Analgesia. Medical search

Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.

The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.

The elimination of PAIN, without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, during OBSTETRIC LABOR; OBSTETRIC DELIVERY; or the POSTPARTUM PERIOD, usually through the administration of ANALGESICS.

Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).

Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.

Pain during the period after surgery.

The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.

Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.

A widely used local anesthetic agent.

Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.

Analgesia produced by the insertion of ACUPUNCTURE needles at certain ACUPUNCTURE POINTS on the body. This activates small myelinated nerve fibers in the muscle which transmit impulses to the spinal cord and then activate three centers - the spinal cord, midbrain and pituitary/hypothalamus - to produce analgesia.

A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)

Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.

A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.

Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.

An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.

Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.

The repetitive uterine contraction during childbirth which is associated with the progressive dilation of the uterine cervix (CERVIX UTERI). Successful labor results in the expulsion of the FETUS and PLACENTA. Obstetric labor can be spontaneous or induced (LABOR, INDUCED).

A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth.

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.

A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS.

A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.

Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.

Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.

Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.

Injection of ANALGESICS; LOCAL ANESTHETICS; or NARCOTICS into the PLEURAL CAVITY between the two pleural membranes.

Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from DRUG RESISTANCE wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE and NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL.

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Mu opioid receptors bind, in decreasing order of affinity, endorphins, dynorphins, met-enkephalin, and leu-enkephalin. They have also been shown to be molecular receptors for morphine.

Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.

A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)

A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

Period from the onset of true OBSTETRIC LABOR to the complete dilatation of the CERVIX UTERI.

An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.

A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.

A form of therapy that employs a coordinated and interdisciplinary approach for easing the suffering and improving the quality of life of those experiencing pain.

Epidural anesthesia administered via the sacral canal.

An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.

Medical methods of either relieving pain caused by a particular condition or removing the sensation of pain during a surgery or other medical procedure.

A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.

A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.

Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.

Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.

A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.

A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.

A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at kappa opioid receptors and an antagonist or partial agonist at mu opioid receptors.

Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.

The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

Injection of an anesthetic into the nerves to inhibit nerve transmission in a specific part of the body.

Surgical incision into the chest wall.

The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the ENKEPHALINS, the DYNORPHINS, and the ENDORPHINS. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN, respectively. There are also at least three classes of OPIOID RECEPTORS, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way.

A form of acupuncture with electrical impulses passing through the needles to stimulate NERVE TISSUE. It can be used for ANALGESIA; ANESTHESIA; REHABILITATION; and treatment for diseases.

A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)

An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.

An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage.

An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion.

Analogs or derivatives of morphine.

An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.

Central gray matter surrounding the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT in the MESENCEPHALON. Physiologically it is probably involved in RAGE reactions, the LORDOSIS REFLEX; FEEDING responses, bladder tonus, and pain.

Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.

The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)

The period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

A imidazole derivative that is an agonist of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. It is closely-related to MEDETOMIDINE, which is the racemic form of this compound.

Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.

Excision of the uterus.

A family of hexahydropyridines.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.

Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.

A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.

The process by which PAIN is recognized and interpreted by the brain.

The injection of drugs, most often analgesics, into the spinal canal without puncturing the dura mater.

Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.

Process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream.

Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)

A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.

Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Delivery of the FETUS and PLACENTA under the care of an obstetrician or a health worker. Obstetric deliveries may involve physical, psychological, medical, or surgical interventions.

Medical problems associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR, such as BREECH PRESENTATION; PREMATURE OBSTETRIC LABOR; HEMORRHAGE; or others. These complications can affect the well-being of the mother, the FETUS, or both.

A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.

Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.

Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.

Extraction of the fetus by means of obstetrical instruments.

A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.

Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.

The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

Agents that induce NARCOSIS. Narcotics include agents that cause somnolence or induced sleep (STUPOR); natural or synthetic derivatives of OPIUM or MORPHINE or any substance that has such effects. They are potent inducers of ANALGESIA and OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS.

Methods of delivering drugs into a joint space.

An opioid analgesic related to MORPHINE but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough.

Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26)

The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.

The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.

A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.

Interventions to provide care prior to, during, and immediately after surgery.

A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

A method, developed by Dr. Virginia Apgar, to evaluate a newborn's adjustment to extrauterine life. Five items - heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color - are evaluated 60 seconds after birth and again five minutes later on a scale from 0-2, 0 being the lowest, 2 being normal. The five numbers are added for the Apgar score. A score of 0-3 represents severe distress, 4-7 indicates moderate distress, and a score of 7-10 predicts an absence of difficulty in adjusting to extrauterine life.

Drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic.

The insertion of drugs into the rectum, usually for confused or incompetent patients, like children, infants, and the very old or comatose.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few - MORPHINE; CODEINE; and PAPAVERINE - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic.

The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Kappa opioid receptors bind dynorphins with a higher affinity than endorphins which are themselves preferred to enkephalins.

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Delta opioid receptors bind endorphins and enkephalins with approximately equal affinity and have less affinity for dynorphins.

Fluid propulsion systems driven mechanically, electrically, or osmotically that are used to inject (or infuse) over time agents into a patient or experimental animal; used routinely in hospitals to maintain a patent intravenous line, to administer antineoplastic agents and other drugs in thromboembolism, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS is also available), and other disorders.

A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.

An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

Sensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli by NOCICEPTORS. It is the sensory component of visceral and tissue pain (NOCICEPTIVE PAIN).

Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.

Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.

One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.

The administration of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through some other route than the alimentary canal, usually over minutes or hours, either by gravity flow or often by infusion pumping.

One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.

An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.

Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)

A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.

Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.

Surgery performed on the female genitalia.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

A range of methods used to reduce pain and anxiety during dental procedures.

Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.

Trained lay women who provide emotional and/or physical support during obstetric labor and the postpartum period for mothers and their partners.

The period of OBSTETRIC LABOR that is from the complete dilatation of the CERVIX UTERI to the expulsion of the FETUS.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.

A cyclooxygenase inhibiting, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that is well established in treating rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and used for musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily.

Designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles.

The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).

Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.

Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.

Injections into the cerebral ventricles.

An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)

Procedure in which an individual is induced into a trance-like state to relieve pain. This procedure is frequently performed with local but not general ANESTHESIA.

Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal.

The period following a surgical operation.

Replacement of the knee joint.

A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.

The heart rate of the FETUS. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.

Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint.

A method in which either the observer(s) or the subject(s) is kept ignorant of the group to which the subjects are assigned.

An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.

The use of specifically placed small electrodes to deliver electrical impulses across the SKIN to relieve PAIN. It is used less frequently to produce ANESTHESIA.

Forceful administration under the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the skin.

The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.

Drugs used to prevent NAUSEA or VOMITING.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.

The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.

Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.

A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.

A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

Surgical removal of a tonsil or tonsils. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Patient care procedures performed during the operation that are ancillary to the actual surgery. It includes monitoring, fluid therapy, medication, transfusion, anesthesia, radiography, and laboratory tests.

The period during a surgical operation.

One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.

A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through Gi-Go G-PROTEINS. While postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of ADRENERGIC AGONISTS, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of NEUROTRANSMITTER release.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

Insertion of a catheter into a peripheral artery, vein, or airway for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include PREANESTHETIC MEDICATION.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

Relative efficacy of 32P and 89Sr in palliation in skeletal metastases. (1/1002)

32p and 89Sr have been shown to produce significant pain relief in patients with skeletal metastases from advanced cancer. Clinically significant pancytopenia has not been reported in doses up to 12 mCi (444 MBq) of either radionuclide. To date, no reports comparing the relative efficacy and toxicity of the two radionuclides in comparable patient populations have been available. Although a cure has not been reported, both treatments have achieved substantial pain relief. However, several studies have used semiquantitative measures such as "slight," "fair," "partial" and "dramatic" responses, which lend themselves to subjective bias. This report examines the responses to treatment with 32P or 89Sr by attempting a quantification of pain relief and quality of life using the patients as their own controls and compares toxicity in terms of hematological parameters. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with skeletal metastases were treated for pain relief with either 32P (16 patients) or 89Sr (15 patients). Inclusion criteria were pain from bone scan-positive sites above a subjective score of 5 of 10 despite analgesic therapy with narcotic or non-narcotic medication, limitation of movement related to the performance of routine daily activity and a predicted life expectancy of at least 4 mo. The patients had not had chemotherapy or radiotherapy during the previous 6 wk and had normal serum creatinine, white cell and platelet counts. 32P was given orally as a 12 mCi dose, and 89Sr was given intravenously as a 4 mCi (148 MBq) dose. The patients were monitored for 4 mo. RESULTS: Complete absence of pain was seen in 7 of 16 patients who were given 32P and in 7 of 15 patients who were given 89Sr. Pain scores fell by at least 50% of the pretreatment score in 14 of 16 patients who were given 32P and 14 of 15 patients who were given 89Sr. Mean duration of pain relief was 9.6 wk with 32P and 10 wk with 89Sr. Analgesic scores fell along with the drop in pain scores. A fall in total white cell, absolute granulocyte and platelet counts occurred in all patients. Subnormal values of white cells and platelets were seen in 5 and 7 patients, respectively, with 32P, and in 0 and 4 patients, respectively, after 89Sr therapy. The decrease in platelet count (but not absolute granulocyte count) was statistically significant when 32P patients were compared with 89Sr patients. However, in no instance did the fall in blood counts require treatment. Absolute granulocyte counts did not fall below 1000 in any patient. There was no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of either efficacy or toxicity. CONCLUSION: No justification has been found in this study for the recommendation of 89Sr over the considerably less expensive oral 32P for the palliation of skeletal pain from metastases of advanced cancer. (+info)

Characterization of socio-psychological stress-induced antinociception in the formalin test in mice. (2/1002)

The antinociceptive effect induced by exposure to socio-psychological (PSY) stress using a communication box was assessed by the formalin test in mice, compared with those by exposure to footshock (FS) stress and forced swimming (SW) stress. After the termination of stress exposure, whereas exposure to FS- and SW-stress resulted in the attenuation of the formalin-induced biphasic pain response over 15 min, no appreciable antinociceptive effect was found in the case of PSY stress. When exposure to PSY stress was started during the period of early or late phase of pain after the formalin injection, the antinociceptive effect was maintained for 5-15 min; however, further exposure to PSY stress was not effective for producing antinociception. In the tail-pinch test, likewise, exposure to PSY stress longer than 5 min rather decreased the intensity of antinociception. We conclude that PSY stress in this tonic pain paradigm produces antinociception, but further continuous exposure to the emotional stress caused mice to become recuperative even in such a fear-inducing situation. (+info)

Morbidity and cost-effectiveness analysis of outpatient analgesia versus general anaesthesia for testicular sperm extraction in men with azoospermia due to defects in spermatogenesis. (3/1002)

The outcome and costs of testicular sperm extraction under outpatient local analgesia or general anaesthesia were compared in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Nineteen consecutive patients were allocated to receive general anaesthesia, while the subsequent 21 consecutive patients received outpatient analgesia in the form of i.v. midazolam sedation, lignocaine spray, scrotal infiltration with local anaesthetic and spermatic cord block. Blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate were determined. Sedation and testicular pain were assessed by subjective scoring. Both groups showed haemodynamic stability with little alteration in blood pressure, pulse rate and oxygen saturation. Toxic symptoms of local anaesthetic were not encountered in the outpatient group. No relationship was found between testicular size and the duration of the operation. The median postoperative pain intensity, sedation scores and analgesic requirements were significantly less in the outpatient group (P < 0.05). These advantages led to a shorter recovery time (P < 0.0001), 3-fold cheaper care and greater patient satisfaction (P < 0.0001) in the outpatient group. (+info)

Postoperative analgesia and vomiting, with special reference to day-case surgery: a systematic review. (4/1002)

BACKGROUND: Day-case surgery is of great value to patients and the health service. It enables many more patients to be treated properly, and faster than before. Newer, less invasive, operative techniques will allow many more procedures to be carried out. There are many elements to successful day-case surgery. Two key components are the effectiveness of the control of pain after the operation, and the effectiveness of measures to minimise postoperative nausea and vomiting. OBJECTIVES: To enable those caring for patients undergoing day-case surgery to make the best choices for their patients and the health service, this review sought the highest quality evidence on: (1) the effectiveness of the control of pain after an operation; (2) the effectiveness of measures to minimise postoperative nausea and vomiting. METHODS: Full details of the search strategy are presented in the report. RESULTS - ANALGESIA: The systematic reviews of the literature explored whether different interventions work and, if they do work, how well they work. A number of conclusions can be drawn. RESULTS-ANALGESIA, INEFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS: There is good evidence that some interventions are ineffective. They include: (1) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in acute postoperative pain; (2) the use of local injections of opioids at sites other than the knee joint; (3) the use of dihydrocodeine, 30 mg, in acute postoperative pain (it is no better than placebo). RESULTS-ANALGESIA, INTERVENTIONS OF DOUBTFUL VALUE: Some interventions may be effective but the size of the effect or the complication of undertaking them confers no measurable benefit over conventional methods. Such interventions include: (1) injecting morphine into the knee joint after surgery: there is a small analgesic benefit which may last for up to 24 hours but there is no clear evidence that the size of the benefit is of any clinical value; (2) manoeuvres to try and anticipate pain by using pre-emptive analgesia; these are no more effective than standard methods; (3) administering non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by injection or per rectum in patients who can swallow; this appears to be no more effective than giving NSAIDs by mouth and, indeed, may do more harm than good; (4) administering codeine in single doses; this has poor analgesic efficacy. RESULTS-ANALGESIA, INTERVENTIONS OF PROVEN VALUE: These include a number of oral analgesics including (at standard doses): (1) dextropropoxyphene; (2) tramadol; (3) paracetamol; (4) ibuprofen; (5) diclofenac. Diclofenac and ibuprofen at standard doses give analgesia equivalent to that obtained with 10 mg of intramuscular morphine. Each will provide at least 50% pain relief from a single oral dose in patients with moderate or severe postoperative pain. Paracetamol and codeine combinations also appear to be highly effective, although there is little information on the standard doses used in the UK. The relative effectiveness of these analgesics is compared in an effectiveness 'ladder' which can inform prescribers making choices for individual patients, or planning day-case surgery. Dose-response relationships show that higher doses of ibuprofen may be particularly effective. Topical NSAIDs (applied to the skin) are effective in minor injuries and chronic pain but there is no obvious role for them in day-case surgery. RESULTS-POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING: The proportion of patients who may feel nauseated or vomit after surgery is very variable, despite similar operations and anaesthetic techniques. Systematic review can still lead to clear estimations of effectiveness of interventions. Whichever anti-emetic is used, the choice is often between prophylactic use (trying to prevent anyone vomiting) and treating those people who do feel nauseated or who may vomit. Systematic reviews of a number of different anti-emetics show clearly that none of the anti-emetics is sufficiently effective to be used for prophylaxis. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATE (+info)

Dextromethorphan and pain after total abdominal hysterectomy. (5/1002)

Dextromethorphan is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist which has been shown to inhibit the development of cutaneous secondary hyperalgesia after tissue trauma. We studied 60 ASA I-II patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients received either dextromethorphan 27 mg capsules, two doses before operation and three doses in the first 24 h after operation, or placebo. Visual analogue pain scores (VAS) at 24 and 48 h were assessed at rest, on coughing and on sitting up, and were not significantly different between groups. Morphine consumption from a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device was also not significantly different between groups. Evidence of secondary hyperalgesia was assessed with von Frey hairs 10 cm above the Pfannenstiel incision. Both groups of patients exhibited evidence of secondary hyperalgesia after 24 and 48 h but there were no significant differences between groups. There was also no difference between groups in VAS scores at 1 month. (+info)

Role of potassium channels in the antinociception induced by agonists of alpha2-adrenoceptors. (6/1002)

1. The effect of the administration of pertussis toxin (PTX) as well as modulators of different subtypes of K+ channels on the antinociception induced by clonidine and guanabenz was evaluated in the mouse hot plate test. 2. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin (0.25 microg per mouse i.c.v.) 7 days before the hot-plate test, prevented the antinociception induced by both clonidine (0.08-0.2 mg kg(-1), s.c.) and guanabenz (0.1-0.5 mg kg(-1), s.c.). 3. The administration of the K(ATP) channel openers minoxidil (10 microg per mouse, i.c.v.), pinacidil (25 microg per mouse, i.c.v.) and diazoxide (100 mg kg(-1), p.o.) potentiated the antinociception produced by clonidine and guanabenz whereas the K(ATP) channel blocker gliquidone (6 microg per mouse, i.c.v.) prevented the alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist-induced analgesia. 4. Pretreatment with an antisense oligonucleotide (aODN) to mKv1.1, a voltage-gated K+ channel, at the dose of 2.0 nmol per single i.c.v. injection, prevented the antinociception induced by both clonidine and guanabenz in comparison with degenerate oligonucleotide (dODN)-treated mice. 5. The administration of the Ca2+-gated K+ channel blocker apamin (0.5-2.0 ng per mouse, i.c.v.) never modified clonidine and guanabenz analgesia. 6. At the highest effective doses, none of the drugs used modified animals' gross behaviour nor impaired motor coordination, as revealed by the rota-rod test. 7. The present data demonstrate that both K(ATP) and mKv1.1 K+ channels represent an important step in the transduction mechanism underlying central antinociception induced by activation of alpha2 adrenoceptors. (+info)

Tenoxicam and paracetamol-codeine combination after oral surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. (7/1002)

We studied 90 adults undergoing surgical removal of at least both lower third molar teeth as day cases under standardized general anaesthesia. Patients were allocated randomly (with stratification for surgeon) to receive tenoxicam 40 mg, tenoxicam 20 mg or placebo i.v. at induction of anaesthesia and orally (effervescent tablets) with food on each of the subsequent 2 days. Panadeine (paracetamol 500 mg-codeine 8 mg) was given before operation and was available as needed for pain thereafter, to a limit of two tablets every 4 h. Nefopam i.v. was also available. Efficacy variables and adverse reactions were assessed over 6 days. Over the 6-day period, patients who received tenoxicam reported less pain on rest (area under the curve; P < 0.05) and less disturbance in sleep (P < 0.01) even though they used fewer Panadeine tablets (P < 0.05). Differences between tenoxicam 40 mg and 20 mg were not significant. There was no significant difference in nefopam requirements or side effects, and no adverse event attributable to the study medication. (+info)

Somatotopic activation of opioid systems by target-directed expectations of analgesia. (8/1002)

We induced specific expectations of analgesia on four different parts of the body to understand how endogenous opioid systems are activated by expectancies. The left hand, right hand, left foot, and right foot were simultaneously stimulated by means of a subcutaneous injection of capsaicin, which produces a painful burning sensation. Specific expectations of analgesia were induced by applying a placebo cream on one of these body parts and by telling the subjects that it was a powerful local anesthetic. In such a way, expectancy of the anesthetic effect was directed only toward the part on which the placebo cream was applied. We found that a placebo analgesic response occurred only on the treated part, whereas no variation in pain sensitivity was found on the untreated parts. If the same experiment was performed after an intravenous infusion of the opioid antagonist naloxone, this highly spatial-specific placebo response was totally abolished, indicating that it was completely mediated by endogenous opioid systems. These findings show that a spatially directed expectation of pain reduction is capable of inducing a specific effect only on the part of the body which is the target of the expectation. Most important, this specific effect is mediated by endogenous opioids, indicating that placebo-activated opioids do not act on the entire body but only on the part where expectancy is directed. This suggests that a highly organized and somatotopic network of endogenous opioids links expectation, attention, and body schema. (+info)

"Procedural Sedation and Analgesia." 'CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine, 8e' Eds. C. Keith Stone, and Roger L. ... Procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) is a technique in which a sedating/dissociative medication is administered often in ... Fentanyl provides analgesia and sedative properties; it does not have any amnestic effects. It was commonly used with midazolam ... Krauss B, Green SM (March 2006). "Procedural sedation and analgesia in children". Lancet. 367 (9512): 766-80. doi:10.1016/S0140 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscious_sedation

Analgesia. Since a large percentage of people with SLE have varying amounts of chronic pain, stronger prescription analgesics ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus

Role in analgesia[edit]. Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain activates enkephalin-releasing neurons ... to produce analgesia. These drugs include morphine, heroin (diacetylmorphine), pethidine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and similar ... theory of pain and is supported by the fact that electrical stimulation of the PAG results in immediate and profound analgesia. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periaqueductal_grey

The onset of analgesia is slower with epidural analgesia or anaesthesia than with spinal analgesia or anaesthesia. ... Epidural analgesia during childbirth[edit]. Epidural analgesia provides rapid pain relief in most cases. It is more effective ... Epidural analgesia after surgery[edit]. Epidural analgesia has been demonstrated to have several benefits after surgery, ... Epidural analgesia may be used:. *For analgesia alone, where surgery is not contemplated. An epidural injection or infusion for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidural_anesthesia

Analgesia. 123 (6): 1463-1468. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000001590. PMID 27644057.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preoperative_fasting

Walker JM, Huang SM (2002). "Cannabinoid analgesia". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 95 (2): 127-135. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(02) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_use_and_trauma

"Nitrous Oxide Analgesia for Childbirth". Pregnancy.org. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. O'Connor RE; Brady W; Brooks ... Faddy, S. C.; Garlick, S. R. (1 December 2005). "A systematic review of the safety of analgesia with 50% nitrous oxide: can lay ... Today, the gas is administered in hospitals by means of an automated relative analgesia machine, with an anaesthetic vaporiser ... Berkowitz BA, Finck AD, Hynes MD, Ngai SH (1979). "Tolerance to nitrous oxide analgesia in rats and mice". Anesthesiology. 51 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide

Analgesia. 95 (4): 1125. doi:10.1097/00000539-200210000-00076. Iserson KV (1987). "The origins of the gauge system for medical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_gauge

Analgesia. 103 (1): 76-80, table of contents. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000221182.71648.a3. PMID 16790630. "Minerva". British Medical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_seizure_therapy

Analgesia. 101 (3): 930. doi:10.1097/00000539-200509000-00078. Doyle, D. John (2005). "The Airway Cam™ guide to intubation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Levitan

Analgesia. 108 (5): 1662-1670. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e31819d6562. PMID 19372352. S2CID 5521326. Dougherty C, Dougherty JJ ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_trochanteric_pain_syndrome

Burns WB, Eger EI (August 2011). "Ross C. Terrell, PhD, an anesthetic pioneer". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 113 (2): 387-9. doi: ... Analgesia. 130 (2): 360-366. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000004093. ISSN 0003-2999. Sloan, Mark H.; Conard, Pattilyn F.; Karsunky, ... Analgesia. 74 (2): 253-259. doi:10.1213/00000539-199202000-00015. ISSN 0003-2999. Livertox: Clinical and Research Information ... Anesthesia and Analgesia. 54 (6): 758-66. doi:10.1213/00000539-197511000-00021. PMID 1239214. S2CID 26832938. "Propofol and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevoflurane

Di-ethyl ether analgesia: a detailed description of the first stage of ether analgesia in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1954, 111, ... 1st plane The patient does not experience amnesia or analgesia 2nd plane The patient is completely amnesic but experiences only ... Stage I (stage of analgesia or disorientation): from beginning of induction of general anesthesia to loss of consciousness. ... partial analgesia 3rd plane The patient has complete analgesia and amnesia Oropharyngeal airway Anesthetic agents Instruments ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guedel's_classification

Analgesia. 93 (1): 134-141. doi:10.1097/00000539-200107000-00028. PMID 11429354. Retrieved 14 Apr 2009. Hawkins JL, Chang J, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unassisted_childbirth

Webster, Lynn R. (2017). "Risk Factors for Opioid-Use Disorder and Overdose". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 125 (5): 1741-1748. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_overdose

Analgesia. "Beadle v. Allis". Court of Appeals of Michigan. October 27, 1987. "Deaths". Lansing State Journal. September 8, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Allis

Analgesia. 90 (6): 1301-1307. doi:10.1097/00000539-200006000-00008.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornipressin

2001). "Survival After Failed Intraoperative Resuscitation: A Case of "Lazarus Syndrome"". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 92 (3): 690- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome

If they are injected with morphine-HCL, this produces a dose-dependent analgesia by increasing the intensity threshold to the ... One study on the effects of a danger stimulus on the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus reported this induces opioid analgesia, ... Sladky, K.K. & Mans, C. (2012). "Clinical analgesia in reptiles". Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine. 21 (2): 158-167. doi:10.1053/ ... S2CID 35062797.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Machin, K.L. (2005). "Avian analgesia". Seminars in Avian and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans

Part I". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 111 (1): 120-128. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181da832d. PMID 20442260. S2CID 207132635. Naguib M, ... Part II". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 111 (1): 129-140. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181da8312. PMID 20442261. S2CID 23738174. Cammu G, ... Brull SJ, Naguib M, Miller RD (2008). "Residual Neuromuscular Block: Rediscovering the Obvious". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 107 (1 ... Analgesia. 98 (6): 1686-1691. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000113544.21754.a5. PMID 15155329. S2CID 20439614. Davis L, Britten JJ, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postoperative_residual_curarization

Analgesia. 117 (3): 597-604. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31824a0b1c. PMID 22392970. S2CID 207134623. Bayat, R.; Borici-Mazi, R. (2014 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentha

Analgesia. 88 (6): 1422-3. doi:10.1213/00000539-199906000-00044. PMID 10357358.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottis

Anesthesia and Analgesia. 115 (2): 274-83. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31823f0c28. PMID 22190555. S2CID 21457057. Worthington, Mark T ... Analgesia. 120 (4): 771-80. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000548. PMID 25502841. S2CID 20941788. Stafford, Jeffrey A.; Pacofsky, ... Analgesia. 117 (5): 1093-100. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182a705ae. PMID 24108261. S2CID 24581168. "Two Scientific Remimazolam ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remimazolam

Severinghaus, John W. (2007). "Takuo Aoyagi: Discovery of Pulse Oximetry". Anesthesia & Analgesia. Ovid Technologies (Wolters ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuo_Aoyagi

Guedel, A; Waters, R (1928). "A new intratracheal catheter". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 7 (4): 238-239. doi:10.1213/00000539- ... Nilsson E, Janssen PA (1961). "Neurolept-analgesia: an alternative to general anesthesia". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica ... Corssen, G; Domino, EF; Sweet, RB (November-December 1964). "Neuroleptanalgesia and Anesthesia". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 43 (6 ... Anesthesia and Analgesia. 11 (6): 283-288. doi:10.1213/00000539-193201000-00049. Greenblatt, E; Butler, J; Venegas, J; Winkler ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_general_anesthesia

Cottrell, JE; Hartung, J. (2016). "Ketamine versus Special K: a double-edged sword". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 122 (3): 586. ... Analgesia. 55 (1): 18-21. PMID 1108707. Dr. Cottrell and his partner, Joseph Lovett, began collecting art in the 1970s and have ... Analgesia. 52 (12): 1078-1080. PMID 6650891. Cottrell, JE; Hartung, JE; Giffin, JP; Shwiry, B (1983). "Intracranial and ... Analgesia. 3. 61 (3): 231-235. doi:10.1213/00000539-198203000-00002. PMID 6802027. Cottrell, JE; Patel, KP; Casthely, PA; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edward_Cottrell

6th ed". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 101 (6): 1895. doi:10.1097/00000539-200512000-00087. Egan, Talmage (September 2005). "Miller's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller's_Anesthesia

Analgesia. 85 (4): 858-63. doi:10.1097/00000539-199710000-00027. Guay, Joanne (2009). "Adverse events associated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_regional_anesthesia

All these effects work synergistically to induce analgesia. Tramadol has been found to possess these actions: Agonist of the μ- ... Gibson TP (1996). "Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of analgesia with a focus on tramadol HCl". Am. J. Med. 101 (1A): 47S ... These painkilling effects last about 6 h. The potency of analgesia varies considerably as it depends on an individual's ... Analgesia. 124 (1): 44-51. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000001683. PMID 27861439. Bloor M, Paech MJ, Kaye R (2012). "Tramadol in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol

The infusion of local anesthetic can be programmed to be a continuous flow or patient-controlled analgesia. In some cases, ... This results in rapid onset times and, ultimately, high success rates for surgery and analgesia of the upper extremity, ... The axillary block is particularly useful in providing anesthesia and postoperative analgesia for surgery to the elbow, forearm ... This block is particularly useful in providing anesthesia and postoperative analgesia for surgery to the clavicle, shoulder, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexus_block

medicine) analgesia (absence of the sense of pain) Synonym: analgia. Spanish[edit]. Noun[edit]. analgesia f (plural analgesias ... "analgesia", in Lexico. , Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019-present.. *"analgesia", in Merriam-Webster Online ... analgesia in Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.. *Douglas Harper (2001-2021) , "analgesic", in ... "analgesia" in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014. ...

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/analgesia

Patient-controlled analgesia. A patient-controlled analgesia infusion pump, configured for epidural administration of fentanyl ... A patient-controlled analgesia infusion pump, configured for intravenous administration of morphine for postoperative analgesia ... Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA[1]) is any method of allowing a person in pain to administer their own pain relief.[2] The ... Patient controlled analgesia for adults. Thomson Healthcare, Inc. 2010.. *^ Sarg, Michael; Altman, Roberta; Gross, Ann D (2007 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient-controlled_analgesia

Analgesia, loss of sensation of pain that results from an interruption in the nervous system pathway between sense organ and ... Analgesia, loss of sensation of pain that results from an interruption in the nervous system pathway between sense organ and ... Diseases of the spinal cord that may cause analgesia without loss of the sensation of touch are tabes dorsalis, syringomyelia, ... doses than those needed for analgesia. Low doses of opioids are also used for relief of the respiratory distress that ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/analgesia

"Procedural Sedation and Analgesia." CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine, 8e Eds. C. Keith Stone, and Roger L. ... Procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) is a technique in which a sedating/dissociative medication is administered often in ... Fentanyl provides analgesia and sedative properties; it does not have any amnestic effects. It was commonly used with midazolam ... Krauss B, Green SM (March 2006). "Procedural sedation and analgesia in children". Lancet. 367 (9512): 766-80. doi:10.1016/S0140 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscious_sedation

Caudal Analgesia. Br Med J 1950; 1 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.4650.414 (Published 18 February 1950) Cite this as: Br ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/1/4650/414

Regional Analgesia. Br Med J 1944; 2 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.4369.436-b (Published 30 September 1944) Cite this as: ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/2/4369/436.3

Definition Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a means for the patient to self-administer analgesics (pain medications) ... Analgesia- A medicine that relieves pain.. Epidural- Between the vertebrae and the dura mater of the spinal cord. Analgesia is ... Patient-controlled analgesia. Definition. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a means for the patient to self-administer ... Patient-Controlled Analgesia. Definition. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a system of providing pain medication that ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/divisions-diagnostics-and-procedures/medicine/patient-controlled-analgesia

A new study shows that anesthetics activate an endogenous analgesia neural ensemble in the central nucleus of the amygdala. ... A new study shows that anesthetics activate an endogenous analgesia neural ensemble in the central nucleus of the amygdala. ... McCall, N.M., Wojick, J.A. & Corder, G. Anesthesia analgesia in the amygdala. Nat Neurosci (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/ ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-020-0645-3?error=cookies_not_supported&code=0f4e557f-afcb-4390-b382-f2eea13176fe

Bellieni CV, Bagnoli F, Perrone S et al (2002) Effect of multisensory stimulation on analgesia in term neonates: a randomized ... Anand KJS, Barton BA, McIntosh N et al (1999) Analgesia and sedation in preterm neonates who require ventilatory support. ... Saarenmaa E, Huttunen P, Leppäluoto J et al (1999) Advantages of fentanyl over morphine in analgesia for ventilated newborn ... Guadagni A.M. (2008) Pharmacologic Analgesia in the Newborn. In: Buonocore G., Bellieni C.V. (eds) Neonatal Pain. Springer, ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-88-470-0732-1_13

Neuraxial analgesia does not increase the rate of cesarean delivery compared to systemic opioid analgesia; however, dense ... Regional anesthesia and analgesia for labor and delivery. N Eng J Med. 2003;348(4):319-332. Copyright © 2003 Massachusetts ... Advances in labor analgesia.. Wong CA1.. Author information. 1. Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg ... Neuraxial labor analgesia (most commonly epidural or combined spinal-epidural) is the most effective method of pain relief ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21072284?dopt=AbstractPlus

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https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Citation/2018/03000/In_Response.63.aspx

administration allergic Althesin Anaesthesia 35 Anaesthesia and Intensive anaesthetic agents anaesthetist analgesia analgesic ... Recent Advances in Anaesthesia and Analgesia; Including Oxygen Therapy. Christopher Langton Hewer,John Alfred Lee. Snippet view ... Recent Advances in Anaesthesia and Analgesia: (including Oxygen Therapy), by .... C. Langton Hewer. Snippet view - 1963. ... Recent advances in anaesthesia and analgesia (including oxygen therapy).. Christopher Langton Hewer. Snippet view - 1939. ...

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administration allergic Althesin Anaesthesia 35 Anaesthesia and Intensive anaesthetic agents anaesthetist analgesia analgesic ... Churchill Livingstone, 1982 - Analgesia - 182 pages. 0 Reviewshttps://books.google.com/books/about/Recent_advances_in_ ... gb-gplus-shareRecent advances in anaesthesia and analgesia. ... Recent advances in anaesthesia and analgesia, Issue 14. Editors ... anaphylactoid reactions Anesthesia and Analgesia Anesthesiology atrial biotransformation block Blood Transfusion British ...

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Backed by internationally-known authorities who serve on the Editorial Board and as Section Editors, Anesthesia &Analgesia is ... Analgesia for its original and significant contributions to the anesthesiology field. Each monthly issue features peer-reviewed ... your gateway to everything that is happening in anesthesia and 14 related subspecialties: Analgesia; Ambulatory Anesthesia; ...

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CCK-8 antagonizes acupuncture analgesia. The individual differences of acupuncture analgesia are associated with inherited ... EA analgesia is likely associated with its counter-regulation to spinal glial activation. PTX-sesntive Gi/o protein- and MAP ... Acupuncture analgesia is essentially a manifestation of integrative processes at different levels in the CNS between afferent ... Neural mechanism underlying acupuncture analgesia.. Zhao ZQ1.. Author information. 1. Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18582529?access_num=18582529&link_type=MED&dopt=Abstract

Xylocaine jelly is used for the topical relief of itching, pain and irritation caused by bites, stings, scrapes and burns. This drug is applied directly to the skin for immediate relief of the pain and irritation associated with these conditions.

https://www.brighthub.com/science/medical/articles/50367.aspx

Sucrose Analgesia: Identifying Potentially Better Practices. Linda Lefrak, Kelly Burch, Rheta Caravantes, Kim Knoerlein, Nancy ... Sucrose Analgesia: Identifying Potentially Better Practices. Linda Lefrak, Kelly Burch, Rheta Caravantes, Kim Knoerlein, Nancy ... "Sucrose analgesia" and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunizations at 2 and 4 months. J Dev Behav Pediatr.1995;16 :220- 225. ... "Sucrose analgesia": absorptive mechanism or taste perception? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed.1999;80 :F146- F147. ...

http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/Supplement_2/S197.full

Spinal analgesia definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. Look it ... spinal analgesia. spinach, spinach-rhubarb, spinal, spinal accessory nerve, spinal anaesthesia, spinal analgesia, spinal ...

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These mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia may be involved in the alleviation of central sensitization. ... the related article on PubMed database and Cochrane database to discover central sensitization pathway in acupuncture analgesia ... Acupuncture-Analgesia-Mediated Alleviation of Central Sensitization. Hsiang-Chun Lai. ,1 Yi-Wen Lin. ,2. ,. 3. ,. 4 and Ching- ... Acupuncture-Analgesia-Mediated Alleviation of Central Sensitization,. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,. ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2019/6173412/

Analgesia and anesthesia in obstetrics by J. P. Greenhill; 2 editions; First published in 1952; Subjects: Analgesia, Anesthesia ... Are you sure you want to remove Analgesia and anesthesia in obstetrics from your list? ...

https://openlibrary.org/works/OL98932W/Analgesia_and_anesthesia_in_obstetrics

... Regular Price: $20.00 ANA Member Price: Members: please login to receive your ... is to provide nurses with information so they can better care for patients receiving opioids and non-opioids for analgesia ... is to provide nurses with information so they can better care for patients receiving opioids and non-opioids for analgesia ...

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Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) FAQs Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) means that you will have some control of your pain ...

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ANALGESIA. Analgesia is mandatory where any procedure is performed that may be anticipated to cause pain. ... Phenylbutazone 2.2mg/kg BID may be used for ongoing analgesia, or 4.4mg/kg if to be used for initial analgesia. ... Analgesia in the donkey. * Flunixin 1.1mg/kg twice per day (BID) is the first-line perioperative choice at The Donkey Sanctuary ... Analgesia is an essential component of a dental-care program, particularly after any surgical procedure. ...

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Here you can read summaries of all the latest updates from Anesthesia and Analgesia ... PMID: 29049101 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia). Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia - October 20, 2017 ... PMID: 29049102 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia). Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia - October 20, 2017 ... PMID: 29049104 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia). Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia - October 20, 2017 ...

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Find patient medical information for Analgesia Topical on WebMD including its uses, side effects and safety, interactions, ... How to use Analgesia Cream. Follow all directions on the product package. If you are uncertain about any of the information, ... What should I know regarding pregnancy, nursing and administering Analgesia Cream to children or the elderly? ...

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Effective Analgesia Using Physical Interventions for Infant Immunizations. John W. Harrington, Stacey Logan, Courtney Harwell, ... Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;1(1):CD001069pmid: ... analgesia. *Abbreviations:. 5 Ss - swaddling, side/stomach position, shushing, swinging, and sucking. ANOVA - analysis of ... Acetaminophen analgesia in neonatal circumcision: the effect on pain. Pediatrics. 1994;93(4):641-646pmid:8134222. ...

http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/5/815

COX-2 inhibitor Long-term analgesia Multi-modal analgesia NSAID Paracetamol plus tramadol Synergistic analgesia ... Laboratory studies have demonstrated that these agents interact to produce synergistic analgesia with a desirable safety/ ...

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The available data clearly indicates that epidural analgesia with a local anesthetic-based regimen provides superior analgesia ... The use of perioperative epidural anesthesia-analgesia provides superior postoperative analgesia [1-3] versus conventional ... The use of perioperative epidural anesthesia-analgesia may confer many benefits including superior postoperative analgesia, ... patient-controlled epidural analgesia with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for perioperative analgesia and ...

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Comparison of thoracic epidural analgesia method and intravenous PCA (Patient Controlled Analgesia) in terms of analgesia and ... مقایسه ی دو روش بی دردی اپیدورال توراسیک و (PCA) Patient Controlled Analgesia وریدی از نظر میزان بی دردی و عوارض آن ها در ... Pneumocephalus After Dural Puncture During Epidural Analgesia: A Case Report Gholamreza Mohseni*, Faranak Behnaz, Zahra ... Effect of Patient Education About Patient-controlled Analgesia Pump Preoperative on Severity of Pain, Nausea and Vomiting After ...

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Diverse signal molecules contribute to mediating acupuncture analgesia, such as opioid peptides (mu-, delta- and kappa-receptors), glutamate (NMDA and AMPA/KA receptors), 5-hydroxytryptamine, and cholecystokinin octapeptide. (nih.gov)
Among these, the opioid peptides and their receptors in Arc-PAG-NRM-spinal dorsal horn pathway play a pivotal role in mediating acupuncture analgesia. (nih.gov)
New concepts in opioid analgesia. (medworm.com)
Basic mechanisms underlying pain, opioid analgesia and other opioid actions are outlined. (medworm.com)
An additional finding was that Apgar scores at one minute were lower in the neonates whose mothers had been given systemic opioid analgesia. (medpagetoday.com)
found that inflammation-induced activation of the channel TRPV1 promoted opioid sensitivity and analgesia in mice by relocalizing the protein β-arrestin2 within the cell such that it could not interact with the μ-opioid receptor and facilitate its desensitization. (sciencemag.org)
In this issue of the JCI , Lu and colleagues provide an in vivo proof-of-concept demonstration that a 6TM isoform of the μ-opioid receptor can support functional analgesia in Oprm1 -deficent animals. (jci.org)
These results suggest that T cells are a mediator of the opioid analgesia exhibited during pregnancy. (jneurosci.org)
The effects of a small dose naloxone infusion on opioid induced side effects and analgesia in children and adolescents treated with intravenous patient controlled analgesia: a double blind, prospective, randomized, controlled study. (springer.com)

In this course students will build further knowledge and practical skills in anaesthesia and analgesia in a range of domestic, domesticated and wildlife species. (edu.au)
In recent years, a number of important developments have been made in equine anaesthesia and analgesia. (wiley.com)

Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) is a related term describing the patient-controlled administration of analgesic medicine in the epidural space , by way of intermittent boluses or infusion pumps. (wikipedia.org)
An array of regional nerve blocks, systemic analgesic, and nonpharmacologic techniques are currently used for labor analgesia. (nih.gov)
On the basis of many studies and a Cochrane review of the efficacy of sucrose as an analgesic for procedural pain in neonates, 7 sucrose became the focus of a potentially better practice for the pain and analgesia group. (aappublications.org)
PCA or patient-controlled analgesia pumps is a way with which analgesic can be self-administered by the patient as and when needed. (openpr.com)
1. A method of inducing analgesia or reducing pain comprising implanting isolated, substantially homogeneously purified chromaffin cells or adrenal medullary tissue in nociceptor region of central nervous system of a host susceptible to pain, and stimulating said cells or tissue by infecting a nicotinic or muscarinic agonist to release effective amount of analgesic substance to reduce pain. (google.com)
A meta-analysis that included 8 studies (232 patients) did not demonstrate significant benefit of epidural analgesia on mortality, ICU, and hospital length of stay compared with other analgesic modalities in adult patients with traumatic rib fractures. (medscape.com)
Essentials of Small Animal Anesthesia and Analgesia, Second Edition provides veterinary care providers and students with key information on anesthetic and analgesic pharmacology, physiology, patient assessment, and clinical case management. (abebooks.com)
The authors postulate that sucrose is a weak analgesic, but they are unsure whether the lack of analgesia is a ceiling effect (peak of pain during the procedure), a floor effect (minimal pain from a retractable automatic lancet), an age-related effect (circulating levels of β-endorphin after birth) or a disease-related effect (pain processing in newborns of diabetic mothers 20 ). (cmaj.ca)

Patient-controlled analgesia ( PCA [1] ) is any method of allowing a person in pain to administer their own pain relief . (wikipedia.org)
Analgesia , loss of sensation of pain that results from an interruption in the nervous system pathway between sense organ and brain . (britannica.com)
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a means for the patient to self-administer analgesics (pain medications) intravenously by using a computerized pump, which introduces specific doses into an intravenous line. (encyclopedia.com)
Neuraxial labor analgesia (most commonly epidural or combined spinal-epidural) is the most effective method of pain relief during childbirth, and the only method that provides complete analgesia without maternal or fetal sedation. (nih.gov)
Acupuncture analgesia is essentially a manifestation of integrative processes at different levels in the CNS between afferent impulses from pain regions and impulses from acupoints. (nih.gov)
Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) means that you will have some control of your pain medicine. (emoryhealthcare.org)
Preventive analgesia is a practice aimed at reducing short- and long-term post-surgery pain. (wikipedia.org)
The types of nerve activity targeted in preventive analgesia include pre-surgery pain, all pain-system activity caused during surgery, and pain produced post-surgery by damage and inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
It is not known whether reducing post-operative sensitization by the use of preventive analgesia will affect the likelihood of acute post-operative pain becoming chronic. (wikipedia.org)
Anesthesia & Analgesia is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering anesthesia, pain management, and perioperative medicine that was established in 1922. (wikipedia.org)
A quiz concerning the use of epidural analgesia for pain management is presented. (ebscohost.com)
Early Post operative Pain Management and Early Extubation after Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery is better managed with Thoracic Epidural Analgesia. (ebscohost.com)
Preperitoneal catheter analgesia is an effective method for pain management after colorectal surgery: the results of 100 consecutive patients. (ebscohost.com)
Remifentanil vs. epidural analgesia for the management of acute pain associated with labour. (ebscohost.com)
Comparison of transversus abdominis plane block and epidural analgesia for pain relief after surgery. (ebscohost.com)
Patient-controlled epidural analgesia is superior to nitrous oxide inhalation in controlling childbirth pain. (ebscohost.com)
Objectives: To compare the effects of different labor analgesia in controlling childbirth pain and seek more effective and reliable pain management strategy during natural childbirth in order to reduce maternal pain and promote natural childbirth. (ebscohost.com)
Use of epidural analgesia in post-operative pain management. (ebscohost.com)
This article provides an overview of the use of epidural infusion analgesia in the management of patients with post-operative pain. (ebscohost.com)
Epidural analgesia is an effective method for relieving pain and has minimal side effects. (ebscohost.com)
Approximately 60% of laboring women (2.4 million each year) choose regional analgesia for pain relief during labor. (medscape.com)
In obstetric patients, regional analgesia refers to partial or complete loss of pain sensation below the T8 to T10 spinal level. (medscape.com)
However, reassure them that several other randomized, controlled trials have convincingly demonstrated that regional analgesia during labor as compared with other methods of pharmacologic pain relief, does not necessarily increase the risk of cesarean delivery. (medpagetoday.com)
Over the past decade, however, several studies, involving many thousands of patients, have convincingly demonstrated that regional analgesia during labor, as compared with other methods of pharmacologic pain relief, does not necessarily increase the risk of cesarean delivery. (medpagetoday.com)
In one group, the subjects received intrathecal (neuraxial) fentanyl at the first request for pain relief and epidural analgesia at the second request. (medpagetoday.com)
Women in the other group received systemic hydromorphone at the first request for pain relief and epidural analgesia at either a cervical dilation of 4 cm or at the third request for analgesia. (medpagetoday.com)
Pain scores after the first intervention were significantly lower following intrathecal analgesia than they were following systemic analgesia. (medpagetoday.com)
Moreover, they noted, epidural analgesia provides better pain relief than systemic analgesia and is also more effective than systemic analgesia in shortening the duration of labor. (medpagetoday.com)
It saves time between when the patient feels pain and/or the need to receive analgesia and when it is administered (activation automatically pumps the dose into a pre- existing IV line into the patient). (bionity.com)
Patients who use PCAs report better analgesia and lower pain scores than those patients who have to request analgesia from the nursing staff when they are in pain. (bionity.com)
A method of inducing analgesia or reducing pain is described. (google.com)
The present invention is related to producing analgesia or reducing pain by implantation of cellular material in the central nervous system (CNS) of a host susceptible to pain sensation. (google.com)
Epidural analgesia is a central nerve block technique achieved by injection of a local anaesthetic close to the nerves that transmit pain and is widely used as a form of pain relief in labour. (nih.gov)
To assess the effects of all modalities of epidural analgesia (including combined-spinal-epidural) on the mother and the baby, when compared with non-epidural or no pain relief during labour. (nih.gov)
Epidural analgesia appears to be effective in reducing pain during labour. (nih.gov)
Epidural analgesia had no statistically significant impact on the risk of caesarean section, maternal satisfaction with pain relief and long-term backache and did not appear to have an immediate effect on neonatal status as determined by Apgar scores. (nih.gov)
Why women prefer epidural analgesia during childbirth: the role of beliefs about epidural analgesia and pain catastrophizing. (greenmedinfo.com)
ABSTRACT: The management of surgical and nonsurgical pain in the hospital setting frequently involves the use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) that is delivered by a programmable infusion pump. (uspharmacist.com)
Patients with acute pain from other causes, such as sickle cell disease and cancer, may also benefit from on-demand analgesia. (uspharmacist.com)
CST, at the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine's annual meeting, The Pregnancy Meeting™, in New Orleans, researchers will report findings which suggest remifentanil patient controlled analgesia is not equivalent to epidural analgesia for pain, pain appreciation scores, and overall satisfaction in women who request for pain relief during labor. (eurekalert.org)
Remifentanil patient controlled analgesia (RPCA) is a short-acting pain reliever, an opiate, similar to pethidine. (eurekalert.org)
It relieves pain rapidly, but also wears off very quickly, which makes it very suitable for administration through patient controlled analgesia. (eurekalert.org)
Recent studies suggest that remifentanil patient controlled analgesia (RPCA) is equivalent to epidural analgesia (EA) with respect to pain appreciation (satisfaction with pain relief). (eurekalert.org)
This guideline is not intended for patients receiving inhalational anesthetics, patients who receive analgesia for pain control without sedatives, patients who receive sedation solely for the purpose of managing anxiolysis and behavioral emergencies, and patients who are intubated. (acep.org)
Calves should be routinely provided with appropriate analgesia to manage pain associated with disbudding and castration. (bva.co.uk)
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a type of pain management that lets you decide when you will get a dose of pain medicine. (lifebridgehealth.org)
Homeopathic Arnica montana exhibits small, but statistically significant decrease in pain scores for post-tonsillectomy analgesia. (greenmedinfo.com)
The availability of safe and effective nonpharmacologic analgesia that can be used repeatedly for acute pain in newborns or children would cause a paradigm shift in the management of pediatric pain. (cmaj.ca)
The book discusses how a multidisciplinary and integrative approach to pain and analgesia should be considered. (indiebound.org)
Professor Mario Incayawar is a Quichua physician-scientist and educator interested in social neuroscience of pain and analgesia and cultural psychiatry. (indiebound.org)
Sufentanil/ketamine nasal spray provided rapid onset of analgesia for a variety of painful procedures with few adverse effects and has promising features for use in pediatric procedural pain management. (nih.gov)
Following an uneventful delivery under epidural analgesia, a 17 year old female patient was referred to the Pain Clinic because of numbness and pain of the left big toe for 2 and a half Months. (scirp.org)
An Orthopedic consultation had ruled out foot injury and concluded that the pain was radicular and secondary to nerve damage from the epidural analgesia. (scirp.org)
B. Mansour, G. Wienecke, J. Cure, J. Almon and A. Armendi, "Myofascial Foot Pain Following Uneventful Epidural Analgesia for Labor and Delivery," Open Journal of Anesthesiology , Vol. 2 No. 1, 2012, pp. 11-13. (scirp.org)
L. C. Tsen and W. R. Camann, "Trigger Point Injections for Myofascial Pain During Epidural Analgesia for Labor," Regional Anesthesia, Vol. 22, No. 5, 1997, pp. 466-468. (scirp.org)
For management of labor pain, how does epidural analgesia compare with nonepidural pain control or no analgesia in terms of maternal and newborn outcomes? (aafp.org)
Compared with other types of analgesia or no analgesia, epidurals offered better pain relief, but were associated with a longer second stage of labor and increased risk of instrumental vaginal delivery, maternal fever, and oxytocin (Pitocin) administration. (aafp.org)
Epidural analgesia had no statistically significant impact on the risk of cesarean delivery, maternal satisfaction with pain relief, or long-term backache, and did not appear to have an immediate effect on neonatal status as determined by Apgar scores. (aafp.org)
The need for cautious fluid management to minimise rise in intracranial blood volume, while promptly replacing lost fluids due to diuresis, while devising a strategy for post-operative pain management instituting optimal analgesia with minimal sedation, nausea and respiratory depression pose a tremendous task to neuro-anaesthesiologist. (thefreedictionary.com)
Since the risk of rebleeding from the AVM was also assumed to extend into the postoperative period, we aimed to minimise any hypertensive responses to postoperative pain by providing optimal analgesia in the form of an epidural. (thefreedictionary.com)
In addition, the limited resources in the public health sector often compromise the ability of nurses and doctors to provide optimal analgesia , and non-pharmacological interventions that can reduce pain are therefore particularly valuable. (thefreedictionary.com)
Epidural analgesia is an injection of local anaesthetic alone, or more commonly in combination with pain . (healthengine.com.au)
Epidural analgesia provides complete motor (causing paralysis ) and sensory blockade (causing loss of sensation), around or near the site of pain. (healthengine.com.au)
The visual context of seeing the body can reduce the experience of acute pain, producing a multisensory analgesia. (jneurosci.org)
These findings suggest that visually induced analgesia does not involve an overall reduction of the cortical response elicited by laser stimulation, but is consequent to the interplay between the brain's pain network and a posterior network for body perception, resulting in modulation of the experience of pain. (jneurosci.org)
The two networks related to the experience of pain and to vision of the body seem likely candidates for involvement in visual analgesia, given the extensive connectivity between posterior parietal and somatosensory cortices ( Pandya and Seltzer, 1982 ). (jneurosci.org)
Zambelli VO, Picolo G, Fernandes CAH, Fontes MRM, Cury Y. Secreted Phospholipases A 2 from Animal Venoms in Pain and Analgesia. (mdpi.com)
This pregnancy-related analgesia has been demonstrated for acute pain in rats. (jneurosci.org)
Here, we show that pregnancy analgesia can produce a complete cessation of chronic pain behaviors in mice. (jneurosci.org)
A thorough understanding of pain physiology and drug pharmacology is necessary to provide analgesia and anxiolysis. (springer.com)
Covering essential principles of anesthesia administration and pain management in small and large animals, Anesthesia and Analgesia for Veterinary Technicians, 5th Edition is completely updated with the latest drugs and techniques. (whsmith.co.uk)
Maximize patient comfort and overall experience with Nitronox™, our premier nitrous oxide and oxygen analgesia system for a variety of medical and aesthetic procedures where pain management and anxiety are a concern. (cynosure.com)
Patient-oriented outcomes of great interest to us would be maternal and infant morbidity and mortality, risk of cesarean section and other operative interventions, quality of pain relief when compared to epidural analgesia in labor, costs and patient experience of the birth process. (aafp.org)
On page 463 the authors mention that epidural analgesia is unique in providing pain relief that blocks both visceral and somatic pain stimuli. (aafp.org)
thoracic epidural analgesia represented the "gold standard" for post-thoracotomy pain relief in combination with intravenous analgesia. (curehunter.com)
15. The method of safely operating a sedation and analgesia system according to claim 12, wherein one or more patient interfaces is a system for the delivery of the pain or anxiety relieving drugs to the patient. (freepatentsonline.com)

Pediatric formulations that permit accurate dosing, are accepted by children and a have a rapid onset of analgesia are lacking. (nih.gov)
Lipophilic (fat soluble) opioids, such as fentanyl, are able to penetrate the dura or the arachnoid membranes and spinal tissues resulting in a rapid onset of analgesia, but a limited duration. (healthengine.com.au)
The onset of analgesia was relatively rapid in Group 2 followed by Group 3 then Group 1. (curehunter.com)

[10] The Analgizer was widely utilized for analgesia and sedation until the early 1970s, in a manner that foreshadowed the patient-controlled analgesia infusion pumps of today. (wikipedia.org)
This is sometimes countered by setting a background continuous infusion of the analgesia. (bionity.com)
1% with fentanyl 2 [micro]g/mL, as an intermediate background infusion rate (5 mL/h) combined with a 5-mL bolus, 12-min lockout, and 20-mL maximum allowable hourly dose provided a balance between optimal analgesia and unfavorable second-stage outcomes" (Sullivan, 2010, p. (thefreedictionary.com)

Thomas is the author of 'Anesthesia And Analgesia For Veterinary Technicians, 4E' with ISBN 9780323055048 and ISBN 0323055044. (valorebooks.com)

This package contains LWW's Anasthesia & Analgesia and Anesthesia & Analgesia Practice . (ovid.com)
Shapiro BA, Warren J, Egol AB, Greenbaum DM, Jacobi J, Nasraway SA, Schein RM, Spevetz A, Stone JR. Practice parameters for intravenous analgesia and sedation for adult patients in the intensive care unit: an executive summary. (springer.com)
Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. (springer.com)

Patient-controlled analgesia pumps are not used to treat long term pains. (openpr.com)
Government initiatives to boost home medication, rising awareness about patient-controlled analgesia pumps, and affordable costs are few of the aspects contributing to the expansion of patient-controlled analgesia pumps market at a global level. (openpr.com)
The global patient-controlled analgesia pumps market is projected to grow at a high CAGR during the period of forecast and is estimated to reflect a valuation of above US$ 500 Mn by the end of the year of forecast. (openpr.com)
On the contrary, lack of skilled manpower and lack of standard usage guidelines and vast product recalls are hampering the growth of the global patient-controlled analgesia pumps market. (openpr.com)
The global patient-controlled analgesia pumps market has been segmented by product type, by end user, by application and by region. (openpr.com)
The research report has also profiled various leading players in the global patient-controlled analgesia pumps market. (openpr.com)

The present invention includes a sedation and analgesia system capable of gathering data from a single monitor associated with a single patient parameter in a manner that diminishes the probability of false positive alarms responses due to data artifact. (google.com)
The invention further includes methods for incorporating trend analysis into a sedation and analgesia system. (google.com)
2. The sedation and analgesia system of claim 1 , further comprising one or more effectors for ensuring patient safety and clinician awareness, wherein said electronic controller is interconnected with the effector and controls the effector in accordance said trends of said patient parameter. (google.com)
3. The sedation and analgesia system of claim 1 , wherein said electronic controller provides preemptive warnings in response to adverse trends of said patient parameter within a range of said data set. (google.com)
4. The sedation and analgesia system of claim 1 , wherein said electronic controller evaluates said patient parameter measurements against said trends. (google.com)
5. The sedation and analgesia system of claim 1 , wherein said patient parameter is one derived from capnometry, pulse oximetry, and blood pressure. (google.com)
6. The sedation and analgesia system of claim 1 , wherein said patient parameter is heart rate. (google.com)
7. The sedation and analgesia system of claim 1 , wherein said at least one patient health monitor is one of an electrocardiograph and a pulse oximeter. (google.com)
The invention provides a fail-safe module (FSM) integral with a sedation and analgesia system that meets the high-reliability needs of sedation and/or analgesia delivered by non-anesthetist practitioners. (freepatentsonline.com)
12. The method of safely operating a sedation and analgesia system according to claim 11, wherein the step of managing the operation of the one or more patient interfaces comprises stopping the operation of the one or more patient interfaces upon the non-receipt by the fail safe module of the one or more valid signals indicating a healthy operation of the controller. (freepatentsonline.com)
13. The method of safely operating a sedation and analgesia system according to claim 12, wherein a user interface indicates the system is not functioning properly. (freepatentsonline.com)
14. The method of safely operating a sedation and analgesia system according to claim 13, wherein the user interface indicates the system is not functioning properly with one or more system state alarms. (freepatentsonline.com)
17. The method of safely operating a sedation and analgesia system according to claim 12, further comprising the step of powering down the sedation and analgesia system upon the non-receipt by the fail safe module of the one or more valid signals indicating a healthy operation of the controller. (freepatentsonline.com)

Essentials of Small Animal Anesthesia and Analgesia, Second Edition presents the fundamentals of managing small animal anesthesia patients in a clinically relevant, accessible manual. (abebooks.com)

Possible regional anesthesia techniques include epidural analgesia, spinal analgesia (sometimes referred to as the intrathecal or subarachnoid space), or a combination of epidural and spinal analgesia. (medscape.com)
The median time from the initiation of analgesia to complete dilation (and also to vaginal delivery) was significantly shorter after intrathecal analgesia was administered than it was after systemic analgesia was administered. (medpagetoday.com)
We therefore appreciated Drs. Stephens and Ford's 1 excellent outline of the advantages and disadvantages of intrathecal narcotics compared with epidural analgesia, as well as the differences in the effectiveness of both in the first and second stages of labor. (aafp.org)
Unfortunately, there is little in the literature about the relative risks of cesarean section and operative vaginal delivery with each of the three common modes of analgesia-intrathecal narcotic analgesia, epidural analgesia and intravenous narcotic analgesia. (aafp.org)
Intrathecal narcotic analgesia is a promising tool of family-centered maternity care that warrants further research. (aafp.org)
However, until outcomes-based studies are conducted, we can only say that intrathecal narcotic analgesia may offer a safe, effective alternative to epidural analgesia without the increased risk of cesarean section. (aafp.org)

Saarenmaa E, Huttunen P, Leppäluoto J et al (1999) Advantages of fentanyl over morphine in analgesia for ventilated newborn infants after birth: a randomized trial. (springer.com)
The principal actions of fentanyl are analgesia and sedation. (healthengine.com.au)

The goal of this article is to provide nurses with information so they can better care for patients receiving opioids and non-opioids for analgesia related to surgery. (nursingworld.org)
Only opioids could be used for labor analgesia in these situations, as they do not decrease systemic vascular resistance. (medscape.com)
To minimize these side effects of opioids, and to attain optimal analgesia various regional analgesia techniques have evolved. (thefreedictionary.com)
Epidural analgesia provides a reliable and excellent analgesia during childbirth without resulting in concomitant maternal or foetal central depression seen with systemic opioids. (healthengine.com.au)
There are different types of analgesia used in epidural analgesia, for instant the local anaesthetics and or opioids. (healthengine.com.au)

Some studies have consistently demonstrated a strong association between the use of epidural analgesia and an elevated risk of cesarean delivery. (medpagetoday.com)
Nevertheless, concern persists that the initiation of regional analgesia in early labor will result in a higher incidence of cesarean delivery than does its initiation during a later stage. (medpagetoday.com)
Based on their study, the researchers concluded that neuraxial administration of analgesia in early labor does not increase the rate of cesarean delivery when compared to later administration. (medpagetoday.com)
Epidural analgesia is associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery. (greenmedinfo.com)
Drs. Stephens and Ford write, "The relationship between epidural analgesia and rates of cesarean delivery remains controversial. (aafp.org)
A randomized, controlled, prospective trial conducted from 1990 to 1992 found that 25 percent of patients who received epidural analgesia required cesarean delivery, compared with 2.2 percent of those who received intravenous narcotics. (aafp.org)
Effect of epidural analgesia for labor on the cesarean delivery rate. (aafp.org)

Epidural is of course the best form of labour analgesia. (ebscohost.com)
Aim is to find out an alternative method of labour analgesia where epidural is not a choice. (ebscohost.com)
Further research may be helpful to evaluate rare but potentially severe adverse effects of epidural analgesia on women in labour and long-term neonatal outcomes. (nih.gov)
Epidural analgesia in labour is associated with increased risk of having an instrumental delivery. (greenmedinfo.com)

Thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) may reduced. (ebscohost.com)
Mechanical ventilation with the use of thoracic epidural analgesia with local anesthetics may be beneficial, although hypotension was significantly associated with thoracic epidural analgesia. (medscape.com)

In the present study, buprenorphine treatment did not alter infarction volume when compared with that of mice that did not receive analgesia. (ingentaconnect.com)

Potentiation of morphine analgesia by subanesthetic doses of pentobarbital. (biomedsearch.com)
Pentobarbital pretreatment reportedly either inhibits, enhances or has no effect on morphine analgesia. (biomedsearch.com)
Significant potentiation of morphine analgesia was observed in sodium pentobarbital as compared to the placebo-pelleted animals. (biomedsearch.com)

Recent reviews of the literature support the use of concentrated sucrose alone as effective analgesia for the immunization of infants. (aappublications.org)

Introduction: Remifentanil has an attractive pharmacological profile for use in obstetric analgesia as a technique for mass application, with similar benefits and satisfaction as epidural analgesia. (ebscohost.com)

Neural mechanism underlying acupuncture analgesia. (nih.gov)
During the last decades, our understanding of how the brain processes acupuncture analgesia has undergone considerable development. (nih.gov)
Acupuncture analgesia is manifested only when the intricate feeling (soreness, numbness, heaviness and distension) of acupuncture in patients occurs following acupuncture manipulation. (nih.gov)
In the last decade, profound studies on neural mechanisms underlying acupuncture analgesia predominately focus on cellular and molecular substrate and functional brain imaging and have developed rapidly. (nih.gov)
CCK-8 antagonizes acupuncture analgesia. (nih.gov)
The individual differences of acupuncture analgesia are associated with inherited genetic factors and the density of CCK receptors. (nih.gov)
The brain regions associated with acupuncture analgesia identified in animal experiments were confirmed and further explored in the human brain by means of functional imaging. (nih.gov)
We searched the related article on PubMed database and Cochrane database to discover central sensitization pathway in acupuncture analgesia. (hindawi.com)
These mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia may be involved in the alleviation of central sensitization. (hindawi.com)

Continuous labor support has been shown to decrease the use of pharmacologic analgesia and shorten labor. (nih.gov)

The bulk of the book is distilled from Lumb and Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia to provide authoritative information in a quick-reference format, with references to Lumb and Jones' throughout for easy access to further detail. (abebooks.com)

Diseases of the spinal cord that may cause analgesia without loss of the sensation of touch are tabes dorsalis , syringomyelia , and tumours of the cord. (britannica.com)
More particularly, the present invention is related to the implantation of isolated chromaffin cells or adrenal medullary tissue in the brain stem or spinal cord for producing analgesia when the implanted tissue or cell is induced to release nociceptor interacting substances. (google.com)
This activates small Myelinated Nerve Fibers in the Muscle which transmit impulses to the spinal cord and then activate three centers - the spinal cord, Midbrain and pituitary/ Hypothalamus - to produce Analgesia . (online-medical-dictionary.org)

Because of the simplicity of the Analgizer and the pharmacological characteristics of methoxyflurane, it was easy for patients to self-administer the drug and rapidly achieve a level of conscious analgesia which could be maintained and adjusted as necessary over a period of time lasting from a few minutes to several hours. (wikipedia.org)
Many pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods of labor analgesia have been adopted over the years. (medscape.com)

A collaboration of 12 centers of the Vermont Oxford Network worked together to review the strength of the evidence, clinical indications, dosage, administration, and contraindications and identify potential adverse effects for the use of sucrose analgesia as the basis of potentially better practices for sucrose analgesia guidelines. (aappublications.org)
The goal was to standardize recommendations for sucrose analgesia. (aappublications.org)
Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A. Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. (unboundmedicine.com)
TY - JOUR T1 - Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. (unboundmedicine.com)

Luckily, we've come a long way in feline anesthesia and analgesia recently - a lot of it is to do with new drugs that are specifically approved for use in cats," says Dr. Robertson. (dvm360.com)

Regional anesthesia and analgesia for labor and delivery. (nih.gov)

We have used a 5% nationally random sample of Medicare beneficiaries (1997-2001) to examine the association between the presence or absence of postoperative epidural analgesia and perioperative (7- and 30-day) mortality [ 6 - 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
In our initial analysis [ 6 ], we examined several surgical procedures (based on International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes) and divided patients into 2 groups, depending on the presence or absence of postoperative epidural analgesia. (hindawi.com)
Analgesia is indicated for patients with certain risk factors even in the absence of maternal request. (medscape.com)

These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Post-Intubation Sedation and Analgesia. (fpnotebook.com)

Procedural sedation and analgesia ( PSA ) is a technique in which a sedating/dissociative medication is administered often in combination with analgesics. (wikipedia.org)
In patients undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department, does preprocedural fasting demonstrate a reduction in the risk of emesis or aspiration? (acep.org)
Preprocedural fasting for any duration has not demonstrated a reduction in the risk of emesis or aspiration when administering procedural sedation and analgesia. (acep.org)
In patients undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department, does the routine use of capnography reduce the incidence of adverse respiratory events? (acep.org)
Capnography* may be used as an adjunct to pulse oximetry and clinical assessment to detect hypoventilation and apnea earlier than pulse oximetry and/or clinical assessment alone in patients undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in the ED. *Capnography includes all forms of quantitative exhaled carbon dioxide analysis. (acep.org)
In patients undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department, what is the minimum number of personnel necessary to manage complications? (acep.org)
During procedural sedation and analgesia, a nurse or other qualified individual should be present for continuous monitoring of the patient, in addition to the provider performing the procedure. (acep.org)
Physicians who are working or consulting in the ED should coordinate procedures requiring procedural sedation and analgesia with the ED staff. (acep.org)

More importantly [ citation needed ] , the dosing regimen may be set so that the patient does not receive enough analgesia (bolus doses set too small, lock-out too long). (bionity.com)
2 A large body of research has compared the use of PCA with more conventional analgesia-delivery methods, such as nurse-administered IM bolus doses. (uspharmacist.com)
The effect of subanesthetic doses of sodium pentobarbital (8-12 mg kg-1, SC) delivered via a delivery system on analgesia of morphine (5 mg kg-1, SC or 1 mg kg-1, IV) acutely administered 45 min after the sodium pentobarbital pellet implantation was assessed using the warm water (55 degrees C)-induced tail-withdrawal reflex in male Wistar rats. (biomedsearch.com)
At higher doses it produces surgical anaesthesia with motor block, while at lower doses it produces a sensory block, including analgesia, with little motor block. (healthengine.com.au)

The use of perioperative epidural anesthesia-analgesia may confer many benefits including superior postoperative analgesia, decreased morbidity, and improvement in patient-centered outcomes. (hindawi.com)
We will review our group's work on perioperative epidural anesthesia-analgesia on patient outcomes which includes mortality, major morbidity, and patient centered outcomes but not technical failures or complications. (hindawi.com)

Bellieni CV, Bagnoli F, Perrone S et al (2002) Effect of multisensory stimulation on analgesia in term neonates: a randomized controlled trial. (springer.com)

however, dense neuraxial analgesia may increase the risk of instrumental vaginal delivery. (nih.gov)
Besides providing analgesia in labor, regional analgesia may facilitate atraumatic vaginal delivery of twins, preterm neonates, and neonates with breech presentation. (medscape.com)

Laboratory studies have demonstrated that these agents interact to produce synergistic analgesia with a desirable safety/efficacy profile. (springer.com)
Objective: To assess the efficacy, equivalence and safety of remifentanil vs. epidural analgesia. (ebscohost.com)

Anatomy9

Organisms1

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs76

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment66

Psychiatry and Psychology7

Phenomena and Processes16

Named Groups1

Health Care16

Relative efficacy of 32P and 89Sr in palliation in skeletal metastases. (1/1002)

Characterization of socio-psychological stress-induced antinociception in the formalin test in mice. (2/1002)

Morbidity and cost-effectiveness analysis of outpatient analgesia versus general anaesthesia for testicular sperm extraction in men with azoospermia due to defects in spermatogenesis. (3/1002)

Postoperative analgesia and vomiting, with special reference to day-case surgery: a systematic review. (4/1002)

Dextromethorphan and pain after total abdominal hysterectomy. (5/1002)

Role of potassium channels in the antinociception induced by agonists of alpha2-adrenoceptors. (6/1002)

Tenoxicam and paracetamol-codeine combination after oral surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. (7/1002)

Somatotopic activation of opioid systems by target-directed expectations of analgesia. (8/1002)

Analgesia

Analgesia, Epidural

Analgesia, Obstetrical

Analgesia, Patient-Controlled

Analgesics, Opioid

Pain, Postoperative

Morphine

Pain Measurement

Bupivacaine

Anesthetics, Local

Acupuncture Analgesia

Fentanyl

Analgesics

Anesthesia, Epidural

Meperidine

Labor Pain

Sufentanil

Pain

Nerve Block

Injections, Spinal

Labor, Obstetric

Anesthesia, Obstetrical

Amides

Anesthesia, Spinal

Tramadol

Double-Blind Method

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic

Naloxone

Cesarean Section

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

Pain Threshold

Interpleural Analgesia

Drug Tolerance

Receptors, Opioid, mu

Anesthesia, General

Conscious Sedation

Ketorolac

Labor Stage, First

Hydromorphone

Lidocaine

Pain Management

Anesthesia, Caudal

Clonidine

Anesthesia and Analgesia

Ketamine

Femoral Nerve

Receptors, Opioid

Pregnancy

Pirinitramide

Hypnotics and Sedatives

Butorphanol

Alfentanil

Nalbuphine

Narcotic Antagonists

Anesthetics, Combined

Anesthesia, Conduction

Thoracotomy

Opioid Peptides

Electroacupuncture

Mepivacaine

Pruritus

Ketoprofen

Adjuvants, Anesthesia

Placebo Effect

Morphine Derivatives

Hyperalgesia

Prospective Studies

Anesthesia, Local

Periaqueductal Gray

Nitrous Oxide

Pentazocine

Postoperative Care

Dexmedetomidine

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures

Hysterectomy

Piperidines

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Brachial Plexus

Pain, Intractable

Oxycodone