Analgesics. Medical search

Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.

Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.

A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS.

Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.

The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.

Pain during the period after surgery.

A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.

A phenylacetamide that was formerly used in ANALGESICS but nephropathy and METHEMOGLOBINEMIA led to its withdrawal from the market. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology,1991, p431)

Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.

A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.

Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.

Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from DRUG RESISTANCE wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE and NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL.

An opioid analgesic related to MORPHINE but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough.

Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.

A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.

A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)

The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)

A form of therapy that employs a coordinated and interdisciplinary approach for easing the suffering and improving the quality of life of those experiencing pain.

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Mu opioid receptors bind, in decreasing order of affinity, endorphins, dynorphins, met-enkephalin, and leu-enkephalin. They have also been shown to be molecular receptors for morphine.

A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.

Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.

A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.

An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.

Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.

A widely used local anesthetic agent.

The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.

A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).

A water-soluble extractive mixture of sulfated polysaccharides from RED ALGAE. Chief sources are the Irish moss CHONDRUS CRISPUS (Carrageen), and Gigartina stellata. It is used as a stabilizer, for suspending COCOA in chocolate manufacture, and to clarify BEVERAGES.

An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in POLYURIA. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block KIDNEY PELVIS or URETER. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to KIDNEY FAILURE.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.

Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26)

Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known.

Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.

Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.

A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.

A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis.

Sensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli by NOCICEPTORS. It is the sensory component of visceral and tissue pain (NOCICEPTIVE PAIN).

Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.

An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.

Analgesia produced by the insertion of ACUPUNCTURE needles at certain ACUPUNCTURE POINTS on the body. This activates small myelinated nerve fibers in the muscle which transmit impulses to the spinal cord and then activate three centers - the spinal cord, midbrain and pituitary/hypothalamus - to produce analgesia.

A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.

Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.

Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.

The elimination of PAIN, without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, during OBSTETRIC LABOR; OBSTETRIC DELIVERY; or the POSTPARTUM PERIOD, usually through the administration of ANALGESICS.

A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.

An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)

Analogs or derivatives of morphine.

Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.

A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.

Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.

Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.

Agents that induce NARCOSIS. Narcotics include agents that cause somnolence or induced sleep (STUPOR); natural or synthetic derivatives of OPIUM or MORPHINE or any substance that has such effects. They are potent inducers of ANALGESIA and OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS.

A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.

Drugs that are used to reduce body temperature in fever.

A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.

Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at kappa opioid receptors and an antagonist or partial agonist at mu opioid receptors.

Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.

Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.

Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A imidazole derivative that is an agonist of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. It is closely-related to MEDETOMIDINE, which is the racemic form of this compound.

An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.

A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.

An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.

A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.

One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.

Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION.

A cyclooxygenase inhibiting, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that is well established in treating rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and used for musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily.

A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.

An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.

Medicines that can be sold legally without a DRUG PRESCRIPTION.

Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Delta opioid receptors bind endorphins and enkephalins with approximately equal affinity and have less affinity for dynorphins.

A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.

The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the ENKEPHALINS, the DYNORPHINS, and the ENDORPHINS. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN, respectively. There are also at least three classes of OPIOID RECEPTORS, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way.

A form of acupuncture with electrical impulses passing through the needles to stimulate NERVE TISSUE. It can be used for ANALGESIA; ANESTHESIA; REHABILITATION; and treatment for diseases.

Disorders related or resulting from abuse or mis-use of opioids.

A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.

Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.

Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)

A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)

An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

The aftermost permanent tooth on each side in the maxilla and mandible.

The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Kappa opioid receptors bind dynorphins with a higher affinity than endorphins which are themselves preferred to enkephalins.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

Drugs that cannot be sold legally without a prescription.

Epidural anesthesia administered via the sacral canal.

The process by which PAIN is recognized and interpreted by the brain.

The use of specifically placed small electrodes to deliver electrical impulses across the SKIN to relieve PAIN. It is used less frequently to produce ANESTHESIA.

The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

The self administration of medication not prescribed by a physician or in a manner not directed by a physician.

An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)

Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.

A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3)

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

Methods of delivering drugs into a joint space.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.

A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.

Surgical removal of a tonsil or tonsils. (Dorland, 28th ed)

One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

An antigen solution emulsified in mineral oil. The complete form is made up of killed, dried mycobacteria, usually M. tuberculosis, suspended in the oil phase. It is effective in stimulating cell-mediated immunity (IMMUNITY, CELLULAR) and potentiates the production of certain IMMUNOGLOBULINS in some animals. The incomplete form does not contain mycobacteria.

Central gray matter surrounding the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT in the MESENCEPHALON. Physiologically it is probably involved in RAGE reactions, the LORDOSIS REFLEX; FEEDING responses, bladder tonus, and pain.

Control of drug and narcotic use by international agreement, or by institutional systems for handling prescribed drugs. This includes regulations concerned with the manufacturing, dispensing, approval (DRUG APPROVAL), and marketing of drugs.

Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.

A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth.

A family of hexahydropyridines.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)

Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.

A tooth that is prevented from erupting by a physical barrier, usually other teeth. Impaction may also result from orientation of the tooth in an other than vertical position in the periodontal structures.

The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

Directions written for the obtaining and use of DRUGS.

A subclass of cyclooxygenase inhibitors with specificity for CYCLOOXYGENASE-2.

An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion.

Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.

Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.

Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.

Injections into the cerebral ventricles.

A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.

Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

Compounds having the cannabinoid structure. They were originally extracted from Cannabis sativa L. The most pharmacologically active constituents are TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL; CANNABINOL; and CANNABIDIOL.

Pain-alleviating drugs characterized by rapid action time.

Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.

Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.

The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.

An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.

Compounds or agents that combine with cyclooxygenase (PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASES) and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of eicosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.

The period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.

A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.

Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Forceful administration under the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the skin.

Excision of the uterus.

A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604)

Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol.

Anti-inflammatory analgesic.

The utilization of drugs as reported in individual hospital studies, FDA studies, marketing, or consumption, etc. This includes drug stockpiling, and patient drug profiles.

Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.

Excision of the adenoids. (Dorland, 28th ed)

That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.

The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few - MORPHINE; CODEINE; and PAPAVERINE - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic.

Peptide neurotoxins from the marine fish-hunting snails of the genus CONUS. They contain 13 to 29 amino acids which are strongly basic and are highly cross-linked by disulfide bonds. There are three types of conotoxins, omega-, alpha-, and mu-. OMEGA-CONOTOXINS inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane and therefore the release of ACETYLCHOLINE. Alpha-conotoxins inhibit the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor. Mu-conotoxins prevent the generation of muscle action potentials. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.

Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.

Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

Designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles.

Injection of an anesthetic into the nerves to inhibit nerve transmission in a specific part of the body.

An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.

A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.

The mallow family of the order Malvales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. Members include GOSSYPIUM, okra (ABELMOSCHUS), HIBISCUS, and CACAO. The common names of hollyhock and mallow are used for several genera of Malvaceae.

To move about or walk on foot with the use of aids.

The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.

A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.

A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.

Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.

The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.

A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE.

A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through Gi-Go G-PROTEINS. While postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of ADRENERGIC AGONISTS, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of NEUROTRANSMITTER release.

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.

Spinal antinociceptive synergism between morphine and clonidine persists in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to morphine. (1/3414)

Morphine (Mor) tolerance has been attributed to a reduction of opioid-adrenergic antinociceptive synergy at the spinal level. The present experiments tested the interaction of intrathecally (i.t.) administered Mor-clonidine (Clon) combinations in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to Mor. ICR mice were pretreated with Mor either acutely (40 nmol i.t., 8 h; 100 mg/kg s.c., 4 h) or chronically (3 mg/kg s.c. every 6 h days 1 and 2; 5 mg/kg s.c. every 6 h days 3 and 4). Antinociception was detected via the hot water (52.5 degrees C) tail-flick test. After the tail-flick latencies returned to baseline levels, dose-response curves were generated to Mor, Clon, and Mor-Clon combinations in tolerant and control mice. Development of tolerance was confirmed by significant rightward shifts of the Mor dose-response curves in tolerant mice compared with controls. Isobolographic analysis was conducted; the experimental combined ED50 values were compared statistically against their respective theoretical additive ED50 values. In all Mor-pretreated groups, the combination of Mor and Clon resulted in significant leftward shifts in the dose-response curves compared with those of each agonist administered separately. In all tolerant and control groups, the combination of Mor and Clon produced an ED50 value significantly less than the corresponding theoretical additive ED50 value. Mor and Clon synergized in Mor-tolerant as well as in control mice. Spinally administered adrenergic/opioid synergistic combinations may be effective therapeutic strategies to manage pain in patients apparently tolerant to the analgesic effects of Mor. (+info)

Characterization of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ketorolac and its enantiomers in the rat. (2/3414)

The marked analgesic efficacy of ketorolac in humans, relative to other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), has lead to speculation as to whether additional non-NSAID mechanism(s) contribute to its analgesic actions. To evaluate this possibility, we characterized (R,S)-ketorolac's pharmacological properties in vivo and in vitro using the nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors [indomethacin (INDO) and diclofenac sodium (DS)] as well as the selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, as references. The potency of racemic (R,S)-ketorolac was similar in tests of acetic acid-induced writhing, carrageenan-induced paw hyperalgesia, and carrageenan-induced edema formation in rats; ID50 values = 0.24, 0. 29, and 0.08 mg/kg, respectively. (R,S)-ketorolac's actions were stereospecific, with (S)-ketorolac possessing the biological activity of the racemate in the above tests. The analgesic potencies for (R,S)-, (S)-, and (R)-ketorolac, INDO, and DS were highly correlated with their anti-inflammatory potencies, suggesting a common mechanism. (R,S)-ketorolac was significantly more potent than INDO or DS in vivo. Neither difference in relative potency of COX inhibition for (R,S)-ketorolac over INDO and DS nor activity of (S)-ketorolac at a number of other enzymes, channels, or receptors could account for the differences in observed potency. The distribution coefficient for (R,S)-ketorolac was approximately 30-fold less than for DS or INDO, indicating that (R,S)-ketorolac is much less lipophilic than these NSAIDs. Therefore, the physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties of (R,S)-ketorolac may optimize the concentrations of (S)-ketorolac at its biological target(s), resulting in greater efficacy and potency in vivo. (+info)

Cannabinoid suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity in wide dynamic range neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn of the rat. (3/3414)

The effects of cannabinoid agonists on noxious heat-evoked firing of 62 spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons were examined in urethan-anesthetized rats (1 cell/animal). Noxious thermal stimulation was applied with a Peltier device to the receptive fields in the ipsilateral hindpaw of isolated WDR neurons. To assess the site of action, cannabinoids were administered systemically in intact and spinally transected rats and intraventricularly. Both the aminoalkylindole cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 (125 microg/kg iv) and the bicyclic cannabinoid CP55,940 (125 microg/kg iv) suppressed noxious heat-evoked activity. Responses evoked by mild pressure in nonnociceptive neurons were not altered by CP55,940 (125 microg/kg iv), consistent with previous observations with another cannabinoid agonist, WIN55,212-2. The cannabinoid induced-suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity was blocked by pretreatment with SR141716A (1 mg/kg iv), a competitive antagonist for central cannabinoid CB1 receptors. By contrast, intravenous administration of either vehicle or the receptor-inactive enantiomer WIN55,212-3 (125 microg/kg) failed to alter noxious heat-evoked activity. The suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity induced by WIN55,212-2 in the lumbar dorsal horn of intact animals was markedly attenuated in spinal rats. Moreover, intraventricular administration of WIN55,212-2 suppressed noxious heat-evoked activity in spinal WDR neurons. By contrast, both vehicle and enantiomer were inactive. These findings suggest that cannabinoids selectively modulate the activity of nociceptive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn by actions at CB1 receptors. This modulation represents a suppression of pain neurotransmission because the inhibitory effects are selective for pain-sensitive neurons and are observed with different modalities of noxious stimulation. The data also provide converging lines of evidence for a role for descending antinociceptive mechanisms in cannabinoid modulation of spinal nociceptive processing. (+info)

Pharmacological studies on root bark of mulberry tree (Morus alba L.) (4/3414)

Pharmacological studies were done on the root bark of mulberry tree and pharmacological effects were compared with the clinical effects of "Sohakuhi" in Chinese medicine. n-Butanol- and water-soluble fractions of mulberry root had similar effects except for those on the cadiovascular system. Both fractions showed cathartic, analgesic, diuretic, antitussive, antiedema, sedative, anticonvulsant, and hypotensive actions in mice, rats, guinea pigs and dogs. There appears to be a correlation between the experimental pharmacological results and the clinical applications of mulberry root found in the literature on Chinese medicine. (+info)

Incidence of analgesic nephropathy in Berlin since 1983. (5/3414)

BACKGROUND: Phenacetin was removed from the German market in 1986 and was replaced mainly in analgesic compounds by acetaminophen. Our objective was to examine the effect of this measure on the incidence of analgesic nephropathy in light of the changes in other end-stage renal diseases. METHODS: We therefore compared the proportion of renal diseases in all patients starting dialysis treatment during three 18-month periods: 4/1982-9/1983 (n=57); 1/1991-6/1992 (n=81); and 10/1995-3/1997 (n=76). RESULTS: On the one hand, the proportion of end-stage analgesic nephropathy decreased significantly from 30% in 1981-1982 to 21% in 1991-1992 and 12% in 1995-1997 (P=0.01). On the other hand, type II diabetes increased significantly from 7% to 22% (P=0.01) and 29%, (P=0.001). Using the chi2 distribution test to analyze the frequencies of seven diseases at three different time intervals, however, showed that the changes in renal-disease proportions between 1982-1983, 1991-1992 and 1995-1997 were not significantly independent. There was a significant median age increase from 52 years (CI0.95 44-58) in 1982-1983 to 63 (CI0.95 55-67) in 1991-1992 and 63 (CI0.95 60-66) in 1995-1997 (P=0.003) for all patients starting dialysis but not for those with analgesic nephropathy [59 (55-71) vs 64 (53-67) and 61 (50-72); n.s.]. CONCLUSION: The decrease of end-stage analgesic nephropathy since 1983 may be partially due to the removal of phenacetin from the German market in 1986. However, considering the general increase in numbers of dialysis patients, their higher age and the increased incidence of type II diabetes, the decrease in analgesic nephropathy is not a statistically significant independent variable. Altered admittance policies for dialysis treatment have yielded a new pattern of renal-disease proportion which interferes with changes in the incidence of analgesic nephropathy. (+info)

Prevalence and treatment of pain in older adults in nursing homes and other long-term care institutions: a systematic review. (6/3414)

BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of pain in older adults and its impact in this age group make it a public health issue, yet few studies of pain relief focus on older adults. Residents of long-term care facilities have more cognitive impairment than their community-living counterparts and may have difficulty reporting the presence and severity of pain. This systematic literature review was conducted to determine the prevalence of pain, and the type and effectiveness of interventions that have been used to treat pain in residents of nursing homes. METHODS: Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE (from January 1966 to May 1997), HEALTH (from January 1975 to May 1997), CINAHL (from January 1982 to April 1997), AGELINE (from January 1978 to April 1997) and the Cochrane Library (1997, issue 1) and by performing a manual search of textbooks and reference lists. Studies of any methodological design were included if they estimated the prevalence of pain in nursing homes or other long-term care institutions or evaluated interventions for the treatment of pain in residents. Of the 14 eligible studies, 12 were noncomparative studies, 1 was a comparison study with nonrandomized contemporaneous controls, and 1 was a randomized controlled trial. Information on several factors was extracted from each study, including study design, number of patients and facilities, main outcomes measured, methods used to identify and detect pain, prevalence and types of pain, and interventions used to treat pain. The strength of the evidence provided by each study was also assessed. RESULTS: In the 6 studies with data from self-reporting or chart reviews, the prevalence of pain ranged from 49% to 83%. In the 5 studies with data on analgesic use only, the prevalence of pain ranged from 27% to 44%. Only 3 studies, with just 30 patients in total, evaluated an intervention for the treatment of pain. INTERPRETATION: Despite the high prevalence of pain in residents of nursing homes, there is a lack of studies evaluating interventions to relieve their pain. The authors make recommendations for future studies in this area. (+info)

Evaluation of lidocaine as an analgesic when added to hypertonic saline for sclerotherapy. (7/3414)

PURPOSE: The efficacy of sclerosing agents for the treatment of telangiectasias and reticular veins is well established. The injection of these agents is often associated with pain, and it is not uncommon for sclerotherapists to include lidocaine with the sclerosants in an attempt to reduce the pain associated with treatment. However, there are concerns that this may reduce the overall efficacy of the treatment because of dilution of the sclerosant. Patient comfort and overall outcome associated with treatment using HS with lidocaine (LIDO) versus that using HS alone was compared. METHODS: Forty-two patients were prospectively entered into the study and randomized blindly to sclerotherapy with 23.4% HS or 19% LIDO. Study subjects and treating physicians were blinded to the injection solution used. Injection sites were chosen for veins ranging in size from 0.1 to 3 mm. Photographs of the area to be treated were taken, and the patients rated their pain. They were then observed at regular intervals for four months, and clinical data was collected. Thirty-five subjects completed the full follow-up period, and photographs of the injected area were taken again. Three investigators blinded to the treatment assignment then evaluated the photographs and scored the treatment efficacy according to a standardized system. RESULTS: In the HS group, 61.9% (13 of 21) patients rated their pain as none or mild, whereas 90.5% (19 of 21) of patients in the LIDO group had no or mild discomfort. This difference is significant, with a P value of.034. There was no difference in the overall efficacy of treatment between the two groups. The groups had similar rates of vein thrombosis and skin necrosis. CONCLUSION: Although lidocaine is often used with sclerosing agents, there are no previous reports in the literature to evaluate its effectiveness in reducing the pain experienced by the patient. In this study, patients receiving LIDO experienced significantly less discomfort at the time of injection than patients who received HS alone. There were no differences in the effectiveness of treatment or in the incidence of complications between the two groups. (+info)

Ketamine-induced peripheral analgesia in rats. (8/3414)

AIM: To examine whether ketamine may directly act at peripheral nociceptors to produce analgesia. METHODS: Wistar rats were anesthetized with urethane. As a nociceptive flexion reflex (FR), C responses from the posterior biceps semitendinosus (PBST) muscle was evoked by electrical stimulation (2 ms, 80 V, 2-3 pulses, 0.5 Hz) via a pair of stainless steel needles inserted subcutaneously applied to the two toes of ipsilateral hindpw. RESULTS: Subcutaneous injection of ketamine (36 mmol.L-1, 5 microL) into the ipsilateral hindpaw produced an inhibition of C responses. At 9 min after application of ketamine, injection of naloxone (1%, 5 microL) into the same area annulled ketamine-induced inhibition. CONCLUSION: Ketamine as a dissociate anesthetic acts on peripheral nociceptors to produce analgesia, which is related to activity of peripheral opioid receptors. (+info)

This is a list of investigational analgesics, or analgesics that are currently under development for clinical use but are not ... "There is an enormous need for novel non-opioid analgesics with no abuse liability," and Vertex's results are an "important ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_investigational_analgesics

... choice is also determined by the type of pain: For neuropathic pain, traditional analgesics are less effective, and ... An analgesic drug, also called simply an analgesic (American English), analgaesic (British English), pain reliever, or ... Adjuvant analgesics, also called atypical analgesics, include orphenadrine, mexiletine, pregabalin, gabapentin, cyclobenzaprine ... Analgesics are typically classified based on their mechanism of action. Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen or APAP, is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic

An analgesic adjuvant is a medication that is typically used for indications other than pain control but provides control of ... For instance, caffeine has minimal analgesic effect on its own, but may have an adjuvant effect when given with paracetamol ( ... Derry, C. J.; Derry, S.; Moore, R. A. (2012). "Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults". Prescriber. 23 (7 ... Zhang, W. Y. (2001). "A benefit-risk assessment of caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant". Drug Safety. 24 (15): 1127-42. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic_adjuvant

... is injury to the kidneys caused by analgesic medications such as aspirin, bucetin, phenacetin, and ... Treatment of analgesic nephropathy begins with the discontinuation of analgesics, which often halts the progression of the ... Elseviers MM, de Broe ME (1994). "Analgesic nephropathy in Belgium is related to the sales of particular analgesic mixtures". ... A small proportion of individuals with analgesic nephropathy may develop end-stage kidney disease. Analgesic nephropathy was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic_nephropathy

Compound analgesics are those with multiple active ingredients; they include many of the stronger prescription analgesics. ... Active ingredients that have been commonly used in compound analgesics include: aspirin or ibuprofen caffeine codeine or ... The United States Food and Drug Administration also now requires that manufacturers of compound analgesics unequivocally state ... v t e (All articles with unsourced statements, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013, Analgesics, Combination ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_analgesic

A transdermal analgesic or pain relief patch is a medicated adhesive patch used to relieve minor to severe pain. There are ... Levy, Sandra (10 December 2001). "External painkillers lead sales in analgesics market". Drug Topics. Retrieved 2010-03-24. ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Analgesics). ... three primary types of analgesic patches. First are patches containing counterirritants, which are used to treat mild to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermal_analgesic_patch

Bex was a strong compound analgesic which was popular in Australia for much of the 20th century. It came in the form of APC ( ... "Curbs on Analgesics Likely". The Canberra Times. John Fairfax Ltd. 20 June 1975. p. 3. Retrieved 17 May 2018. Dunlevy, Sue (29 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bex_(compound_analgesic)

Analgesics). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moffett's_solution

Opioid analgesics, chemistry and receptors. 1986, Plenum Press, New York. pp 234-235. ISBN 0-306-42130-5 Blair, A. M. J. N.; ... doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1960.tb01240.x. Cahal DA, Dare JG, Keith D (February 1961). "A sequential trial of analgesics in labour ... Maul C, Buschmann H, Sundermann B (2005). "Opioids: 3.3 Synthetic Opioids.". Analgesics. pp. 159-169. ISBN 978-3-527-30403-5. ... Furethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the clinically used opioid analgesic drug pethidine ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furethidine

May 1978). "Analgesics. 1. Synthesis and analgesic properties of N-sec-alkyl- and N-tert-alkylnormorphines". Journal of ... N-Phenethylnormorphine is an opioid analgesic drug derived from morphine by replacing the N-methyl group with β-phenethyl. It ... Eddy NB (July 1956). "The search for new analgesics". Journal of Chronic Diseases. 4 (1): 59-71. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(56)90007 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Phenethylnormorphine

Goodson LH, Wiegand CJ, Splitter JS (November 1946). "Analgesics; n-alkylated-1,2-diphenylethylamines prepared by the Leuckart ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephenidine

... (INN) (developmental code name TR-5379 or TR-5379M), also known as xorphanol mesylate (USAN), is an opioid analgesic ... Polazzi JO, Kotick MP, Howes JF, Bousquet AR (December 1981). "Analgesic narcotic antagonists. 9. 6-Methylene-8 beta-alkyl-N-( ... 294-. ISBN 978-0-7514-0499-9. Evans SM, Lenz GR, Lessor RA (January 1990). "Analgesics". Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry ... Analgesics, Convulsants, Delta-opioid receptor agonists, Dissociative drugs, Kappa-opioid receptor agonists, Morphinans, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xorphanol

Analgesics. Acetaminophen or paracetamol is safe to take during pregnancy, thus is the most commonly prescribed pain reliever ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_ligament_pain

ISBN 978-3-527-30403-5. Cahal DA, Dare JG, Keith D (February 1961). "A sequential trial of analgesics in labour". The Journal ... Benzethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the clinically used opioid analgesic drug pethidine ( ... Maul C, Buschmann H, Sundermann B (2005). "Opioids: 3.3 Synthetic Opioids.". Analgesics. pp. 159-169. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzethidine

Synthetic analgesics - Aralkyl substitution on nitrogen of morphinan. UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics 1958 p 23-42. Hellerbach J, ... Ro4-1539 (furethylnorlevorphanol) is an opioid analgesic drug from the morphinan series that was discovered by the ... Schnider O, Besendorf H, Pellmont B (1966). "Morphinans". Synthetic Analgesics. Part IIA. Pergamon Press. Bulletin on Narcotics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro4-1539

When enadoline was first reported in 1990, it was "the most potent κ-selective analgesic ever reported ... 25 times more potent ... opioid analgesics. 3. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-4- or -5-substituted ... It was studied as a potential analgesic, but abandoned because of the dose-limiting effects of dysphoria, which could be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enadoline

Analgesics (painkillers). Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Anticoagulants (blood thinners). Lofepramine may inhibit ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofepramine

Analgesic doses of aspirin decrease sodium loss induced by spironolactone in the urine, however this does not reduce the ... "Analgesics (toxicity)". Merck. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2018. Lappin MR, ed. (2001). ... Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA (December 2014). "Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults". The Cochrane ... Aspirin is readily broken down in the body to salicylic acid, which itself has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin

September 2010). "Social Analgesics". Scientific American. 303 (3): 22-23. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0910-22. PMID 20812469 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stix

Other drugs which can potentiate conventional analgesics or have analgesic properties in certain circumstances are called ... Hypnosis with analgesic (painkiller) has been seen to relieve chronic pain for most people and may be a safe and effective ... It is mainly the THC strain of medical marijuana that provide analgesic benefits, as opposed to the CBD strain. Ketamine is a ... Opioids are effective analgesics in chronic malignant pain and modestly effective in nonmalignant pain management. However, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_management

Kacker IK, Zaheer SH (1951). "Potential Analgesics. Part I. Synthesis of substituted 4-quinazolones". J. Ind. Chem. Soc. 28: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methaqualone

... is an opioid analgesic of the morphinan family that was never marketed. It acts as a μ-opioid receptor (MOR) weak ... 403-. ISBN 978-0-12-420177-4. Aldrich JV, Vigil-Cruz SC (2003). "Narcotic Analgesics". Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclorphan

New general chemical methods of increasing the analgesic activity of pethidine". Journal of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ... ISBN 0-444-20525-X. Carabateas PM, Grumbach L (September 1962). "Strong analgesics. Some 1-substituted 4-phenyl-4- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPPPP

September 1984). "[Analgesic activity and toxicity of potent analgesics, ohmefentanyl and mefentanyl]". Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao ... 3-Methylfentanyl (3-MF, mefentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl. 3-Methylfentanyl is one of the most ... Wang ZX, Zhu YC, Chen XJ, Ji RY (1993). "[Stereoisomers of 3-methylfentanyl: synthesis, absolute configuration and analgesic ... May 1981). "Studies on synthesis and relationship between analgesic activity and receptor affinity for 3-methyl fentanyl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Methylfentanyl

The functionality of kappa- and delta-opioid receptors, might be less associated with relaxation and analgesic effects as kappa ... Simon EJ, Hiller JM, Edelman I (July 1973). "Stereospecific binding of the potent narcotic analgesic (3H) Etorphine to rat- ... Thus, mu-opioid receptors induce relaxation, trust, satisfaction and have a strong analgesic effect. This system is also ... Lemke, Thomas L.; Williams, David H.; Foye, William O. (2002). "Opioid Analgesics; Fries, DS". Foye's principles of medicinal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_receptor

It was reported to have 30 times the activity of pethidine and a greater analgesic effect than morphine in rats, and it was ... Elpern B, Wetterau W, Carabateas P, Grumbach L (1958). "Strong Analgesics. The Preparation of Some 4-Acyloxy-1-aralkyl-4- ... Desmethylprodine or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine (MPPP, Ro 2-0718) is an opioid analgesic drug developed in the ... This research produced the analgesic alphaprodine (Nisentil, Prisilidine), a very closely related compound. In 1976, a 23-year- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylprodine

ISBN 978-0-553-34631-2; ISBN 978-0-553-17616-2 (British edition); ISBN 978-0-553-05261-9 Fries, DS (2002). "Opioid Analgesics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM

Despite being a more potent analgesic, fentanyl tends to induce less nausea, as well as less histamine-mediated itching, than ... Van Bever WF, Niemegeers CJ, Janssen PA (October 1974). "Synthetic analgesics. Synthesis and pharmacology of the ... resulting in analgesic effects. As a μ-receptor agonist, fentanyl binds 50 to 100 times more potently than morphine. It can ... Analgesics, Anilides, Belgian inventions, Euphoriants, General anesthetics, HERG blocker, Mu-opioid receptor agonists, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl

The hot plate test is used in basic pain research and in testing the effectiveness of analgesics by observing the reaction to ... Both hot plate and tail-flick methods are used generally for centrally acting analgesic, while peripherally acting drugs are ... However, the OPRM1 knockouts still exhibited a slight analgesic effect to tapentadol but not to morphine. This indicated that ... Ripoll N, Hascoet M, Bourin M. The four-plates test: Anxiolytic or analgesic paradigm? Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_plate_test

Analgesics, Ketones, Opioids, Piperidines, All stub articles, Analgesic stubs). ... Analgesics. Part I. Esters and ketones derived from α-amino-ω-cyano-ωωdiarylalkanes". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed ... Norpipanone (INN, BAN; Hexalgon) is an opioid analgesic related to methadone which was developed in Germany and distributed in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norpipanone

Analgesics-Antipyretics. Class Summary. Pain control is essential to quality patient care. Analgesics and antipyretics ensure ... Antipyretics and analgesics may help to alleviate symptoms; these drugs ensure patient comfort and have sedating properties ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1052445-41643/when-are-antipyretics-and-analgesics-indicated-in-the-treatment-of-erysipelas

Analgesics. Class Summary. Pain control is essential to quality patient care. It ensures patient comfort, promotes pulmonary ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2062452-medication

FIGURE 2. Age-adjusted death rates for poisonings involving opioid analgesics, by Medicaid enrollment status and sex - New York ... Number and crude death rates for poisonings involving opioid analgesics, by year and demographic characteristics - New York ... FIGURE 1. Death rates for poisonings involving opioid analgesics, by age group (yrs) - New York state, 2003-2012 ... Deaths involving opioid analgesics in New York state tended to involve at least one other drug. In 2012, of the 883 drug ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6414a2.htm?s_cid=mm6414a2_w

Analgesic nephropathy involves damage to one or both kidneys caused by overexposure to mixtures of medicines, especially over- ... Analgesic nephropathy involves damage within the internal structures of the kidney. It is caused by long-term use of analgesics ... Analgesic nephropathy involves damage to one or both kidneys caused by overexposure to mixtures of medicines, especially over- ... Symptoms of analgesic nephropathy, especially if you have been using painkillers for a long time ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000482.htm

Self-medication and inappropriate storage of medicines at home are potential health risks. This cross-sectional study in south-east Islamic Republic of Iran in 2010 aimed to determine where householders kept their medicines ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Analgesics&type=mesh

... opioid analgesics - Featured Topics from the National Center for Health Statistics ... Prescription Opioid Analgesic Use Among Adults: United States, 1999-2012. Prescription opioid analgesics are used to treat pain ... Opioid analgesic sales (in kilograms per 10,000) quadrupled from 1999 to 2010, and from 1999 to 2012, opioid-related deaths ( ... While much attention has been given to deaths involving opioid analgesics, in recent years there has been a steady increase in ...

https://blogs.cdc.gov/nchs/tag/opioid-analgesics/

Regulatory problems in making opioid analgesics available and a series of policy and professional barriers often prevent proper ... 2002)‎. Assuring availability of opioid analgesics for palliative care : report on a WHO workshop, Budapest, Hungary 25-27 ... Assuring availability of opioid analgesics for palliative care : report on a WHO workshop, Budapest, Hungary 25-27 February ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/107426

Analgesics, Herbals: Dosing, Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Patient Handouts, Pricing and more from Medscape Reference ...

https://reference.medscape.com/drugs/analgesics-herbals

Prescription Opioid Analgesic Use Among Adults: United States, 1999-2012 - Featured Topics from the National Center for Health ... From 1999-2002 to 2011-2012, the percentage of opioid analgesic users who used an opioid analgesic stronger than morphine ... Prescription Opioid Analgesic Use Among Adults: United States, 1999-2012. Posted on February 25, 2015. by NCHS ... Prescription opioid analgesics are used to treat pain from surgery, injury, and health conditions such as cancer. Opioid ...

https://blogs.cdc.gov/nchs/?p=2668

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/107426?locale-attribute=es&

Analgesics. Class Summary. Pain control is essential to quality patient care. Analgesics ensure patient comfort and have ... Significant dermal burns require adequate IV fluid resuscitation and analgesics (eg, morphine sulphate). Consider the use of ... Patients placed on opiate analgesics should be cautioned not to drive or operate machinery. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769336-medication

... and Adverse Reactions of Anesthetics and Analgesics - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780128202371, 9780128202388 ... Tramadol as an analgesic. Ayman M. Mahmoud. III. Adverse effects, reactions and outcomes. 19. Long-term effects of anaesthesia ... Treatments, Mechanisms, and Adverse Reactions of Anesthetics and Analgesics. Black Friday Event. :. save up to 30% on print and ... Analgesic effects of Ephedra Herb extract and ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract (EFE). Sumiko Hyuga, Shunsuke ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/treatments-mechanisms-and-adverse-reactions-of-anesthetics-and-analgesics/rajendram/978-0-12-820237-1

... unresponsive to conventional analgesics such as aspirin, tylenol, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e Motrin, Alleve ... Is vicadin an analgesic?. The definition of an analgesic is a medication or substance that relieves pain.Vicodin, is a narcotic ... Is morphine a narcotic analgesic?. Yes Morphine is a narcotic analgesic....It acts directly on the central nervous system. ... Severe pain (scores 8-10/10) unresponsive to conventional analgesics such as aspirin, tylenol, and non-steroidal anti- ...

https://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_indication_of_Narcotic_analgesic

This extensive analgesics consumption that we have documented raises the concern of overuse and misuse, as well as addiction to ... There appeared to be some sort of synchronising going on in the brains of the couples that offered an analgesic-like effect. ...

https://www.asianage.com/content/tags/analgesic

Currently, all opioid analgesics intended for outpatient use are subject to one of the FDA-required Risk Evaluation and ... This meeting will include a discussion of whether an applicant for a new opioid analgesic should be required to demonstrate ... The agency will consider the benefits and risks of proposed new opioid analgesics relative to other already approved opioid and ... Statement on the FDAs benefit-risk framework for evaluating opioid analgesics. * Share ...

https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/statement-fdas-benefit-risk-framework-evaluating-opioid-analgesics

Current evidence suggests that antihistamine-analgesic-decongestant combinations have some general benefit in adults and older ... Fourteen trials studied antihistamine-decongestant combinations; two antihistamine-analgesic; six analgesic-decongestant; and ... Oral antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations for the common cold Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD004976 ... Antihistamine-analgesic: 11/90 with combination suffered one or more adverse effects (12%) versus 9/91 (10%) with control (OR ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22336807/

Novel Analgesics at a Snails Pace. Studying cone snail venom has yielded novel pain pathways, but the peptides that function ... The drugs developers] basically showed that a specific calcium channel was analgesic if you blocked it. That was proof of ... Read about other animal groups researchers are exploring for pain-killing leads in the full feature story, "Animal Analgesics." ... Despite years of continued research into conotoxins as potential analgesics and a handful of clinical trials testing promising ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/features/novel-analgesics-at-a-snails-pace-30150

Find patient medical information for Analgesic Balm topical on WebMD including its uses, side effects and safety, interactions ... How to use Analgesic Balm Cream Follow all directions on the product package. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or ... Analgesic Balm Cream - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Generic Name(S): trolamine salicylate, camphor-methyl salicyl-menthol View ... Should I avoid certain foods while taking Analgesic Balm Cream? * What should I know regarding pregnancy, nursing and ...

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-977-8226/analgesic-balm-topical/methyl-salicylate-menthol-topical/details

ECLIPSE TOPICAL ANALGESIC LL- tetracaine hcl cream. To receive this label RSS feed. Copy the URL below and paste it into your ... ECLIPSE TOPICAL ANALGESIC LL- tetracaine hcl cream. If this SPL contains inactivated NDCs listed by the FDA initiated ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=6e0e3594-0c69-495e-9972-13af2773c88d

The overprescription of opioid analgesics has resulted in the growing use of heroin. Right? ... The following questions seek to separate what we actually know about opioid analgesics and their use and misuse from what we ... Discussion: Although opioid analgesics can be beneficial for many types of cancer pain, there are also many common forms of ... Discussion: Although there are frequent reports that any limits on the prescribing of opioid analgesics to patients with pain ...

https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/opioid-analgesics-mythsand-facts

Clinical and Regulatory Updates on Opioid Analgesics: An Evaluation of Best Practices in Stewardship. ...

https://pharmacy.rutgers.edu/clinical-and-regulatory-updates-on-opioid-analgesics-an-evaluation-of-best-practices-in-stewardship/

On this page about Analgesic/Calmative (Sandoz) you will find information relating to side effects, age restrictions, food ... Brand name: Analgesic/Calmative (Sandoz) TM. Active ingredients: paracetamol + codeine + doxylamine Drug class: Opioid Pain ... Can I take Analgesic/Calmative (Sandoz) in sport? Find out on the Sport Integrity Australia ... On November 28, 2022 Analgesic/Calmative (Sandoz) was not listed on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG). ...

https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines/brand/amt,1069601000168109/analgesic-calmative-sandoz

Pharmacological Actions : Analgesics : CK(3498) : AC(646), Anti-edemic : CK(12) : AC(2), Antioxidants : CK(21528) : AC(8856) ... At a dosage of 100 mg/kg, AP-H2O and andrographolide, but not AP-EtOH, showed antioedema and analgesic activities. In ... Antioxidant, antioedema and analgesic activities of Andrographis paniculata extracts and their active constituent ... Furthermore, compared with andrographolide, AP-H2O as an extract also appears to possess potent antioedema and analgesic ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/article/andrographis-has-antioxidant-antioedema-and-analgesic-activities

Hersh, E.V.; Moore, P.A.; Ross, G.L. Over-the-counter analgesics and antipyretics: A critical assessment. Clin. Ther. 2000, 22 ... Influence of Differing Analgesic Formulations of Aspirin on Pharmacokinetic Parameters by Kunal Kanani ... "Influence of Differing Analgesic Formulations of Aspirin on Pharmacokinetic Parameters" Pharmaceutics 7, no. 3: 188-198. https ... "Influence of Differing Analgesic Formulations of Aspirin on Pharmacokinetic Parameters" Pharmaceutics 7, no. 3: 188-198. https ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/7/3/188

... analgesic drug from English into German by PROMT, transcription, pronunciation, translation examples, grammar, online ...

https://www.online-translator.com/translation/english-german/analgesic%20drug

Study: Vaporized Cannabis Augments The Analgesic Effects Of Opiates In Human Subjects. * by NORML ... Home,News,Study: Vaporized Cannabis Augments The Analgesic Effects Of Opiates In Human Subjects ... This is the first human study to demonstrate that inhaled cannabis safely augments the analgesic effects of opioids. … These ... San Francisco, CA: Cannabis administration significantly augments the analgesic effects of opiates in patients with chronic ...

https://norml.org/news/2011/11/10/study-vaporized-cannabis-augments-the-analgesic-effects-of-opiates-in-human-subjects/

Learn more about Analgesic Balm Greaseless at EverydayHealth.com. ... Find everything you need to know about Analgesic Balm ... How to take Analgesic Balm Greaseless (Topical)?. Use Analgesic Balm Greaseless (Topical) exactly as directed on the label, or ... Can I take Analgesic Balm Greaseless (Topical) if Im pregnant or breastfeeding?. Ask a doctor before using this medicine if ... What are the side effects of Analgesic Balm Greaseless (Topical)?. Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic ...

https://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/analgesic-balm-greaseless

Analgesics in Japan - Analgesics in Spain - Analgesics in Macedonia - Analgesics in Greece - Analgesics in Algeria ... Analgesics registered current value sales of GTQ141 million in 2013, an increase of 10% on 2012. Even though this tends to be a ... Euromonitor Internationals Analgesics in Guatemala report offers a comprehensive guide to the size and shape of the market at ... Get a detailed picture of the Analgesics market; * Pinpoint growth sectors and identify factors driving change; * Understand ...

https://www.ukprwire.com/Detailed/Health_Wellbeing/Analgesics_in_Guatemala_-_New_Market_Report_341310.shtml

Zaheer SH Potential analgesics, I. Synthesis of substituted 4-quinazolones J Indian Chem Soc 1951 28(6):344-346 ... as an optimal and perhaps an essential feature of potent analgesics, seventeen substituted 4-quinazolones have been synthesised ... "Potential analgesics, I. Synthesis of substituted 4-quinazolones" J Indian Chem Soc. 1951;28(6):344-346. ... as intermediates in the preparation of substituted 4-quinazolinols and their esters for testing their analgesic activity ...

https://erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=9144&SField=Author241

This extensive analgesics consumption that we have documented raises the concern of overuse and misuse, as well as addiction to opioids. (asianage.com)
This is the first human study to demonstrate that inhaled cannabis safely augments the analgesic effects of opioids. (norml.org)
A new study indicates that prescribing opioids for pain to older patients within one week of surgery appears to be associated with long-term analgesic use as compared to patients who are not given such prescriptions. (medindia.net)
Patients are frequently prescribed analgesics after ambulatory or short-stay surgery in anticipation of postoperative pain and the most common analgesics prescribed to outpatients are opioids (such as codeine and oxycodone) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). (medindia.net)
The opioids are a diverse group of naturally occurring and synthetic drugs used primarily for their analgesic activity. (merckvetmanual.com)
Despite some well-known adverse effects and disadvantages, opioids are the most effective analgesics available for the systemic treatment of acute pain in many species, particularly dogs and cats. (merckvetmanual.com)
Although it is well established that the analgesic effects of morphine are mediated by opioid receptors, previous studies have shown that some opioids additionally inhibit the uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. (aspetjournals.org)
Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates. (bvsalud.org)
To evaluate the benefits and harms of systemic opioid analgesics in neonates who underwent surgery on all-cause mortality , pain , and significant neurodevelopmental disability compared to no intervention, placebo, non-pharmacological interventions, different types of opioids , or other drugs . (bvsalud.org)
participants were legal and regulatory barriers, policy barriers, Opioid analgesics, such as codeine and morphine, as well as semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids, are essential medicines knowledge and societal attitudes, and economic aspects, for the treatment of pain and are listed on the WHO's Model including affordability. (who.int)

The fresh flowers of St. Johns infused in oil produce a beautiful and powerful red oil that is anti-inflammatory and analgesic. (anniesremedy.com)
Tonic contains quinine , an alkaloid that also has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. (greatist.com)
Can effectively help to relieve physical local fatigue and pain, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, swelling. (mercuryvehicles.com)

Significant dermal burns require adequate IV fluid resuscitation and analgesics (eg, morphine sulphate). (medscape.com)
A synthetic opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu receptor agonist, fentanyl is 50-100 times more potent than morphine. (medscape.com)
Morphine belongs to the group of medicines called narcotic analgesics (pain medicines). (mayoclinic.org)
Morphine is a common opioid analgesic in the postoperative period. (healthcmi.com)

The design of analgesic clinical trials / editors, Mitchell B. Max, Russell K. Portenoy, Eugene M. Laska. (who.int)

What are the indication of Narcotic analgesic? (answers.com)
This combination is a mild narcotic analgesic. (medscape.com)

Analysis of trends in crude death rates for poisonings involving opioid analgesics by age group showed rates were consistently highest among those aged 45-64 years, followed by those aged 20-44 ( Figure 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Increase in fatal poisonings involving opioid analgesics in the United States, 1999--2006. (cdc.gov)

Deaths involving opioid analgesics have increased dramatically in the United States. (cdc.gov)
To investigate this increase in New York state, trends in poisoning deaths involving opioid analgesics from 2003 to 2012 were examined. (cdc.gov)
Deaths involving opioid analgesics increased both in number and as a percentage of all drug poisoning deaths, and rates were highest among men, whites, persons aged 45-64 years, persons residing outside of NYC, and Medicaid enrollees. (cdc.gov)
The analysis found that, in 2012, 70.7% of deaths involving opioid analgesics also involved at least one other drug, most frequently a benzodiazepine. (cdc.gov)
Among these deaths, those involving opioid analgesics were identified using codes T40.2-T40.4, benzodiazepines using code T42.4, cocaine using T40.5, and heroin using T40.1. (cdc.gov)
During the same period, deaths involving opioid analgesics increased from 179 in 2003 to 883 in 2012 ( Table ). (cdc.gov)
Demographic differences were found in mortality involving opioid analgesics. (cdc.gov)
Rate ratios (RRs) comparing death rates between 2003 and 2012 ( Table ) indicate that the highest rate of increase in deaths involving opioid analgesics was among those aged 65-84 years (RR = 6.9). (cdc.gov)
While much attention has been given to deaths involving opioid analgesics, in recent years there has been a steady increase in the number of drug-poisoning deaths involving heroin. (cdc.gov)

Over this period, the percentage of drug deaths that involved opioid analgesics increased from 23.9% in 2003 to 47.2% in 2012, reaching a high of 54.0% in 2010. (cdc.gov)
During 1999--2007, the number of poisoning deaths involving specified drugs other than opioid analgesics increased from 9,262 to 12,790, and the number involving nonspecified drugs increased from 3,608 to 8,947. (cdc.gov)

Despite this, they provide a valuable analgesic effect when used as adjuncts to general anesthetic regimes. (awionline.org)
Considering that chronic phase of formalin induced pain is a secondary response to formalin induced inflammation, results of study introduce the M. parviflorum as a valuable analgesic herbal medicine that can be used in treatment of inflammatory painful disease. (scialert.net)

Note that the data do not differentiate between prescription and nonprescription analgesics. (cdc.gov)

On November 28, 2022 Analgesic/Calmative (Sandoz) was not listed on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG). (healthdirect.gov.au)

Fentanyl, a mu-opioid receptor agonist, is one of the most commonly used analgesics in hospitals, and may induce long-lasting behavioral and somatosensory impairment in rodents. (medicalxpress.com)

It is caused by long-term use of analgesics (pain medicines), especially over-the-counter (OTC) medicines that contain phenacetin or acetaminophen, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen. (medlineplus.gov)
This is significant because prolonged use of OTC analgesics like acetaminophen and ibuprofen may induce liver and renal toxicity, as well as gastrointestinal damage. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
To our knowledge, this is the first study conducted in the ED that supports the concept of an analgesic ceiling dose for 400 mg of ibuprofen. (clinicaladvisor.com)
Because oral ibuprofen is the most common analgesic used in the ED and at discharge, we hope that the results of our study will make ED clinicians consider a lower dose of ibuprofen for managing pain," concluded the study authors. (clinicaladvisor.com)
Over-the-counter analgesics (OTCA) such as Paracetamol and Ibuprofen are frequently used by adolescents, and the route of administration and access at home allows unsupervised use. (biomedcentral.com)
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and Ibuprofen are available as over-the-counter analgesics (OTCA) and are among the most widely used pharmacological agents of our time. (biomedcentral.com)

One trial reported on global effectiveness: 73% benefited compared with 52% in the control group (paracetamol) (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.52).Antihistamine-analgesic-decongestant: Five trials. (nih.gov)

Osteoarthritis: simple analgesics versus nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. (jrheum.org)

Severe pain (scores 8-10/10) unresponsive to conventional analgesics such as aspirin, tylenol, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e Motrin, Alleve, etc. (answers.com)
Despite years of continued research into conotoxins as potential analgesics and a handful of clinical trials testing promising derivatives, however, no cone snail-inspired drugs other than ziconotide have made it to FDA approval. (the-scientist.com)
Although there are frequent reports that any limits on the prescribing of opioid analgesics to patients with pain will result in their using heroin if these drugs are discontinued, virtually no research supports this. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Future studies will need to carefully collect information regarding the reasons for taking such over-the-counter drugs as analgesics during pregnancy," said study lead author Joanne Sordillo, ScD, instructor of medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. (rtmagazine.com)
iii) outline novel targets for development of analgesic drugs. (pte.hu)

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effectiveness of antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations compared with placebo, other active treatment (excluding antibiotics) or no treatment in children and adults with the common cold. (nih.gov)

NSAID may exhibit an analgesic effect only when inflammatory pain is present and may not be beneficial for use in acute pain models. (awionline.org)
Diclofenac is a potent Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) with marked analgesic and antipyretic properties. (inceptapharma.com)

Furthermore, compared with andrographolide, AP-H2O as an extract also appears to possess potent antioedema and analgesic activities. (greenmedinfo.com)
From the original] Using the concept of quarternary carbon and tertiary nitrogen in beta-relationship to each other in a molecule, as an optimal and perhaps an essential feature of potent analgesics, seventeen substituted 4-quinazolones have been synthesised as intermediates in the preparation of substituted 4-quinazolinols and their esters for testing their analgesic activity. (erowid.org)
It is a potent analgesic used as a primary anaesthetic or as an adjunct in the maintenance of anaesthesia. (pharmacy180.com)

Although we are still in the midst of cough could season, several suppliers came out to Destin, Florida in mid-February to present their latest items and to discuss the hottest trends in the cough, cold, allergy, analgesics, lip care, vaporizers and humidifier categories with buyers from a variety of retail channels who were sourcing new and reviewing current offers. (marketgate.com)
https://www.medshopexpress.com/vicks-vaporub-cough-suppressant-topical-analgesic-ointment-3-53-oz When applied to chest and throat, temporarily relieves cough due to minor throat and bronchial irritation associated with the common cold. (medshopexpress.com)

Also taking into account the fact that people in Kazakhstan rarely visit doctors, there is a trend of self-medication by buying analgesics after consulting with pharmacists or reading recommendations on the internet. (usprwire.com)
The Analgesic Subsection (RXQ_ANA) is part of the Dietary Supplements and Prescription Medication Section of the Sample Person Questionnaire. (cdc.gov)

Cannabis administration significantly augments the analgesic effects of opiates in patients with chronic pain, according to clinical trial data published online in the journal Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics . (norml.org)

Analgesic nephropathy involves damage to one or both kidneys caused by overexposure to mixtures of medicines, especially over-the-counter pain medicines (analgesics). (medlineplus.gov)
Analgesic nephropathy involves damage within the internal structures of the kidney. (medlineplus.gov)
There are no other imaging findings associated with analgesic nephropathy. (wikidoc.org)

The use of antidepressants offers alternative and adjunctive therapy options for patients suffering from chronic pain from various modalities, and TCAs, mono-amine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin receptor inhibitors, SNRIs, and atypical antidepressants have been shown to have analgesic and sometimes antiinflammatory capabilities that are independent of their mood-stabilizing effects. (semanticscholar.org)

Acetaminophen with or without small quantities of mild narcotic analgesics may be all that should be prescribed initially. (medscape.com)

Analgesic & antipyretic. (mims.com)
Bed rest and mild analgesic-antipyretic therapy often helps relieve the associated lethargy, malaise, and fever. (medscape.com)

Lewis says that cone snails, of which there are believed to be about 750 or 800 species, represent fertile ground for the search for novel analgesics. (the-scientist.com)
Results of search for 'su:{Analgesics. (who.int)

Prescription opioid analgesics are used to treat pain from surgery, injury, and health conditions such as cancer. (cdc.gov)
During 1999-2002, 4.2% of persons aged 18 and over used a prescription opioid analgesic in the past 30 days. (cdc.gov)
A new NCHS report provides updated estimates and trends in prescription opioid analgesic use among adults aged 20 and over, overall and by selected subgroups. (cdc.gov)
Opioid use disorder related to prescription opioid analgesics is considered to be at epidemic proportions in the US. (psychiatrictimes.com)
A significant number of patients treated with prescription opioid analgesics for pain turn to heroin when their opioid analgesics are discontinued. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Data on lifetime and current, chronic use of specific prescription and nonprescription analgesic medications were collected. (cdc.gov)

From 1999 to 2007, the number of U.S. poisoning deaths involving any opioid analgesic (e.g., oxycodone, methadone, or hydrocodone) more than tripled, from 4,041 to 14,459, or 36% of the 40,059 total poisoning deaths in 2007. (cdc.gov)

Chronic ulcers in the lower limbs are frequent, mainly in pathologies of vascular origin and cause a decrease in the patients' quality of life, due to the time and cost of the treatment, especially when they are refractory to conventional therapeutic and analgesic measures. (scielo.org.mx)
Animals with chronic pain that has become refractory to current analgesic therapies may benefit from the addition of gabapentin to their treatment protocols. (vin.com)

The HHS Guide for Clinicians on the Appropriate Dosage Reduction or Discontinuation of Long-Term Opioid Analgesics pdf icon external icon emphasizes the importance of shared decision-making with patients, individualized and slow tapering, and integrated pain management and behavioral support for patients. (cdc.gov)
Do not abruptly discontinue oxycodone hydrochloride tablets in a physically dependent patient because rapid discontinuation of opioid analgesics has resulted in serious withdrawal symptoms, uncontrolled pain, and suicide. (nih.gov)

Likewise, although butorphanol is widely used as an effective analgesic in horses, its use as an analgesic in small animals is falling out of favor because of its expense, relatively poor somatic analgesic effect, and short duration of action. (merckvetmanual.com)
Is butorphanol analgesic in dogs and cats? (avma.org)

In addition, drug poisoning deaths without a drug specified, for which opioid analgesics might account partially, increased from 326 deaths in 2003 to 423 in 2012. (cdc.gov)
The agency is also withdrawing the 2014 draft guidance, "Analgesic Indications: Developing Drug and Biological Products. (fda.gov)
The new draft guidance we're announcing today describes what information the FDA recommends companies provide in their opioid analgesic new drug applications in order for the agency to fully assess the benefits and risks and the public health implications of approving their product under the FDA's current approval authorities. (fda.gov)
But after the FDA decided to reassign the drug to the treatment of post-surgical pain-in part to speed recruitment-Lewis says it failed to produce analgesic effects as promising as those the company had seen in patients with cancer-related pain. (the-scientist.com)
8 The drug has been used safely in combination with other analgesics in humans. (vin.com)
The drug lacks significant sedative effects, which can make gabapentin an attractive option over other analgesic classes if it is effective. (vin.com)
To ensure that the benefits of opioid analgesics outweigh the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) for these products. (nih.gov)
To initially test this, the researchers genetically engineered mice in which response of astrocytes to noradrenaline was selectively inhibited and gave them duloxetine, an analgesic drug thought to increase levels of noradrenaline in the spinal cord by preventing uptake by descending LC-NAergic neurons. (ajmc.com)

Treatments, Mechanisms, and Adverse Reactions of Anesthetics and Analgesics is an essential read for anyone working in pain management. (elsevier.com)
Antihistamine-analgesic: 11/90 with combination suffered one or more adverse effects (12%) versus 9/91 (10%) with control (OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.50 to 3.23). (nih.gov)
Antihistamine-analgesic-decongestant: in one study 5/224 (2%) suffered adverse effects with active treatment versus 9/208 (4%) with placebo. (nih.gov)

Unlike most acute pain conditions, NP is extremely difficult to treat successfully with conventional analgesics. (mayoclinicproceedings.org)

Recent information regarding the peripheral endogenous opioid system (PEOS) has presented a unique opportunity to use the powerful analgesic effect of opiates while minimizing untoward systemic effects. (merckvetmanual.com)
So in the present study, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of bupropion in mice and rat were investigated. (semanticscholar.org)
Animals likely to suffer detrimental side-effects associated with the long-term use of other analgesics also present ideal cases for the use of gabapentin. (vin.com)
In this research, hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the aerial parts of Marrubium parviflorum (Lamiaceae) was subjected to evaluation of analgesic effects using formalin test at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg kg -1 in mice. (scialert.net)
It has a strong effect on the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, stimulating its motility, bile flow, pancreatic and gastric secretions, and mediates analgesic effects in the central nervous system. (iceers.org)

[3-4] Regional techniques should be considered as part of the analgesic regimen as well. (asra.com)
Pre-emptive analgesia is a treatment whereby a preoperative analgesic regimen is introduced to reduce noxious stimuli in the surgical process. (healthcmi.com)

Antioxidant, antioedema and analgesic activities of Andrographis paniculata extracts and their active constituent andrographolide. (greenmedinfo.com)
In this study, extracts prepared from cultivated AP and their active constituent andrographolide were evaluated for antioxidant, antioedema and analgesic activities. (greenmedinfo.com)

5. What is the best way to determine whether opioid analgesics are beneficial for an individual patient with chronic pain? (psychiatrictimes.com)
Originally developed as an anticonvulsant agent, gabapentin has recently become an attractive analgesic in the human medical field for the treatment of neuropathic and chronic pain. (vin.com)

Use and efficacy of analgesic agents in sheep (Ovis aries) used in biomedical research. (awionline.org)
This structured review evaluates use and efficacy of analgesics administered to sheep in a biomedical research setting. (awionline.org)

These results underscore the potential to mitigate the trend of increasing opioid analgesic-related mortality through initiatives such as New York state's Internet System for Tracking Over-Prescribing (I-STOP) law, † which took effect on August 27, 2013. (cdc.gov)
There appeared to be some sort of synchronising going on in the brains of the couples that offered an analgesic-like effect. (asianage.com)
Of the two trials that were not included in the pooling, one showed some global effect, the other showed no effect.Antihistamine-analgesic: three trials. (nih.gov)
The second study also showed an effect in favour of active treatment.Analgesic-decongestant: six trials. (nih.gov)
Respiratory depression is uncommon, but this effect lasts longer than its analgesic effect. (medscape.com)
Since nitrous oxide has an analgesic effect, special regulations apply to its use making redundant measurement of nitrous oxide mandatory. (anton-paar.com)

To assess the effectiveness of antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations in reducing the duration and alleviating the symptoms of the common cold in adults and children. (nih.gov)

Can I take Analgesic Balm Greaseless (Topical) if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding? (everydayhealth.com)
Use Analgesic Balm Greaseless (Topical) exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. (everydayhealth.com)
Product coverage: Systemic Analgesics, Topical Analgesics/Anaesthetic. (ukprwire.com)

Tolerance and OIH share the characteristic of reduced analgesic response to the opioid dose, and they likely share many of the same cellular mechanisms. (uspharmacist.com)

Management of pediatric pain with opioid analgesics. (bvsalud.org)

Opioid analgesic sales (in kilograms per 10,000) quadrupled from 1999 to 2010, and from 1999 to 2012, opioid-related deaths (per 100,000) more than tripled. (cdc.gov)
In 1999, opioid analgesics were involved in 20% of the 19,741 poisoning deaths. (cdc.gov)

The overprescription of opioid analgesics has resulted in the growing use of heroin. (psychiatrictimes.com)
The recent increase in heroin use in the US has resulted from increasing restrictions on the prescribing ofopioid analgesics. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Research shows that the increasing use of heroin in the US began before the newer restrictions on the prescribing of opioid analgesics were instituted. (psychiatrictimes.com)

Current evidence suggests that antihistamine-analgesic-decongestant combinations have some general benefit in adults and older children. (nih.gov)

Analgesics in Kazakhstan continued to show positive growth in consumption in 2015. (usprwire.com)
Positive growth in consumption is also expected, because government will continue to regulate the unit prices, keeping analgesics affordable for the majority of people. (usprwire.com)

it offers several advantages including the possibility of prescribing oral analgesics. (clinicaltrials.gov)
It is still a very popular ingredient today, especially in oral care for its analgesic properties, relieving pain and irritations, as well as for its ability to perfume the breath and give a feeling of prolonged refreshment in the mouth. (lush.com)

Analgesics and antipyretics ensure patient comfort, promote pulmonary toilet, and have sedating properties beneficial to patients who have sustained trauma or who experience pain. (medscape.com)
Analgesics ensure patient comfort and have sedating properties, which are beneficial for patients who have sustained injuries to the eye. (medscape.com)
Future controlled studies should further evaluate the analgesic properties of ketamine in sheep. (awionline.org)
8 The drug's exact mechanism of action for both the anti-convulsant and analgesic properties is unknown. (vin.com)

Regulatory problems in making opioid analgesics available and a series of policy and professional barriers often prevent proper treatment for people who suffer from severe pain. (who.int)

Persons in the race category "Other" and those residing in NYC also showed higher rates of increase in opioid analgesic-related mortality (RR = 6.3 and 7.5, respectively). (cdc.gov)

Anatomy9

Organisms5

Diseases23

Chemicals and Drugs111

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment56

Psychiatry and Psychology8

Phenomena and Processes10

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Named Groups1

Health Care14

Spinal antinociceptive synergism between morphine and clonidine persists in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to morphine. (1/3414)

Characterization of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ketorolac and its enantiomers in the rat. (2/3414)

Cannabinoid suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity in wide dynamic range neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn of the rat. (3/3414)

Pharmacological studies on root bark of mulberry tree (Morus alba L.) (4/3414)

Incidence of analgesic nephropathy in Berlin since 1983. (5/3414)

Prevalence and treatment of pain in older adults in nursing homes and other long-term care institutions: a systematic review. (6/3414)

Evaluation of lidocaine as an analgesic when added to hypertonic saline for sclerotherapy. (7/3414)

Ketamine-induced peripheral analgesia in rats. (8/3414)

Analgesics

Analgesics, Opioid

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic

Analgesia

Pain

Pain Measurement

Morphine

Pain, Postoperative

Tramadol

Phenacetin

Acetaminophen

Dextropropoxyphene

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal

Drug Tolerance

Codeine

Pain Threshold

Meperidine

Fentanyl

Pentazocine

Pain Management

Receptors, Opioid, mu

Oxycodone

Anesthetics, Local

Dipyrone

Hyperalgesia

Injections, Spinal

Bupivacaine

Analgesia, Epidural

Naloxone

Double-Blind Method

Analgesia, Patient-Controlled

Carrageenan

Ketoprofen

Kidney Papillary Necrosis

Tolmetin

Nefopam

Receptors, Opioid

Hydrocodone

Narcotic Antagonists

Ketorolac

Pain, Intractable

Ibuprofen

Nociception

Neuralgia

Hydromorphone

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Nalorphine

Acupuncture Analgesia

Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids

Buprenorphine

Edema

Nociceptors

Diclofenac

Analgesia, Obstetrical

Butorphanol

Oxymorphone

Morphine Derivatives

Morphinans

Meptazinol

Nociceptive Pain

Hypnotics and Sedatives

Narcotics

Alfentanil

Antipyretics

Ketamine

Acetic Acid

Nalbuphine

Acute Pain

Nerve Block

Chronic Pain

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Dexmedetomidine

Cyclazocine

Ketorolac Tromethamine

Sufentanil

Lidocaine

Endorphins

Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Piroxicam

Amines