Analgesia patient controlled. Medical search

Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.

The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.

The elimination of PAIN, without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, during OBSTETRIC LABOR; OBSTETRIC DELIVERY; or the POSTPARTUM PERIOD, usually through the administration of ANALGESICS.

Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).

Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.

Pain during the period after surgery.

The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.

Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.

A widely used local anesthetic agent.

Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.

Analgesia produced by the insertion of ACUPUNCTURE needles at certain ACUPUNCTURE POINTS on the body. This activates small myelinated nerve fibers in the muscle which transmit impulses to the spinal cord and then activate three centers - the spinal cord, midbrain and pituitary/hypothalamus - to produce analgesia.

A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)

Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.

A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.

Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.

An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.

Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.

The repetitive uterine contraction during childbirth which is associated with the progressive dilation of the uterine cervix (CERVIX UTERI). Successful labor results in the expulsion of the FETUS and PLACENTA. Obstetric labor can be spontaneous or induced (LABOR, INDUCED).

A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth.

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.

A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS.

A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.

Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.

Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.

Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.

Injection of ANALGESICS; LOCAL ANESTHETICS; or NARCOTICS into the PLEURAL CAVITY between the two pleural membranes.

Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from DRUG RESISTANCE wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE and NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL.

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Mu opioid receptors bind, in decreasing order of affinity, endorphins, dynorphins, met-enkephalin, and leu-enkephalin. They have also been shown to be molecular receptors for morphine.

Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.

A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)

A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

Period from the onset of true OBSTETRIC LABOR to the complete dilatation of the CERVIX UTERI.

An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.

A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.

A form of therapy that employs a coordinated and interdisciplinary approach for easing the suffering and improving the quality of life of those experiencing pain.

Epidural anesthesia administered via the sacral canal.

An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.

Medical methods of either relieving pain caused by a particular condition or removing the sensation of pain during a surgery or other medical procedure.

A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.

A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.

Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.

Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.

A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.

A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.

A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at kappa opioid receptors and an antagonist or partial agonist at mu opioid receptors.

Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.

The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

Injection of an anesthetic into the nerves to inhibit nerve transmission in a specific part of the body.

Surgical incision into the chest wall.

The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the ENKEPHALINS, the DYNORPHINS, and the ENDORPHINS. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN, respectively. There are also at least three classes of OPIOID RECEPTORS, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way.

A form of acupuncture with electrical impulses passing through the needles to stimulate NERVE TISSUE. It can be used for ANALGESIA; ANESTHESIA; REHABILITATION; and treatment for diseases.

A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)

An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.

An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage.

An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion.

Analogs or derivatives of morphine.

An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.

Central gray matter surrounding the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT in the MESENCEPHALON. Physiologically it is probably involved in RAGE reactions, the LORDOSIS REFLEX; FEEDING responses, bladder tonus, and pain.

Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.

The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)

The period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

A imidazole derivative that is an agonist of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. It is closely-related to MEDETOMIDINE, which is the racemic form of this compound.

Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.

Excision of the uterus.

A family of hexahydropyridines.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.

Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.

A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.

The process by which PAIN is recognized and interpreted by the brain.

The injection of drugs, most often analgesics, into the spinal canal without puncturing the dura mater.

Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.

Process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream.

Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)

A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.

Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Delivery of the FETUS and PLACENTA under the care of an obstetrician or a health worker. Obstetric deliveries may involve physical, psychological, medical, or surgical interventions.

Medical problems associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR, such as BREECH PRESENTATION; PREMATURE OBSTETRIC LABOR; HEMORRHAGE; or others. These complications can affect the well-being of the mother, the FETUS, or both.

A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.

Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.

Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.

Extraction of the fetus by means of obstetrical instruments.

A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.

Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.

The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

Agents that induce NARCOSIS. Narcotics include agents that cause somnolence or induced sleep (STUPOR); natural or synthetic derivatives of OPIUM or MORPHINE or any substance that has such effects. They are potent inducers of ANALGESIA and OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS.

Methods of delivering drugs into a joint space.

An opioid analgesic related to MORPHINE but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough.

Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26)

The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.

The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.

A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.

Interventions to provide care prior to, during, and immediately after surgery.

A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

A method, developed by Dr. Virginia Apgar, to evaluate a newborn's adjustment to extrauterine life. Five items - heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color - are evaluated 60 seconds after birth and again five minutes later on a scale from 0-2, 0 being the lowest, 2 being normal. The five numbers are added for the Apgar score. A score of 0-3 represents severe distress, 4-7 indicates moderate distress, and a score of 7-10 predicts an absence of difficulty in adjusting to extrauterine life.

Drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic.

The insertion of drugs into the rectum, usually for confused or incompetent patients, like children, infants, and the very old or comatose.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few - MORPHINE; CODEINE; and PAPAVERINE - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic.

The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Kappa opioid receptors bind dynorphins with a higher affinity than endorphins which are themselves preferred to enkephalins.

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Delta opioid receptors bind endorphins and enkephalins with approximately equal affinity and have less affinity for dynorphins.

Fluid propulsion systems driven mechanically, electrically, or osmotically that are used to inject (or infuse) over time agents into a patient or experimental animal; used routinely in hospitals to maintain a patent intravenous line, to administer antineoplastic agents and other drugs in thromboembolism, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS is also available), and other disorders.

A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.

An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

Sensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli by NOCICEPTORS. It is the sensory component of visceral and tissue pain (NOCICEPTIVE PAIN).

Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.

Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.

One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.

The administration of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through some other route than the alimentary canal, usually over minutes or hours, either by gravity flow or often by infusion pumping.

One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.

An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.

Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)

A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.

Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.

Surgery performed on the female genitalia.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

A range of methods used to reduce pain and anxiety during dental procedures.

Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.

Trained lay women who provide emotional and/or physical support during obstetric labor and the postpartum period for mothers and their partners.

The period of OBSTETRIC LABOR that is from the complete dilatation of the CERVIX UTERI to the expulsion of the FETUS.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.

A cyclooxygenase inhibiting, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that is well established in treating rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and used for musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily.

Designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles.

The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).

Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.

Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.

Injections into the cerebral ventricles.

An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)

Procedure in which an individual is induced into a trance-like state to relieve pain. This procedure is frequently performed with local but not general ANESTHESIA.

Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal.

The period following a surgical operation.

Replacement of the knee joint.

A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.

The heart rate of the FETUS. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.

Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint.

A method in which either the observer(s) or the subject(s) is kept ignorant of the group to which the subjects are assigned.

An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.

The use of specifically placed small electrodes to deliver electrical impulses across the SKIN to relieve PAIN. It is used less frequently to produce ANESTHESIA.

Forceful administration under the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the skin.

The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.

Drugs used to prevent NAUSEA or VOMITING.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.

The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.

Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.

A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.

A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

Surgical removal of a tonsil or tonsils. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Patient care procedures performed during the operation that are ancillary to the actual surgery. It includes monitoring, fluid therapy, medication, transfusion, anesthesia, radiography, and laboratory tests.

The period during a surgical operation.

One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.

A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through Gi-Go G-PROTEINS. While postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of ADRENERGIC AGONISTS, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of NEUROTRANSMITTER release.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

Insertion of a catheter into a peripheral artery, vein, or airway for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include PREANESTHETIC MEDICATION.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

Dextromethorphan and pain after total abdominal hysterectomy. (1/379)

Dextromethorphan is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist which has been shown to inhibit the development of cutaneous secondary hyperalgesia after tissue trauma. We studied 60 ASA I-II patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients received either dextromethorphan 27 mg capsules, two doses before operation and three doses in the first 24 h after operation, or placebo. Visual analogue pain scores (VAS) at 24 and 48 h were assessed at rest, on coughing and on sitting up, and were not significantly different between groups. Morphine consumption from a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device was also not significantly different between groups. Evidence of secondary hyperalgesia was assessed with von Frey hairs 10 cm above the Pfannenstiel incision. Both groups of patients exhibited evidence of secondary hyperalgesia after 24 and 48 h but there were no significant differences between groups. There was also no difference between groups in VAS scores at 1 month. (+info)

Effects of prophylactic nalmefene on the incidence of morphine-related side effects in patients receiving intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. (2/379)

BACKGROUND: Opioid-related side effects associated with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia can be reduced by a low-dose naloxone infusion. The influence of nalmefene, a pure opioid antagonist with a longer duration of action, on opioid-related side effects has not been evaluated. This study was designed to determine the dose-response relation for nalmefene for the prevention of morphine-related side effects in patients receiving intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. METHODS: One hundred twenty women undergoing lower abdominal surgery were enrolled in the study. General anesthesia was induced using thiopental and rocuronium and maintained with desflurane, nitrous oxide, and fentanyl or sufentanil. All patients received neostigmine and glycopyrrolate to reverse residual neuromuscular blockade. No prophylactic antiemetics were administered. At the end of surgery, patients were randomized to receive saline, 15 microg nalmefene, or 25 microg nalmefene intravenously. The need for antiemetic and antipruritic drugs and the total consumption of morphine during the 24-h study were recorded. The incidences of postoperative nausea, vomiting, pruritus, and pain were recorded 30 min after patients were admitted to the postanesthesia care unit. In addition, patient remembrance of these side effects was noted at 24 h after operation. RESULTS: The need for antiemetic and antipruritic medications during the 24-h study period was significantly lower in the patients receiving nahmefene compared with those receiving placebo. However, the need to treat side effects was similar in the two nahmefene groups. Prophylactic administration of nalmefene reduced the patients remembrance of nausea and itching as assessed 24 h after operation. Although the total consumption of morphine during the 24-h study period was similar in the three groups, retrospectively patients who received nalmefene characterized their pain as less severe in the previous 24 h. CONCLUSION: Compared with placebo, prophylactic administration of nalmefene significantly decreased the need for antiemetics and antipruritic medications in patients receiving intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine. (+info)

Continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine for postoperative analgesia after major abdominal surgery: comparative study with i.v. PCA morphine. (3/379)

We have compared the quality of three regimens of postoperative analgesia (continuous epidural administration of ropivacaine (Ropi. group), epidural ropivacaine and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with i.v. morphine (Ropi. + PCA group) and PCA morphine alone (PCA group)) during the first postoperative 24 h in a multicentre, randomized, prospective study. Postoperative analgesia was studied in 130 patients after major abdominal surgery performed under general anaesthesia. The ropivacaine groups received 20 ml of epidural bolus ropivacaine 2 mg ml-1 via the epidural route at the end of surgery, followed by continuous infusion of 10 ml h-1 for 24 h. The Ropi. + PCA group also had access to i.v. PCA morphine 1 mg, with a 5-min lockout. The PCA group received morphine as the sole postoperative pain treatment. The two ropivacaine groups had lower pain scores (P < 0.01) than the PCA group. Morphine consumption was higher in the PCA group (P < 0.05) than in the two ropivacaine groups. The quality of pain relief was rated as good or excellent in 79-85% of patients in the three groups. The percentage of patients without motor block increased between 4 and 24 h from 61% to 89% in the Ropi. group, and from 51% to 71% in the Ropi. + PCA group. (+info)

Prospective, randomized comparison of epidural versus parenteral opioid analgesia in thoracic trauma. (4/379)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate systemic versus epidural opioid administration for analgesia in patients sustaining thoracic trauma. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The authors have previously shown that epidural analgesia significantly reduces the pain associated with significant chest wall injury. Recent studies report that epidural analgesia is associated with a lower catecholamine and cytokine response in patients undergoing elective thoracotomy compared with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). This study compares the effect of epidural analgesia and PCA on pain relief, pulmonary function, cathechol release, and immune response in patients sustaining significant thoracic trauma. METHODS: Patients (ages 18 to 60 years) sustaining thoracic injury were prospectively randomized to receive epidural analgesia or PCA during an 18-month period. Levels of serum interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured every 12 hours for 3 days by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Urinary catecholamine levels were measured every 24 hours. Independent observers assessed pulmonary function using standard techniques and analgesia using a verbal rating score. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients of the 34 enrolled completed the study. Age, injury severity score, thoracic abbreviated injury score, and length of hospital stay did not differ between the two groups. There was no significant difference in plasma levels of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, or TNF-alpha or urinary catecholamines between the two groups at any time point. Epidural analgesia was associated with significantly reduced plasma levels of IL-8 at days 2 and 3, verbal rating score of pain on days 1 and 3, and maximal inspiratory force and tidal volume on day 3 versus PCA. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural analgesia significantly reduced pain with chest wall excursion compared with PCA. The route of analgesia did not affect the catecholamine response. However, serum levels of IL-8, a proinflammatory chemoattractant that has been implicated in acute lung injury, were significantly reduced in patients receiving epidural analgesia on days 2 and 3. This may have important clinical implications because lower levels of IL-8 may reduce infectious or inflammatory complications in the trauma patient. Also, tidal volume and maximal inspiratory force were improved with epidural analgesia by day 3. These results demonstrate that epidural analgesia is superior to PCA in providing analgesia, improving pulmonary function, and modifying the immune response in patients with severe chest injury. (+info)

Epidural analgesia during labor and maternal fever. (5/379)

BACKGROUND: In recent observational studies, epidural analgesia during labor at patient request has been associated with maternal fever. The authors report a secondary analysis of fever in women who were randomized to receive either epidural or patient-controlled intravenous analgesia during labor. METHODS: Maternal tympanic temperature was measured during spontaneous labor in 715 women at term who were randomized to either epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl or to patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with meperidine. Intent-to-treat analysis of women with fever (temperature > or = 38.0 degrees C) versus those without was performed using Student t test and Fisher exact test to determine statistical significance (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Epidural analgesia was associated with maternal fever (odds ratio = 4.0; 95% confidence interval = 2.0-7.7), as was nulliparity (odds ratio = 4.1; 95% confidence interval = 1.8-9.1) and labor longer than 12 h (odds ratio = 5.4; 95% confidence interval = 2.9-9.9). These factors were all independent variables for maternal fever when analyzed using logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural analgesia is associated with maternal fever. However, nulliparity and dysfunctional labor are also significant cofactors in the fever attributed to epidural analgesia. (+info)

Influence of bolus size on efficacy of postoperative patient-controlled analgesia with piritramide. (6/379)

We have examined the influence of bolus size on efficacy, opioid consumption, side effects and patient satisfaction during i.v. patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in 60 patients (ASA I-II, aged 32-82 yr) after abdominal surgery. Patients were allocated randomly, in a double-blind manner, to receive PCA with a bolus dose of either piritramide 0.75 mg or 1.5 mg (lockout 5 min) for postoperative pain control. Mean 24 h piritramide consumption differed significantly between groups (11.4 (SD 5.8) mg vs 22.5 (18.3) mg; P = 0.001). There were no significant differences in the number of applied bolus doses, pain scores, pain relief (VAS), sedation, nausea, pruritus and patient satisfaction. We conclude that a PCA regimen with a bolus dose of piritramide 0.75 mg and a lockout time of 5 min was effective in the treatment of postoperative pain, but did not reduce the occurrence of side effects. (+info)

Nocturnal hypoxaemia and respiratory function after endovascular and conventional abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. (7/379)

Respiratory function, assessed by pre- and postoperative spirometry, and overnight pulse oximetry recordings, was compared prospectively in patients undergoing infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair by endovascular or conventional surgery. Episodic hypoxaemia was common in both groups before operation and up to the fifth night after operation. The frequency and severity of hypoxaemia were greater in the conventional group (P < 0.05). FEV1 and FVC decreased significantly on the third and fifth days after operation in both groups (P < 0.05); decreases in FVC were greater in patients undergoing conventional surgery. On the fifth day after operation, FVC had recovered to 86% and 64% of preoperative values in the endovascular and conventional groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Duration of surgery was greater (P < 0.05) and duration of postoperative artificial ventilation significantly less (P < 0.05) after endovascular repair. Postoperative PCA morphine consumption and duration of use were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in patients undergoing conventional abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. (+info)

Comparison of midwife top-ups, continuous infusion and patient-controlled epidural analgesia for maintaining mobility after a low-dose combined spinal-epidural. (8/379)

We studied 133 women given a combined spinal-epidural for analgesia in labour. The initial intrathecal dose contained bupivacaine 2.5 mg with fentanyl 25 micrograms. When the mothers were comfortable, they were allocated randomly to one of three groups: continuous infusion (group Cl, n = 46), midwife top-ups (group MW, n = 43) or patient-controlled epidural analgesia (group PCEA, n = 44), to maintain analgesia throughout labour. All epidural solutions contained 0.1% bupivacaine and fentanyl 2 micrograms ml-1. Motor block was assessed by the mother's ability to straight leg raise (SLR). Four hours after combined spinal-epidural analgesia, 88.1% of women could SLR in group MW, 83.7% in group PCEA and 57.8% in group Cl (P = 0.002). Total use of bupivacaine was highest in group Cl (mean 11.3 (SD 3.3) mg h-1) compared with group MW (7.5 (3.1) mg h-1) and group PCEA (9.1 (2.1) mg h-1) (P < 0.001). Analgesia was similar between groups and overall satisfaction was equally high. (+info)

Patient controlled. Single shot interscalenic analgesia is preferably used during minor arthroscopic surgery because of its ... Post-operative analgesiaEdit. Shoulder replacement can cause severe to very severe pain especially during shoulder mobilization ... The metal ball takes the place of the patient's humeral head and is anchored via a stem, which is inserted down the shaft of ... The plastic socket is placed over the patient's glenoid and is typically secured to the surrounding bone via cement.[8] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_replacement

... toxicity and patient controlled analgesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1993 Nov;71(5):738-40. Holmberg L, Odar ... Use of meperidine in patient-controlled analgesia and the development of a normeperidine toxic reaction. Archives of Surgery. ... Norpethidine accumulation and generalized seizure during pethidine patient-controlled analgesia. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care ... It is a Schedule II Narcotic controlled substance in the United States and has an ACSCN of 9233. The 2014 annual manufacturing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norpethidine

As such, it happens automatically (though there are exceptions in some disease states) and does not need conscious control or ... However, breathing can be consciously controlled or interrupted (within limits). Breathing allows oxygen (which humans and a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhale

Volz HP, Kieser M (1997). "Kava-kava extract WS 1490 versus placebo in anxiety disorders--a randomized placebo-controlled 25- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisane

Patient-controlled analgesia pump. *PIC line. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy& ... A patient with a right-to-left shunt is vulnerable to embolism from smaller amounts of air. Fatality by air embolism is rare, ... A rapid infuser can be used if the patient requires a high flow rate and the IV access device is of a large enough diameter to ... If a patient needs frequent venous access, the veins may scar and narrow, making any future access extremely difficult or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous

Patient-controlled analgesia pump. *PIC line. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxygen_mask&oldid= ... The quantity of oxygen delivered from the storage tank to the oxygen mask is controlled by a valve called a regulator. Some ... The vast majority of patients having an operation will at some stage wear an oxygen mask; they may alternatively wear a nasal ... Oxygen in these higher percentages is classified as a drug with too much oxygen being potentially harmful to a patient's health ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_mask

Patient-controlled analgesia pump. *PIC line. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jet_injector&oldid= ... In 1988 a podiatry clinic used a jet injector to deliver local anaesthetic into patients' toes. Eight of these patients ... A new method of drug administration". Current Researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia. 26 (6): 221-230. PMID 18917536.. ... The part which touches the patient's skin is single-use and can be replaced easily. It can be powered from a large compressed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_injector

Patient-controlled analgesia pump. *PIC line. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topical_medication& ... They are often disliked by patients due to greasiness.[7] The vehicle of an ointment is known as the ointment base. The choice ... Specific types include transdermal patches which have become a popular means of administering some drugs for birth control, ... The manufacturer of each topical product has total control over the content of the base of a medication. Although containing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ointment

Patient-controlled analgesia pump. *PIC line. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epinephrine_ ... In response to criticism, Mylan increased financial assistance available for some patients to purchase EpiPens,[105] a gesture ... Carly Helfand for FiercePharma Mar 1, 2016 FDA swats down Teva's EpiPen copy, putting Mylan in cruise control ... "Why Mylan's 'savings card' won't make EpiPen cheaper for all patients". Washington Post. Washington Post. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epi-pen

Patient-Controlled Analgesia pump. *PIC line. This pharmacology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublabial_administration

A patient with a right-to-left shunt is vulnerable to embolism from smaller amounts of air. Fatality by air embolism is rare, ... An infusion pump allows precise control over the flow rate and total amount delivered. The volume to be infused (VTBI) of the ... A rapid infuser can be used if the patient requires a high flow rate and the IV access device is of a large enough diameter to ... If a patient needs frequent venous access, the veins may scar and narrow, making any future access extremely difficult or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heplock

Patient-Controlled Analgesia pump. *PIC line. *. Category. *. WikiProject. *. Pharmacy portal. This medical treatment-related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravitreal_administration

Patient-Controlled Analgesia pump. *PIC line. *. Category. *. WikiProject. *. Pharmacy portal. Retrieved from "https://en. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liniment

Lozenge-effects a metred and patient-controlled-rate combination of sublingual, buccal, and oral administration, as with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublingual

Patient-Controlled Analgesia pump. *PIC line. *. Category. *. WikiProject. *. Pharmacy portal. *v. *t ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip_Balm

Kang BK; Chon SK; Kim SH; Jeong SY; Kim MS; Cho SH; Lee HB; Khang G (November 2004). "Controlled release of paclitaxel from ... Yi T; Wan J; Xu H; Yang X (August 2008). "Controlled poorly soluble drug release from solid self-microemulsifying formulations ... J Control Release. 105 (1-2): 23-31. PMID 15908031. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.03.017.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-microemulsifying_drug_delivery_system

This process can be desired, if controlled in its extent, to tune physical properties of emulsions such as their flow behaviour ... Controlling cluster size and interaction strength". Food Research International. 122: 537-547. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsification

"Lack of Treatment Persistence and Treatment Nonadherence as Barriers to Glycaemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes". ... "Patient Preference and Adherence. 11: 121-129. doi:10.2147/PPA.S125137. PMC 5261843. PMID 28176899.. ... The primary goal of injector pens is to increase patient adherence by making it easier and more convenient for people to use ... Injector pens increase patient adherence by increasing the ease of self-administering injectable medication, as well as the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_pen

"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 6 September 2019.. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the ... For patients, a study found that smoking cannabis sativa reduced daily pain by 34%, a statistically significant amount.[57] ... "Tobacco Control. 23 (5): 375-384. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051122. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 4520227. PMID 24259045.. ... "Tobacco Control. 23 (Supplement 2): ii11-ii17. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 3995255. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizer_

Davis MP, Walsh D, LeGrand SB, Naughton M (2002). "Symptom control in cancer patients: the clinical pharmacology and ... "Anesthesia-analgesia.org. 1999-06-22. Retrieved 2010-08-19.. *^ a b "Crystal Meth: The Effects". Fenway Community Health. ... patients are taught to self-inject, such as SC injection of insulin in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. As ... Condition of the patient.. In acute situations, in emergency medicine and intensive care medicine, drugs are most often given ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenteral

A prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial of petroleum jelly/Vaseline for recurrent paediatric epistaxis. Clin ... A verified medicinal use is to protect and prevent moisture loss of the skin of a patient in the initial post-operative period ... but this was only ever reported in one patient.[10] However, petroleum jelly is used extensively by otolaryngologists-ear, nose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E905b

This would be used when administration by mouth was not possible because of the condition of the patient.[6] The Murphy drip ... From this can a tube extends which is inserted in the rectum of the patient to whom the proctoclysis is administered. It was ... the Murphy drip and hypodermoclysis were the prime routes to administer fluids such as for replacement when patients could not ... Patient-controlled analgesia pump. *PIC line. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murphy_drip&oldid= ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_drip

... inventor of patient-controlled analgesia Abraham Sinkov - mathematician; NSA (National Security Agency) cryptology pioneer ... American arms control expert Guillermo Linares 1975 - first Dominican-American New York City Council member Colin Powell - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_City_College_of_New_York_alumni

... inventor of patient-controlled analgesia Joshua Lederberg (1940) - genetics; 1957 United States National Academy of Sciences, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stuyvesant_High_School_people

... inventor of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) Abraham Sinkov - mathematician; National Security Agency cryptology pioneer ... American arms control expert Albert L. Lewis - conservative rabbi, president of international Rabbinical Assembly Samuel A. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_City_College_of_New_York_people

It is often used in Patient Controlled Analgesia units. Dihydromorphine and morphine are also used alongside each other in ... Under the Controlled Substances Act, dihydromorphine is listed as a Schedule I substance along with heroin. In the United ... 216 Costantino CM, Gomes I, Stockton SD, Lim MP, Devi LA (2012). "Opioid receptor heteromers in analgesia". Expert Rev Mol Med ... Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 - Page 40 of 44 Controlled Substances (in alphabetical order) - Page 5 of 12 DEA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydromorphine

May 1996). "A multidimensional comparison of morphine and hydromorphone patient-controlled analgesia". Anesth. Analg. 82 (5): ... Patients with compromised kidney function and older patients are at higher risk for metabolite accumulation. With a formula of ... Patients who stop taking this drug abruptly may experience withdrawal symptoms, which may start within hours of taking the last ... Clonidine is a non-opioid adjunct, which may be used in situations where opioid use is not desired, such as in patients with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydromorphone

For more severe crises, most patients require inpatient management for intravenous opioids; patient-controlled analgesia ... If not treated, patients may die within 1-2 hours due to circulatory failure. Management is supportive, sometimes with blood ... High quality, randomized, controlled trials are needed to assess the most effective treatment option and determine if a ... Patients benefit today from routine vaccination for S. pneumoniae. Stroke, which can result from a progressive narrowing of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease

"Acute dystonia by droperidol during intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in young patients". J. Korean Med. Sci. 17 (5): ... Anesthesia and Analgesia. 88 (6): 1370-9. doi:10.1213/00000539-199906000-00032. PMID 10357347. Kao LW, Kirk MA, Evers SJ, ... generally in cases of severe agitation in a psychotic patient who is refusing oral medication. Its use in intramuscular ... Anesthesia and Analgesia. 79 (5): 983-6. doi:10.1213/00000539-199411000-00028. PMID 7978420. Calver, Leonie; Page, Colin; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droperidol

"Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non-patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain". The Cochrane ... or by the patient using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). PCA has been shown to provide slightly better pain control and ... in-patient/out-patient) and the individual patient. Pain management is classified into either pre-emptive or on-demand. On- ... A trained, vigilant anesthesia provider should continually care for the patient. The same minimum standards for patient safety ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia

Anichini M, Cesaretti S, Lepori M, Maddali Bongi S, Maresca M, Zoppi M (Jan 1997). "Substance P in the serum of patients with ... Bonham AC (Sep 1995). "Neurotransmitters in the CNS control of breathing". Respiration Physiology. 101 (3): 219-30. doi:10.1016 ... analgesia and aggression in mice lacking the receptor for substance P". Nature. 392 (6674): 394-7. doi:10.1038/32904. PMID ... Michaels LA, Ohene-Frempong K, Zhao H, Douglas SD (Nov 1998). "Serum levels of substance P are elevated in patients with sickle ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P

The doctor-patient relationship typically begins an interaction with an examination of the patient's medical history and ... Education and legal controls[edit]. Main articles: Medical education and Medical license ... Anesthesia & Analgesia. 116 (6): 1360-1363. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828f2d5e. PMID 23709076.. ... respect for persons - the patient (and the person treating the patient) have the right to be treated with dignity. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical

... except when the patient is contraindicated for tourniquet use (such as in sickle cell anemia, where there is a risk of massive ... "Anesthesia-controlled time and turnover time for ambulatory upper extremity surgery performed with regional versus general ... Analgesia. 85 (4): 858-63. doi:10.1097/00000539-199710000-00027.. ... Modern practice now includes various safeguards to improve patient safety. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_regional_anesthesia

They also believe that human governments are controlled by Satan,[181] but that he does not directly control each human ruler.[ ... Anesthesia & Analgesia. 104 (4): 763-5. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000250913.45299.f3. PMID 17377078. Retrieved 2008-12-30.. ... the right of patients to refuse medical treatment, and the right to engage in public discourse.[332] Similar cases in their ... control over competing demands on members' time and energy, and control over the quality of new members. Other characteristics ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah's_Witness

Replicated, double-blind, randomized trials on anesthetized patients have found Hemi-Sync effective as a partial replacement ... Lewis AK, Osborn IP, Roth R (February 2004). "The effect of hemispheric synchronization on intraoperative analgesia". ... a double-blind randomised trial using audiotapes for intra-operative nociception control". Anaesthesia. 54 (8): 769-73. doi: ... Anesthesia and Analgesia. 98 (2): 533-6, table of contents. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000096181.89116.d2. PMID 14742401. Dabu-Bondoc ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemi-Sync

False High (BAC) readings are related to patients with proteinuria and hematuria, due to kidney-liver metabolism and failure ( ... "Quick Stats: Binge Drinking." The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 2008.[1]. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_alcohol_concentration

... epidural analgesia or paravertebral blockade have shown to be the most effective methods for post-thoracotomy pain control. ... These tubes are used to drain air and fluid until the patient heals enough to take them out (usually a few days). Complications ... Assessing the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in post-thoracotomy analgesia. Rev Bras Anestesiol ... "Local anaesthetics and regional anaesthesia versus conventional analgesia for preventing persistent postoperative pain in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracotomy

"Patient Preference and Adherence. 10: 1795-1801. doi:10.2147/PPA.S90468. PMC 5029911. PMID 27695298.. ... Ketorolac is effective when administered with paracetamol to control pain in newborns because it does not depress respiration ... Anesthesia and Analgesia. 106 (3): 972-7, table of contents. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e318163f602. PMID 18292448. S2CID 5894373.. ... Committee on the Safety of Medicines, Medicines Control Agency: Ketorolac: new restrictions on dose and duration of treatment. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketorolac

As the patient continues along at low doses without any side-effects, the dose is incrementally increased until the patient ... Nemeroff CB, Thase ME (2007). "A double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of venlafaxine and fluoxetine treatment in ... on analgesia". Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 42 (4): 513-517. doi:10.1111/jcpt.12534. PMID 28503727.. ... Patients suffering from coronary artery disease should avoid the use of SNRIs. Furthermore, due to some SNRIs' actions on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor

Patient-controlled analgesia. *Pain in babies. *Congenital analgesia (insensitivity to pain). Notes[edit]. *^ Anonymous (1990 ... Guideline 106: Control of pain in adults with cancer. Scotland: National Health Service (NHS). ISBN 9781905813384. . Archived ( ... Analgesia and fever reduction.. As per paracetamol. Ziconotide. Peptide.. N-type calcium-channel blocker.. Intrathecal.. ... Analgesia, especially postoperative; hiccups.. Has antimuscarinic and sympathomimetic effects.[119] Paracetamol. Comes in free ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algesic

... as a method of birth control. It is performed less commonly on livestock, as a method of birth control or for other reasons. In ... The patient is under anaesthesia and lying on the back. The incisions are between 5 and 10 millimetres (0.20 and 0.39 in) and ... Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 35 (5): 365-73. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2008.00397.x. PMID 18466167.. ... for birth control and behaviour modification) and on livestock (for birth control, as well as to improve commercial value). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sterilization

... obese patients were most likely to have posterior luxation of the coccyx, while thin patients were most likely to have ... Coccydynia due to these causes usually is not permanent, but it may become very persistent and chronic if not controlled. ... Onghena, Patrick; Van Houdenhove, Boudewijn (1992). "Antidepressant-induced analgesia in chronic non-malignant pain: a meta- ... x-ray or MRI scan may show whether the coccyx dislocates when the patient sits. Use of dynamic x-rays on 208 patients who gave ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccydynia

Medical management of pain is rarely found in home births, but analgesia (i.e. epidural) is prevalent in the hospitals. Touch, ... The Tibetan medical practitioners, Amchis, help direct the patient towards increased self-awareness to restore balance and ... they emphasized that it was something they had no control over, believing birth is in God's hand. As such, pregnancy and birth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth_in_Nepal

Control of ion selectivity in potassium channels by electrostatic and dynamic properties of carbonyl ligands". Nature. 431 ( ... The relation of serum potassium to erythrocyte potassium in normal subjects and patients with potassium deficiency". Am. J. Med ... http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/91/1/220.full.pdf, pagina 221 ... Pollution control in fertilizer production, By C. A. Hodge, Neculai N. Popovici, pagina 381 ...

https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasiu

"Anesthesia and Analgesia. 116 (5): 975-81. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828843e6. PMC 3744176. PMID 23449853.. ... Opinions vary as to the best way to determine transfusion efficacy in a patient in vivo.[28] In general, there are not yet any ... in Bristol headed by Lionel Whitby and in control of four large blood depots around the country. British policy through the war ... Most collection facilities as well as hospital blood banks also perform testing to determine the blood type of patients and to ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_bank

Nagata C, Fujita S, Iwata H, et al. (Mei 1995). "Systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control epidemiologic study in Japan". ... Lou JS, Jankovic J (Februari 1991). "Essential tremor: clinical correlates in 350 patients". Neurology 41 (2 (Pt 1)): 234-8. ... http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/content/full/104/3/509. *↑ 6.0 6.1 Sellman, D.; Connor, J.; Robinson, G.; Jackson, R. ( ... Results from two Scandinavian case-control studies". Ann Rheum Dis. 68 (2): 222. doi:10.1136/ard.2007.086314 . PMID 18535114 . ...

https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athari_za_muda_mrefu_za_pombe

... ] would tell the patient how to take the medicine and then would go away, after which the patient's condition would ... Later, when [Cao Cao] took personal control of the affairs of state, his sickness intensified and he had [Hua Tuo] attend him ... Lu Gwei-Djen and Joseph Needham suggest Hua Tuo may have discovered surgical analgesia by acupuncture, "quite apart from the ... As he instated the needle, he would instruct the patient, "I am going to guide the point to such-and-such a spot. When you feel ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Tuo

Studies have shown that, compared to control populations, PPS patients lack any elevation of antibodies against the poliovirus ... analgesia (pain relief) and sleep aids. ... PPS patients do not have an elevated risk of ALS.[6]. There ... A recent study showed that in a review of 539 PPS patients, 80 percent reported pain in muscles and joints and 87 percent had ... Objective assessment of muscle strength in PPS patients may not be easy. Changes in muscle strength are determined in specific ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-polio_syndrome

In patients who are at high risk of developing caries i.e. patients who have to undergo general anaesthesia for dental ... Five randomised control trials with children, on decayed primary teeth, have been carried out looking at incomplete, or no ... van Bochove, J.A. and W.E. Amerongen, The influence of restorative treatment approaches and the use of local analgesia on ... due to the ease of application and overall patient comfort as young patient don't have to undergo traumatic injections. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_Technique

Human WAY-100635 binding neuroimaging studies (patients compared to healthy control subjects). What. Result. Subjects. Ref. ... Bardin L, Colpaert FC (June 2004). "Role of spinal 5-HT(1A) receptors in morphine analgesia and tolerance in rats". European ... Panic disorder in treated and untreated patients Reducing in binding in raphe in both treated and untreated. Reduced binding in ... Paradoxically, chronic administration of the very high efficacy 5-HT1A agonist befiradol results in potent analgesia following ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAY-100635

Royal College of Anaesthetists Patient Information page. *Turning the Pages: a virtual reconstruction of Hanaoka's Surgical ... Nilsson E, Janssen PA (1961). "Neurolept-analgesia: an alternative to general anesthesia". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica ... were the significant advances in pharmacology and physiology which led to the development of general anesthesia and the control ... This demonstration, which took place on 20 January 1845, ended in failure when the patient cried out in pain in the middle of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_general_anesthesia

Patient-controlled analgesia. A patient-controlled analgesia infusion pump, configured for epidural administration of fentanyl ... Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) is a related term describing the patient-controlled administration of analgesic ... A patient-controlled analgesia infusion pump, configured for intravenous administration of morphine for postoperative analgesia ... Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA[1]) is any method of allowing a person in pain to administer their own pain relief.[2] The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient-controlled_analgesia

Definition Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a means for the patient to self-administer analgesics (pain medications) ... Patient-controlled analgesia. Definition. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a means for the patient to self-administer ... Patient-Controlled Analgesia. Definition. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a system of providing pain medication that ... Patient-controlled analgesia. Definition. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a system of providing pain medication that ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/divisions-diagnostics-and-procedures/medicine/patient-controlled-analgesia

Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) FAQs Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) means that you will have some control of your pain ... The pump has safeguards that will not give you more medicine than is percribed and is very safe as long as only the patient ... If you do the doctor can give you another medicine that will control the sick feeling or itching. Tell you nurse right away ... Clinical trial testing vitamin and steroid combination in sepsis patients underway at Emory. October 08, 2018 ...

https://www.emoryhealthcare.org/pain-management/wellness/pca-faq.html

... (PCA) is any method of allowing a person in pain to administer their ... Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA). Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) is a related term describing the ... This situation has the patient in control, and is in fact the most common patient-controlled analgesia. As pain is a ... Patients who use PCAs report better analgesia and lower pain scores than those patients who have to request analgesia from the ...

https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Patient-controlled_analgesia.html

... Revenues by 2026 - published on openPR.com ... Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Pump Market Report 2018 Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Pump Market Report 2018: ... Global Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps Market: Dynamics. The growth of the global patient-controlled analgesia pumps market ... PCA or patient-controlled analgesia pumps is a way with which analgesic can be self-administered by the patient as and when ...

https://www.openpr.com/news/1434489/patient-controlled-analgesia-pumps-market-to-reap-excessive-revenues-by-2026.html

Patient-controlled analgesia. What is patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)?. Analgesia means pain relief. Through the use of the ... Start a patient referral, request a consultation or second opinion.. Call 612-343-2121 or 1-866-755-2121 ... We depend upon the generosity of people like you to help us improve pediatric health and enhance the patient care experience. ... Studies have shown that children can be kept very comfortable when they control their own pain relief. ...

https://www.childrensmn.org/educationmaterials/childrensmn/article/15704/patient-controlled-analgesia/

Intravenous patient controlled analgesia(IV-PCA) has been widely used to control postoperative pain. The increase in stress ... Hypokalemia and Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the ... The researchers divided the patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy into two groups of IV-PCA group and control group ... patient-reported VAS score during postoperative period checking fourtimes. ; one hour after the end of surgery (T3), at 8:00 A. ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01269099

A comparison of variable-dose patient-controlled analgesia with fixed-dose patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg. 1996;83: ... Use of patient-controlled analgesia for pain control for children receiving bone marrow transplant. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1995 ... Postoperative patient-controlled analgesia: meta-analyses of initial randomized control trials. J Clin Anesth. 1993;5:182-193. ... Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) refers to the delivery of analgesics immediately upon patient demand. The most commonly ...

https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pearls-and-pitfalls-of-patientcontrolled-analgesia

... will report findings which suggest remifentanil patient controlled analgesia is not equivalent to epidural analgesia for pain, ... Patient-controlled analgesia not as effective as epidural for labor pain Study finds remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia ... titled Remifentanil patient controlled analgesia versus epidural analgesia in labor; a randomized controlled equivalence trial ... study-finds-remifentanil-patient-controlled-analgesia-not-as-effective-as-epidural-analgesia-in-managing-pain-relief-during- ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-02/sfmm-pca012914.php

Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a type of pain management that lets you decide when ... Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a type of pain management that lets you decide when ... Patient Information. Sinai Hospital Patient Information. Accommodations. Campus Map. Dining - Patient Room Menus. Dining - ... Patient Information. Accommodations. Campus Map. Dining - Patient Room Menus. Dining - Retail. Directions. FAQs. Gift Shop. ...

http://www.lifebridgehealth.org/Main/HealthLibrary.aspx?iid=134_96

... allows a patient to control their own intake of painkillers in the hospital. The health care staff will leave an in ... Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) allows a patient to control their own intake of painkillers in the hospital. The health care ... staff will leave an intravenous catheter in place after surgery, along with a device that allows the patient to press a button ...

https://www.sharecare.com/health/analgesic-pain-relief/patient-controlled-analgesia-work

Labor analgesia: Comparison of epidural patient-controlled analgesia and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia].. [Article ... In our study, patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) and patient controlled intravenous remifentanil analgesia (PCIVA) ... We set 5 ml/h basal infusion, 5 ml patient-controlled bolus and 20 min lock time. We prepared 2 mg remifentanil in 100 ml ... PCEA is the gold standard in labor analgesia. However, we believe that PCIVA is a good alternative to epidural analgesia in ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?form=4&orig_db=PubMed&term=32030699&cmd=search

Patient-controlled analgesia using butorphanol for postoperative pain relief: an open-label study.. Wermeling DP1, Foster TS, ... Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) has been studied extensively for the treatment of postoperative pain using narcotic ... The role of butorphanol in the management of postoperative pain should be expanded to include patient-controlled drug delivery. ... Twenty-five patients undergoing general abdominal surgery and general anesthesia used a PCA device with butorphanol as the ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3344598?dopt=Abstract

Research shows that patients with higher pain scores have significantly higher levels of atelectasis (failure of the lungs to ... Analgesia following any thoracic surgery is important to reduce the risk of pulmonary and cardiovascular complications. ... Research shows that patients with higher pain scores have significantly higher levels of atelectasis (failure of the lungs to ... Analgesia following any thoracic surgery is important to reduce the risk of pulmonary and cardiovascular complications. ...

https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/cardiovascular/patient-controlled-analgesia-after-coronary-artery-bypass-grafting/205146.article

... and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IVPCA) in terms of analgesic efficiency, respiratory function, and adverse ... Patients and methods: The prospective randomized trial study was carried out on 60 patients who underwent VATS lobectomy ( ... This study aimed to compare patient-controlled paravertebral analgesia (PCPA) ... This study aimed to compare patient-controlled paravertebral analgesia (PCPA) and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia ( ...

https://medworm.com/640397906/patient-controlled-paravertebral-analgesia-for-video-assisted-thoracoscopic-surgery-lobectomy/

Birnbaum A, Schechter C, Tufaro V, Touger R, Gallagher EJ, Bijur P. Efficacy of patient-controlled analgesia for patients with ... The aims of this study are to assess efficacy and safety of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) when applied to the Emergency ... Safety and Efficacy of Patient Controlled Analgesia in the Emergency Department. This study has been completed. ... Device: Patient-controlled analgesia Intravenous morphine delivered via Curlin painsmart PCA device ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00910208

Ed Gentile, has created a simple path to optimal acute pain control in the ED. I heard this lecture on the EM:RAP podcast and ... Patient Controlled Analgesia by Edward Gentile. EMCrit Podcast 26 - Patient Controlled Analgesia by Edward Gentile. May 11, ... Patient Controlled Analgesia, PCA, podcasts. Cite this post as:. Scott Weingart. EMCrit Podcast 26 - Patient Controlled ... Patient Controlled Analgesia without the Pump. by Ed Gentile, MD. Need for an effective and efficient process is self evident . ...

http://emcrit.org/emcrit/gentile-pain/

This study aimed to compare patient-controlled paravertebral analgesia (PCPA) and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia ( ... followed by a 3 mL/h continuous infusion with patient-controlled analgesia (2 mL bolus, 10-minute lockout interval, 25 mL/4 h ... lobectomy.Patients and methods: The prospective randomized trial study was carried out on 60 patients who underwent VATS ... lobectomy (randomly allocated 30 patients in each group). In the PCPA group, an initial dose of 0.3 mL/kg of 0.125% bupivacaine ...

https://www.dovepress.com/patient-controlled-paravertebral-analgesia-for-video-assisted-thoracos-peer-reviewed-article-LRA

Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) in Acute Pain: Pharmacological and Clinical Aspects , IntechOpen, Published on: 2017-05-24. ... Patient‐controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg 2005;101:S44-61.. 12 - Viscusi ER. Patient‐controlled drug delivery for acute ... Patient‐controlled Analgesia. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1990, pp. 3-9.. 17 - Ferrante FM. Patient‐controlled ... Efficacy of postoperative patient‐controlled and continuous infusion epidural analgesia versus intravenous patient‐controlled ...

https://www.intechopen.com/books/pain-relief-from-analgesics-to-alternative-therapies/patient-controlled-analgesia-pca-in-acute-pain-pharmacological-and-clinical-aspects/

Patient controlled analgesia actuator Download PDF Info. Publication number. USD405525S. USD405525S US29089263 US08926398F ... US29089263 1998-06-11 Patient controlled analgesia actuator Expired - Lifetime USD405525S (en) Publications (1). Publication ... We claim the ornamenal design for a patient controlled analgesia actuator, as shown and described. ... 1 is a perspective view of said patient controlled analgesia actuator displaying our design; ...

https://patents.google.com/patent/USD405525

Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) equipment and opioid cost analyses on specific procedures are lacking. This ... patient-controlled analgesia, intravenous, total knee arthroplasty, total hip arthroplasty, abdominal surgery, cost ... Aggregated mean intravenous PCA equipment and opioid cost per patient were $196 (THA), $204 (TKA), and $243 (abdominal surgery ... Of 11,805,513 patients, 272,443 (2.3%), 139,275 (1.2%), and 195,062 (1.7%) had TKA, THA, and abdominal surgery, respectively, ...

https://www.dovepress.com/cost-of-opioid-intravenous-patient-controlled-analgesia-results-from-a-a17280

... during epidural anesthesia were randomly assigned to receive one of three opioid analgesics via patient-controlled analgesia ( ... Seventy-five patients (n = 75) undergoing elective cesarean delivery ... A comparison of morphine, meperidine, and oxymorphone as utilized in patient-controlled analgesia following cesarean delivery ... during epidural anesthesia were randomly assigned to receive one of three opioid analgesics via patient-controlled analgesia ( ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2467588/?dopt=Abstract

Clinicians have started to recognize the importance of capnography monitoring for patients on PCA pumps for pain management ... Patient-controlled analgesia by proxy. December 20, 2004.. *The Joint Commission, Sentinel Event Alert, Issue 33: Patient- ... for patients on patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pumps for pain management post-operatively. ... Maddox RR, Williams CK, Oglesby H, Butler B, Colclasure B. Clinical experience with patient-controlled analgesia using ...

https://www.nonin.com/incorporating-capnography-monitoring-in-patient-controlled-analgesia-pca-post-operative-care/

Insights on Global Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps MarketFuture Market Insights recently published a fully researched ... Insights on Global Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps Market. Future Market Insights recently published a fully researched ... Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps Market 2021 Revenue, Opportunity, Forecast and Value Chain 2026 ... The comprehensive research report on global patient-controlled analgesia pumps market focuses on trends, opportunities, ...

https://www.pharmiweb.com/press-release/2021-01-21/patient-controlled-analgesia-pumps-market-2021-revenue-opportunity-forecast-and-value-chain-2026

BackgroundAdministering nurse/patient controlled analgesia (N/PCA) to children requires complex dose calculations and multiple ... Sources and magnitude of error in preparing morphine infusions for nurse-patient controlled analgesia in a UK paediatric ... Current practice of preparing morphine infusions for nurse/patient controlled analgesia in a UK paediatric hospital: healthcare ... Background Administering nurse/patient controlled analgesia (N/PCA) to children requires complex dose calculations and multiple ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11096-016-0369-3

i] Patient-controlled epidural analgesia versus continuous infusion for labour analgesia: a meta-analysis.. van der Vyver M et ... This technique is similar to IV patient controlled analgesia, the difference being that the mother self-administers small ... optimal analgesia with minimal side-effects, high patient satisfaction and a reduced demand on professional time. PCEA has ... If analgesia is inadequate, the bolus dose and lockout interval can be adjusted, and/or extra local anaesthetic can be given. ...

http://www.anaesthesiauk.com/article.aspx?articleid=100130

... researchers will report findings which suggest remifentanil patient controlled analgesia ... ... titled Remifentanil patient controlled analgesia versus epidural analgesia in labor; a randomized controlled equivalence trial ... "Recent studies suggest that remifentanil patient controlled analgesia (RPCA) is equivalent to epidural analgesia (EA) with ... Patient-controlled analgesia not as effective as epidural for labor pain. February 3, 2014 In a study to be presented on Feb. 7 ...

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-02-patient-controlled-analgesia-effective-epidural-labor.html

Postoperative Recovery in Patients Receiving Patient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia (PCEA) Compared to Patient-Controlled ... Postoperative Recovery in Patients Receiving Patient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia (PCEA) Compared to Patient-Controlled ... patient controlled analgesia (control group) or general anesthesia with intraoperative. thoracic epidural anesthesia and ... compared to postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) on postoperative. recovery parameters, such as time to ...

http://www.knowcancer.com/cancer-trials/NCT00136682/

TI - Institutional survey of nurse anesthesia practice in patients receiving opioids via patient-controlled analgesia ... practice experience and educational needs in the preoperative evaluation of patients using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) ... Results of the study indicated that 79% of CRNAs reported experience in administration of anesthesia to one or more patients ... The respondents reported use of a variety of methods in handling opioid and infusion devices for patients using PCA ...

http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/asap/painmed/pm12.htm

An example of how a nurse might program the pump might be for a patient who has a prescription for a maximum of 11 mg of morphine an hour. (encyclopedia.com)
As morphine can slow breathing in young patients, the blood oxygen levels of children must be closely monitored. (encyclopedia.com)
0.1 mg/kg morphine loading dose followed by additional analgesia supplemented as needed at the discretion of the treating physician, using usual procedures for monitoring and treating pain. (clinicaltrials.gov)
All patients will receive a loading dose of 0.1 mg/kg morphine. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Morphine was isolated by a German pharmacist Friedrich Wilhem Sertürner in 1806 and, after that, opioids have become widely used in clinical practice for pain control. (intechopen.com)
In 1963, Roe demonstrated that administration of small doses of intravenous morphine allowed a better pain control compared to intramuscular injections [ 9 ]. (intechopen.com)
Following administration of an analgesic loading dose, patients were allowed to self-administer morphine 1.8 mg, meperidine 18 mg, or oxymorphone 0.3 mg iv every 8 min as required. (nih.gov)
Whereas morphine is a more commonly utilized PCA analgesic, the excellent analgesia, low incidence of sedation, and high patient satisfaction provided by meperidine and oxymorphone suggested useful alternatives. (nih.gov)
Background Administering nurse/patient controlled analgesia (N/PCA) to children requires complex dose calculations and multiple manipulations to prepare morphine solutions in 50 mL syringes for administration by continuous infusion with additional boluses. (springer.com)
Results Preparation of 153 morphine infusions for 128 paediatric patients was observed. (springer.com)
Lack of appreciation of the volume overage in ampoules, volumetric accuracy of different syringe sizes and ability to perform large dilutions of small volumes were sources of inaccuracy in infusion concentration, resulting in patients receiving morphine doses higher or lower than prescribed. (springer.com)
Aguado-Lorenzo V, Weeks K, Tunstell P, Turnock K, Watts T, Arenas-Lopez S. Accuracy of the concentration of morphine infusions prepared for patients in a neonatal intensive care unit. (springer.com)
The aim of this study was to evaluate pain relief for patients with burns during rest and mobilization with morphine according to a standard protocol for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). (diva-portal.org)
Patients were allowed free access to morphine with a PCA pump device. (diva-portal.org)
The use of pre-prepared morphine standardized concentration infusions for paediatric nurse/patient-controlled analgesia (N/PCA) has not been previously investigated. (ivteam.com)
To compare the efficacy of combination morphine plus cyclizine patient controlled analgesia (PCA) versus morphine alone in PCA in patients undergoing major gynaecological surgery following a single prophylactic intravenous dose of cyclizine in theatre. (isrctn.com)
Compare the efficacy of combination morphine plus cyclizine patient controlled analgesia (PCA) versus morphine alone in PCA in patients undergoing major gynaecological surgery following a single prophylactic intravenous dose of cyclizine in theatre. (isrctn.com)
Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) allows your child to safely self-deliver strong pain relieving medicine, such as morphine (an opioid), via a special machine attached to an intravenous line (IV). (nsw.gov.au)
The authors studied the efficacy of sufentanil patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) for postoperative analgesia after cesarean delivery and compared these results to a morphine intravenous-patient-controlled-analgesia (IV-PCA) regimen. (elsevier.com)
Fifty patients were randomized into two groups to receive sufentanil PCEA or morphine IV-PCA after cesarean delivery under epidural anesthesia. (elsevier.com)
Although sufentanil PCEA provided satisfactory sustained postoperative analgesia, sufentanil PCEA appears to offer no clear advantage over morphine IV-PCA beyond the effects of the initial physician-administered loading dose. (elsevier.com)
training in anaesthesia, I am a big fan of the pump that cares, both in terms of it providing better analgesia (common sense, that one) and reducing the time that I need to stand by the bedside of the patient squeezing in morphine. (stemlynsblog.org)
The authors randomised 211 unselected patients with abdominal pain to 2 different dose schedules of morphine PCA (1mg and 1.5 mg per press) after an initial PCA delivered bolus of 0.1mg/kg morphine versus what most of us would recognise as fairly conventional care - an initial opiate bolus as above, followed by "physician-managed analgesic supplementation as needed. (stemlynsblog.org)
Now, as much as I'd love to be there squeezing in morphine as and when you need it, we are all aware that staffing levels aren't optimal in most EDs and we rely a lot on our excellent emergency nurses to be proactive, as well as ancillary analgesia such as IV paracetamol and NSAIDs. (stemlynsblog.org)
Study objective: We assess the effectiveness of patient-controlled analgesia in the emergency department (ED). We hypothesized that decline in pain intensity from 30 to 120 minutes after initial intravenous opioid administration is greater in patients receiving morphine by patient-controlled analgesia compared with usual care and would differ by a clinically significant amount. (elsevier.com)
Problem: After a 72-year-old woman underwent cancer surgery, her surgeon prescribed patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with a 2-mg morphine loading dose and 1 mg every 10 minutes as needed, for a maximum of 6 mg/hour. (anesthesiaprogress.com)
This patient was at risk for morphine toxicity because she was obtunded and obese and had compromised lung capacity as a result of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (anesthesiaprogress.com)
Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on morphine side effects in patient-controlled analgesia is a topic covered in the Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines . (unboundmedicine.com)
Evidence Central , evidence.unboundmedicine.com/evidence/view/EBMG/450835/all/Effects_of_nonsteroidal_anti_inflammatory_drugs__NSAIDs__on_morphine_side_effects_in_patient_controlled_analgesia. (unboundmedicine.com)
A PCA is basically morphine that is electronically controlled via an infusion pump intravenously. (myimpermanentlife.com)
Is the combination of morphine with ketamine better than morphine alone for postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia? (qxmd.com)
The addition of ketamine to morphine for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is supported by previous basic and clinical research, but has been challenged by subsequent negative studies. (qxmd.com)
Important limitations of previous studies are the low number of patients analyzed, the use of morphine-ketamine combinations that may not the optimal, and that not all the relevant outcomes have been analyzed. (qxmd.com)
In this study, we compared the combination of morphine and ketamine with morphine alone for postoperative PCA in large patient groups. (qxmd.com)
After major elective orthopedic surgery, 352 patients received either PCA with morphine bolus 1.5 mg (Group M, n = 176) or a bolus of morphine plus ketamine 1.5 mg each (Group MK, n = 176) in a randomized, double-blind fashion. (qxmd.com)
Small-dose ketamine combined with morphine for PCA provides no benefit to patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery and cannot be recommended for routine use. (qxmd.com)
Effects of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with buprenorphine and morphine alone and in combination during the first 12 postoperative hours: a randomized, double-blind, four-arm trial in adults undergoing abdominal surgery. (qxmd.com)
Subanaesthetic ketamine spares postoperative morphine and controls pain better than standard morphine does alone in orthopaedic-oncological patients. (qxmd.com)
Postoperative ketamine administration decreases morphine consumption in major abdominal surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study. (qxmd.com)
Bilal H, Nzeakor N, Morcos K, Ngaage DL (2013) Prospective Study of Intrathecal Morphine versus Patient Controlled Analgesia in Cardiac Patients. (scitechnol.com)
Conclusions: Although both morphine-contained PCA and PNB with Marcaine resulted in effective pain control following anorectal surgery, it is likely that local anaesthesia with Marcaine is accompanied by fewer side effects and more satisfaction. (traumamon.com)
Pat Iyer , MSN, RN, LNCC (President, avoidmedicalerrors.com), "a misunderstanding on the part of nurses that if a PCA pump is ordered and the patient can receive, for example, half of a milligram of Morphine every hour that the patient cannot develop respiratory depression if the order is followed and the pump is setup correctly. (wordpress.com)
However, the addition of a constant rate background infusion of morphine neither improved the effectiveness of analgesia by PCA nor reduced the number of demands ( [4] , [5] ) Studies with other opioids confirm this general principle, even when using short acting opioids. (paincommunitycentre.org)

Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) is a related term describing the patient-controlled administration of analgesic medicine in the epidural space , by way of intermittent boluses or infusion pumps. (wikipedia.org)
In our study, patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) and patient controlled intravenous remifentanil analgesia (PCIVA) were compared for VAS, and also their side effects on mother and newborn. (nih.gov)
In this study, 37 pregnant women with a single fetus, who had labor analgesia, were divided into groups of PCIVA (Group 2) and PCEA (Group 1). (nih.gov)
PCEA is the gold standard in labor analgesia. (nih.gov)
PCEA is a useful and safe alternative for labour analgesia, provided that bolus doses of dilute local anaesthetic are small, that the lockout period and hourly maximum dose are appropriate and that the mother is regularly assessed by the labour ward anaesthetist. (anaesthesiauk.com)
The objective of this study is pain at rest and coughing in addition to determine the effect of intraoperative and postoperative thoracic patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) compared to postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) on postoperative recovery parameters, such as time to potential discharge and resumption of intestinal function after major open gynecologic surgery. (knowcancer.com)
In this retrospective study, data of 2,435 patients who received fentanyl and ropivacaine-based patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) for pain relief after elective surgery under general or spinal anesthesia were reviewed. (altmetric.com)
In conclusion, PCEA was more frequently associated with numbness, motor weakness, and discontinuation of PCA in younger patients and with hypotension, nausea/vomiting, and a greater need for rescue analgesics/antiemetics among elderly patients. (altmetric.com)
Therefore, in order to minimize the adverse effects of PCEA and enhance pain relief, different PCEA regimens and administration/prevention strategies should be considered for young and elderly patients. (altmetric.com)
The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether analgesia provided by Patient Controlled Epidural Analgesia (PCEA) is more effective than Continuous Epidural Infusion Analgesia (CEIA) in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. (isrctn.com)
This knowledge would allow acute pain services to plan either to provide PCEA as a routine service, or to confine their services to continuous infusion epidural analgesia. (isrctn.com)
For those in the PCEA arm, the pump will be programmed to deliver a continual dose of 8 ml/hour and a bolus dose of 3 ml on activation of the patient demand button, with a lockout interval of 20 min. (isrctn.com)
Objectives To increase patient safety by focusing on most vulnerable steps in the process flow implimented for PCEA, thereby applying proper corrective measures so as to avoid near misses,critical incidents and sentinel events. (ispub.com)
Methods We applied Pareto principle of "useful many but vital few" [ 80:20] to the process of PCEA for vaginal births right from patients admission till discharge. (ispub.com)
PURPOSE: To assure the safe and effective use of patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) for the epidural administration of opioids and local anesthetics. (ispub.com)
POLICY: PCEA will be used for the treatment of patients in moderate to severe pain during labour. (ispub.com)
A patient must be able to physically push the PCA button, no nurse, family member, or healthcare provider is authorized to push the patient's button (no PCEA by proxy) at any time. (ispub.com)
Anaesthesiologist as a PCEA provider will approve initiation of PECA and order PCEA using the electronic infuser set.Only provider can amend the PCEA settings if necessary depending on pain score and patient satisfaction. (ispub.com)
Nursing will instruct each patient selected for PCEA on the correct method of use, how pain will be assessed, and monitoring expectations. (ispub.com)
Although the analgesia provided is similar, PCEA reduces the incidence of unscheduled clinician interventions and the total dose of local anesthetic. (ispub.com)
In randomized controlled studies there is an evidence that the PCEA method tends to improve the quality of pain relief and increase the patient satisfaction. (org.ua)

In a hospital setting, a PCA refers to an electronically controlled infusion pump that delivers an amount of intravenous analgesic when the patient presses a button. (wikipedia.org)
PCA has passed into medical jargon to mean the electronically controlled infusion pump that delivers a prescribed amount of intravenous or epidural analgesic to the patient when he or she activates a button. (bionity.com)
When the patient sleeps, the analgesic wears off so they wake in pain. (bionity.com)
PCA or patient-controlled analgesia pumps is a way with which analgesic can be self-administered by the patient as and when needed. (openpr.com)
A rational framework for the selection of patients, analgesic agents, starting doses, and subsequent dose adjustments is essential for reducing risk and optimizing pain management with PCA. (uspharmacist.com)
Autonomy through patient self-determination of the timing of analgesic administration is perhaps the fundamental advantage of PCA. (uspharmacist.com)
Twenty-five patients undergoing general abdominal surgery and general anesthesia used a PCA device with butorphanol as the analgesic agent. (nih.gov)
This study aimed to compare patient-controlled paravertebral analgesia (PCPA) and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IVPCA) in terms of analgesic efficiency, respiratory function, and adverse effects after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy. (medworm.com)
Patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) is an effective strategy for postoperative analgesia, since it may provide suitable analgesic dose just after system activation, with reduced periods of pain and an increase in patients' satisfaction. (intechopen.com)
Due to complex logistic to meet the requests of many patients, which would require numerous nursing staff, Sechzer and other doctors began to develop equipment prototypes for analgesic administration with reduced costs. (intechopen.com)
No patients received rescue analgesic. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Patients in the dIV-PCA and E-PCA groups needed significantly fewer additional analgesic rescues between 6 and 24 hours after surgery, and had a significantly lower number of bolus attempts and bolus deliveries during the first 24 hours after surgery than those in the IV-PCA group. (medsci.org)
Patients in group B asked for assistance from the ward nurses with the PCA fewer times than those in group A, and the ward nurses were more satisfied with the analgesic protocol in group B. (springer.com)
Enhanced preoperative education for CFNB with PCA can provide patients with a better grasp of postoperative pain management, improve the postoperative analgesic effect after TKA, and reduce the PCA-related workload for ward nurses. (springer.com)
We used decision tree-based learning algorithms to predict analgesic consumption and PCA control readjustment based on the first few hours of PCA medications. (biomedcentral.com)
With the same objective, this study applies learning algorithms to predict (1) the postoperative analgesic requirement and (2) the need for PCA setting readjustment (e.g., lockout) based on patient physical states and the first few hours of PCA treatment data. (biomedcentral.com)
Our goal was to compare the hemodynamic and analgesic effects of patient-controlled thoracic or lumbar epidural analgesia methods in a prospective randomized study design after thoracotomy operations. (biomedcentral.com)
The early and delayed analgesic effects of ketamine after total hip arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. (qxmd.com)
No significant differences were observed in patient satisfaction according to the analgesic used during the 48 hours postoperative period. (bvsalud.org)
It is assumed that patients' will demand doses of analgesic until pain has been relieved, but the size of the demand dose influences the patient's perception of how effective the treatment has been. (paincommunitycentre.org)
Build up of norpethidine is a major complication when pethidine is used in medicine as an analgesic, as when pethidine is used in high doses or administered by intravenous infusion, norpethidine can accumulate in the body at a faster rate than it is being excreted, particularly in elderly patients or those with compromised liver or kidney function, resulting in a range of toxic effects, mainly convulsions, but also myoclonus and hyponatremia. (wikipedia.org)

Significant interpatient variability and patients' safety concerns about opioids can make the selection of safe, effective doses challenging for clinicians. (uspharmacist.com)
Sechzer, in 1968, was the first to evaluate the quality of analgesia after administration of small doses of opioids per patient request, performing the first patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA). (intechopen.com)
Ketamine solution is regularly used along with opioids to treat patient suffering from refractory cancer pain. (rroij.com)
PCA provides autonomy to the patient, to reach stable analgesia and rapid response to pain peaks, and adjust administered doses to patients opioids needs. (rroij.com)
Are Patients Receiving Opioids Safer Today Than 6 Years Ago? (ppahs.org)
Her story continues to remind us of the need for continuous electronic monitoring for all patients receiving opioids. (ppahs.org)
the use of opioids delivered as intravenous infusion, intravenous patient-controlled analgesia, epidural infusion, epidural patient-controlled analgesia, single intrathecal bolus, and intermittent subcutaneous boluses. (scitechnol.com)
Only opioids could be used for labor analgesia in these situations, as they do not decrease systemic vascular resistance. (medscape.com)

The global patient-controlled analgesia pumps market is projected to grow at a high CAGR during the period of forecast and is estimated to reflect a valuation of above US$ 500 Mn by the end of the year of forecast. (openpr.com)
On the contrary, lack of skilled manpower and lack of standard usage guidelines and vast product recalls are hampering the growth of the global patient-controlled analgesia pumps market. (openpr.com)
The global patient-controlled analgesia pumps market has been segmented by product type, by end user, by application and by region. (openpr.com)
The research report has also profiled various leading players in the global patient-controlled analgesia pumps market. (openpr.com)
The comprehensive research report on global patient-controlled analgesia pumps market focuses on trends, opportunities, challenges, restraints and growth drivers which have a one of a kind impact on the growth of the global market. (pharmiweb.com)
All the players running in the global Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps market are elaborated thoroughly in the Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps market report on the basis of proprietary technologies, distribution channels, industrial penetration, manufacturing processes, and revenue. (oxonacf.org.uk)
The research report on global patient-controlled analgesia pumps market covers analysis on key companies such as Smiths Group plc. (oxonacf.org.uk)
Examine the Y-o-Y growth of the global Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps market. (oxonacf.org.uk)
Recognize different tactics leveraged by players of the global Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps market. (oxonacf.org.uk)

In the PCPA group, an initial dose of 0.3 mL/kg of 0.125% bupivacaine with fentanyl 2 µg/mL was administered, followed by a 3 mL/h continuous infusion with patient-controlled analgesia (2 mL bolus, 10-minute lockout interval, 25 mL/4 h limit). (medworm.com)
Patients then begin an epidural infusion of ropivacaine hydrochloride and fentanyl immediately after surgery (postoperative day 0). (knowcancer.com)
Arm II: Patients undergo daily weaning of the fentanyl concentration of the epidural infusion. (knowcancer.com)
One hundred seventy-one patients who planned open gastrectomy were randomly distributed into one of the 3 groups: conventional thoracic E-PCA (E-PCA group, n = 57), dexmedetomidine in combination with fentanyl-based IV-PCA (dIV-PCA group, n = 57), or fentanyl-based IV-PCA only (IV-PCA group, n = 57). (medsci.org)
Dexmedetomidine in combination with fentanyl-based IV-PCA significantly improved postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing open gastrectomy without hemodynamic instability, which was comparable to thoracic E-PCA. (medsci.org)
This randomized trial evaluated the effect of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) based on fentanyl mixed with either propacetamol or an equivalent volume of normal saline on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in highly susceptible patients undergoing spinal surgery. (ovid.com)
One hundred eight nonsmoking female patients were randomly and evenly allocated to receive IV-PCA with either propacetamol (4 g) or normal saline mixed to fentanyl (20 μg/kg). (ovid.com)
In patients undergoing spinal surgery and at risk of developing PONV, continuous IV-PCA based on propacetamol mixed to fentanyl, relative to fentanyl alone, effectively reduced the incidence of PONV, pain intensity at rest, and additional use of rescue analgesics with higher patient satisfaction. (ovid.com)
Upon multivariate analysis, low fentanyl dosage and history of smoking were found to be associated with an increased need for rescue analgesia among younger patients, while physical status classification III/IV and thoracic surgery were associated with a decreased need for rescue analgesia among the elderly. (altmetric.com)
To compare the efficacy and safety of patient controlled epidural analgesia with basal continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus for labor analgesia using fentanyl and bupivacaine. (springermedizin.de)
Intermittent vs continuous administration of epidural ropivacaine with fentanyl for analgesia during labor. (springermedizin.de)
Finegold H, Mandell G, Ramanathan S. Comparison of ropivacaine.1%-fentanyl and bupivacaine.125%-fentanyl infusion for epidural labor analgesia. (springermedizin.de)
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and side effects of oxycodone and fentanyl used for treating postoperative pain with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. (bvsalud.org)
A total of 122 patients were randomized to receive postoperative pain treatment with either oxycodone (n=62, group O) or fentanyl (n=60, group F). Patients received 7.5 mg oxycodone and 150 mcg fentanyl with ketorolac 30 mg at the end of anesthesia, and then continued with IV-PCA (conversion dose ratio, 501) for 48 hours postoperatively. (bvsalud.org)
Purpose Because the safety of intravenous fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia (iv-PCA) administered during labor remains unclear, we retrospectively examined the labor records from January 2005 to December 2007 in our institution, with a focus on both maternal and neonatal outcomes, as compared to no analgesia. (elsevier.com)
Methods Parturients over 35 weeks of gestational age who received fentanyl iv-PCA (iv-PCA group) or no analgesia (control group) during labor were enrolled. (elsevier.com)
Results The data of 129 of the 143 parturients who received fentanyl iv-PCA were analyzed, while 697 parturients delivered without any analgesia during the 3-year study period. (elsevier.com)
Conclusions As compared to no analgesia, fentanyl iv-PCA appears to be safe and clinically acceptable as analgesia during labor, particularly in nulliparous women. (elsevier.com)

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a means for the patient to self-administer analgesics (pain medications) intravenously by using a computerized pump, which introduces specific doses into an intravenous line. (encyclopedia.com)
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) refers to the delivery of analgesics immediately upon patient demand. (uspharmacist.com)
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) has been studied extensively for the treatment of postoperative pain using narcotic analgesics. (nih.gov)
All patients can receive additional analgesics as needed, at the discretion of the provider. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Seventy-five patients (n = 75) undergoing elective cesarean delivery during epidural anesthesia were randomly assigned to receive one of three opioid analgesics via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) when they first complained of pain in the recovery room. (nih.gov)
Using a numeric rating scale (NRS, 0 = no pain and 10 = unbearable pain), patients were asked to estimate their acceptable and worst experienced pain by specifying a number on a scale and at what point they would like additional analgesics. (diva-portal.org)
The primary outcome was the postoperative pain intensity (numerical rating scale) at 3 hours after surgery, and the secondary outcomes were the number of bolus deliveries and bolus attempts, and the number of patients who required additional rescue analgesics. (medsci.org)
Secondary outcomes were nausea severity, pain intensity (100-mm visual analog scale), use of rescue antiemetics and analgesics, patient satisfaction, and adverse events at 6, 12, and 24 hours postsurgery. (ovid.com)
Differences in postoperative pain, incidence of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)-related adverse effects, and risk factors for the need for rescue analgesics for 48 hours postsurgery in young (age 20-39 years) and elderly (age ≥70 years) patients were evaluated. (altmetric.com)

ABSTRACT: The management of surgical and nonsurgical pain in the hospital setting frequently involves the use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) that is delivered by a programmable infusion pump. (uspharmacist.com)
abstract = "This feature presents information for patients in a question and answer format. (elsevier.com)

Patient-controlled analgesia ( PCA [1] ) is any method of allowing a person in pain to administer their own pain relief . (wikipedia.org)
As pain is a combination of tissue damage and emotional state, being in control means reducing the emotional component of pain. (wikipedia.org)
[4] PCA can be used for both acute and chronic pain patients. (wikipedia.org)
It is commonly used for post-operative pain management, and for end-stage cancer patients. (wikipedia.org)
This can be used by women in labour, terminally ill cancer patients or to manage post-operative pain. (wikipedia.org)
The purpose of PCA is improved pain control. (encyclopedia.com)
The patient receives immediate delivery of pain medication without the need for a nurse to administer it. (encyclopedia.com)
It has proven safe and successful in such children in the control of postoperative pain, sickle-cell pain, and pain associated with bone-marrow transplantation. (encyclopedia.com)
Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) means that you will have some control of your pain medicine. (emoryhealthcare.org)
Advantages of patient-controlled analgesia include self-delivery of pain medication, faster alleviation of pain because the patient can address pain with medication, and dosage monitoring by medical staff (dosage can be increased or decreased depending on need). (wikipedia.org)
With a PCA the patient spends less time in pain and as a corollary to this, patients tend to use less medication than in cases in which medication is given according to a set schedule or on a timer. (wikipedia.org)
Disadvantages include the possibility that a patient will use the pain medication non-medically, self-administering the narcotic for its euphoric properties even though the patient's pain is sufficiently controlled. (wikipedia.org)
It saves time between when the patient feels pain and/or the need to receive analgesia and when it is administered (activation automatically pumps the dose into a pre- existing IV line into the patient). (bionity.com)
Patients who use PCAs report better analgesia and lower pain scores than those patients who have to request analgesia from the nursing staff when they are in pain. (bionity.com)
PCA provides a measurement of how much pain an individual patient is experiencing from one day to the next. (bionity.com)
It allows complete control on the pain treatment. (openpr.com)
Therefore, if the postoperative pain is well controlled by the IV-PCA,the plasma potassium level during the postoperative period may be not affected by stress response. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Intravenous patient controlled analgesia(IV-PCA) has been widely used to control postoperative pain. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Therefore, if the postoperative pain is well controlled by the IV-PCA, the plasma potassium level during the postoperative period may be not affected by stress response, and the incidence of hypokalemia may be reduced. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The concept of PCA centers on giving patients control over their own pain management. (uspharmacist.com)
1,4 Although the evidence base for PCA warrants critical evaluation, it is important to balance this with the subjective, individual nature of pain and the complexities of real-world pain management that may not be captured in controlled trials. (uspharmacist.com)
Patients with acute pain from other causes, such as sickle cell disease and cancer, may also benefit from on-demand analgesia. (uspharmacist.com)
Although conservative dosing in patients with confusion may prevent a safety event, it is also likely that the pain will not be controlled. (uspharmacist.com)
CST, at the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine's annual meeting, The Pregnancy Meeting™, in New Orleans, researchers will report findings which suggest remifentanil patient controlled analgesia is not equivalent to epidural analgesia for pain, pain appreciation scores, and overall satisfaction in women who request for pain relief during labor. (eurekalert.org)
Remifentanil patient controlled analgesia (RPCA) is a short-acting pain reliever, an opiate, similar to pethidine. (eurekalert.org)
It relieves pain rapidly, but also wears off very quickly, which makes it very suitable for administration through patient controlled analgesia. (eurekalert.org)
Recent studies suggest that remifentanil patient controlled analgesia (RPCA) is equivalent to epidural analgesia (EA) with respect to pain appreciation (satisfaction with pain relief). (eurekalert.org)
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a type of pain management that lets you decide when you will get a dose of pain medicine. (lifebridgehealth.org)
A low dose of pain medicine may also be injected continuously to establish a base level of pain control. (lifebridgehealth.org)
Patient-controlled analgesia using butorphanol for postoperative pain relief: an open-label study. (nih.gov)
Most patients (84%) were able to obtain excellent postoperative pain relief. (nih.gov)
The role of butorphanol in the management of postoperative pain should be expanded to include patient-controlled drug delivery. (nih.gov)
On average, we kind of stink at pain control in the ED. One physician, Dr. Ed Gentile, has created a simple path to optimal acute pain control in the ED. I heard this lecture on the EM:RAP podcast and got permission from Drs. Gentile and Herbert to repost it here. (emcrit.org)
This is not a critical care topic per se, but it is applicable to the critically ill, the non-critically ill-basically any patient who is in pain in the ED. (emcrit.org)
7 minutes later the patient is asked, "Would you like more pain medicine? (emcrit.org)
According to Dr. Gentile, "We don't want to use the minimum, but the optimum pain dose for all patients. (emcrit.org)
Efficacy of an Acute Pain Titration Protocol Driven by Patient Response to a Simple Query: Do You Want More Pain Medication? (emcrit.org)
173 of the EMSEduCast on Pain Management our guest, Peter Canning, suggested this must listen podcast on Patient Controlled Analgesia. (emcrit.org)
Moreover, the lack of adequate pain control in acute situations can lead to chronic pain, with deleterious effects for the patient and health‐related quality of life [ 7 ]. (intechopen.com)
Data collected during the 24-h observation period included visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at rest and during movement, VAS patient satisfaction scores, total drug administered, the ratio of attempts/injections, and the incidence of nausea/vomiting, sedation, and pruritus. (nih.gov)
The percentage of patients reporting severe pain during movement was highest in the meperidine group (P less than 0.05). (nih.gov)
Patient satisfaction with drug effect demonstrated significant negative correlations with resting pain scores and degree of sedation. (nih.gov)
However, clinicians have only recently started to recognize the importance of using a capnograph - rather than a pulse oximeter - for patients on patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pumps for pain management post-operatively. (nonin.com)
1,2 The Joint Commission, in an effort to reduce risks associated with PCA use, recognized this distinction as early as 2004 when it released a Sentinel Event Alert recommending ventilation monitoring for patients receiving opiates for pain. (nonin.com)
These include patient autonomy in determining level of pain relief, more easily titrated sensory level with minimisation of drug dose, optimal analgesia with minimal side-effects, high patient satisfaction and a reduced demand on professional time. (anaesthesiauk.com)
HealthDay)-Dual continuous epidural analgesia (CEA) is the most effective pain control method following surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, according to a study published in the Sept. 1 issue of Spine. (medicalxpress.com)
Surgical patients who demonstrated heightened pain sensitivity, or hyperalgesia, induced by high doses of a synthetic opioid had their symptoms alleviated by co-treatment with dexmedetomidine, according to new research. (medicalxpress.com)
AB - This preliminary study determined certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) practice experience and educational needs in the preoperative evaluation of patients using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for chronic and cancer pain management. (druglibrary.org)
Survey items related to CRNA experience with management of patients using PCA preoperatively, PCA modes of opioid delivery, and use of adjuvant medication for chronic and cancer pain patients. (druglibrary.org)
Fourteen percent reported leaving the PCA device connected to the patient for use perioperatively or for continued pain management postoperatively. (druglibrary.org)
Background pain can be controlled adequately with a standard PCA protocol. (diva-portal.org)
Original Publication: Andreas Nilsson, Sigga Kalman, Anders Arvidsson and Folke Sjöberg, Difficulties in Controlling Mobilization Pain Using a Standardized Patient-Controlled Analgesia Protocol in Burns, 2011, JOURNAL OF BURN CARE and RESEARCH, (32), 1, 166-171. (diva-portal.org)
It is not clear whether DEX used alone for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) could reduce postoperative pain after an invasive procedure. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
We hypothesized that DEX alone would reduce postoperative pain in women patients undergoing an elective gynecological laparoscopic procedure. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
The secondary outcomes included the Ramsay sedation score, the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), satisfaction with pain control, and time to recovery of gastrointestinal function. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
DEX alone is effective for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after gynecological laparoscopic surgery without a change in sedation and with fewer side effects, and this effect was associated with better satisfaction with postoperative pain control and earlier recovery of gastrointestinal function. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
however, high quality pain control after laparoscopy is still a challenge. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
4 Although multimodal analgesia strategies have been recognized as a potential method to improve postoperative pain management, 5 unfortunately, inadequate pain control is still reported. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
High thoracic epidural analgesia may reduce postoperative pain and improve the pulmonary function. (koreamed.org)
Determine whether the gradual weaning of an epidural opioid can shorten the duration of postoperative ileus, without worsening pain control, in patients who have undergone surgery for gynecologic cancer. (knowcancer.com)
Compare postoperative pain management in patients treated with perioperative epidural analgesia vs patient controlled analgesia. (knowcancer.com)
Compare time to ambulation, return of bowel function, and readiness for hospital discharge in patients treated with these pain management interventions. (knowcancer.com)
Patients choose between epidural analgesia or patient controlled analgesia (PCA) for perioperative pain management. (knowcancer.com)
The day after surgery (postoperative day 1), patients are randomized (as long as there is adequate pain control) to 1 of 2 epidural management arms. (knowcancer.com)
Arm I: Patients continue to receive the epidural infusion until they can be weaned to oral pain medication. (knowcancer.com)
Patients receive a demand schedule of hydromorphone IV until they can be weaned to oral pain medication. (knowcancer.com)
In both groups, the Gynecologic Oncology pain service may make adjustments to the epidural infusion or PCA for optimal pain management until the patient can be weaned to oral pain medication. (knowcancer.com)
The present study evaluated the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) added to sufentanil in intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) on the relief of pain and inflammatory responses during postoperative recovery of patients undergoing a combined thoracoscopic-laparoscopic esophagectomy (TLE). (portlandpress.com)
In the Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Ready [16] and Moote [17] debated whether regular intramuscular dosing and rescue analgesia can provide pain relief equal to PCA. (asahq.org)
Other authors [14,18] argue that PCA is not necessary or realistic for most patients and that prophylactic intramuscular dosing coupled with regular pain measurement and dose adjustments according to individual needs can provide equality effective analgesia. (asahq.org)
Conventionally, pain after open gastrectomy has been controlled with thoracic epidural patient-controlled analgesia (E-PCA) or intravenous PCA (IV-PCA) [ 1 , 4 ]. (medsci.org)
Thoracic E-PCA has an excellent effect in controlling postoperative pain, when properly positioned [ 1 , 5 - 7 ]. (medsci.org)
Although there were no significant differences in postoperative pain intensity between the two groups until 6 hours postsurgery, younger patients experienced greater postoperative pain intensity compared with older patients 6-48 hours postsurgery. (altmetric.com)
Patients in group B and their families received a nurse-led preoperative visit the day before surgery focusing on PCA educational pamphlets for postoperative pain management. (springer.com)
While the number of patients undergoing TKA is increasing annually with the aging global population, the management of postoperative pain has attracted much recent attention. (springer.com)
BACKGROUND: Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is one of the most popular and effective methods for managing postoperative pain. (ivteam.com)
Nurse Controlled Analgesia (NCA) allows the nurse to give the pain relieving medication to infants, children, or young people who are unable to manage this safely by themselves. (nsw.gov.au)
Children who have their pain controlled well, tend to make a faster recovery. (nsw.gov.au)
If your child is asleep, it usually means that their pain is well controlled. (nsw.gov.au)
If the machine is set up as Nurse Controlled Analgesia only the nurse can press the button to deliver the pain relieving medicine because the nurse must first make an assessment of your child's levels of consciousness and pain to be sure it is safe and effective. (nsw.gov.au)
Visual-analog-scale pain scores (0-100 mm: 0 mm = no pain, 100 mm = worst pain), sedation, side effects, recovery times, and patient satisfaction were assessed through 4 p.m. on postoperative day (POD) 2. (elsevier.com)
Patient's perception on control: In order to incorporate the notion of control we will utilise a standardised questionnaire to measure 'beliefs about controlling pain' c. (isrctn.com)
Patient's overall satisfaction of their pain control: at 72 hours and on discharge (between days 7-10), patients will be asked to record their overall impression of their pain control d. (isrctn.com)
This study focuses on Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA), which is a delivery system for pain medication. (biomedcentral.com)
Pain can negatively affect quality of life and may do more harm than an illness itself when it becomes intolerable, making the patient both physically and mentally uncomfortable. (biomedcentral.com)
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a pain medication delivery system that enables effective and flexible pain treatment by allowing patients to adjust the dosage of anesthetics. (biomedcentral.com)
I am also a great believer in empowerment, both of the nurses and our patients, and don't like patients being in pain unnecessarily. (stemlynsblog.org)
Now, there's lots of evidence for PCAs in the perioperative period , which we have generalised, rightly or wrongly, to acute pain in unselected ED patients. (stemlynsblog.org)
As the authors of the paper we discussed, Efficacy of Patient controlled Analgesia for Patients With Acute Abdominal Pain in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Trial , from Academic EM a couple of months ago, suggest, "there is a paucity of research on the use of PCA in the treatment of acute pain in the ED." So have they given us anything to go on? (stemlynsblog.org)
Pain was reassessed every 30 minutes by the nurse looking after the patient, who also noted any adverse events (hypoxia, bradypnoea and hypotension). (stemlynsblog.org)
Unsurprisingly, pain was better treated in the PCA groups and the vast majority of patients would use a PCA again. (stemlynsblog.org)
I would go so far as to suggest that it undermines the qualitative aspect of the research - i.e. the question might as well be "do you want a pain pump that you control, or do you want an overworked Emergency Nurse to look after your pain? (stemlynsblog.org)
The most effective way to assess the degree of pain a patient is experiencing is to ask him. (dtic.mil)
All too often there is a discrepancy between the nurses assessment of the patients pain and the patients perception of the pain. (dtic.mil)
One of the best ways in the adult population to manage pain is by using patient controlled analgesia PCA. (dtic.mil)
Conclusion: The findings of this study do not favor patient-controlled analgesia over usual ED care for acute pain management. (elsevier.com)
Birnbaum, Adrienne J. / Comparative Effectiveness of Patient-Controlled Analgesia for Treating Acute Pain in the Emergency Department . (elsevier.com)
A low dose of pain medicine may also be injected continuously for a base level of pain control. (carti.com)
Saleh HS, Abdelsalam WA, Helal KF, Abdelhamid Attiya AM (2015) Tramadol Injection versus Epidural Analgesia in Controlling Labor Pain. (omicsonline.org)
To compare efficacy of tramadol injection as an opioid analgesia versus epidural analgesia on governing labor pain, progress and outcomes (maternal and fetal). (omicsonline.org)
Epidural anesthesia and tramadol provided excellent pain relief in majority of the patients. (omicsonline.org)
Patients control the dose of medication they take, depending on how much is needed to control the pain. (langleyhospice.com)
Patient-controlled analgesia minimizes interpatient pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability to allow suitable patients to titrate a predetermined bolus of opioid against their pain (Baljantyne. (alpfmedical.info)
In oncology, prevalence of pain increases as metastatic patients have a longer life expectancy. (rroij.com)
In a European survey realised in 2008, 72% of cancer patients suffered pain [ 1 ]. (rroij.com)
Pain treatment is centred on strategies aimed at ensuring a better quality of life for patients, and several guidelines exist [ 2 - 4 ]. (rroij.com)
Despite the existence of many treatments, it was shown that in 30 to 80% of cases, patients' pain is inadequately treated. (rroij.com)
When the pain is not relieved or adverse events are uncontrolled, we can use additional administration routes such as endovenous or subcutaneous routes using a patient-controlled analgesia system (PCA) [ 6 ]. (rroij.com)
This system allows releasing a constant base flow for the treatment of continuous pain and bolus injections, self-administered by the patient for treatment of pain peaks. (rroij.com)
A patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump lets you give yourself intravenous (IV) pain medicine when you need it. (northshore.org)
This gives you more control of your pain relief. (northshore.org)
PCA pumps not only control pain but also have other benefits. (northshore.org)
And they feel a greater sense of control over their own pain management. (northshore.org)
A PCA pump works well to control pain, because you can give yourself medicine before the pain gets too bad. (northshore.org)
Being in control of your pain relief also helps you relax and deal with the pain better. (northshore.org)
To help her manage the pain, she was placed on a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump. (ppahs.org)
This includes patients undergoing moderate and conscious sedation, or recovering from procedures and managing pain using a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump, particularly those during the postoperative period. (ppahs.org)
It should be noted that nurse-controlled analgesia may be appropriate in critical-care settings if protocols for patient selection have been established and appropriate assessment tools are in place to guide the level of pain and seda tion. (anesthesiaprogress.com)
Even though PCA can be used for a wide range of patients to safely manage pain (but not agitation or restlessness), some patients are not candidates for this modality because of their level of consciousness, psychological status, or limited intellectual capacity. (anesthesiaprogress.com)
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a pain management therapy commonly used in hospitals. (spineuniverse.com)
To combat the multi-faceted nature of chronic back pain, doctors often suggest that patients exercise. (spineuniverse.com)
1,2 Although progress has been made in the availability of pain-assessment tools and the understanding of pain pharmacotherapy, research suggests that hospitalized children are still receiving inadequate analgesia. (uspharmacist.com)
8 The assumption that increased distractibility in children indicates a lack of pain may lead to the incorrect conclusion that pediatric patients do not perceive pain as noxious stimuli and therefore need minimal analgesia. (uspharmacist.com)
In addition, total consumption of PCA drugs, duration of PCA use, direct medical costs, and number of patients with chronic postoperative pain 3 and 6 mo after operation were recorded. (qxmd.com)
Effect of a low-dose ketamine regimen on pain, mood, cognitive function and memory after major gynaecological surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (qxmd.com)
A blinded observer assessed postoperative pain based on a numerical rating scale, postoperative nausea and vomiting and other side effects, infused PCA dose, patient satisfaction, and sedation level. (bvsalud.org)
Aggressive sternotomy pain control facilitates recovery, early mobilisation and decreases post-operative morbidity with direct implications for clinical resource utilisation and cost. (scitechnol.com)
Pain control following surgery is a priority for both you and your doctors. (clevelandclinic.org)
This document helps you understand pain management options, describes how to help your doctors and nurses control your pain, and to empower you to take an active role in making choices about pain treatment after discharge from the hospital. (clevelandclinic.org)
We provide the following information to help you understand your options for pain management, to describe how you can help your doctors and nurses control your pain, and to empower you to take an active role in making choices about pain treatment. (clevelandclinic.org)
Why is pain control so important? (clevelandclinic.org)
In addition to keeping you comfortable, pain control can help speed your recovery and may reduce your risk of developing certain complications after surgery, such as pneumonia and blood clots. (clevelandclinic.org)
If your pain is well controlled, you will be better able to complete important tasks, such as walking and deep breathing exercises. (clevelandclinic.org)
What can I do to help keep my pain under control? (clevelandclinic.org)
Your doctors and nurses want and need to know about pain that is not well controlled. (clevelandclinic.org)
You and your surgeon will decide what type of pain control would be most acceptable for you after surgery. (clevelandclinic.org)
Doctors on this service are specifically trained in the types of pain control options described on the next several pages. (clevelandclinic.org)
You are the one who ultimately decides which pain control option is most acceptable. (clevelandclinic.org)
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a computerized pump that safely permits you to push a button and deliver small amounts of pain medicine into your intravenous (IV) line, usually in your arm. (clevelandclinic.org)
Many patients like the sense of control they have over their pain management. (clevelandclinic.org)
Approximately 60% of laboring women (2.4 million each year) choose regional analgesia for pain relief during labor. (medscape.com)
In obstetric patients, regional analgesia refers to partial or complete loss of pain sensation below the T8 to T10 spinal level. (medscape.com)
It also helps control blood pressure in women with preeclampsia by alleviating labor pain, and it blunts the hemodynamic effects of uterine contractions and the associated pain response in patients with other medical complications. (medscape.com)
Epidural analgesia is an effective method of pain relief in labour and is considered as the gold standard of analgesia for delivery. (org.ua)
Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain: Analgesia and Anesthesia in Labor and Delivery-I [Internet]. (org.ua)
Kelly A, Tran Q. The Optimal Pain Management Approach for a Laboring Patient: A Review of Current Literature. (org.ua)
however, patients often developed cartilage loss on their glenoid surface as well, leading to pain and glenoid erosion. (wikipedia.org)
Pain relief is a major concern for patients who have undergone surgery, and it is an eternal pursuit for anesthesiologists. (cdc.gov)
A Cochrane systematic review showed that patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) achieved better pain relief and greater patient satisfaction than traditional "on-demand" parenteral analgesia, suggesting that it might be the manner of analgesia implementation that matters for effective postoperative pain management. (cdc.gov)
The practice showed that the Wi-PCA system significantly reduced the incidence of moderate to severe postoperative pain and relevant adverse effects, shortened hospital stays, and improved patient satisfaction with postoperative pain relief. (cdc.gov)
Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus conventional opioid analgesia for postoperative pain. (cdc.gov)
It is written to simulate actual questions that many pain patients ask and to provide answers in a context and language that most pain patients will comprehend. (elsevier.com)
Issues addressed in this issue are why back pain surgery may relieve leg numbness but not the associated back pain, patient controlled analgesia, and phantom limb pain. (elsevier.com)
Fishman, SM 2006, ' Surgery for leg numbness with back pain, patient controlled analgesia, phantom limb pain ', Journal of Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy , vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 61-65. (elsevier.com)
Therefore, the current study was conducted to compare PCA with pudendal nerve block (PNB) for pain management in patients undergoing anorectal surgery. (traumamon.com)
The patients' pain scores were recorded based on an 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS) at 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours into the post-operative period. (traumamon.com)
Both methods resulted in effective pain control. (traumamon.com)
Effectively managing pain after surgery can help avoid complications, speed up healing and keep patients moving. (drugwatch.com)
Depending on the type of surgery, patients may experience different pain symptoms such as sore muscles, nerve pain or swelling. (drugwatch.com)
Researchers found that effective pain relief leads to better health outcomes such as reduced hospital stays, reduced hospital costs and better patient satisfaction, according to Drs. Veerabhadram Garimella and Christina Cellini at the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York. (drugwatch.com)
As a patient, you work with your provider to control post-op pain. (drugwatch.com)
More than 80 percent of patients who have surgery suffer from acute post-op pain, according to an American Pain Society study led by Dr. Roger Chou of Oregon Health and Science University. (drugwatch.com)
If the patient had laparoscopic surgery, they may have left shoulder pain caused by the gas pumped into the abdomen during surgery. (drugwatch.com)
Patients reported that post-operative pain was "aching, heavy and tender," according to researchers V. Wylde and colleagues. (drugwatch.com)
Michael Wong, executive director for PPAHS, says these 10 reminders are the decided recommendations of health experts who have commented in the past year for PPAHS on PCA: "PPAHS encourages all hospitals to observe these reminders to ensure there are no further adverse events and deaths with patients managing their pain using PCA. (wordpress.com)
Empowering patients to have some degree of control over their pain will in turn help to alleviate anxiety which will in turn reduce pain experience. (paincommunitycentre.org)
Background infusion - the basis of PCA means that the patient experiences pain before demanding relief or in anticipation of pain e.g. coughing or moving will use the PCA. (paincommunitycentre.org)
If the patient falls asleep they will frequently wake up in pain, which then requires several demands, depending on the length of the lockout interval, to attain analgesia. (paincommunitycentre.org)
Your doctors and nurses want, and need to know, about any pain that isn't under control. (coxhealth.com)
Spinal fusion is a painful surgery, and control of postoperative pain is difficult. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Although intravenous and epidural routes are the typical approaches used for PCA, regional patient‐controlled analgesia has been shown to be an effective alternative providing a higher standard of analgesia with lower incidence of adverse effects. (intechopen.com)
While younger patients exhibited greater incidence of numbness, motor weakness, and discontinuation of PCA postsurgery, elderly patients exhibited greater incidence of hypotension, nausea/vomiting, rescue analgesia, and antiemetic administration. (altmetric.com)
Side effects: All patients will be assessed for incidence of sedation, nausea and vomiting, and respiratory depression. (isrctn.com)

preventing the patient from receiving needless doses and keeping the patient safe from overdosing. (wikipedia.org)
When preparing for PCA, the nurse must assess the patient to determine whether PCA is appropriate and then must set the total dose and the timing of the doses as prescribed by the physician. (encyclopedia.com)
It reduces the chances for medication errors (the PCA is programmed per the physician's order for amount and interval between doses and "locks out" the patient if he or she attempts to self- administer too often. (bionity.com)
More importantly [ citation needed ] , the dosing regimen may be set so that the patient does not receive enough analgesia (bolus doses set too small, lock-out too long). (bionity.com)
2 A large body of research has compared the use of PCA with more conventional analgesia-delivery methods, such as nurse-administered IM bolus doses. (uspharmacist.com)
However, family members and health care professionals sometimes administer doses for patients, "by proxy," hoping to keep them comfortable. (anesthesiaprogress.com)
If a patient requires supplemental doses to achieve analgesia, the doctor will administer the dose through the pump as ordered. (ispub.com)

PCA uses a computerized pump, which is controlled by the patient through a hand-held button that is connected to the machine. (encyclopedia.com)
If the patient presses the button before six minutes have elapsed, the pump will not dispense the medication. (encyclopedia.com)
Using a PCA pump requires that the patient understand how the system works and has the physical strength to press the button. (encyclopedia.com)
The pump has safeguards that will not give you more medicine than is percribed and is very safe as long as only the patient pushes the button. (emoryhealthcare.org)
5,6 Factors to consider when determining whether a patient may safely benefit from PCA include age, cognitive function, physical ability to use the infusion pump, and comorbid conditions. (uspharmacist.com)
The delivery of the drug from the pump is controlled by the mother with a push button. (anaesthesiauk.com)
In this report, the Global Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Pump Market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022. (medgadget.com)
Before returning to the ward, patients and their families in both groups received face-to-face PCA pump operation training. (springer.com)
Patients in both groups will receive a loading dose of bupivacaine 0.25% via the epidural catheter, which is then attached to the pump. (isrctn.com)
For patients in the CEIA group (controls) the pump will be programmed to deliver a continuous infusion of 10 ml/hour but the patient demand button will be disabled although it will still make a 'click noise' when pressed. (isrctn.com)
Secondary outcomes included satisfaction, time to analgesia, adverse events, and patient-controlled analgesia pump-related problems. (elsevier.com)
Two clinicians should be available to independently double-check patient identification and dose settings on the PCA device prior to use (and each pump refill) to detect possible errors. (anesthesiaprogress.com)

CONCLUSIONS: Thoracic epidural PCA provided better analgesia and allowed earlier extubation. (koreamed.org)

With a PCA the patient is protected from overdose by the caregiver programming the PCA to deliver a dose at set intervals. (wikipedia.org)
The PCA can be set to emit a beep telling the patient a dose was NOT delivered). (wikipedia.org)
With RPCA the patient can give herself a dose of remifentanil intravenously every few minutes. (eurekalert.org)
If analgesia is inadequate, the bolus dose and lockout interval can be adjusted, and/or extra local anaesthetic can be given. (anaesthesiauk.com)
Patients may also be supplemented with a patient controlled demand dose. (knowcancer.com)
But the lack of knowledge about CFNB and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) often leads to inappropriate dose of medications and increased workload for ward nurses. (springer.com)
Comparison of midwife top-ups, continuous infusion and patient controlled epidural analgesia for maintaining mobility after a low-dose combined spinal epidural. (springermedizin.de)
Method: This was a pragmatic randomized controlled trial of patient-controlled analgesia and usual care (opioid and dose at physician's discretion) in 4 EDs. (elsevier.com)
The dose is predetermined by the doctor so the patient can not overdose, I figured I'd be in safe hands. (myimpermanentlife.com)
Low-dose ketamine via intravenous patient-controlled analgesia device after various transthoracic procedures improves analgesia and patient and family satisfaction. (qxmd.com)
The addition of a small-dose ketamine infusion to tramadol for postoperative analgesia: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial after abdominal surgery. (qxmd.com)
Loading dose - this is the total opioid dose, which is initially required to provide analgesia. (paincommunitycentre.org)
Bolus dose - this is the quantity of analgesia given to the patient at each self-administration demand. (paincommunitycentre.org)
If the dose is too small the patient will fail to achieve adequate analgesia. (paincommunitycentre.org)
The optimal dose is the minimum dose to produce appreciable analgesia consistently without producing objective or subjective side effects. (paincommunitycentre.org)
Lockout interval - this is the time period between patient demands during which the machine will not administer a further dose despite any further demands made by the patient. (paincommunitycentre.org)
The lockout interval is determined by the size of the bolus dose, the pharmacokinetics of the drug and the pharmacodynamics of that drug in the patient (in particular the length of time for the drug to reach peak plasma concentrations after intravenous bolus injection). (paincommunitycentre.org)

While the importance of preoperative patient education has been emphasized, its role in improving postoperative analgesia and outcomes remains unclear. (springer.com)
A total of 63% of patients with PCA device-related errors suffered from adverse clinical outcomes, with no mortality. (ivteam.com)
Sultan P, Murphy C, Halpern S, Carvalho B. The effect of low concentrations versus high concentrations of local anesthetics for labour analgesia on obstetric and anesthetic outcomes: a meta-analysis. (org.ua)
Anwar S, Anwar MW, Ahmad S. Effect of epidural analgesia on labor and its outcomes. (org.ua)
Heesen M, Böhmer J, Klöhr S, Hofmann T, Rossaint R, Straube S. The Effect of Adding a Background Infusion to Patient-Controlled Epidural Labor Analgesia on Labor, Maternal, and Neonatal Outcomes. (org.ua)

This study will be a randomized controlled clinical trial. (knowcancer.com)
This CONSORT-prospective randomized controlled clinical study aimed to investigate the effects of DEX alone for intravenous PCA after gynecological laparoscopic operation. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
THE efficacy and safety of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) have been shown in many clinical trials and in several patients populations. (asahq.org)
The current study was designed to test this hypothesis and to determine whether PCA has clinical or economic benefits in addition to efficient analgesia. (asahq.org)

[10] The Analgizer was widely utilized for analgesia and sedation until the early 1970s, in a manner that foreshadowed the patient-controlled analgesia infusion pumps of today. (wikipedia.org)
We know now that near misses due to over- sedation are more common than previously thought, and not just with high-risk patients. (nonin.com)
The initial approach taken was assigned to one of three categories: no intervention, increase of sedation-analgesia, or change of ventilator setting. (ovid.com)
Compared with increasing sedation-analgesia, adapting the ventilator to patient breathing effort reduces breath-stacking asynchrony significantly and often dramatically. (ovid.com)

[10] The Analgizer was found to be safe, effective, and simple to administer in obstetric patients during childbirth, as well as for patients with bone fractures and joint dislocations , [10] and for dressing changes on burn patients. (wikipedia.org)
[10] All vital signs remain normal in obstetric patients, newborns, and injured patients. (wikipedia.org)
In a busy obstetric unit with increased demand of epidural analgesia, patient controlled epidural analgesia with basal continuous infusion may be preferred. (springermedizin.de)

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the most common treatment for end-stage knee osteoarthritis and continuous femoral nerve block (CFNB) has become the gold standard for analgesia. (springer.com)

The aims of this study are to assess efficacy and safety of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) when applied to the Emergency Department setting and to compare the efficacy and safety of two PCA dosing regimens. (clinicaltrials.gov)
30 parturients were allocated to receive patient controlled epidural analgesia + basal continuous infusion (Group-A) and 30 received intermittent bolus on demand (Group-B). Efficacy of technique was assessed in terms of quality of analgesia on 0-10 cm verbal analogue scale. (springermedizin.de)

Most patients experience an individually determined satisfactory level of analgesia. (alpfmedical.info)

Anesthesia and analgesia 50 (1): 1-10. (bionity.com)
Anesthesia and Analgesia. (ivteam.com)

Patient-controlled paravertebral analgesia for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy. (medworm.com)

i] Patient-controlled epidural analgesia versus continuous infusion for labour analgesia: a meta-analysis. (anaesthesiauk.com)
Fetal effects of combined spinal-epidural vs epidural labour analgesia: a prospective, randomised double-blind study. (org.ua)

The present protocol must be refined further to provide analgesia adequate to cover mobilization as well. (diva-portal.org)

1,2 Despite guidelines published by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the World Health Organization (WHO), current literature indicates that barriers remain to effective analgesia in hospitalized children. (uspharmacist.com)

Patients and methods: The prospective randomized trial study was carried out on 60 patients who underwent VATS lobectomy (randomly allocated 30 patients in each group). (medworm.com)
The respondents reported use of a variety of methods in handling opioid and infusion devices for patients using PCA preoperatively. (druglibrary.org)
We investigated the effect of epidural analgesia after median sternotomy METHODS: Fifty-six patients were randomized to epidural patient controlled analgesia (PCA) or conventional analgesia (control). (koreamed.org)
We aimed to compare patient-controlled thoracic or lumbar epidural analgesia methods after thoracotomy operations. (biomedcentral.com)
Laboring patients must be educated about the different available methods of labor analgesia. (medscape.com)
Many pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods of labor analgesia have been adopted over the years. (medscape.com)
The authors became interested in the delivery of local anesthetics by patient-controlled epidural analgesia instead of the traditional physician methods. (org.ua)
Methods: Patients candidate for elective anorectal surgery under general anaesthesia were considered eligible. (traumamon.com)

This suggests that these patients are still receiving inadequate analgesia. (uspharmacist.com)
Unsatisfactory treatment was defined as the occurrence of either inadequate analgesia or unacceptable side effects. (qxmd.com)
Regional analgesia is also contraindicated in cases of patient refusal or inadequate practitioner training and experience. (medscape.com)

Subjects will be randomized to either general anesthesia with postoperative intravenous patient controlled analgesia (control group) or general anesthesia with intraoperative thoracic epidural anesthesia and postoperative thoracic patient-controlled epidural analgesia (treatment group). (knowcancer.com)

When the patient feels the need for medication, the patient presses a button similar to a nurse call button. (encyclopedia.com)
Patients in control group received conventional nurse controlled analgesia. (koreamed.org)
Proper assessment tools were not used to guide nurse-controlled analgesia. (anesthesiaprogress.com)
Selection criteria for PCA and nurse-controlled analgesia should be considered. (anesthesiaprogress.com)
It is essential to identify the types of patients who might be suitable for nurse-controlled analgesia. (anesthesiaprogress.com)
If continuous pulse oximetry or capnography is not available for all patients, it should be reserved for patients with a heightened risk of toxicity and when nurse-controlled analgesia is used. (anesthesiaprogress.com)

Group 1 (epidural): Patients undergo placement of a thoracic epidural catheter followed by abdominal/pelvic surgery. (knowcancer.com)
One hundred and twenty patients were prospectively randomized to receive either thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA group) or lumbar epidural analgesia (LEA group). (biomedcentral.com)
Patients were randomized to either the thoracic epidural (TEA, n = 57) group or lumbar epidural (LEA, n = 63) group for a 24-hour postoperative period after surgery. (biomedcentral.com)

The health care staff will leave an intravenous catheter in place after surgery, along with a device that allows the patient to press a button for medication. (sharecare.com)
Aggregated mean intravenous PCA equipment and opioid cost per patient were $196 (THA), $204 (TKA), and $243 (abdominal surgery). (dovepress.com)
The day before surgery, patients allocated to the PCA group had an epidural catheter inserted at level T4-5. (koreamed.org)
Patients in group 1 are stratified according to bowel resection surgery (yes vs no) and prior abdominal surgery (yes vs no). (knowcancer.com)
Group 2 (PCA): Patients begin PCA immediately after undergoing abdominal/pelvic surgery (postoperative day 0). (knowcancer.com)
The Division of Thoracic Surgery has its own inpatient unit dedicated to the patient who has undergone or will be undergoing surgery in the chest. (massgeneral.org)
Initially, the patient was restless and agitated in the post-anesthesia care unit, but she remained obtunded (not alert) after surgery. (anesthesiaprogress.com)
When it comes to spine surgery, patients are active participants in the decision-making process and are ultimately responsible for deciding whether to have spine surgery. (spineuniverse.com)
Findings come from a retrospective study of 919 surgical patients who were followed for at least 6 months after surgery. (spineuniverse.com)
TEA appears to ameliorate gut injury in major surgery as long as the systemic hemodynamic effects of TEA are adequately controlled. (biomedcentral.com)
Institutional Review Board of Sureyyapasa Chest Disease and Thoracic Surgery Hospital, clearance and written informed patient consent were obtained. (biomedcentral.com)
Prior to the surgery, the patients were divided into PCA and PNB groups. (traumamon.com)
After hernia mesh surgery, patients will feel soreness, numbness or tenderness at the incision site that lasts for a few weeks. (drugwatch.com)
After knee replacement surgery , patients will feel soreness and swelling at the surgery site. (drugwatch.com)
To help prevent such incidents from happening, it should be remembered that some of the most significant strides in medicine and surgery are directly attributable to anesthesiology's advances in patient monitoring. (wordpress.com)
That is certainly not true because of the variables, the other medications, or the way the patient is clearing anesthesia out of her body after surgery. (wordpress.com)

Possible regional anesthesia techniques include epidural analgesia, spinal analgesia (sometimes referred to as the intrathecal or subarachnoid space), or a combination of epidural and spinal analgesia. (medscape.com)

Analgesia is indicated for patients with certain risk factors even in the absence of maternal request. (medscape.com)
Other maternal conditions such as aortic stenosis , pulmonary hypertension , or right-to-left shunts are also relative contraindications to the use of regional analgesia. (medscape.com)
Maternal satisfaction with computer integrated patient controlled epidural analgesia. (ox.ac.uk)

Government initiatives to boost home medication, rising awareness about patient-controlled analgesia pumps, and affordable costs are few of the aspects contributing to the expansion of patient-controlled analgesia pumps market at a global level. (openpr.com)
Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps Market 2021 Revenue, O. (pharmiweb.com)
Future Market Insights recently published a fully researched publication on "Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps Market: Global Industry Analysis (2012-2016) and Opportunity Assessment (2017-2026)" , which focuses on different factors that have an influence on the growth of the global market. (pharmiweb.com)
The research report presents a holistic angle covering the global scenario, thereby putting across a 360 0 view of the global b patient-controlled analgesia pumps market. (pharmiweb.com)
The Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps market research encompasses an exhaustive analysis of the market outlook, framework, and socio-economic impacts. (oxonacf.org.uk)
Driven by primary and secondary researches, the Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps market study offers reliable and authentic projections regarding the technical jargon. (oxonacf.org.uk)
In addition, the report examines R&D developments, legal policies, and strategies defining the competitiveness of the Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps market players. (oxonacf.org.uk)
The Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps market research focuses on the market structure and various factors (positive and negative) affecting the growth of the market. (oxonacf.org.uk)
The study encloses a precise evaluation of the Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps market, including growth rate, current scenario, and volume inflation prospects, on the basis of DROT and Porter's Five Forces analyses. (oxonacf.org.uk)
In addition, the Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps market study provides reliable and authentic projections regarding the technical jargon. (oxonacf.org.uk)
Identify the factors affecting the Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps market growth - drivers, restraints, opportunities and trends. (oxonacf.org.uk)
Identify the Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps market impact on various industries. (oxonacf.org.uk)
What's driving Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps Market Growth? (openpr.com)
Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps Market Research Report is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the global industry. (openpr.com)

[11] When used for labor analgesia, the Analgizer allows labor to progress normally and with no apparent adverse effect on Apgar scores . (wikipedia.org)
Labor analgesia: Comparison of epidural patient-controlled analgesia and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia]. (nih.gov)
Continuous compared with intermittent epidural infusion on progress of labor and patient satisfaction. (springermedizin.de)
Epidural analgesia compared with combined spinal epidural analgesia during labor in nulliparous women. (springermedizin.de)
Sia AT, Lim Y, Ocampo C. A comparison of basal infusion with automated mandatory boluses in parturient-controlled epidural analgesia during labor. (springermedizin.de)
This analgesia was initiated at the parturient's request and was discontinued before the second stage of labor, to ensure neonatal safety. (elsevier.com)
Besides providing analgesia in labor, regional analgesia may facilitate atraumatic vaginal delivery of twins, preterm neonates, and neonates with breech presentation. (medscape.com)
Pandya S. Chapter-07 Neuraxial Analgesia for Labor and Delivery. (org.ua)

In addition, pulse oximeters are slow to alarm, while a capnograph will alarm in less than 30 seconds, providing early warning that a patient could be in serious respiratory trouble. (nonin.com)
Capnography is an important topic of discussion at Riverside, and as the respiratory manager of a staff of 30 respiratory therapists, I am aware of multiple instances at our facility where the use of capnography on patients undergoing PCA and/or bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) treatment has reduced complications. (nonin.com)
95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.59) among the 4 types of devices, and 96 of 152 (63%) patients experienced some type of adverse outcome, ranging from minor symptoms to respiratory arrest. (ivteam.com)
Subsequently, the patient suffered a cardio-respiratory arrest and seizure, leading to hypoxic encephalopathy. (anesthesiaprogress.com)
The patient develops respiratory distress and requires a 2-week stay in the ICU. (ahrq.gov)

The meta-analysis showed greater patient satisfaction when PCA was used ( P = .02), as well as trends toward reduced opioid consumption and shorter length of hospital stay in patients using PCA. (uspharmacist.com)
For more Sinai Hospital patient and visitor information, click here . (lifebridgehealth.org)
Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) allows a patient to control their own intake of painkillers in the hospital. (sharecare.com)
Adult patients admitted to the Queen Alexandra Hospital for elective large bowel resection will be approached. (isrctn.com)
As the Executive Director of the Physician-Patient Alliance for Health & Safety, a non-profit whose mission is the improvement of patient safety, I am often asked how to tell a "good" hospital (i.e. patient safe) from a "bad" hospital (i.e. unsafe). (ppahs.org)
In thinking about "good" and "bad" hospital leadership, I am reminded of two discussions I had with hospital leaders - which leaders' hospital would you rather be a patient at or, if you are a clinician, work at? (ppahs.org)
has resulted in to considerable reduction in near miss events and improvement in patient satisfaction levels.Corrective measures were included into policies and processes of the hospital. (ispub.com)
There's no reason for patients to be stoic," Dr. Hooman Noorchashm, a general and cardiothoracic surgeon who has practiced at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, told Drugwatch. (drugwatch.com)

[13] noted, however, that the magnitude of the observed differences between PCA and conventional intramuscular analgesia often is modest in view of the immense popularity of PCA. (asahq.org)

The findings showed that both groups could provide adequate analgesia. (nih.gov)

Use of meperidine in patient-controlled analgesia and the development of a normeperidine toxic reaction. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy9

Organisms1

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs76

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment66

Psychiatry and Psychology7

Phenomena and Processes16

Named Groups1

Health Care16

Dextromethorphan and pain after total abdominal hysterectomy. (1/379)

Effects of prophylactic nalmefene on the incidence of morphine-related side effects in patients receiving intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. (2/379)

Continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine for postoperative analgesia after major abdominal surgery: comparative study with i.v. PCA morphine. (3/379)

Prospective, randomized comparison of epidural versus parenteral opioid analgesia in thoracic trauma. (4/379)

Epidural analgesia during labor and maternal fever. (5/379)

Influence of bolus size on efficacy of postoperative patient-controlled analgesia with piritramide. (6/379)

Nocturnal hypoxaemia and respiratory function after endovascular and conventional abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. (7/379)

Comparison of midwife top-ups, continuous infusion and patient-controlled epidural analgesia for maintaining mobility after a low-dose combined spinal-epidural. (8/379)

Analgesia

Analgesia, Epidural

Analgesia, Obstetrical

Analgesia, Patient-Controlled

Analgesics, Opioid

Pain, Postoperative

Morphine

Pain Measurement

Bupivacaine

Anesthetics, Local

Acupuncture Analgesia

Fentanyl

Analgesics

Anesthesia, Epidural

Meperidine

Labor Pain

Sufentanil

Pain

Nerve Block

Injections, Spinal

Labor, Obstetric

Anesthesia, Obstetrical

Amides

Anesthesia, Spinal

Tramadol

Double-Blind Method

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic

Naloxone

Cesarean Section

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

Pain Threshold

Interpleural Analgesia

Drug Tolerance

Receptors, Opioid, mu

Anesthesia, General

Conscious Sedation

Ketorolac

Labor Stage, First

Hydromorphone

Lidocaine

Pain Management

Anesthesia, Caudal

Clonidine

Anesthesia and Analgesia

Ketamine

Femoral Nerve

Receptors, Opioid

Pregnancy

Pirinitramide

Hypnotics and Sedatives

Butorphanol

Alfentanil

Nalbuphine

Narcotic Antagonists

Anesthetics, Combined

Anesthesia, Conduction

Thoracotomy

Opioid Peptides

Electroacupuncture

Mepivacaine

Pruritus

Ketoprofen

Adjuvants, Anesthesia

Placebo Effect

Morphine Derivatives

Hyperalgesia

Prospective Studies

Anesthesia, Local

Periaqueductal Gray

Nitrous Oxide

Pentazocine

Postoperative Care

Dexmedetomidine

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures

Hysterectomy

Piperidines

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Brachial Plexus

Pain, Intractable

Oxycodone