PC-295 tumor regression and a proliferation-independent induction of NE differentiation. The strictly androgen-independent NE cells that were still present after 21 days differentiated mainly from G0-phase-arrested cells.  (+info)

Sodefrin: a novel sex pheromone in a newt. (4/3406)

The abdominal gland in the male red-bellied newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, is the source of a female-attracting pheromone. An attempt was made to isolate and characterize the female-attracting pheromone in the abdominal glands of male newts. The active substance, named sodefrin (from the Japanese 'sodefuri' which means 'soliciting') has been isolated and shown to be a novel decapeptide with the sequence, Ser-Ile-Pro-Ser-Lys-Asp-Ala-Leu-Leu-Lys. Its minimum effective concentration in water is 0.1-1.0 pmol 1-1. Synthetic sodefrin shows a female-attracting activity similar to that of the native peptide, and acts through the olfactory organ of female newts. Electrophysiological studies reveal that sodefrin evokes a marked electroolfactogram response in the vomeronasal epithelium in sexually mature females and in ovariectomized females treated with prolactin and oestrogen. The pheromonal activity of sodefrin appears to be species-specific since it does not attract females of a congeneric species, the sword-tailed newt C. ensicauda. However, C. ensicauda has a variant of sodefrin differing from that in C. pyrrhogaster by substitutions of Leu for Pro at position 3 and Gln for Leu at position 8. The C. ensicauda variant sodefrin does not attract C. pyrrhogaster females. Genes encoding the sodefrin precursor protein have been cloned in both C. pyrrhogaster and C. ensicauda. Immunostaining of the abdominal gland using the antiserum against sodefrin shows that sodefrin occurs in the epithelial cells, predominantly within the secretory granules. Sodefrin content, detected by immunoassay, in C. pyrrhogaster males decreases after castration and hypophysectomy and increases markedly in the castrated and hypophysectomized newts after treatment with androgen and prolactin. This combination of hormones also enhances sodefrin mRNA content in the abdominal gland as assessed by northern blot analysis using sodefrin cDNA.  (+info)

Relationship between metabolism of androstenone and skatole in intact male pigs. (5/3406)

The relationship between the metabolism of androsterone and skatole, the major compounds responsible for boar taint, was investigated in F4 Swedish Yorkshire x European Wild Pig intact males. The metabolism of androstenone and skatole were studied in liver microsomes, and the testicular steroid production was measured in testes microsomes. Including androstenone in the assays of skatole metabolism reduced the formation of 6-hydroxyskatole (pro-MII), and three other skatole metabolites (P<.05). The formation of three additional metabolites was not affected. Liver microsomal incubations of androstenone produced two metabolites, I and II. The rate of the formation of metabolite I and the rate of androstenone metabolism were correlated with the rate of skatole metabolism. Liver metabolism of androstenone was not related to levels of androstenone in fat. Testicular synthesis of 16-androstene steroids was correlated with combined synthesis of estrogens and androgens, plasma levels of androstenone, levels of skatole in fat, and skatole metabolism in the liver (P<.05). Plasma levels of estrone sulfate were correlated with levels of skatole in fat and with androstenone levels in fat and plasma and were negatively correlated with synthesis of skatole metabolite F-1 and pro-MII sulfation. These results indicate that the liver metabolism of androstenone and skatole are related. However, it is likely that the relationship between levels of androstenone and skatole in fat is due more to a link between the testicular synthesis of androstenone rather than to the metabolism of androstenone and skatole in the liver. Sex steroids may affect this relationship because of their biosynthesis along with androstenone and possible inhibition of skatole metabolism in the liver.  (+info)

The relationship between a polymorphism in CYP17 with plasma hormone levels and breast cancer. (6/3406)

The A2 allele of CYP17 has been associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome, elevated levels of certain steroid hormones in premenopausal women, and increased breast cancer risk. We prospectively assessed the association between the A2 allele of CYP17 and breast cancer risk in a case-control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study cohort. We also evaluated associations between this CYP17 genotype and plasma steroid hormone levels among postmenopausal controls not using hormone replacement to assess the biological significance of this genetic variant. Women with the A2 allele were not at an increased risk of incident breast cancer [OR (odds ratio), 0.85; 95% CI (confidence interval), 0.65-1.12] or advanced breast cancer (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.54-1.32). We did observe evidence that the inverse association of late age at menarche with breast cancer may be modified by the CYP17 A2 allele. The protective effect of later age at menarche was only observed among women without the A2 allele (A1/A1 genotype: for age at menarche > or =13 versus <13; OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.36-0.90; A1/A2 and A2/A2 genotypes: OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.76-1.45; P for interaction = 0.07). Among controls, we found women with the A2/A2 genotype to have elevated levels of estrone (+14.3%, P = 0.01), estradiol (+13.8%, P = 0.08), testosterone (+8.6%, P = 0.34), androstenedione (+17.1%, P = 0.06), dehydroepiandrosterone (+14.4%, P = 0.02), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (+7.2%, P = 0.26) compared with women with the A1/A1 genotype. These data suggest that the A2 allele of CYP17 modifies endogenous hormone levels, but is not a strong independent risk factor for breast cancer.  (+info)

Prognostic significance of extent of disease in bone in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. (7/3406)

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic significance of a bone scan index (BSI) based on the weighted proportion of tumor involvement in individual bones, in relation to other factors and to survival in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Baseline radionuclide bone scans were reviewed in 191 assessable patients with androgen-independent disease who were enrolled onto an open, randomized trial of liarozole versus prednisone. The extent of skeletal involvement was assessed by scoring each scan using the BSI and independently according to the number of metastatic lesions. The relationship of the scored bone involvement to other known prognostic factors was explored in single- and multiple-variable analyses. RESULTS: In single-variable analyses, the pretreatment factors found to be associated with survival were age (P = .0446), performance status (P = .0005), baseline prostate-specific antigen (P = .0001), hemoglobin (P = .0001), alkaline phosphatase (P = .0002), AST (P = .0021), lactate dehydrogenase (P = .0001), and treatment (P = .0098). The extent of osseous disease was significant using both the BSI (P = .0001) and the number of lesions present (P = .0001). In multiple-variable proportional hazards analyses, only BSI, age, hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, and treatment arm were associated with survival. When the patient population was divided into three equal groups, with BSI values of < 1.4%, 1.4% to 5.1%, and > 5.1%, median survivals of 18.3, 15.5, and 8.1 months, respectively, were observed (P = .0079). CONCLUSION: The BSI quantifies the extent of skeletal involvement by tumor. It allows the identification of patients with distinct prognoses for stratification in clinical trials. Further study is needed to assess the utility of serial BSI determinations in monitoring treatment effects. The BSI may be particularly useful in the evaluation of agents for which prostate-specific antigen changes do not reflect clinical outcomes accurately.  (+info)

Phase I trial of docetaxel with estramustine in androgen-independent prostate cancer. (8/3406)

PURPOSE: To evaluate the toxicity, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of docetaxel when combined with oral estramustine and dexamethasone in a phase I study in patients with progressive metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-four men were stratified into minimally pretreated (MPT) and extensively pretreated (EPT) groups. Estramustine 280 mg PO tid was administered 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals on days 1 through 5, with escalated doses of docetaxel from 40 to 80 mg/m2 on day 2. Treatment was repeated every 21 days. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were assessable for toxicity and 33 for response. In the MPT patients, dose-limiting myelosuppression was reached at 80 mg/m2, with six patients experiencing grade 3/4 granulocytopenia. In EPT patients, escalation above 70 mg/m2 was not attempted. Fourteen MPT (70%) and six EPT (50%) patients had a > or = 50% decline in serum PSA on two consecutive measurements taken at least 2 weeks apart. The overall 50% PSA response rate was 63% (95% confidence interval [CI], 28% to 81%). Of the 18 patients with bidimensionally measurable disease, five (28%; 95% CI, 11% to 54%) achieved a partial response. At the time of entry onto the study, 15 patients required narcotic analgesics for bone pain; after treatment, eight (53%) discontinued their pain medications. The area under the curve for docetaxel increased linearly from 40 to 70 mg/m2. At 80 mg/m2, the measured area under the curve was 8.37 (standard deviation, 0.724), which was significantly higher than the previously reported values. CONCLUSION: The recommended phase II dose of docetaxel combined with estramustine is 70 mg/m2 in MPT patients and 60 mg/m2 in EPT patients. This combination is active in men with androgen-independent prostate cancer.  (+info)

FKBP51 and Cyp40 are positive regulators of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell growth and the targets of FK506 and...FKBP51 and Cyp40 are positive regulators of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell growth and the targets of FK506 and...
TY - JOUR. T1 - FKBP51 and Cyp40 are positive regulators of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell growth and the targets of FK506 and cyclosporin A. AU - Periyasamy, S.. AU - Hinds, T.. AU - Shemshedini, L.. AU - Shou, Weinian. AU - Sanchez, E. R.. PY - 2010/3. Y1 - 2010/3. N2 - Prostate cancer (PCa) growth is dependent on androgens and on the androgen receptor (AR), which acts by modulating gene transcription. Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) proteins (FKBP52, FKBP51 and Cyp40) interact with AR in PCa cells, suggesting roles in AR-mediated gene transcription and cell growth. We report here that FKBP51 and Cyp40, but not FKBP52, are significantly elevated in PCa tissues and in androgen-dependent (AD) and androgen-independent (AI) cell lines. Overexpression of FKBP51 in AD LNCaP cells increased AR transcriptional activity in the presence and absence of androgen, whereas siRNA knockdown of FKBP51 dramatically decreased AD gene transcription and proliferation. Knockdown of Cyp40 also inhibited ...
Transcription factor and microRNA regulation in androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cells | BMC Genomics | Full...Transcription factor and microRNA regulation in androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cells | BMC Genomics | Full...
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in men. Androgen ablation, the most commonly-used therapy for progressive prostate cancer, is ineffective once the cancer cells become androgen-independent. The regulatory mechanisms that cause this transition (from androgen-dependent to androgen-independent) remain unknown. In this study, based on the microarray data comparing global gene expression patterns in the prostate tissue between androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer patients, we indentify a set of transcription factors and microRNAs that potentially cause such difference, using a model-based computational approach. From 335 position weight matrices in the TRANSFAC database and 564 microRNAs in the microRNA registry, our model identify 5 transcription factors and 7 microRNAs to be potentially responsible for the level of androgen dependency. Of these transcription factors and microRNAs, the estimated function of all the 5 transcription factors are predicted to be
Digit ratios by computer-assisted analysis confirm lack of anatomical evidence of prenatal androgen exposure in clinical...Digit ratios by computer-assisted analysis confirm lack of anatomical evidence of prenatal androgen exposure in clinical...
The goal of this study was to address the controversy over evidence of prenatal androgen exposure reflected in the digit ratios of women with PCOS. Recently our group showed that when 2D:4D were measured with Vernier calipers, women with PCOS did not demonstrate finger length patterns consistent with increased levels of in utero androgen exposure [12]. This was in contrast to a previous report that had also used Vernier calipers to measure 2D:4D in women with PCOS [9]. Since observed differences in 2D:4D are generally small, there is growing support that studies investigating potential effects of prenatal androgens use the most consistent and reliable technique available to measure finger lengths [13-15, 18-20]. In this study, we imaged the hands of women with four clinical phenotypes of PCOS, healthy female controls and men, and used computer-based calipers to measure their finger lengths since this method was recently validated to be the most reliable [14, 15]. Consistent with this being the ...
Download Androgen Action In Prostate CancerDownload Androgen Action In Prostate Cancer
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Phase II Trial of Bevacizumab and Satraplatin in Docetaxel Treated Metastatic Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer. -...Phase II Trial of Bevacizumab and Satraplatin in Docetaxel Treated Metastatic Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer. -...
This trial assessed efficacy and tolerability of satraplatin together with bevacizumab works in treating patients with metastatic prostate cancer previously
Sipilä PetraSipilä Petra
Androgens are required for the male reproductive tissues. In addition, androgens regulate gene ex-pression in several non-reproductive tissues. Defects in androgen signaling are linked to diseases, such as prostate cancer. Androgens act through androgen receptor, AR, a hormone-inducible nuclear receptor. Upon ligand binding, AR is shuttled to the nucleus where it binds to the androgen response elements to regulate gene transcription. Specificity of spatiotemporal androgen regulation in different tissues is achieved by differential usage of coregulators. However, in many target tissues the regulation of cell type specific responses to androgen action remain poorly understood. Given the importance of androgen action, it is necessary to understand how androgen actions are normally regulated. We are especially interested in how tissue-specific androgen responses are mediated via pioneer factors, collaborating transcription factors and small RNAs, namely microRNAs in the male reproductive ...
A Randomized Phase II Study of Mitoxantrone vs. Mitoxantrone With Cetuximab in Metastatic Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer ...A Randomized Phase II Study of Mitoxantrone vs. Mitoxantrone With Cetuximab in Metastatic Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer ...
To determine the time to progression produced by the combination of Novantrone (mitoxantrone) and Erbitux (cetuximab) versus Novantrone alone in metastatic
Mild Cognitive Impairment in Men Following Androgen Deprivation - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govMild Cognitive Impairment in Men Following Androgen Deprivation - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Changes in cognitive function related to altered serum sex hormone levels are well-recognised but poorly understood. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with aging is thought in part to be related to reduction in serum androgen level and international studies are on-going to prevent age-related MCI using androgen replacement therapy. Reduction in cognitive function often leads to morbidity and reduction in quality of life. The commonest therapeutically induced reduction in sex hormone level in men is in the treatment of prostate cancer. As prostate cancer is androgen dependent for growth, androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) to suppress serum testosterone level to castration levels (, 1.7mM) is the key therapeutic intervention for advanced disease. Up to 1 million men worldwide are estimated to have been prescribed ADT for prostate cancer, mostly using luteinising hormone releasing hormone agonists (LHRHa). ADT is now also used to treat some early prostate cancer and as early asymptomatic prostate ...
Plus itPlus it
Herein, we assessed the efficacy of procyanidins from grape seed against a panel of human prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines which ranged from classical cell lines to the new variants that differed in their androgen responsiveness, castration resistance, and metastatic potential. The classical cell lines chosen were PC3, DU145 and LNCaP. Of these cell lines: PC3 and DU145 do not need androgens for growth, i.e, these are androgen independent (AI); they also lack androgen receptors (AR). The LNCaP cell line on the other hand, demonstrates androgen sensitivity (AS) and also requires androgens for its growth; while it harbors a mutated AR. Of the new variants of PCa cell lines available, we further chose a castration resistant variant of LNCaP, C4-2B, derived from the xenografts of castration resistant LNCaP subline-C4 in castrated mice. C4-2B thus represents castration resistant PCa (CRPC) cell line; while it does not require androgen for growth it demonstrates androgen sensitivity due to the ...
Serum Androgens as Predictors of Survival in Metastatic Prostate Cancer | Global Research ProjectsSerum Androgens as Predictors of Survival in Metastatic Prostate Cancer | Global Research Projects
The primary objective of this research is to demonstrate that serum androgen (SA) levels in patients with castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are prognostic of overall survival (OS). A relationship of higher SA to improved survival has been observed in two phase III randomized studies, regardless of treatment arm, but never in a study in which an androgen synthesis inhibitor (ASI) such as abiraterone or ketoconazole was NOT part of the therapy. Patient serum is banked from CALGB 90401 - an NCI sponsored cooperative group randomized phase III that compared docetaxel plus prednisone (DP) to docetaxel/prednisone plus bevacizumab (DPB) in CRPC. Banked serum from this completed study will be used to measure androgen levels via CLIA certified ultrasensitive (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy) technique and these results will be associated with mature patient survival and outcome data. The underlying hypothesis of this work is that higher serum androgens are associated with ...
Involvement of miRNAs in the Development of Androgen Independent Prost by Richard Ottman"Involvement of miRNAs in the Development of Androgen Independent Prost" by Richard Ottman
Development of resistance to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a major obstacle for the management of advanced prostate cancer. Therapies with androgen receptor (AR) antagonists and androgen withdrawal initially result in tumor regression but development of compensatory mechanisms including AR bypass signaling leads to tumor re-growth, independent of circulating androgens. The result is the emergence of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), a highly morbid disease exhibiting aberrant expression of many protein-coding and non-coding genes. Under the umbrella of non-coding RNAs is a class of small regulatory RNAs referred to as microRNAs (miRNAs). MicroRNAs are believed to function in the maintenance of cell homeostasis but are often differentially expressed in many different types of cancer including CRPC. In this study, the association of genome wide miRNA expression (1113 unique miRNAs) with development of resistance to ADT was determined. Androgen sensitive prostate cancer cells that
Androgens and the breast | Breast Cancer Research | Full TextAndrogens and the breast | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
Androgens have important physiological effects in women while at the same time they may be implicated in breast cancer pathologies. However, data on the effects of androgens on mammary epithelial proliferation and/or breast cancer incidence are not in full agreement. We performed a literature review evaluating current clinical, genetic and epidemiological data regarding the role of androgens in mammary growth and neoplasia. Epidemiological studies appear to have significant methodological limitations and thus provide inconclusive results. The study of molecular defects involving androgenic pathways in breast cancer is still in its infancy. Clinical and nonhuman primate studies suggest that androgens inhibit mammary epithelial proliferation and breast growth while conventional estrogen treatment suppresses endogenous androgens. Abundant clinical evidence suggests that androgens normally inhibit mammary epithelial proliferation and breast growth. Suppression of androgens using conventional estrogen
Androgen Exposure Increases Human Monocyte Adhesion to Vascular Endothelium and Endothelial Cell Expression of Vascular Cell...Androgen Exposure Increases Human Monocyte Adhesion to Vascular Endothelium and Endothelial Cell Expression of Vascular Cell...
The effect of androgens on different aspects of atherogenesis has received little attention despite the marked male predisposition to occlusive vascular disease.1 2 In the present study, we have demonstrated that androgen exposure leads to a dose-related and receptor-mediated increase in human monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, a key early event in atherosclerosis. This effect is mediated at least in part by an androgen receptor-dependent increase in endothelial cell expression of the important adhesion molecule VCAM-1.. A proatherogenic effect of androgens is supported by recent work in experimental animals. For example, Adams et al8 documented an approximate doubling of coronary artery plaque size in female postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys treated with testosterone and a cholesterol-enriched diet, and Hutchison et al16 documented arterial endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits that were administered androgens. Similar data are not available in humans.. The incidence of ...
Correlates of circulating androgens in mid-life women: The Study of Womens Health Across the Nation<...Correlates of circulating androgens in mid-life women: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Correlates of circulating androgens in mid-life women. T2 - The Study of Womens Health Across the Nation. AU - Santoro, Nanette. AU - Torrens, Javier. AU - Crawford, Sybil. AU - Allsworth, Jenifer E.. AU - Finkelstein, Joel S.. AU - Gold, Ellen B. AU - Korenman, Stan. AU - Lasley, William L.. AU - Luborsky, Judith L.. AU - McConnell, Dan. AU - Sowers, Mary Fran. AU - Weiss, Gerson. PY - 2005/8. Y1 - 2005/8. N2 - Context: Androgens influence sexual differentiation and behavior, body composition, and physical functioning in men, but their role in women is less well understood. Because circulating androgens decline with age, the use of androgen supplementation for women to improve health and well-being has been increasing. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association between androgens and a variety of end points thought to be affected by androgens. Design: In a community-based baseline cohort of women aged 42-52 yr from the Study of Womens Health Across the ...
Search Results | ejeSearch Results | eje
Androgens in women either derive from direct ovarian production or from peripheral conversion of the adrenal sex steroid precursor, dehydroepiandrosterone, towards active androgens. Therefore, loss of adrenal or ovarian function, caused by Addisons disease or consequent to bilateral oophorectomy, results in severe androgen deficiency, clinically often associated with a loss of libido and energy. Importantly, physiological menopause does not necessarily lead to androgen deficiency, as androgen synthesis in the ovaries may persist despite the decline in estrogen production. However, the definition of female androgen deficiency, as recently provided by the Princeton consensus statement, is not precise enough and may lead to over-diagnosis due to the high prevalence of its diagnostic criteria: androgen levels below or within the lower quartile of the normal range and concurrent sexual dysfunction. Importantly, physiological menopause is not necessarily associated with androgen deficiency and ...
Can androgenic hormone replacement medical aid cut back progression of respiratory organ disease? - FA9NEWSCan androgenic hormone replacement medical aid cut back progression of respiratory organ disease? - FA9NEWS
COPD may be a chronic inflammatory respiratory organ unwellness that causes clogged flow from the lungs. its foretold by the globe Health Organisation to be the third-leading reason behind malady and death internationally by 2030. Low androgenic hormone is common in men with COPD and will worsen their condition. Men with COPD have shortness of breath and sometimes take steroid-based medications for AN extended time, each of that increase their risk of low androgenic hormone ...
High androgen levels during pregnancy increase the risk of PCOS for several generations - AdvocateHealthyuHigh androgen levels during pregnancy increase the risk of PCOS for several generations - AdvocateHealthyu
Daughters of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are five times more likely to be diagnosed with PCOS as adults, and the generational transmission is driven by high androgen levels during pregnancy, researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden report. Their results, which are based on register-based and clinical studies as well as transgenerational animal studies, are published in Nature Medicine.. PCOS affects more than ten percent of women of fertile age and is characterised by high levels of androgens (male sex hormones), ovulation disorders and difficulties conceiving. The syndrome is also associated with mental health conditions and a greatly increased risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity, which aggravate the symptoms. While the causes of PCOS are not fully known, the uterine environment plays a key role.. In this study, researchers at Karolinska Institute combined human and mouse studies to ascertain how and to what extent the syndrome is passed down to coming generations. A ...
Glycosylation is an Androgen-Regulated Process Essential for Prostate Cancer Cell Viability. - Nuffield Department of Surgical...Glycosylation is an Androgen-Regulated Process Essential for Prostate Cancer Cell Viability. - Nuffield Department of Surgical...
Steroid androgen hormones play a key role in the progression and treatment of prostate cancer, with androgen deprivation therapy being the first-line treatment used to control cancer growth. Here we apply a novel search strategy to identify androgen-regulated cellular pathways that may be clinically important in prostate cancer. Using RNASeq data, we searched for genes that showed reciprocal changes in expression in response to acute androgen stimulation in culture, and androgen deprivation in patients with prostate cancer. Amongst 700 genes displaying reciprocal expression patterns we observed a significant enrichment in the cellular process glycosylation. Of 31 reciprocally-regulated glycosylation enzymes, a set of 8 (GALNT7, ST6GalNAc1, GCNT1, UAP1, PGM3, CSGALNACT1, ST6GAL1 and EDEM3) were significantly up-regulated in clinical prostate carcinoma. Androgen exposure stimulated synthesis of glycan structures downstream of this core set of regulated enzymes including sialyl-Tn (sTn), sialyl Lewis(X)
Novel role of androgens in mitochondrial fission and apoptosis. - Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesNovel role of androgens in mitochondrial fission and apoptosis. - Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences
Androgen and androgen receptors (AR) play critical roles in the proliferation of prostate cancer through transcriptional regulation of target genes. Here, we found that androgens upregulated the expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), which is involved in the induction of mitochondrial fission, a common event in mitosis and apoptosis. Clinical tissue samples and various prostate cancer cell lines revealed a positive correlation between Drp1 and AR levels. Treatment of androgen-sensitive cells with an AR agonist, R1881, and antagonist, bicalutamide, showed that Drp1 is transcriptionally regulated by androgens, as confirmed by an AR ChIP-seq assay. Live imaging experiments using pAcGFP1-Mito stably transfected LNCaP (mito-green) cells revealed that androgen did not induce significant mitochondrial fission by itself, although Drp1 was upregulated. However, when treated with CGP37157 (CGP), an inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca²⁺ efflux, these cells exhibited mitochondrial fission, which was further
Androgen Ablation With or Without Docetaxel in Treating Patients With Advanced Prostate CancerAndrogen Ablation With or Without Docetaxel in Treating Patients With Advanced Prostate Cancer
RATIONALE: Androgens can cause the growth of prostate cancer cells. Androgen ablation therapy may lessen the amount of androgens made by the body. Drugs
Adaptation versus Selection as the Mechanism Responsible for the Relapse of Prostatic Cancer to Androgen Ablation Therapy as...Adaptation versus Selection as the Mechanism Responsible for the Relapse of Prostatic Cancer to Androgen Ablation Therapy as...
The Dunning R-3327-H rat prostatic adenocarcinoma is a well-differentiated, slow-growing, serially transplantable tumor of spontaneous origin. When intact male rats bearing such an exponentially growing H-tumor s.c. are castrated, tumor growth abruptly stops, demonstrating the initial androgen sensitivity of this tumor. Eventually, however, after an extended period, the tumor invariably relapses and once again appears to grow exponentially. At the time of relapse, the tumor is no longer androgen sensitive but has irreversibly progressed to a completely insensitive state. The mechanism responsible for this irreversible progression has been demonstrated by fluctuation analysis not to be due to environmentally induced adaptation of initially androgen-dependent H-tumor cells to a new androgen-independent state. Instead, the progression is due to the basic heterogeneity of the original H-tumor (i.e., it is composed of a mixture of preexisting clones of both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent ...
Characterization of Androgen Regulation of ZEB-1 and PSA in 22Rv1 Prostate Cancer Cells :: Bethel - Faculty ScholarshipCharacterization of Androgen Regulation of ZEB-1 and PSA in 22Rv1 Prostate Cancer Cells :: Bethel - Faculty Scholarship
Anose, B.M.; LaGoo, L. and Schwendinger, J. (2008). "Characterization of Androgen Regulation of ZEB-1 and PSA in 22Rv1 Prostate Cancer Cells." Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008; 617:541-6 ...
A novel androgen-regulated gene, PMEPA1, located on chromosome 20q13 exhibits high level expression in prostateA novel androgen-regulated gene, PMEPA1, located on chromosome 20q13 exhibits high level expression in prostate
Biologic effects of androgen on target cells are mediated in part by transcriptional regulation of androgen-regulated genes (ARGs) by androgen receptor. Using serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), we have identified a comprehensive repertoire of ARGs in LNCaP cells. One of the SAGE-derived tags …
FDA Approves New Taxotere (docetaxel) Injection Concentrate FormulationFDA Approves New Taxotere (docetaxel) Injection Concentrate Formulation
Taxotere (docetaxel) is used to treat adjuvant breast cancer, metastatic androgen independent prostate cancer, advanced non-small cell lung cancer, advanced gastric adenocarcinoma and locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Includes Taxotere side effects, interactions and indications.
Degarelix Acetate Before and During Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer - Full Text View -...Degarelix Acetate Before and During Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer - Full Text View -...
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:. I. To evaluate the effect of neoadjuvant degarelix (degarelix acetate) on prostate dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone levels.. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:. I. To determine the effect of degarelix acetate on androgen-regulated gene expression and apoptosis as assessed by immunohistochemistry, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) microarray analysis and reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR).. II. To determine the effect of degarelix acetate on follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and FSH receptor expression in prostate cancer and surrounding microenvironment.. OUTLINE:. Patients receive degarelix acetate subcutaneously (SC) on day 1. Treatment repeats every 4 weeks for up to 6 courses. Beginning at week 15, patients also undergo standard external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for 8.5 weeks. ...
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Modify the Response of Prostate Cancer Cells to Androgen and Anti...IJMS | Free Full-Text | Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Modify the Response of Prostate Cancer Cells to Androgen and Anti...
Androgen receptor (AR) targeting remains the gold standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa); however, treatment resistance remains a major clinical problem. To study the therapeutic effects of clinically used anti-androgens we characterized herein a tissue-mimetic three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model whereby PCa cells were cultured alone or with PCa-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Notably, the ratio of PCa cells to CAFs significantly increased in time in favor of the tumor cells within the spheroids strongly mimicking PCa in vivo. Despite this loss of CAFs, the stromal cells, which were not sensitive to androgen and even stimulated by the anti-androgens, significantly influenced the sensitivity of PCa cells to androgen and to the anti-androgens bicalutamide and enzalutamide. In particular, DuCaP cells lost sensitivity to enzalutamide when co-cultured with CAFs. In LAPC4/CAF and LNCaP/CAF co-culture spheroids the impact of the CAFs was less pronounced. In addition, 3D spheroids exhibited a
Genetic polymorphisms in the androgen metabolism pathway and risk of prostate cancer in low incidence Malaysian ethnic groups.Genetic polymorphisms in the androgen metabolism pathway and risk of prostate cancer in low incidence Malaysian ethnic groups.
Androgens are involved in prostate cancer (PCa) cell growth. Genes involved in androgen metabolism mediate key steps in sex steroid metabolism.
Decoding Cancer: Androgen - a new hormone target in triple-negative breast cancers? - Colorado Cancer BlogsDecoding Cancer: Androgen - a new hormone target in triple-negative breast cancers? - Colorado Cancer Blogs
The first step in answering a question like this is to kick the tires in the lab, before ever road-testing it with humans. And so Dawn Cochrane, PhD, instructor in the Richer Lab, treated breast cancer cells lines with both casodex and a new anti-androgen drug MDV-3100,developed by Dr. Charles Sawyers at Memorial-Sloan Kettering and is currently in phase III clinical trials for treatment of prostate cancer.. "Interestingly not only did MDV-3100 completely abolish androgen-mediated breast cancer, but it stopped estrogen-mediated breast cancer proliferation, as well," Richer says.. This was true despite the fact that MDV-3100 only binds to androgen receptors and not estrogen receptors. And casodex? Well, while it brought its prostate cancer bag of tricks to bear on androgen-driven breast cancer, on the other hand it augmented the growth of estrogen-driven breast cancer cells. So while casodex may someday prove useful for patients with androgen - but not estrogen! - driven cancers, MDV-3100 is a ...
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In this study, we present data to support the use of cabozantinib with abiraterone for treatment of prostate cancer. This paper also describes abiraterones compensatory upregulation of p-IGFIR and activation of the downstream survival pathway (p-MEK and p-ERK) and cabozantinibs ability to inhibit phosphorylation of IGFIR as well as abiraterone-induced phosphorylation of MEK and ERK. In short, the work suggests the cabozantinib blocked one of the abiraterones short term compensatory adaptive resistance mechanisms.. The in vivo LAPC4-CR is a CRPC model that develops rapid resistance to abiraterone. As can be seen, cabozantinib has single-agent activity and more activity is seen when cabozantinib is combined with abiraterone. It is notable that the LAPC4-CR in vivo is a completely androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line and had undergone two passages in mice in our experiments. Therefore, it is probable that the cellular processes may have already been changed to produce an ...
How to Treat Acne Caused by High Androgens - The Love VitaminHow to Treat Acne Caused by High Androgens - The Love Vitamin
As an adult woman, you probably know hormones have a lot to do with your acne! Learn how to treat breakouts casued by high androgen levels
Peroxynitrite mediates testosterone-induced vasodilation of microvascular resistance vessels<...Peroxynitrite mediates testosterone-induced vasodilation of microvascular resistance vessels<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Peroxynitrite mediates testosterone-induced vasodilation of microvascular resistance vessels. AU - Puttabyatappa, Yashoda. AU - Stallone, John N.. AU - Ergul, Adviye. AU - El-Remessy, Azza B.. AU - Kumar, Sanjiv. AU - Black, Stephen Matthew. AU - Johnson, Maribeth H. AU - Owen, Mary P.. AU - White, Richard E.. PY - 2013/4/1. Y1 - 2013/4/1. N2 - Our knowledge of how androgens influence the cardiovascular system is far from complete, and this lack of understanding is especially true of how androgens affect resistance vessels. Our aim was to identify the signaling mechanisms stimulated by testosterone (TES) in microvascular arteries and to understand how these mechanisms mediate TES-induced vasodilation. Mesenteric microvessels were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats. Tension studies demonstrated a rapid, concentration-dependent, vasodilatory response to TES that did not involve protein synthesis or aromatization to 17β-estradiol. Dichlorofluorescein fluorescence and ...
Androgen regulation of prostasin gene expression is mediated by sterol"Androgen regulation of prostasin gene expression is mediated by sterol"
BACKGROUND. Prostasin is downregulated in hormone-refractory prostate cancers (HRPC). The mechanisms by which androgens regulate prostasin expression are unclear. METHODS. LNCaP cells were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and mRNA expression of prostasin, SREBPs, SNAIL, and SLUG was examined by real-time PCR following reverse transcription. A human prostasin promoter was evaluated in HEK-293 cells cotransfected with transcription factor cDNAs. Regulation of endogenous prostasin expression by transfected SREBP-2 or SLUG was evaluated. Expression of SNAIL and SLUG mRNA in DU-145 cells treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) was examined. RESULTS. Prostasin mRNA expression in LNCaP cells was not responsive to DHT treatment. DHT marginally upregulated mRNA expression of SREBP-1c, SREBP-2, and SNAIL, but not SREBP-la, while dramatically increased SLUG mRNA expression, in a dose-dependent manner. Co-transfection of prostasin promoter and SREBP cDNA in HEK-293 cells resulted in stimulation of
Preventable effect of L-threonate, an ascorbate metabolite, on androgen-driven balding via repression of dihydrotestosterone...Preventable effect of L-threonate, an ascorbate metabolite, on androgen-driven balding via repression of dihydrotestosterone...
BMB Rep. 2010 Oct;43(10):688-92. Preventable effect of L-threonate, an ascorbate metabolite, on androgen-driven balding via repression of dihydrotestosterone-in
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AndrogenAndrogen
... , also named androgenic hormones or testoids, could be the generic phrase for just about any organically grown or artificial compound, normally a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the enlargement and upkeep of male qualities in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This consists of the actions belonging toward accessory male sex organs and [...]
The mechanism of androgen action in the hair follicle - TestosteroneThe mechanism of androgen action in the hair follicle - Testosterone
6.4.1 Hair growth in androgen insufficiency syndromes As described in Chapters 1 and 2 of this book, androgens from the blood stream enter the cell and bind to
Integral Options Cafe: Patricia Churchland - Touching a Nerve: Exploring the Implications of the Self as Brain, Parts 1 & 2 ...Integral Options Cafe: Patricia Churchland - Touching a Nerve: Exploring the Implications of the Self as Brain, Parts 1 & 2 ...
Consider an XY fetus. For the androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone) to do their work in its brain, they must bind to special receptors tailored specially for androgens. The androgens fit into the receptors like a key into a lock. The receptors are actually proteins, made by genes. Even small variations in the gene (SRY) involved in making androgen receptors can lead to a hitch. And small variations in that gene are not uncommon. In some genetic variants, the receptor lacks the right shape to allow the androgens to bind to it. This prevents the process of masculinizing the gonads and the brain. In other genetic variants, no receptor proteins are produced at all, so the androgen has nothing to bind to. In these conditions, the androgens cannot masculinize the brain or the body, despite the XY genetic makeup. In consequence, the baby, though a genetic male, will probably have a small vagina and will be believed to be female when born. This baby will grow breasts at puberty, though she/he ...
Postmenopausal cognitive changes and androgen levels in the context of apolipoprotein E polymorphismPostmenopausal cognitive changes and androgen levels in the context of apolipoprotein E polymorphism
Introduction : The focus of this study was to assess cognitive functions in relation to androgens and specifically testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in postmenopausal women as well as the correlation between cognitive functions and these two androgens according to polymorphism of the...
Six-week Improvements in Muscle Mass and Strength During Androgen Therapy in Older Men - PubMedSix-week Improvements in Muscle Mass and Strength During Androgen Therapy in Older Men - PubMed
Treatment with a potent anabolic androgen may produce significant increases in muscle mass and strength after only 6 weeks in healthy older men. However, such treatment did not improve leg muscle power or walking speed.
Clinical use of androgenic steroids at a major medical center : who prescribes androgens and how well do they do it ? | Base...Clinical use of androgenic steroids at a major medical center : who prescribes androgens and how well do they do it ? | Base...
To assess prescribing practices for androgens at Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center, the authors analyzed prescriptions for all patients receiving therapy during a 12-month period n=201 and reviewed the available outpatient records not maintained elsewhere n=105. The most commonly prescribed androgens were testosterone enanthate 144/201; 56.7%,...
Apoptosis questionsApoptosis questions
I am currently working with an androgen independent prostate ,cancer cell line. Using the Oncor ApopTag kit, I have gotten beautiful ,pictures of cells undergoing apoptosis, however, there are a few ,phenomenas that I notice that I cant explain- namely: , 1. Apoptosis is supposed to be marked by cell shrinkage whereas ,my cells (which underwent ionizing irradiation) are markedly larger than ,the control cells. Cells undergoing apoptosis do tend to shrink during the loss of cytoplasm as apoptotic bodies are formed and released. Cells undergoing radiation induced cell death will swell if they are undergoing necrosis. What you may be observing are necrotic cells, which also contain degraded DNA, stained positive by the ApopTag Kit. Also, what dose range are you using? David W. Voehringer Department of Experimental Radiotherapy Univ. of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center 1515 Holcombe Bvld. Houston, Tx. 77030 (713) 792-3797 ...
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SAHA is a promising agent currently in clinical trials for treatment of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Although previous studies suggest that SAHA can effectively inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells (16), the mechanism of growth inhibition is not well understood. Moreover, it was evident from our previous studies that SAHA is more efficacious in terms of growth inhibition and induction of cell death in androgen-responsive cells (e.g., LNCaP and CWR22) than in cells that lack AR (PC-3; ref. 16), suggesting that a component of the activity of SAHA in prostate cancer cells relates to the presence of a functional androgen signaling axis. Our current data, showing the modulation of the AR and genes involved in AR signaling, including its direct target genes PSA and kallikrein 2, as well as genes reported to be androgen regulated, such as transmembrane serine protease and NEDD4L, provide direct evidence of an effect of SAHA on AR signaling. In addition, our demonstration that both ...
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Cancer cell invasion is one of the crucial events in local spreading, growth, and metastasis of tumors. First evidence suggesting an anti-invasive action was published by Nithipatikom et al. (2004) who showed that 2-AG inhibits invasion of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells by a mechanism involving CB1 receptor activation. However, the precise mechanism leading to decreased invasiveness by cannabinoids remained elusive. Recently, several investigations have provided new insight into how cannabinoids could achieve their anti-invasive action.. In this context, several studies suggest a modulation of the MMP system by cannabinoids as part of their anti-invasive action. MMPs belong to a group of enzymes exerting an important function during tumor invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis through degradation of ECM components (Curran and Murray, 2000; Stamenkovic, 2000). Of all MMPs, particularly MMP-2 and -9, are known to facilitate tumor invasion by proteolytic degradation of major basement ...
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Gonadal androgens account for up to 80% of serum androgenic steroids (10). Castration, therefore, does not suppress adrenal androgens and achieves a "hormone-reduced" rather than a "hormone-free" state, hence, the recent renaming of this stage of the disease as castration-resistant in preference to hormone-refractory. CRPC cells undergo a number of genomic and expression changes involving the AR and its associated coactivators and corepressors that could allow continued activation of the AR signaling axis by castrate levels of androgens (11). Moreover, intratumoral hormone synthesis associated with overexpression of key enzymes, including CYP17, could cause resistance to castration (12-14). Although the latter remains a very challenging phenomenon to unequivocally prove, the body of circumstantial evidence for suggesting tumors synthesize their own androgens is compelling and introduces the interesting possibility of therapeutically directly targeting tumor hormone synthesis. In 2005, we ...
Ovarian overproduction of androgensOvarian overproduction of androgens
... is a condition in which the ovaries make too much testosterone. This leads to the development of male characteristics in a woman. Androgens from other parts of the body can also cause male characteristics to develop in women.
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Introduction and Objectives: The Mechanisms contributing to androgen-independent progression in prostate cancer (PCa) are not fully elucidated. PCa lesions are heterogeneous and thus, it is important to understand whether among the heterogeneous collectives of cell types, androgen-independent cells exist prior to hormonal manipulation. The identification of these cells may predict patient prognosis as well as provide a better understanding of treatment resistance.. Methods: LNCaP cells (10,000 cells in 10cm dish) were grown for 40 days in normal medium. Fifty colonies were selected and 22 subclones were established. To compare their androgen-dependence, six of these clones were grown in normal and androgen-depleted medium and their cell proliferation rates were examined. Between an androgen-dependent clone (LNCaP-ADc) and an androgen-independent clone (LNCaP-AIc) gene copy number and gene expression were compared using Human SNP array 6.0 and Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0, respectively. One of the ...
Androgen MischungAndrogen Mischung
Stoff: Androgen Mix Zu Verkaufen, Kaufen Substanz Androgen Mischung (Qualitäts Substanz) Online, Rechtliche Anabole Steroide Bestellen Sie zu www.best4eu.ws
What is the efficacy of combined radiotherapy and androgen ablation for the treatment of prostate cancer?What is the efficacy of combined radiotherapy and androgen ablation for the treatment of prostate cancer?
The 5-year results of the RTOG 86-10 trial in patients with bilobar and more severe prostate carcinoma demonstrated that 4 months of total androgen blockade (TAB) in conjunction with conventional exte... more
What are the differential diagnoses for Androgen Excess?What are the differential diagnoses for Androgen Excess?
Adrenal IncidentalomaAdrenal TumorCongenital Adrenal HyperplasiaDrug-Induced Androgen ExcessHyperprolactinemiaIatrogenic Cushing SyndromeOvarian CancerOvarian TumorPolycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Anogenital distance in human male and female newborns: a descriptive, cross-sectional study.Anogenital distance in human male and female newborns: a descriptive, cross-sectional study.
In animal studies of the effects of hormonally active agents, measurement of anogenital distance (AGD) is now routine, and serves as a bioassay of fetal androgen action. Although measurement of AGD in humans has been discussed in the literature, to o
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
AndrogensReceptors, AndrogenAndrogen AntagonistsAndrogen Receptor AntagonistsDihydrotestosteroneTestosteroneProstatic NeoplasmsTestosterone CongenersMetriboloneFlutamideAndrogen-Insensitivity SyndromeProstateAndrostenedioneNeoplasms, Hormone-DependentNandroloneAndrostane-3,17-diolDehydroepiandrosterone3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-DehydrogenaseCyproterone AcetateTestisSteroid 17-alpha-HydroxylaseDehydroepiandrosterone SulfateCell Line, TumorCholestenone 5 alpha-ReductaseAromataseNitrilesFeminizationEstradiolHyperandrogenismGonadal Steroid HormonesEstrogensAndrogen-Binding ProteinTestosterone PropionateSeminal VesiclesSex Hormone-Binding GlobulinGenitalia, MalePolycystic Ovary SyndromeSex DifferentiationSex CharacteristicsCyproteroneSteroidsAntineoplastic Agents, HormonalHirsutismGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticEpididymisRNA, MessengerAndrostenolsMethyltestosteroneReceptors, SteroidLuteinizing HormoneTranscriptional Activation5-alpha Reductase InhibitorsHypogonadismPhenylthiohydantoin3-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesGenitaliaEstrenesAndrostenediolSertoli Cells17-alpha-HydroxyprogesteroneFinasterideNuclear Receptor CoactivatorsGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneProstatic HyperplasiaLeuprolideReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionOvarySignal TransductionAnabolic AgentsProstatic Neoplasms, Castration-ResistantLeydig CellsHypospadiasImmunohistochemistryTranscription, GeneticNuclear Receptor Coactivator 2GoserelinCell ProliferationReceptors, EstrogenAzasteroidsFollicle Stimulating HormoneTumor Cells, Cultured17-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesOrgan SizeSexual MaturationSpermatogenesisPenisEstrogen Receptor betaTransfectionAlopeciaTheca CellsCryptorchidismCell NucleusBulbo-Spinal Atrophy, X-LinkedDisorders of Sex DevelopmentFluoxymesteroneMuscular Disorders, AtrophicProgesteroneAndropauseBase SequencePromoter Regions, GeneticHormonesCOS CellsLigandsAdrenal GlandsMolecular Sequence DataEstrogen Receptor alphaBlotting, WesternMice, NudeAdrenarchePregnadienesCell DivisionGene Expression RegulationUrogenital SystemReceptors, GlucocorticoidEstroneResponse ElementsDrug ImplantsAdrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
MK-386MK-386
Kaufman KD (2002). "Androgens and alopecia". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 198 (1-2): 89-95. PMID 12573818. Kaufman, Keith D. (2001 ... The drug was under investigation for potential treatment of androgen-dependent conditions such as acne and pattern hair loss ( ...
Side effects of bicalutamideSide effects of bicalutamide
Androgens are known to stimulate the formation of red blood cells and increase the red blood cell count and circulating ... Androgens are involved in regulation of the skin (e.g., sebum production), and antiandrogens are known to be associated with ... It is thought that this is due to the suppression of estrogen levels (in addition to androgen levels) by GnRH analogues, as ... Nguyen PL, Je Y, Schutz FA, Hoffman KE, Hu JC, Parekh A, Beckman JA, Choueiri TK (2011). "Association of androgen deprivation ...
ProgestinProgestin
Combined androgen and progestin birth control regimens have been studied for use in men. Progestins are commonly used as a ... Schneider HP (2003). "Androgens and antiandrogens". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 997: 292-306. doi:10.1196/ ... The androgens that have been used in combination with these progestins include testosterone, testosterone esters, ... A variety of progestins have been studied for use as potential male hormonal contraceptives in combination with androgens in ...
AntiandrogenAntiandrogen
Androgen synthesis inhibitors are enzyme inhibitors that prevent the biosynthesis of androgens. This process occurs mainly in ... Androgen synthesis inhibitors: drugs that directly inhibit the enzymatic biosynthesis of androgens like testosterone and/or DHT ... They act by blocking the androgen receptor (AR) and/or inhibiting or suppressing androgen production. Antiandrogens are one of ... Antiandrogens, also known as androgen antagonists or testosterone blockers, are a class of drugs that prevent androgens like ...
Long-term effects of alcohol consumptionLong-term effects of alcohol consumption
Aho K, Heliövaara M (December 1993). "Alcohol, androgens and arthritis". Ann. Rheum. Dis. 52 (12): 897. doi:10.1136/ard.52.12. ...
Chemical castrationChemical castration
"Gynecomastia with Anti-androgens". oncolink.org. "Anti-Androgen Side Effects". LIVESTRONG.COM. "Antiandrogen Drugs". ...
Activin and inhibinActivin and inhibin
It participates in androgen synthesis enhancing LH action in the ovary and testis. In the male, activin enhances ... Androgens stimulate inhibin production; this protein may also help to locally regulate spermatogenesis. As with other members ...
Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuseAnabolic-androgenic steroids abuse
The potential for androgen addiction remains to be determined. Anabolic steroids are not psychoactive and cannot be detected by ... Nonetheless, androgen reinforcement is not comparable to that of cocaine, nicotine, or heroin. Instead, testosterone resembles ... which suggests that androgen reinforcement is mediated by the brain. Moreover, testosterone appears to act through the ... "Reinforcing aspects of androgens". Physiol. Behav. 83 (2): 279-89. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.012. PMID 15488545. Midgley SJ ...
Inocoterone acetateInocoterone acetate
... is actually not a silent antagonist of the androgen receptor but rather a weak partial agonist, similarly ... Leo Plouffe, Jr; Botros R. M. B. Rizk (25 June 2015). Androgens in Gynecological Practice. Cambridge University Press. pp. 84 ... "A stable prostatic bioluminescent cell line to investigate androgen and antiandrogen effects". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 160 (1-2 ...
AcetothiolutamideAcetothiolutamide
It is a high-affinity, selective ligand of the androgen receptor (AR) (Ki = 2.1-4.9 nM), where it acts as a full agonist in ... Kearbey JD (2004), Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Skeletal Pharmacology of a Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator Perera MA ... Acetothiolutamide is a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) derived from the nonsteroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide ... "Discovery of nonsteroidal androgens". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 244 (1): 1-4. doi:10.1006/bbrc. ...
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
HSD17B6: Has 3α-HSD activity and catalyzes conversion of the weak androgen androstanediol into the powerful androgen ... Preferential activity on androgens. Expressed widely in the body including in the liver, intestines, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, ... Lynn WS, Brown RH (June 1958). "The conversion of progesterone to androgens by testes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. ... HSD17B3: Referred to as "androgenic". Major subtype in males for activation of androgens from weaker forms (androstenedione to ...
BeardBeard
"Androgens and hair growth". Dermatol Ther. 21 (5): 314-28. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2008.00214.x. PMID 18844710. Schultz, Colin ... depending instead on the quantity of androgen receptors on the face. Subjects with a greater preponderance of receptors will ...
Pharmacology of bicalutamidePharmacology of bicalutamide
Whereas testosterone is the major circulating androgen, DHT is the major androgen in the prostate gland. DHT levels in ... Gao W, Dalton JT (March 2007). "Expanding the therapeutic use of androgens via selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs ... combined androgen blockade, and CPA (which, in contrast, decrease both androgen and estrogen levels). In the case of sexual ... a new-generation androgen receptor inhibitor targeting resistance mechanisms to androgen signaling-directed prostate cancer ...
DehydroepiandrosteroneDehydroepiandrosterone
Women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), who have a non-functional androgen receptor (AR) and are immune to ... DHEA and other adrenal androgens such as androstenedione, although relatively weak androgens, are responsible for the ... In addition to its affinity for the androgen receptor, DHEA has also been found to bind to and activate the ERα and ERβ ... Although it functions as an endogenous precursor to more potent androgens such as testosterone and DHT, DHEA has been found to ...
Nandrolone phenylpropionateNandrolone phenylpropionate
As such, it is an androgen and anabolic steroid, or an agonist of the androgen receptor, the biological target of androgens ... The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological ... Because of its reduced androgenic effects, the drug has not generally been used in androgen replacement therapy for androgen ... It is an androgen ester; specifically, it is the C17β phenylpropionate ester of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone), which itself ...
Prasterone enanthatePrasterone enanthate
395-. ISBN 978-94-011-6165-7. Carrie Bagatell; William J. Bremner (27 May 2003). Androgens in Health and Disease. Springer ... a weak androgen and neurosteroid. It is a component of Gynodian Depot, a combination formulation of 4 mg estradiol valerate and ...
Testosterone (medication)Testosterone (medication)
Treating low androgen levels with testosterone is not generally recommended in women when it is due to hypopituitarism, adrenal ... Androgens like testosterone are teratogens and are known to cause fetal harm, such as producing virilization and ambiguous ... In addition, steroidal androgens including testosterone are hepatotoxic and there is a potential for liver injury with high ... Wierman ME, Arlt W, Basson R, Davis SR, Miller KK, Murad MH, Rosner W, Santoro N (Oct 2014). "Androgen therapy in women: a ...
Android fat distributionAndroid fat distribution
Women who have high amounts of androgen and thus an increase tendency for android fat distribution are in the lowest quintiles ... Blouin, K; Boivin, A; Tchernof, A (2008). "Androgens and body fat distribution". Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular ... having higher levels of androgens. This leads to such women having more sons. Liposuction is a medical procedure used to remove ... patients with anorexia nervosa have increased gynoid fat percentage Women normally have small amounts of androgen, however when ...
AspermiaAspermia
... can be caused by androgen deficiency. This can be the result of absence of puberty, in which the prostate gland and ... 34-. ISBN 978-1-62703-179-0. Carrie Bagatell; William J. Bremner (27 May 2003). Androgens in Health and Disease. Springer ... 54-. ISBN 978-3-662-04491-9. Wayne J.G. Hellstrom (28 November 2012). Androgen Deficiency and Testosterone Replacement: Current ... such as maximal androgen blockade. Retrograde ejaculation Ejaculatory duct obstruction UCSB's SexInfo Eberhard Nieschlag; ...
TelokinTelokin
Léveillé N, Fournier A, Labrie C (Apr 2009). "Androgens down-regulate myosin light chain kinase in human prostate cancer cells ... Accumulates in individuals with asthma (at protein levels). Induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Repressed by androgens (e.g ...
Bodybuilding supplementBodybuilding supplement
Joseph, Jan; Parr, Maria (2015). "Synthetic Androgens as Designer Supplements". Current Neuropharmacology. 13 (1): 89-100. doi: ...
MethylstenboloneMethylstenbolone
Joseph JF, Parr MK (2015). "Synthetic androgens as designer supplements". Curr Neuropharmacol. 13 (1): 89-100. doi:10.2174/ ...
ComedoComedo
Androgens increase sebum (oil) production. If sebum continues to build up behind the plug, it can enlarge and form a visible ...
Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male)Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male)
The action of testosterone on hair follicles is mainly due to the more potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone, DHT. With androgen ... Epilepsy: some seizure disorders are androgen-dependent. These may be worsened or (very rarely) unmasked with androgen therapy ... "androgen" (or with "anabolic steroid"), and that natural androgens like testosterone are also AAS. These drugs all share the ... This is reversed by androgens. Nose: The tips of the nasal bones tend to grow more in males than females, creating a larger ( ...
FluoxymesteroneFluoxymesterone
The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological ... As an AAS, fluoxymesterone is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), similarly to androgens like testosterone and DHT. It is ... Current prescribing guidelines in the United States list only the treatment of androgen deficiency in males and breast cancer ... Fluoxymesterone, sold under the brand names Halotestin and Ultandren among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) ...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
AndrogensReceptors, AndrogenAndrogen AntagonistsAndrogen Receptor AntagonistsDihydrotestosteroneTestosteroneProstatic NeoplasmsTestosterone CongenersMetriboloneFlutamideAndrogen-Insensitivity SyndromeProstateAndrostenedioneNeoplasms, Hormone-DependentNandroloneAndrostane-3,17-diolDehydroepiandrosterone3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-DehydrogenaseCyproterone AcetateTestisSteroid 17-alpha-HydroxylaseDehydroepiandrosterone SulfateCell Line, TumorCholestenone 5 alpha-ReductaseAromataseNitrilesFeminizationEstradiolHyperandrogenismGonadal Steroid HormonesEstrogensAndrogen-Binding ProteinTestosterone PropionateSeminal VesiclesSex Hormone-Binding GlobulinGenitalia, MalePolycystic Ovary SyndromeSex DifferentiationSex CharacteristicsCyproteroneSteroidsAntineoplastic Agents, HormonalHirsutismGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticEpididymisRNA, MessengerAndrostenolsMethyltestosteroneReceptors, SteroidLuteinizing HormoneTranscriptional Activation5-alpha Reductase InhibitorsHypogonadismPhenylthiohydantoin3-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesGenitaliaEstrenesAndrostenediolSertoli Cells17-alpha-HydroxyprogesteroneFinasterideNuclear Receptor CoactivatorsGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneProstatic HyperplasiaLeuprolideReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionOvarySignal TransductionAnabolic AgentsProstatic Neoplasms, Castration-ResistantLeydig CellsHypospadiasImmunohistochemistryTranscription, GeneticNuclear Receptor Coactivator 2GoserelinCell ProliferationReceptors, EstrogenAzasteroidsFollicle Stimulating HormoneTumor Cells, Cultured17-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesOrgan SizeSexual MaturationSpermatogenesisPenisEstrogen Receptor betaTransfectionAlopeciaTheca CellsCryptorchidismCell NucleusBulbo-Spinal Atrophy, X-LinkedDisorders of Sex DevelopmentFluoxymesteroneMuscular Disorders, AtrophicProgesteroneAndropauseBase SequencePromoter Regions, GeneticHormonesCOS CellsLigandsAdrenal GlandsMolecular Sequence DataEstrogen Receptor alphaBlotting, WesternMice, NudeAdrenarchePregnadienesCell DivisionGene Expression RegulationUrogenital SystemReceptors, GlucocorticoidEstroneResponse ElementsDrug ImplantsAdrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome - WikipediaPartial androgen insensitivity syndrome - Wikipedia
"Discordant measures of androgen-binding kinetics in two mutant androgen receptors causing mild or partial androgen ... Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome is diagnosed when the degree of androgen insensitivity in an individual with a 46,XY ... "Androgen insensitivity syndrome: somatic mosaicism of the androgen receptor in seven families and consequences for sex ... androgen receptor binding, and mutational analysis in 278 clinical cases reported as androgen insensitivity syndrome". J. Clin ...
en.wikipedia.org
Androgen insensitivity syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.orgAndrogen insensitivity syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
... results from end-organ resistance to androgens, particularly testosterone. AIS may be complete or incomplete with variable ... Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), also known as the testicular feminisation syndrome, ... complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS): Morris syndrome * incomplete: partial androgen insensitivity syndrome / ... Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), also known as the testicular feminisation syndrome, results from end-organ resistance to ...
radiopaedia.org
A novel mouse model for partial androgen insensitivity syndrome :: Memorial University - Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5A novel mouse model for partial androgen insensitivity syndrome :: Memorial University - Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5
Following an androgen sensitivity test, androgen-responsive growth of the preputial glands in castrated males was significantly ... Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is the under-masculinization of individuals with XY sex chromosome karyotypes. A broad ... Androgen-responsive organs are significantly smaller in mature PAIS males compared to age-matched WT males, including the ... A defect in androgen sensitivity was further indicated by the elevated serum gonadotropin concentrations at 30 d of age ( ...
collections.mun.ca
Phenotypic variation and detection of carrier status in the partial androgen insensitivity syndrome. | Archives of Disease in...Phenotypic variation and detection of carrier status in the partial androgen insensitivity syndrome. | Archives of Disease in...
... similar androgen binding and the same androgen receptor mutations were shown in the cousins. Furthermore, one of the androgen ... who also had qualitatively abnormal androgen binding and two mutations of the androgen receptor gene. Despite marked phenotypic ... The partial androgen insensitivity syndrome occurs in 46,XY subjects with phenotypes ranging from perineoscrotal hypospadias ... Two cousins of a previously reported subject who had severe genital ambiguity and partial androgen insensitivity were ...
adc.bmj.com
Androgen Insensitivity SyndromeAndrogen Insensitivity Syndrome
... Common Name(s). Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, Androgen Resistance Syndrome ... The Long-Term Outcome of Boys With Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and a Mutation in the Androgen Receptor Gene. ... Three novel and two known androgen receptor gene mutations associated with androgen insensitivity syndrome in sex-reversed XY ... For more information about the different types, please visit: mild androgen insensitivity syndrome; partial androgen ...
diseaseinfosearch.org
Journal of Postgraduate Gynecology & Obstetrics: Bilateral Gonadectomy In A Case Of Complete Androgen Insensitivity SyndromeJournal of Postgraduate Gynecology & Obstetrics: Bilateral Gonadectomy In A Case Of Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
The androgen supplementation treatment will not be beneficial in these patients due to the absence of functional androgen ... partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), and mild androgen insensitivity syndrome (MAIS) also called as under-virilized ... Androgen insensitivity syndrome is the most frequent cause of the male pseudohermaphrotidism and the third most frequent cause ... Androgen insensitivity syndrome(AIS), previously known as testicular feminization syndrome, is an X-linked recessive disorder ...
jpgo.org
What Is Biochemistry - Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome - MedicalrealmWhat Is Biochemistry - Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome - Medicalrealm
Androgen insensitivity syndrome occurs due to loss of androgen receptor function. Androg ... Androgen insensitivity syndrome may present with symptoms and signs such as primary amenorrhea, undescended testes in ... What Is Biochemistry - Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Androgen insensitivity syndrome may ... Androgen insensitivity syndrome occurs due to loss of androgen receptor function. Androgen insensitivity syndrome is an x ...
medicalrealm.net
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Nandrolone decanoate (ND), a non-17α-alkylated modified androgen analogue of testosterone, appears to be effective in ... Nandrolone Decanoate 200 Mg/Ml Intramuscular Oil Androgens/Anabolic Steroids Side Effects by Likelihood and Severity. COMMON ...
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Male pattern baldness or Androgenic Alopecia :: Male pattern baldness or Androgenic AlopeciaMale pattern baldness or Androgenic Alopecia :: Male pattern baldness or Androgenic Alopecia
It is also known as androgenic alopecia because it is related to androgen hormones. ... Medical science believes that overproduction of the male hormone or androgen called DHT is an important cause of hair loss in ...
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Androgen deprivation, used to treat male benign. Hypertrophy of the prostate, and can be used as a male ... cancer, precocious puberty, androgen-related dermatological conditions (such as acne, seborrhea, ...
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Methyltestosterone for Sale - Buy Methyltestosterone OnlineMethyltestosterone for Sale - Buy Methyltestosterone Online
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Androstendiol kaufen | learn more about androstenediol uses, effectiveness, possible side effects androstenediolAndrostendiol kaufen | learn more about androstenediol uses, effectiveness, possible side effects androstenediol
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Androgen - WikipediaAndrogen - Wikipedia
Also, androgens are the precursors to estrogens in both men and women. The main subset of androgens, known as adrenal androgens ... Exogenous androgen supplements can be used as a male contraceptive. Elevated androgen levels caused by use of androgen ... Androgens are synthesized in the testes, the ovaries, and the adrenal glands. Androgens increase in both boys and girls during ... Higher androgen levels lead to increased expression of androgen receptor. Fusion of myoblasts generates myotubes, in a process ...
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List of androgens/anabolic steroids - WikipediaList of androgens/anabolic steroids - Wikipedia
This article pertains to steroidal androgens; nonsteroidal androgens like the selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) ... List of steroids List of designer drugs § Androgens List of androgens/anabolic steroids available in the United States ? = ... This is a list of androgens/anabolic steroids (AAS) or testosterone derivatives. Esters are mostly not included in this list; ... "Structure-activity relationships of synthetic progestins in a yeast-based in vitro androgen bioassay". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol ...
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How do androgens affect bone?How do androgens affect bone?
Lower androgen concentrations have been associated with bone loss in various age groups.{ref... more ... Androgens have important roles in bone mineralization either directly or through aromatization to estrogen. ... encoded search term (How do androgens affect bone?) and How do androgens affect bone? What to Read Next on Medscape. Related ... Androgen excess is due to elevated 11-oxygenated androgens in treated children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Steroid ...
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Androgens and exercise. | The BMJAndrogens and exercise. | The BMJ
Androgens and exercise.. Br Med J 1973; 3 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.3.5870.49-b (Published 07 July 1973) Cite this as: ...
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Exercise, Androgens And Peripheral Nerve InjuriesExercise, Androgens And Peripheral Nerve Injuries
University found that the beneficial effects daily exercise can have on the regeneration of nerves also require androgens such ... "Exercise, Androgens And Peripheral Nerve Injuries." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 17 Oct. 2012. Web.. 18 Mar. 2019. , ... It is the first report of both androgen-dependence of exercise on nerve regeneration and of an androgenic effect of exercise in ... They now report that these beneficial effects of exercise require androgens such as testosterone in both males and females. In ...
medicalnewstoday.com
Ovarian overproduction of androgens: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaOvarian overproduction of androgens: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Ovarian overproduction of androgens is a condition in which the ovaries make too much testosterone. This leads to the ... Ovarian overproduction of androgens is a condition in which the ovaries make too much testosterone. This leads to the ... Tumors in the adrenal glands can also cause too much production of androgens and can lead to male body characteristics in women ... Androgens from other parts of the body can also cause male characteristics to develop in women. ...
medlineplus.gov
Androgen Receptor (AR) | SpringerLinkAndrogen Receptor (AR) | SpringerLink
NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4); Testosterone/dihydrotestosterone receptor Androgen receptor (AR) ... mediates the effects of androgens that are responsible for diverse... ... Androgen receptor (AR) mediates the effects of androgens that are responsible for diverse biological functions, such as ... A soluble androgen receptor in the cytoplasm of rat prostate. J Endocrinol. 1969;45:531-41.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ...
link.springer.com
Androgen insensitivity syndrome - NHSAndrogen insensitivity syndrome - NHS
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a rare condition that affects the development of a childs genitals and reproductive ... Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a rare condition that affects the development of a childs genitals and reproductive ... complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) - where testosterone has no effect on sexual development, so the genitals are ... partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) - where testosterone has some effect on sexual development, so the genitals are ...
nhs.uk
What is androgen excess?What is androgen excess?
Androgens are produced primarily from the adrenal glands and the ovaries. However, peripheral tissues such as fat an... more ... Androgen excess is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. ... encoded search term (What is androgen excess?) and What is androgen excess? What to Read Next on Medscape. Related Conditions ... Androgen excess is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Androgens are produced primarily from the ...
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Mediation of hidradenitis suppurativa by androgens. | The BMJMediation of hidradenitis suppurativa by androgens. | The BMJ
Mediation of hidradenitis suppurativa by androgens. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 292 :245 ... The patients had a higher concentration of total testosterone (p less than 0.01) and free androgen index (testosterone to sex ... Forty two women with hidradenitis suppurativa were assessed clinically and biochemically for evidence of androgen excess. ... Mediation of hidradenitis suppurativa by androgens.. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 292 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.292.6515 ...
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Androgens, aging, and Alzheimers disease | SpringerLinkAndrogens, aging, and Alzheimer's disease | SpringerLink
Testoterone depletion is a normal consequence of aging in men that is associated with senescent effects in androgen-responsive ... Testoterone depletion is a normal consequence of aging in men that is associated with senescent effects in androgen-responsive ... These new findings support the clinical evaluation of androgen-based therapies for the prevention and treatment of AD. ...
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsAndrogen insensitivity syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics
Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a condition that affects sexual development before birth and during puberty. Explore ... Partial androgen insensitivity is thought to be at least as common as complete androgen insensitivity. Mild androgen ... Androgen receptors allow cells to respond to androgens, which are hormones (such as testosterone. ) that direct male sexual ... Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome occurs when the body cannot use androgens at all. People with this form of the ...
medlineplus.gov
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
AndrogensReceptors, AndrogenAndrogen AntagonistsAndrogen Receptor AntagonistsDihydrotestosteroneTestosteroneProstatic NeoplasmsTestosterone CongenersMetriboloneFlutamideAndrogen-Insensitivity SyndromeProstateAndrostenedioneNeoplasms, Hormone-DependentNandroloneAndrostane-3,17-diolDehydroepiandrosterone3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-DehydrogenaseCyproterone AcetateTestisSteroid 17-alpha-HydroxylaseDehydroepiandrosterone SulfateCell Line, TumorCholestenone 5 alpha-ReductaseAromataseNitrilesFeminizationEstradiolHyperandrogenismGonadal Steroid HormonesEstrogensAndrogen-Binding ProteinTestosterone PropionateSeminal VesiclesSex Hormone-Binding GlobulinGenitalia, MalePolycystic Ovary SyndromeSex DifferentiationSex CharacteristicsCyproteroneSteroidsAntineoplastic Agents, HormonalHirsutismGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticEpididymisRNA, MessengerAndrostenolsMethyltestosteroneReceptors, SteroidLuteinizing HormoneTranscriptional Activation5-alpha Reductase InhibitorsHypogonadismPhenylthiohydantoin3-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesGenitaliaEstrenesAndrostenediolSertoli Cells17-alpha-HydroxyprogesteroneFinasterideNuclear Receptor CoactivatorsGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneProstatic HyperplasiaLeuprolideReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionOvarySignal TransductionAnabolic AgentsProstatic Neoplasms, Castration-ResistantLeydig CellsHypospadiasImmunohistochemistryTranscription, GeneticNuclear Receptor Coactivator 2GoserelinCell ProliferationReceptors, EstrogenAzasteroidsFollicle Stimulating HormoneTumor Cells, Cultured17-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesOrgan SizeSexual MaturationSpermatogenesisPenisEstrogen Receptor betaTransfectionAlopeciaTheca CellsCryptorchidismCell NucleusBulbo-Spinal Atrophy, X-LinkedDisorders of Sex DevelopmentFluoxymesteroneMuscular Disorders, AtrophicProgesteroneAndropauseBase SequencePromoter Regions, GeneticHormonesCOS CellsLigandsAdrenal GlandsMolecular Sequence DataEstrogen Receptor alphaBlotting, WesternMice, NudeAdrenarchePregnadienesCell DivisionGene Expression RegulationUrogenital SystemReceptors, GlucocorticoidEstroneResponse ElementsDrug ImplantsAdrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
Insensitivity syndromeSteroidsGeneDeprivationSpliced androgen receptorEstrogenHormonesDihydrotestosteroneAnabolic androgenAndrogenicTumorTissuesAnti-androgen receptorBinding to the androgen receptorSelectiveGene ExpressionEffects of androgenMalesTesticularExpression of the androgen receptorExcessProteinStimulateTumorsHuman androgenProduce androgensLevelsInhibition2018AblationMechanisms of androgen actionMaleFindingsAntagonistsSteroidRegulationGenomicAdrenal glandsDescribed androgen-inducedPrognosisProliferationMetastaticActions of androgensInhibit androgen receptorDiseasesGenesNuclear receptorProgressionSeminal vesiclesTherapyProstate cancer cellsOvarian
Insensitivity syndrome7
Steroids1
Gene3
Deprivation20
Spliced androgen receptor1
Estrogen15
Hormones25
  • Although androgens are commonly thought of only as male sex hormones, females also have them, but at lower levels: they function in libido and sexual arousal. (wikipedia.org)
  • The androgens function as paracrine hormones required by the Sertoli cells to support sperm production. (wikipedia.org)
  • This article is about androgens as natural hormones. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because their bodies are unable to respond to certain male sex hormones (called androgens), they may have mostly female external sex characteristics or signs of both male and female sexual development. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The biannual Androgens meeting brings together medical professionals and researchers of all disciplines interested in the action of androgen hormones in health and disease. (ed.ac.uk)
  • The testes, or testicles, are the male reproductive organs that produce androgens, or male hormones. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Standard therapy for prostate cancer, the third-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American men, is based on blocking androgens, the male sex hormones. (news-medical.net)
  • Now, corresponding author Chawnshang Chang, Ph.D., the George Hoyt Whipple Distinguished Professor of Pathology at the University of Rochester Medical Center, and colleagues, showed that the androgen receptor (AR), a protein that mediates male sex hormones, promotes liver cancer when hepatitis B is present by altering DNA replication of the virus. (redorbit.com)
  • Androgens are male sex hormones but they are also produced in females. (progressivehealth.com)
  • Androgens are steroid hormones that control the development and sustenance of male characteristics such as male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics. (progressivehealth.com)
  • In females, androgens are used to synthesize the main group of female sex hormones called estrogens. (progressivehealth.com)
  • Because neurons are sensitive to androgens, these hormones can influence libido and aggression. (progressivehealth.com)
  • Androgens are a group of hormones that play a role in male traits and reproductive activity. (healthywomen.org)
  • Androgens may be called "male hormones," but don't let the name fool you. (healthywomen.org)
  • In a woman's body, one of the main purposes of androgens is to be converted into the female hormones called estrogens. (healthywomen.org)
  • Androgen insensitivity is a rare genetic condition that blocks the body from using male hormones (androgens) during fetal growth and after birth. (childrenshospital.org)
  • When the trial began in 1998, bicalutamide was a commonly used treatment to prevent androgens (male sex hormones) from fueling the growth and spread of tumors in men with prostate cancer. (cancer.gov)
  • Androgens are steroid hormones with specific effects on tissue growth (muscle, fat, skin, hair and others) and brain function. (netdoctor.co.uk)
  • Although androgens are described as male sex hormones, both males and females have them to varying degrees, as is also true of estrogens. (wn.com)
  • Studies have shown that when men marry and have children, they often see a decline in their androgen levels-or their levels of male sex hormones. (wn.com)
  • In this paper, we consider effects of androgen hormones on EC and EPC function in physiological and pathological conditions. (dovepress.com)
  • This happens because a mutation on the X chromosome causes the body to resist androgen, the hormones that produce a male appearance. (chop.edu)
  • 1 These features suggested involvement of the sex hormones, and in view of the lack of persuasive evidence relating high oestrogen levels to RA, I suggested that one cause might be low androgen levels. (bmj.com)
  • Describes cells that have a protein that binds to androgens (male hormones). (cancer.gov)
  • These cells may stop growing or die when they are treated with substances that block the binding and actions of androgen hormones. (cancer.gov)
Dihydrotestosterone3
Anabolic androgen2
Androgenic2
Tumor6
  • In their recent comprehensive update on the molecular biology of prostate cancer, Mackinnon et al (1) refer to the interesting possibility that the significance of TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease, serine 2) fusion genes, including the commonest type, TMPRSS2:ERG (v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homologue), now known to be present in at least 50% of cases, (2) may be quite different depending on the androgen receptor status of the tumor. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • In particular, androgen-mediated androgen receptor signals have been shown to correlate with the promotion of tumor development and progression, which may clearly explain some sex-specific differences in bladder cancer. (urotoday.com)
  • On the other hand, rapid progression of hair growth suggests an androgen secreting tumor. (medscape.com)
  • A novel dietary flavonoid fisetin inhibits androgen receptor signaling and tumor growth in athymic mice. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • The RTOG trials build on experimental data using rodent models that show androgen suppression prior to irradiation enhances tumor eradication. (cancernetwork.com)
  • In 8 of 18 primary androgen-independent prostate tumor samples, tyrosine-phosphorylated AR protein was detected and correlated with the detection of tyrosine-phosphorylated Ack1. (pnas.org)
Tissues10
Anti-androgen receptor1
Binding to the androgen receptor1
Selective3
Gene Expression7
  • This review highlights the gene expression profile of androgen independent prostate cancer and the possible mechanisms that results in transformation to such treatment resistant state. (scirp.org)
  • Then they drilled down still further, discovering elements within the HBV genome which are recognized by the host's activated androgen receptor, which then boosts viral gene expression and replication. (asm.org)
  • He noted that antiandrogen agents are known to work by competing with androgens to bind to AR, thus inhibiting androgen-induced gene expression. (eurekalert.org)
  • However, recent gene expression profiling and more traditional single-gene characterization studies have revealed many androgen-regulated genes that are important mediators of androgen action in both normal and malignant prostate tissue. (waterstones.com)
  • This book will focus on the androgen-regulated gene expression program, and examine how recently identified androgen-regulated genes are likely to contribute to the development and progression of prostate cancer. (waterstones.com)
  • Activated Ack1 promoted androgen-independent growth of LNCaP and LAPC-4 prostate xenograft tumors, AR recruitment to the androgen-responsive enhancer, and androgen-inducible gene expression in the absence of androgen. (pnas.org)
  • Ack1 knockdown inhibited heregulin-dependent AR tyrosine phosphorylation, AR reporter activity, androgen-stimulated gene expression, and AR recruitment. (pnas.org)
Effects of androgen2
Males6
  • As such, the insensitivity to androgens is clinically significant only when it occurs in genetic males (i.e. individuals with a Y chromosome, or more specifically, an SRY gene). (wikipedia.org)
  • Alterations in androgen levels lead to reproductive defects in both males and females, including hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, anovulation, and infertility. (nih.gov)
  • However, androgens are not only produced in males, they are also produced in females. (progressivehealth.com)
  • Androgens have important cardiometabolic actions in males, but their metabolic role in females is unclear. (gu.se)
  • Androgen enhances replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV), rendering males more vulnerable than females to this virus, according to research published in the February Journal of Virology . (asm.org)
  • AR knockout males displayed a complete androgen insensitivity phenotype. (pnas.org)
Testicular3
  • Diallyl sulfied, a compound found in garlic, and zinc ameliorate the cadmium-induced testicular toxicity and inhibition of androgen production. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • In line with these observations, male mice, chimeric for an androgen-resistant Tfm X/Y (Tfm, testicular feminization) genotype (due to an inactivating mutation in the AR) and a normal (X/Y) genotype, are able to produce offspring from the Tfm X/Y component ( 8 ). (pnas.org)
  • Because germ cells seem not to require a functional AR, androgens must affect spermatogenesis indirectly via somatic testicular cells. (pnas.org)
Expression of the androgen receptor2
  • The reason for this variation is unknown, but may be influenced by gender-specific effects of androids, heterogeneity of the vascular endothelium, differential expression of the androgen receptor in endothelial cells (ECs) and route of androgen administration. (dovepress.com)
  • Abiraterone acetat also has direct activity on reducing the expression of the androgen receptor gene in tumour cells 19 . (uroweb.org)
Excess12
Protein11
Stimulate2
  • Androgens stimulate early stages of follicular growth in the primate ovary. (nih.gov)
  • A SARM for women would ideally stimulate bone retention, or libido and other function that androgens can influence, without negative side-effects such as development of male gender characteristics ( virilization ), increased LDL / HDL ratios, liver dysfunction, and so forth. (wikipedia.org)
Tumors4
Human androgen4
Produce androgens2
Levels23
Inhibition5
20181
Ablation2
Mechanisms of androgen action2
Male13
  • Androgens from other parts of the body can also cause male characteristics to develop in women. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Depending on the level of androgen insensitivity, an affected person's sex characteristics can vary from mostly female to mostly male. (medlineplus.gov)
  • She also had low cortisol (and its precursors 17[alpha]-hydroxyprogesterone and 11-deoxycortisol), low adrenal androgens (DHEA sulfate and androstenedione), high mineralocorticoids precursors (11-deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone), high ACTH, and chromosomal analysis revealed a normal male karyotype 46 XY. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • A healthy XY embryo will develop male genitals, as the testes will release androgens. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Also, hirsutism should be distinguished from hypertrichosis, where hair growth is not mediated by androgens and hairs are not distributed in an androgen sensitive (male) pattern. (medscape.com)
  • Development of male sex organ and characteristics - The first androgens are produced from the Leydig cells which differentiate at week 8 of fetal development. (progressivehealth.com)
  • The released androgens masculinize the male fetus by stimulating the development of the penis and scrotum. (progressivehealth.com)
  • Regulation of brain activity and structure - Androgens can influence the human activity and behavior and is also suspected to account for the differences in the structures of male and female brains. (progressivehealth.com)
  • An estimated 1 in 65,000 female infants (with the male karyotype XY) are born with androgen insensitivity. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Subsequently castrating male mice reduced the viral load, but injecting castrated mice with an androgen agonist resulted in a rising viral load again. (asm.org)
  • Partial androgen insensitivity may be diagnosed at birth because of the presence of male and female sexual traits. (chop.edu)
  • [ 6 ] Androgen regulated genes are critical for the development and maintenance of the male sexual phenotype . (thefullwiki.org)
  • Complete androgen insensitivity prevents the penis and other male body parts from developing. (scripps.org)
Findings7
  • These new findings support the clinical evaluation of androgen-based therapies for the prevention and treatment of AD. (springer.com)
  • To summarize recent findings regarding the public health impact of androgen abuse. (ingentaconnect.com)
  • These findings show that, over the short term at least, androgens are not atretogenic and actually enhance follicular growth and survival in the primate. (nih.gov)
  • The findings of this study indicate that none of these androgens is strongly associated with prostate cancer risk. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The findings suggest that supplemental androgen therapy might benefit older men who are prone to losing muscle mass-a process known as sarcopenia-as they age. (eurekalert.org)
  • Their findings, " Androgen Maintains Intestinal Homeostasis by Inhibiting BMP Signaling via Intestinal Stromal Cells ," were published recently in Stem Cell Reports . (genengnews.com)
  • Their findings may lead to new therapies or treatments of colon cancers through androgen regulation and may provide a new therapeutic path for those affected even after the adjustment of related risk factors. (genengnews.com)
Antagonists4
Steroid1
Regulation3
Genomic2
Adrenal glands3
Described androgen-induced1
  • Several recent studies have also described androgen-induced hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and adverse musculoskeletal effects. (ingentaconnect.com)
Prognosis3
  • This is the first report to detail the relationship between pretreatment prostate tissue androgen and response or prognosis of PCa treated by ADT using precise simultaneous quantitative analysis of androgen," say Yasuhiro Shibata (Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan) and team. (news-medical.net)
  • Lawton CA et al (2001) Updated results of the phase III Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trial 85-31 evaluating the potential benefit of androgen suppression following standard radiation therapy for unfavorable prognosis carcinoma of the prostate. (springer.com)
  • A single study demonstrated that androgen priming in a small group of patients (n=85) using chemotherapy regimens that are now outdated altered the prognosis 13 . (uroweb.org)
Proliferation4
Metastatic2
Actions of androgens1
  • To determine the physiologic androgen receptor (AR)-dependent actions of androgens on atherogenesis in female mice, we generated female AR-knockout (ARKO) mice on an atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient background. (gu.se)
Inhibit androgen receptor1
Diseases1
Genes4
Nuclear receptor2
  • β-catenin, best known for its role in Wnt signaling, in which it forms transcriptionally active complexes with members of the Tcf/LEF family, appears to also promote transcription through a specific interaction with the androgen nuclear receptor (AR). (sciencemag.org)
  • Background: Androgen receptor (AR), a zinc finger transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily, is activated by phosphorylation and dimerization upon ligand binding (1). (cellsignal.com)
Progression7
Seminal vesicles3
Therapy5
Prostate cancer cells1
  • Prostate cancer cells often show androgen-dependint growth, and the authors note that better understanding of the influence of β-catenin on AR signaling may lead to more effective therapies to halt such uncontrolled growth. (sciencemag.org)
Ovarian3
  • Effect of adrenal and ovarian androgens on type 4 follicles unresponsive to FSH in immature mice," Endocrinology , vol. 142, no. 11, pp. 4930-4936, 2001. (hindawi.com)
  • Premature ovarian failure in androgen receptor-deficient mice," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 224-229, 2006. (hindawi.com)
  • By comparing results obtained in phase 1, the investigators will be able to determine if there is an androgen mediated response by granulosa cells to FSH stimulation in the absence of other ovarian steroids. (clinicaltrials.gov)