Anal Canal: The terminal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE, beginning from the ampulla of the RECTUM and ending at the anus.Anus Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.Anus DiseasesSemicircular Canals: Three long canals (anterior, posterior, and lateral) of the bony labyrinth. They are set at right angles to each other and are situated posterosuperior to the vestibule of the bony labyrinth (VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH). The semicircular canals have five openings into the vestibule with one shared by the anterior and the posterior canals. Within the canals are the SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS.Manometry: Measurement of the pressure or tension of liquids or gases with a manometer.Fecal Incontinence: Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.Ear Canal: The narrow passage way that conducts the sound collected by the EAR AURICLE to the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.Rectum: The distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE, between the SIGMOID COLON and the ANAL CANAL.Spinal Canal: The cavity within the SPINAL COLUMN through which the SPINAL CORD passes.Proctoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the rectum.Adenoma, Villous: An adenoma of the large intestine. It is usually a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections. Hypersecretion and malignant changes occur frequently. (Stedman, 25th ed)Root Canal Preparation: Preparatory activities in ROOT CANAL THERAPY by partial or complete extirpation of diseased pulp, cleaning and sterilization of the empty canal, enlarging and shaping the canal to receive the sealing material. The cavity may be prepared by mechanical, sonic, chemical, or other means. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1700)Hemorrhoids: Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.Fissure in Ano: A painful linear ulcer at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal. (Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.Nitrergic Neurons: Nerve cells where transmission is mediated by NITRIC OXIDE.Pressure: A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Root Canal Irrigants: Chemicals used mainly to disinfect root canals after pulpectomy and before obturation. The major ones are camphorated monochlorophenol, EDTA, formocresol, hydrogen peroxide, metacresylacetate, and sodium hypochlorite. Root canal irrigants include also rinsing solutions of distilled water, sodium chloride, etc.Dental Pulp Cavity: The space in a tooth bounded by the dentin and containing the dental pulp. The portion of the cavity within the crown of the tooth is the pulp chamber; the portion within the root is the pulp canal or root canal.Root Canal Filling Materials: Materials placed inside a root canal for the purpose of obturating or sealing it. The materials may be gutta-percha, silver cones, paste mixtures, or other substances. (Dorland, 28th ed, p631 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p187)APUD Cells: Cells with the capacity to take up and decarboxylate the amine precursors DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE or 5-HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN. This is a property of endocrine cells of neural and non-neural origin. APUDOMA is a general term collectively applied to tumors associated with APUD cells.Colostomy: The surgical construction of an opening between the colon and the surface of the body.Urogenital System: All the organs involved in reproduction and the formation and release of URINE. It includes the kidneys, ureters, BLADDER; URETHRA, and the organs of reproduction - ovaries, UTERUS; FALLOPIAN TUBES; VAGINA; and CLITORIS in women and the testes; SEMINAL VESICLES; PROSTATE; seminal ducts; and PENIS in men.Pelvic Floor: Soft tissue formed mainly by the pelvic diaphragm, which is composed of the two levator ani and two coccygeus muscles. The pelvic diaphragm lies just below the pelvic aperture (outlet) and separates the pelvic cavity from the PERINEUM. It extends between the PUBIC BONE anteriorly and the COCCYX posteriorly.Defecation: The normal process of elimination of fecal material from the RECTUM.Rectal Prolapse: Protrusion of the rectal mucous membrane through the anus. There are various degrees: incomplete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle but with herniation of the bowel; and internal complete with rectosigmoid or upper rectum intussusception into the lower rectum.Carcinoma, Squamous Cell: A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.Imaging, Three-Dimensional: The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.Tooth Apex: The tip or terminal end of the root of a tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p62)Parasympatholytics: Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS.Vagina: The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)Combined Modality Therapy: The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.Radiotherapy Dosage: The total amount of radiation absorbed by tissues as a result of radiotherapy.Gutta-Percha: Coagulated exudate isolated from several species of the tropical tree Palaquium (Sapotaceae). It is the trans-isomer of natural rubber and is used as a filling and impression material in dentistry and orthopedics and as an insulator in electronics. It has also been used as a rubber substitute.Rectal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.Papillomaviridae: A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting birds and most mammals, especially humans. They are grouped into multiple genera, but the viruses are highly host-species specific and tissue-restricted. They are commonly divided into hundreds of papillomavirus "types", each with specific gene function and gene control regions, despite sequence homology. Human papillomaviruses are found in the genera ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; BETAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; GAMMAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; and MUPAPILLOMAVIRUS.Dental Instruments: Hand-held tools or implements especially used by dental professionals for the performance of clinical tasks.Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Tooth Root: The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)Periapical Periodontitis: Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.Calcium Hydroxide: A white powder prepared from lime that has many medical and industrial uses. It is in many dental formulations, especially for root canal filling.Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.Papillomavirus Infections: Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.Carcinoma, Acinar Cell: A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)
Effects of short term sacral nerve stimulation on anal and rectal function in patients with anal incontinence. (1/1075)
BACKGROUND: Some patients with faecal incontinence are not amenable to simple surgical sphincter repair, due to sphincter weakness in the absence of a structural defect. AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy and possible mode of action of short term stimulation of sacral nerves in patients with faecal incontinence and a structurally intact external anal sphincter. PATIENTS: Twelve patients with faecal incontinence for solid or liquid stool at least once per week. METHODS: A stimulating electrode was placed (percutaneously in 10 patients, operatively in two) into the S3 or S4 foramen. The electrode was left in situ for a minimum of one week with chronic stimulation. RESULTS: Evaluable results were obtained in nine patients, with early electrode displacement in the other three. Incontinence ceased in seven of nine patients and improved notably in one; one patient with previous imperforate anus and sacral agenesis had no symptomatic response. Stimulation seemed to enhance maximum squeeze pressure but did not alter resting pressure. The rectum became less sensitive to distension with no change in rectal compliance. Ambulatory studies showed a possible reduction in rectal contractile activity and diminished episodes of spontaneous anal relaxation. CONCLUSIONS: Short term sacral nerve stimulation notably decreases episodes of faecal incontinence. The effect may be mediated via facilitation of striated sphincter muscle function, and via neuromodulation of sacral reflexes which regulate rectal sensitivity and contractility, and anal motility. (+info)Risk factors for abnormal anal cytology in young heterosexual women. (2/1075)
Although anal cancers are up to four times more common in women than men, little is known about the natural history of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and HPV-related anal lesions in women. This study reports on the prevalence of and risks for anal cytological abnormalities over a 1-year period in a cohort of young women participating in a study of the natural history of cervical HPV infection. In addition to their regularly scheduled sexual behavior interviews and cervical testing, consenting women received anal HPV DNA and cytological testing. Anal cytology smears were obtained from 410 women whose mean age was 22.5 +/- 2.5 years at the onset of the study. Sixteen women (3.9%) were found to have abnormal anal cytology: 4 women had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) or condyloma; and 12 women had atypical cells of undetermined significance. Factors found to be significantly associated with abnormal anal cytology were a history of anal sex [odds ratio (OR), 6.90; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7-47.2], a history of cervical SILs (OR, 4.13; 95% CI, 1.3-14.9), and a current anal HPV infection (OR, 12.28; 95% CI, 3.9-43.5). The strong association between anal intercourse and the development of HPV-induced SILs supports the role of sexual transmission of HPV in anal SILs. Young women who had engaged in anal intercourse or had a history of cervical SILs were found to be at highest risk. (+info)Faecal composition after surgery for Hirschsprung's disease. (3/1075)
Diarrhoea and perianal excoriation occur frequently after the endorectal pull-through operation for Hirschsprung's disease. A new method of faecal analysis was performed on 3-day stool collections in 17 postoperative Hirschsprung patients and in 14 normal children, in order to define the faecal abnormality and to establish the cause of perianal excoriation in these patients. Loose stools in postoperative patients were deficient in dry solid content and contained an excess of extractable faecal water. This also had a raised electrolyte concentration, particularly with respect to sodium. Total daily output of faecal water was normal. Formed stools from postoperative patients were also deficient in drysolids but had a normal extractable water content. Excess extractable faecal water, the main abnormality of loose stools in these patients, is the result of abnormal water absorption from the distal colon. Perianal excoriation in these patients is most closely associated with the concentration of sodium in faecal water. (+info)Investigation and management of long-standing chronic constipation in childhood. (4/1075)
The anorectal physiology of 106 children with long-standing chronic constipation, who had failed to response to a trial of medical treatment, was assessed. 10 (9%) were shown to have ultrashort-segment Hischsprung's disease, later confirmed on histology, The remainder showed evidence of hypertrophy of the internal sphicter on anorectal manometry and had a vigorous anal dilatation (to accept 4 fingers) under general anesthesia. After this, 38% were able to be weaned off all medication and most of the remainder improved. Further anal dilatation and internal sphincterotomy allowed a further 10 children to stop laxative, bringing the total to 48%. (+info)Perception of and adaptation to rectal isobaric distension in patients with faecal incontinence. (5/1075)
BACKGROUND: Perception of, and adaptation of the rectum to, distension probably play an important role in the maintenance of continence, but perception studies in faecal incontinence provide controversial conclusions possibly related to methodological biases. In order to better understand perception disorders, the aim of this study was to analyse anorectal adaptation to rectal isobaric distension in subjects with incontinence. PATIENTS/METHODS: Between June 95 and December 97, 97 consecutive patients (nine men and 88 women, mean (SEM) age 55 (1) years) suffering from incontinence were evaluated and compared with 15 healthy volunteers (four men and 11 women, mean age 48 (3) years). The patients were classified into three groups according to their perception status to rectal isobaric distensions (impaired, 22; normal, 61; enhanced, 14). Anal and rectal adaptations to increasing rectal pressure were analysed using a model of rectal isobaric distension. RESULTS: The four groups did not differ with respect to age, parity, or sex ratio. Magnitude of incontinence, prevalence of pelvic disorders, and sphincter defects were similar in the incontinent groups. When compared with healthy controls, anal pressure and rectal adaptation to distension were decreased in incontinent patients. When compared with incontinent patients with normal perception, patients with enhanced perception experienced similar rectal adaptation but had reduced anal pressure. In contrast, patients with impaired perception showed considerably decreased rectal adaptation but had similar anal pressure. CONCLUSION: Abnormal sensations during rectal distension are observed in one third of subjects suffering from incontinence. These abnormalities may reflect hyperreactivity or neuropathological damage of the rectal wall. (+info)Anal ultrasound predicts the response to nonoperative treatment of fecal incontinence in men. (6/1075)
OBJECTIVE: To assess the etiology, treatment, and utility of anal ultrasound in men with fecal incontinence and to review the outcomes of conservative (nonoperative) treatment. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The etiology of fecal incontinence in women is almost exclusively from obstetric or iatrogenic surgical injuries resulting in damage to the anal sphincters and/or pudendal nerves. Corresponding data on men with fecal incontinence are sparse. METHODS: Between January 1995 and January 1998, 37 men with fecal incontinence were evaluated in the John Radcliffe Hospital anorectal ultrasound unit. Their clinical histories, anal ultrasound results, anorectal physiology studies, and responses to conservative therapy were reviewed. RESULTS: Median age was 57 years. Major incontinence was present in 27% of the patients. Anal ultrasound localized anal sphincter damage in nine patients, and the characteristics of these nine patients with sphincter damage were then compared with the remaining 28 without sphincter damage. Prior anal surgery was more common in patients with sphincter damage. Hemorrhoids were more common in patients without sphincter damage. Anorectal physiology studies revealed significantly lower mean maximum resting and squeeze pressures in patients with sphincter damage, confirming poor sphincter function. With 92% follow-up, patients without sphincter damage were more likely to improve with nonoperative therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Anal ultrasound is extremely useful in the evaluation of fecal incontinence in men. Unlike women, the majority of men do not have a sphincter defect by anal ultrasound, and conservative management is usually successful in these patients. In contrast, in men with anal sphincter damage, almost all of these defects resulted from previous anal surgery. Conservative management rarely is successful in these cases, and surgical repair of the anal sphincter may be indicated. Therefore, because the presence or absence of sphincter damage on anal ultrasound usually predicts the response to nonoperative treatment, anal ultrasound should be used to guide the initial management of men with fecal incontinence. (+info)A bile acid-induced apoptosis assay for colon cancer risk and associated quality control studies. (7/1075)
Bile acids are important in the etiology of colorectal cancer. Bile acids induce apoptosis in colonic goblet cells at concentrations comparable to those found in fecal water after high-fat meals. Preliminary evidence indicated that cells of the normal-appearing (nontumorous) portion of the colon epithelium of colon cancer patients are more resistant to bile salt-induced apoptosis than are cells from normal individuals. In the present study, 68 patients were examined, and biopsies were taken at 20 cm from the anal verge, cecum, and descending colon. The patients included 17 individuals with a history of colorectal cancer, 37 individuals with adenomas, and 14 individuals who were neoplasia free. The mean bile salt-induced apoptotic index among normal individuals was 57.6 +/- 3.47 (SE), which differed significantly (P < 0.05) from the mean value of 36.41 +/- 3.12 in individuals with a history of colon cancer. The correlation between independent observers was 0.89 (P < 0.001), indicating good interobserver reliability. Components of variance comparing interindividual versus intraindividual sources of variation suggested that site-to-site variability, both between regions of the colon and for adjacent biopsies, was larger than the interpatient variability for individuals with a history of neoplasia. Therefore, there was "patchiness" of the susceptibility of regions of the colon to bile acid-induced apoptosis in individuals with a history of neoplasia (a patchy field effect). There was no obvious correlation of low-apoptotic index regions with regions in which previous neoplasias had been found and removed. On the other hand, for normal, i.e., neoplasia-free, individuals, there was relatively less intraindividual variation compared to interindividual variation. Our assay shows an association between resistance to bile acid-induced apoptosis, measured at 20 cm from the anal verge, and colon cancer risk. Thus, this assay may prove useful as a biomarker of colon cancer risk. (+info)Topographical and electrophysiological characteristics of highly excitable S neurones in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum. (8/1075)
1. Most intracellular electrical recordings from myenteric neurones have been made from the centre of large ganglia. In this study, we examined the electrophysiological properties of neurones at the corners of large ganglia close to internodal strands and in microganglia. 2. Of 150 neurones in these locations: 111 were tonic S neurones; 9 were phasic S neurones and 30 were AH neurones. 3. Tonic S neurones were characterized by: (i) low resting membrane potentials (-50 +/- 1 mV, mean +/- s.e.m.); (ii) high input impedance (522 +/- 23 MOmega); (iii) low threshold for action potential (AP) generation (0.012 +/- 0.004 nA); (iv) firing of APs throughout a depolarizing pulse (duration <= 1 s) and one to four APs following a hyperpolarizing pulse and (v) spontaneous fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (FEPSPs). A substantial proportion of tonic S neurones (43 %) also fired APs spontaneously (7.6 +/- 0.6 Hz; range, 0.3-19 Hz). All APs were blocked by tetrodotoxin (1 microM). 4. Tonic S neurones were subclassified, according to their post-stimulus responses, as SAH or SAD neurones. Following a burst of APs, SAH neurones exhibited a prominent after-hyperpolarization (duration, 711 +/- 10 ms) and SAD neurones an after-depolarization (duration, 170 +/- 10 ms). The after-hyperpolarization was reduced in four of ten neurones by apamin (0.3 microM). 5. FEPSPs were evoked in 20 of 38 S neurones by electrical stimulation applied both oral and anal to the recording site. Repetitive stimuli evoked slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials (SEPSPs) in some tonic S neurones. 6. Three functional classes of S neurones were identified after injection of neurobiotin through the recording microelectrode: (i) longitudinal muscle motor neurones, (ii) short circular muscle motor neurones, and (iii) ascending interneurones. 7. In conclusion, there appears to be topographical organization of highly excitable, tonic S neurones within the myenteric plexus, since, in contrast to other S neurones, they can be readily impaled in myenteric ganglia close to internodal strands and in microganglia. (+info)Anal canal. *Imperforate anus; a birth defect.. *Anorectal manometry. References. *^ Chin, K.; Erickson, G.M.; et al. (1998-06- ...
A.C. Anal canal. L.A. Levator ani. I.S. Internal anal sphincter. E.S External anal sphincter. ... Coronal section through the male anal canal. B. Cavity of urinary bladder V.D. Vas deferens. S.V. Seminal vesicle. R. Second ... and is directed backward almost horizontally along the side of the anal canal toward the coccyx and sacrum, to which it finds ... Puborectalis not labeled, but levator ani labeled at bottom right, and external anal sphincter labeled at bottom center.) ...
Hemorrhoids are normal vascular cushions found in the anal canal. 15% of a human's continence mechanism is attributed to the ...
The anal canal is twisted anteriorly. The extremities are usually short and the outer lip of the aperture has well-developed ...
The siphonal canal is rather short, almost completely closed and curved to the left at the base. There is no apparent anal ... top whorls and around the siphonal canal. The sutures between the whorls are deep and crossed by the oblique varices. The ... canal. The inner surface of the aperture has a rippled form, reflecting the form of the ribs at the outer surface. The ...
The lower rectum to the anal canal above the pectinate line drain to the internal iliac nodes. The anal canal below the ... and anal canal. Some other sources exclude the anal canal. In humans, the large intestine begins in the right iliac region of ... and then descending to the rectum and its endpoint at the anal canal. Overall, in humans, the large intestine is about 1.5 ... Additionally, surgeons have lately been using the term pouchoscopy to refer to a colonoscopy of the ileo-anal pouch. The large ...
Branches also supply sensation to the anal canal. By providing sensation to the penis and the clitoris, the pudendal nerve is ... The pudendal canal that carries the pudendal nerve is also known by the eponymous term "Alcock's canal", after Benjamin Alcock ... the external anal sphincter (via the inferior anal branch), and male or female external urethral sphincter. As it functions to ... The pudendal canal is also known by the eponymous term "Alcock's canal", after Benjamin Alcock, an Irish anatomist who ...
Nigro ND, Vaitkevicius VK, Buroker T, Bradley GT, Considine B (1981). "Combined therapy for cancer of the anal canal". Dis. ... Blumetti, Jennifer; Bastawrous, Amir (27 May 2009). "Epidermoid Cancers of the Anal Canal: Current Treatment". Clinics in Colon ... Ehrenpreis, Eli (2003). Anal and Rectal Diseases Explained. Remedica. p. 113. "In Memoriam: Norman D. Nigro, M.D., 1912-2009" ( ... use of chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin and medical radiation for squamous cell carcinomas of the anal canal of ...
The ovate aperture has a barely perceptible anal canal. The outer lip is finely crenulate but its inner surface is smooth. The ... The siphonal canal is of moderate length and, as typical for this genus, fused on top, almost sealed below and pointing to the ... extending from the shoulder of the preceding whorl to the end of the siphonal canal. The shell sculpture shows major and minor ...
Treating mucosal fissures from the anal canal/sphincter Thoracotomy -> Incision into the pleural space of the chest Thyrotomy ...
Anal canal length This is measured during maximal evacuation. Anal canal width Again measured during maximal evacuation, this ... "mid-axial longitudinal axis of the rectum and the anal canal", created by the anterior pull of the puborectalis sling at the ... At rest, it is held at 90 - 100°. This becomes more acute (70 - 90°) when the patient contracts the anal sphincters and pelvic ...
... siphonal canal and a deep anal sinus. The anterior canal has a moderate length and is slightly twisted to the left. The thin ...
The large intestine includes the rectum and anal canal. Food starts to arrive in the small intestine one hour after it is eaten ... The pylorus, the lowest section of the stomach which attaches to the duodenum via the pyloric canal, contains countless glands ...
The anal canal contains many nerves, which can easily be traumatized. Other surgical procedures include - stapled ... Hemorrhoid or haemorrhoid (also commonly called piles) are vascular structures (similar to veins) in the anal canal which help ... Pain in the area around the anus may be due to another disease, such as anal fissure, anal fistula, or proctitis.[5] ... All of them are associated with different complications, such as bleeding, infection (sepsis), anal strictures, fecal ...
The anterior and posterior canals are well developed. The siphonal canal at the anterior end is usually short. The anal canal ...
The hindgut gives rise to the region from the distal third of the transverse colon to the upper part of the anal canal. The ... The upper part of the anal canal is derived from endoderm of the hindgut. The lower part (one-third) is derived from ectoderm ... Subsequently, degeneration of the cloacal membrane establishes continuity between the upper and lower parts of the anal canal. ... distal part of the anal canal originates from the ectoderm. The hindgut enters the posterior region of the cloaca (future ...
The proctoscope is used in the diagnosis of hemorrhoids, carcinoma of anal canal or rectum and rectal polyp. It is used ... The proctoscope is inserted into the anal canal with the patient in Sims' position. Fibre optic proctoscopes are now available ... is used to examine the anal cavity, rectum, or sigmoid colon. A proctoscope is a short, straight, rigid, hollow metal tube, and ...
The ovate aperture has a small anal canal that point slightly backwards. The outer lip is crenulate, but has a smooth inner ... The siphonal canal is moderately long and, typical for this genus, fused above, almost sealed below and pointing to the left at ...
... medially by pelvic diaphragm and anal canal. Its base is the skin. anal canal pudendal canal - contains internal pudendal ... a fat-filled space at the lateral sides of anal canal. It is bounded laterally by obturator internus muscle, ... The perianal area (peri- and anal) is a subset of the perineum. The perineum is an erogenous zone for both males and females. ... At this point, the following muscles converge and are attached: 1. External anal sphincter 2. Bulbospongiosus muscle 3. ...
The functioning of the anal canal can be damaged, traumatically or atraumatically. The resting tone of the anal canal is not ... Radiation induced FI may involve the anal canal as well as the rectum, when proctitis, anal fistula formation and diminished ... The procedure is also able to assess sensitivity of the anal canal and rectum. Anal electromyography tests for nerve damage, ... Such lesions include piles (inflamed hemorrhoids), anal fissures, anal cancer or fistulae. Obstetric injury may tear the anal ...
Anal Fissure: a break or tear in the skin of the anal canal. Fissure of the nipple Fissure can also refer to an unnatural tract ... or ulcer, most commonly found in the anus and called an anal fissure.. ...
The ovate aperture has a marked siphonal canal and a weak anal canal. The aperture is closed off by a thin, corneous, ...
Anatomy of the anus and rectum Coronal section of rectum and anal canal. MD, Tao Le, MD, MHS, Vikas Bhushan, MD, Matthew Sochat ... The pectinate line (dentate line) is a line which divides the upper two thirds and lower third of the anal canal. ...
... or Hilton's white line is a boundary in the anal canal. Below it, lymphatic drainage is to the ... This line represents the transition point from non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the anal canal to keratinized ... a landmark for the intermuscular border between internal and external anal sphincter muscles. ...
The aperture is short, wide, with a feeble anal sulcus and hardly differentiated canal. The outer lip is thin and simple. The ... On the body whorl this sculpture extends to the siphonal canal . The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 17) ...
Talk:Anal canal. *Talk:Anal sulcus. *Talk:Anatomical snuffbox. *Talk:Anatomical Theatre of Padua ...
Anal Swelling (Definition) accumulation of fluid at the opening at the end of the alimentary canal. ...Read more ... Easy BM diet: Fissure is a tear in the lining of your anal canal. You need to minimize mechanical stress/ trauma of defecation ... Could be: Any lump out side anal canal , it could be thrombosed hemorrhoid, if it is at tail bone side it could be sentinel ... Yes: Hemorrhoids are enlarged blood vessels under the skin of the anal canal, like varicose veins. If they are not inflamed ...
5 cm) of the colon (anal canal). Anoscopy can usually be done at any time because it does not require any special preparation ( ... A local anesthetic is used when a biopsy of the anal area is done. Your anus may be sore for a few days. ... After the scope is removed, your anal area will be cleaned with tissues. If you are having cramps, passing gas may help relieve ...
4.. Fecal seepage - Can be due to large internal hemorrhoids that prevent the anal canal from tightly closing shut. ... These symptoms may also be caused by weak anal muscles that dont hold everything inside that should be, such as the mucus. If ...
Third degree haemorrhoids prolapse during bowel movement and stay out of the anal canal for a longer time before gradually ... First degree haemorrhoids occur within the anal canal without any external visible lump. ...
Rectum and anal canal was massaged to reduce edema and congestion of portal blood. Prolapse of rectum was assessed for its ... Duthie H.L. Anal continence Gut.1971, 12:844-852.. 18. Snooks SJ, Henry MM, Swash M. Anorectal incontinence and rectal prolapse ... The perineal body was explored and an artery forceps was inserted in to perineal body at the conglomeration of bulbous and anal ... The new procedure trans-anal suture sacro-rectopexy was performed in 6 cases that were medically unfit for any major procedure ...
typically they enlarge and then lose their elasticity forming sac like protrusions into the anal canal.. Causes Of Hemorrhoids ... Piles is the old fashion term used to describe this condition.These develop under the skin at the opening of the anal cavity ...
Performing an anoscopy, by looking through a small, lit tube, known as an anoscope, to examine the anal canal and lower rectum. ... Performing an anal examination, by inserting a finger into your anus to feel for a blockage or abnormal growths. ...
Malignant Melanoma of Anal Canal. Br Med J 1956; 1 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.4972.903 (Published 21 April 1956) Cite ...
Anal columns Anal sinuses Anal valves Anus Pectinate line Anal sex Anal Canal at the US National Library of Medicine Medical ... The anal verge is the distal end of the anal canal, forming a transitional zone between the epithelium of the anal canal and ... The ischioanal fossa lies on each side of the anal canal. The perianal space surrounds the anal canal below the white line. The ... The anal canal is divided into three parts. The zona columnaris is the upper half of the canal and is lined by simple columnar ...
... which lies between the anal verge (anal orifice, anus) in the perineum below and the rectum above. The description in this ... The anal canal is the most terminal part of the lower GI tract/large intestine, ... Anal Canal Anatomy) and Anal Canal Anatomy What to Read Next on Medscape. Related Conditions and Diseases. * Anal Canal Anatomy ... The anal canal is the most terminal part of the lower GI tract/large intestine, which lies between the anal verge (anal orifice ...
2C00 Malignant neoplasms of anus or anal canal. H00044 Cancer of the anal canal. ... Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal accounts for 1.5 per cent of all digestive system cancers in the USA, with an ... H00044 Cancer of the anal canal. Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]. 02 Neoplasms. Malignant neoplasms, ... CEA, TPA, CA 19-9, SCC and CYFRA at diagnosis and in the follow-up of anal canal tumors. ...
In patients with anal canal carcinoma, a rare malignancy, cisplatin-based induction therapy did not pan out, a randomized trial ... Cisplatin Induction Gives No Survival Benefit in Anal Canal Cancer. HOUSTON -- In patients with anal canal carcinoma, a rare ... Approximately 25% of newly diagnosed anal canal cancers are larger than 5 cm and clinically node positive. Studies have shown ... HOUSTON, April 23 -- In patients with anal canal carcinoma, a rare malignancy, cisplatin-based induction therapy did not pan ...
Radiation Oncology/Anal canal/Guidelines. From Wikibooks, open books for an open world ... ASCRS: Practice Parameters for Anal Squamous Neoplasm *2008 Guideline link. *2008 PMID 18030528 -- "Practice parameters for ... Retrieved from "https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Radiation_Oncology/Anal_canal/Guidelines&oldid=2630613" ... Contouring Atlas and Planning Guidelines for Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy in Anal Cancer." (Ng M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol ...
Purpose Chemoradiation allows for organ preservation in patients with anal cancer, but patients with large tumors (> 5 cm) have ... Changing patterns of anal canal carcinoma in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:1569-75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar ... Prognostic factors for squamous cell cancer of the anal canal. Gastrointest Cancer Res GCR. 2008;2:10-4.PubMedGoogle Scholar ... Epidermoid cancers of the anal canal: current treatment. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2009;22:77-83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar ...
Radiation Oncology , Anal canal. This page may need to be reviewed for quality. ... Radiation Oncology/Anal canal/RT Technique. From Wikibooks, open books for an open world ... 2007 PMID 17276620 - "Conformal therapy improves the therapeutic index of patients with anal canal cancer treated with combined ... 2003 PMID 12788191 - "Contribution of conformal therapy in the treatment of anal canal carcinoma with combined chemotherapy and ...
Idiopathic hypertensive anal canal is a fact and already exists presented by anal pain aggravated by defecation. It can be ... Idiopathic Hypertensive Anal Canal: a Place of Internal Sphincterotomy. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the ... Hypertensive Anal Canal Procedure: lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) Drug: Glycerin trinitrate (GTN) Drug: botulinum toxin ... All were instructed to apply the GTN ointment 0.2 % twice a day to the edge and just inside the anal canal for 8 week course. ...
More From BioPortfolio on "Carcinoma of the Anal Canal: A Feasibility Study". *Related Companies *Related Clinical Trials * ... Carcinoma of the Anal Canal: A Feasibility Study. 20:00 EDT 9 Oct 2019 , Cancer Networks ... Articles] Cervical determinants of anal HPV infection and high-grade anal lesions in women: a collaborative pooled analysis ... Greater prevalence of anal cancer precursors for women living with HIV than prior reports ...
Anal Canal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastatic Anal Canal Carcinoma Recurrent Anal Canal Carcinoma Stage IV Anal Canal Cancer ... Nivolumab in Treating Patients With Refractory Metastatic Anal Canal Cancer. The safety and scientific validity of this study ... This phase II trial studies how well nivolumab works in treating patients with anal canal cancer that has not responded to ... To evaluate the grade 3 and 4 toxicity rate in patients with previously treated metastatic SCCA of the anal canal when treated ...
Endorectal ultrasound revealed a mass invading both sphincters (T4 lesion), and extending 6 cm into the anal can ... A rare case of a leiomyosarcoma of the anal canal is presented. A 68-year-old male presented with painful defecation and rectal ... and extending 6 cm into the anal canal. Colonoscopy revealed an ulcerated area in the anal canal, of which biopsies revealed ... A rare case of a leiomyosarcoma of the anal canal is presented. A 68-year-old male presented with painful defecation and rectal ...
Re: Perianal Crohns Disease/Cancer in Anal Canal. Someone a while ago gave PMPpals.org as a web site that has information on ... A rare (from what his doctors tell us) cancer was found in his anal canal. The "tumor" itself is actually filled with a ... Im trying to find information on a rare anal canal cancer. My husband is 57 and has had Perianal Crohns Disease since his ...
Anal Canal / physiology*, surgery*. Anastomosis, Surgical. Colitis, Ulcerative / surgery*. Colonic Pouches*. Female. Humans. ... Basal resting anal canal pressure and pressure after voluntary contraction were recorded preoperatively, one month after ... ileal pouch-anal anastomosis was performed after a modified surgical technique for strengthening the internal anal sphincter by ... Previous Document: Why do anal wounds heal adequately? A study of the local immunoinflammatory defense mechanisms.. Next ...
... of chemotherapy with the drug cisplatin before other treatments did not improve disease-free survival for patients with anal ... canal cancer compared to the standard treatment regimen. ... Successful in Anal Canal Cancer. Chemoradiation is the ... treatment with fluorouracil plus cisplatin and radiotherapy in 682 patients with anal canal cancer. A total of 644 patients ... prior to administration of chemoradiation could potentially be effective for treating anal canal cancer. It was hypothesized ...
... ... Anal canal cancer is rare, accounting for only 1.3% of all gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Prostate cancer incidence is ... Screening for synchronous prostate cancer in male anal canal cancer patients is probably indicated and may preclude suboptimal ... was also diagnosed with anal canal cancer. We conclude that a simultaneous approach with radiation therapy and chemotherapy ...
Perforation of the colon by high-pressure water inserted via the anal canal.(Clinical Images, Case study) by South African ... APA style: Perforation of the colon by high-pressure water inserted via the anal canal.. (n.d.) >The Free Library. (2014). ... MLA style: "Perforation of the colon by high-pressure water inserted via the anal canal.." The Free Library. 2009 South African ... The hose had been inserted approximately 30-40 cm into the anal canal. There was extensive guarding on palpation of the abdomen ...
EACC stands for Epidermoid Anal Canal Carcinoma. EACC is defined as Epidermoid Anal Canal Carcinoma rarely. ... www.acronymattic.com/Epidermoid-Anal-Canal-Carcinoma-(EACC).html. *Chicago style: Acronym Attic. S.v. "EACC." Retrieved ... www.acronymattic.com/Epidermoid-Anal-Canal-Carcinoma-(EACC).html,EACC,/a,. ... www.acronymattic.com/Epidermoid-Anal-Canal-Carcinoma-(EACC).html ... EACC stands for Epidermoid Anal Canal Carcinoma. Advertisement: ...
HemorrhoidsProlapseSphincterCarcinoma of the anal canalLocalized anal canal carcinomaCancersLocally advanced anal canal carcinomaRadiotherapyAssociated with anal cancerFissuresRadiationPerianal skinDeveloping anal cancerTumorMucosaColonInfectionPectinate linePerineumChemotherapy2017Cancer of the anal canalAnatomy of the anal canalChemoradiationIncidence of anal cancerPatients with anal cancerAbstractSinusesNeoplasiaHemorrhoidsSurgicalMalignantSquamous cell analReceptive anal intercourseDiseasesRectum and analJunctionGlandsChemoradiotherapyLateralInguinalHuman papillomavirusTransitional epitheliumMelanomaPelvic diaphragm
- Are hemorrhoids just inside the anal canal considered external hemorrhoids? (healthtap.com)
- Would internal hemorrhoids make anal sex very painful? (healthtap.com)
- Anal sex is not recommended if you have hemorrhoids of any kind, because it will just make it worse. (healthtap.com)
- Hemorrhoids are enlarged blood vessels under the 'skin ' of the anal canal, like varicose veins . (healthtap.com)
- Third degree haemorrhoids prolapse during bowel movement and stay out of the anal canal for a longer time before gradually getting back in. (thisquarterly.sg)
- The submucous space of the canal lies above the white line between the mucous membrane and internal anal sphincter muscle. (wikipedia.org)
- Anal canal pressure after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis with strengthened internal anal sphincter. (biomedsearch.com)
- In 26 patients (54.17 percent of the cases), 10 males and 16 females, ileal pouch-anal anastomosis was performed after a modified surgical technique for strengthening the internal anal sphincter by creation of a smooth muscle cuff through plication of a mucosectomized segment of residual rectum. (biomedsearch.com)
- CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that ileal pouch-anal anastomosis with rectal plication perhaps improved sphincter function. (biomedsearch.com)
- a bluish pink, narrow, wavy zone in the mucosa of the anal canal below the pectinate line at the level of the interval between the subcutaneous part of the external sphincter and the lower border of the internal sphincter, said to be palpable. (thefreedictionary.com)
- INTRODUCTION The internal anal sphincter receives a stimulatory alpha 1 adrenergic innervation. (bmj.com)
- METHODS Ten patients (seven females, median age 66 years) with passive faecal incontinence related to weak internal anal sphincter were studied. (bmj.com)
- Incontinence can also occur when the anal sphincter muscles are structurally intact, as assessed by endoanal ultrasound. (bmj.com)
- The commonest cause for this appears to be a degenerative disorder of the internal anal sphincter. (bmj.com)
- 2 In this condition the internal sphincter becomes fibrotic and weak, leading to a reduced maximum anal canal resting pressure (MRP) and episodes of passive faecal incontinence (loss of stool without the patients's awareness. (bmj.com)
- In patients with external anal sphincter disruption, surgical repair of the sphincter is effective. (bmj.com)
- The internal anal sphincter exists in a state of tonic contraction, and is the main factor responsible for the generation of anal canal resting pressure. (bmj.com)
- 8 Given that the internal anal sphincter receives an extrinsic innervation which modulates its tone, we hypothesised that it may be possible to mimic the effect of this innervation and pharmacologically increase internal anal sphincter tone. (bmj.com)
- 11 A recent pilot study from this unit has shown that topical phenylephrine can increase internal anal sphincter tone in healthy volunteers. (bmj.com)
- Harris LD, Winans CS, Pope CE (1966) Determination of yield pressure: a method for measuring anal sphincter competence. (springer.com)
- The entire length of the anal canal is surrounded by sphincter muscles, and the canal remains closed except during defecation and passage of flatus. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Internal anal sphincter - surrounds the upper 2/3 of the anal canal. (teachmeanatomy.info)
- External anal sphincter - voluntary muscle that surrounds the lower 2/3 of the anal canal (and so overlaps with the internal sphincter). (teachmeanatomy.info)
- It is formed by the fusion of the internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle, and is palpable on digital rectal examination . (teachmeanatomy.info)
- The anal canal, which is 3 to 4 cm long, is defined surgically by the borders of the internal anal sphincter ( Fig. 32.1 ). (clinicalgate.com)
- 2 , 3 The surgical anal canal begins at the apex of the anal sphincter complex. (clinicalgate.com)
- The anal ducts are long, tubular structures that closely approach or penetrate the internal sphincter muscle and may undermine the rectal mucosa. (clinicalgate.com)
- The internal anal sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and is a continuation of the inner muscular layer of the rectal muscularis propria whereas the external anal sphincter is composed of striated muscle. (abdominalkey.com)
- I.S. Internal anal sphincter . (wikipedia.org)
- E.S External anal sphincter . (wikipedia.org)
- lastly in the male, the anterior fibers descend upon the side of the prostate to unite beneath it with the muscle of the opposite side, joining with the fibers of the external anal sphincter and transverse perineal muscles , at the central tendinous point of the perineum . (wikipedia.org)
- Treatment for anal canal cancer has evolved from radical operations to definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT), which allows for sphincter preservation in most patients. (springer.com)
- This mass contacted the internal sphincter of the anal canal and the emergence of the vagina and vulva without invading them, and pushed the surrounding structures without destruction. (npplweb.com)
- Pelvic MRI (Sagittal section) showing the mass in contact with the internal sphincter of the anal canal, vagina and vulva without any invasion. (npplweb.com)
- The local excision was carried out, resecting just a small amount of fibres of the anal sphincter. (npplweb.com)
- How is sphincter dilatation performed in the surgical treatment of anal fissure? (medscape.com)
- It is performed because one of the causative factors for anal fissure is thought to be a tight internal anal sphincter. (medscape.com)
- Although the sphincter stretch does provide symptomatic relief from the anal fissure, it is rarely performed today, because of the high complication rate. (medscape.com)
- The surgical anal canal, which is approximately 2-4 cm long, is located between the anorectal ring (a palpable convergence of the internal sphincter, the deep external sphincter, and the puborectalis) superiorly and extends inferiorly to the anal verge (the junction of the anal canal and the hair-bearing keratinized perineal skin). (medscape.com)
- The inner muscular structure is the internal anal sphincter, which is the lowermost continuation of the inner, circular muscle layer of the rectum and is under involuntary control. (medscape.com)
- The outer musculature is formed by the puborectalis (innermost fibers of the levator ani) and the external anal sphincter. (medscape.com)
- The relationship between the fistula tract and the anal sphincter is essential for treatment and prognosis. (wirralsurgeon.co.uk)
- Surgery is the treatment of choice, with the goals of draining infection, eradicating the fistulous tract, and avoiding persistent or recurrent disease while preserving anal sphincter function. (wirralsurgeon.co.uk)
- Hemorrhoids are defined as an abnormally enlarged vein, mainly due to persistent increase in venous pressure, occurring within or just outside the anal sphincter of the rectum. (medicinenet.com)
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal accounts for 1.5 per cent of all digestive system cancers in the USA, with an estimated 4,660 new cases and 660 deaths in 2006. (genome.jp)
- RTOG 0529: a phase II evaluation of dose-painted IMRT in combination with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin-C for reduction of acute morbidity in carcinoma of the anal canal. (springer.com)
- A multi-institutional pilot feasibility study looks at pencil beam scanning proton beam chemoradiation therapy with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin-C for definitive treatment of carcinoma of the anal canal. (bioportfolio.com)
- Case report of long term survivor of metastatic cloacogenic carcinoma of the anal canal with chemotherapy. (nih.gov)
- AIM: To study the efficacy of an organ-preserving, sequential chemoradiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal, and of salvage surgery in those in whom this treatment fails. (gate2biotech.com)
- METHODS: Forty biopsy-proven untreated patients (28 men) with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal received two cycles of chemotherapy using cisplatin and methotrexate, followed by 45 to 60 (median 50) Gy external beam radiotherapy. (gate2biotech.com)
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCA) is a rare gastrointestinal malignancy with an increasing annual incidence globally. (aacrjournals.org)
- HPV-negative squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal is unresponsive to standard treatment and frequently carries disruptive mutations in TP53. (cdc.gov)
- Human papillomavirus (HPV), p16 expression, and TP53 mutations are known prognostic factors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, but their role in squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCAC) is less well established. (cdc.gov)
- Cisplatin should not replace mitomycin when given with fluorouracil and radiotherapy in the primary treatment of localized anal canal carcinoma," they concluded. (medpagetoday.com)
- Approximately 25% of newly diagnosed anal canal cancers are larger than 5 cm and clinically node positive. (medpagetoday.com)
- Studies have shown that chemoradiation is superior to radiation alone for treatment of anal canal cancers. (medpagetoday.com)
- Additionally, chemoradiation therapy has proved to be more effective against smaller anal canal cancers, suggesting that a strategy to downsize or downstage tumors before chemoradiation might improve outcomes. (medpagetoday.com)
- To define the 1-year proportion of participants who develop incident anal squamous cancers at sites other than the location of the index SISCCA in patients treated with excision of anal canal and perianal SISCCA. (centerwatch.com)
- V. Characterize genetic changes in anal cancers compared with HSIL overlying or contiguous with the cancer. (centerwatch.com)
- Anal cancer is an uncommon malignancy with an annual incidence of approximately 6 per 1,000,000 and accounting for only a small percentage (4%) of all cancers of the lower gastrointestinal tract. (doctorslounge.com)
- Most anal cancers arise from skin cells and are called squamous cell carcinomas. (gcrsa.com)
- We do not know the exact cause of most anal cancers. (gcrsa.com)
- Smoking - Harmful chemicals from smoking increase the risk of most cancers including anal cancer. (gcrsa.com)
- Anal cancers form in a part of the digestive tract that the doctor can see and reach easily. (gcrsa.com)
- How are anal cancers treated? (gcrsa.com)
- This factor of Surgical Oncology Clinics of North the United States, visitor edited via Dr. Cathy Eng, is dedicated to Anal Canal Cancers. (searchbv.nl)
- To compare volumetric-modulated arc therapy (RapidArc) plans with conventional intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans in anal canal cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
- According to Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), in Brazil, anal cancer accounts for 1 to 2% of all colon tumors and 2 to 4% of all cancers that affect the large intestine [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- and anus, anal canal and anorectum cancers. (latimes.com)
- Induction chemotherapy and dose intensification of the radiation boost in locally advanced anal canal carcinoma: final analysis of the randomized UNICANCER ACCORD 03 Trial. (springer.com)
- France (Montpellier), 2007 PMID 18005443 - "Optimal organ-sparing intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) regimen for the treatment of locally advanced anal canal carcinoma: a comparison of conventional and IMRT plans. (wikibooks.org)
- 2012 PMID 22401917 -- "Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group (AGITG) Contouring Atlas and Planning Guidelines for Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy in Anal Cancer. (wikibooks.org)
- 2007 PMID 17276620 - "Conformal therapy improves the therapeutic index of patients with anal canal cancer treated with combined chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy. (wikibooks.org)
- 2003 PMID 12788191 - "Contribution of conformal therapy in the treatment of anal canal carcinoma with combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy: results of a phase II study. (wikibooks.org)
- Jaffer A. Ajani, M.D., of the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, and colleagues conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing treatment with fluorouracil plus mitomycin and radiotherapy vs. treatment with fluorouracil plus cisplatin and radiotherapy in 682 patients with anal canal cancer. (medica-tradefair.com)
- Treatment guidelines for anal cancer involve radiotherapy to the primary site and draining lymphatics while treatment for prostate cancer can also include pelvic radiotherapy. (hindawi.com)
- The best curative option for locally advanced (stages II-III) squamous-cell carcinomas of the anal canal (SCCAC) is concurrent chemo-radiotherapy delivering 36-45 Gy to the prophylactic planning target volume with an additional boost of 14-20 Gy to the gross tumor volume with or without a gap-period between these two sequences. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- Contouring Atlas and Planning Guidelines for Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy in Anal Cancer. (lookformedical.com)
- treatment with fluorouracil plus cisplatin and radiotherapy in 682 patients with anal canal cancer. (lookformedical.com)
- Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and helical tomotherapy (HT) have been adopted for radiotherapy treatment of anal canal carcinoma (ACC) due to better conformality, dose homogeneity and normal-tissue sparing compared to 3D-CRT. (biomedcentral.com)
- Concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced anal cancer: results of a phase III randomized trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiotherapy and Gastrointestinal Cooperative Groups. (springer.com)
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is also associated with anal cancer. (genome.jp)
- HPV infection is strongly associated with anal cancer development and may be a necessary step in its carcinogenesis. (doctorslounge.com)
- Anal-receptive intercourse in men but not women is associated with anal cancer (risk ratio 33). (doctorslounge.com)
- The commonest non-neoplastic conditions in the anal canal include haemorrhoids, fissures, fibroepithelial polyps and associated abscesses, manifestations of Crohn's disease, Human Papilloma Virus infection, and other sexually transmitted infections (some of which are secondary to HIV). (abdominalkey.com)
- Schiano di Visconte M, Munegato G. Glyceryl trinitrate ointment (0.25%) and anal cryothermal dilators in the treatment of chronic anal fissures. (medscape.com)
- Anal fissures are very common in infants, but they may occur at any age. (medlineplus.gov)
- Anal fissures are also common in women after childbirth and in people with Crohn disease . (medlineplus.gov)
- Anal fissures may cause painful bowel movements and bleeding. (medlineplus.gov)
- To prevent or treat anal fissures in infants, be sure to change diapers often and clean the area gently. (medlineplus.gov)
- Anal fissures often heal quickly without any more problems. (medlineplus.gov)
- 10-years: 2008 PMID 18472363 -- "Evaluation of planned treatment breaks during radiation therapy for anal cancer: update of RTOG 92-08. (wikibooks.org)
- 2000-2006) PMID 17925552 -- "Concurrent chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for anal canal cancer patients: a multicenter experience. (wikibooks.org)
- U Chicago, 2005 PMID 16168830 "Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in the treatment of anal cancer: toxicity and clinical outcome. (wikibooks.org)
- Radiation Oncology , Anal canal . (lookformedical.com)
- CONCLUSIONS: Inguinal sentinel node biopsy in anal cancer is efficient and could assist in the decision for inguinal radiation. (mdc-berlin.de)
- 13) Glimelius B, Pahlman L. Radiation therapy of anal epidermoid carcinoma. (rmu.org.uy)
- To compare the dosimetric advantage of three different intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans to a three dimensional (3D) conventional radiation treatment for anal cancer with regards to organs-at-risk (OAR) avoidance, including iliac bone marrow. (springer.com)
- IMRT is superior to 3D conformal radiation treatment for anal carcinoma with respect to OAR sparing, including bone marrow sparing. (springer.com)
- The standard of care for the curative treatment of anal canal carcinoma has evolved over the past three decades, from abdomino-perineal resection and life-long colostomy to organ preservation therapy using combined radiation and chemotherapy. (springer.com)
- Considering these results, our goal was to find an optimal radiation protocol which can treat anal cancer at high doses while providing not only gastrointestinal and dermatologic but also adequate iliac bone marrow sparing. (springer.com)
- Lateral to the anal canal are the pyramidal ischioanal (ischiorectal) fossae (1 on either side), below the pelvic diaphragm and above the perianal skin. (medscape.com)
- Anal fistulae are hollow tracts lined with granulation tissue connecting a primary (internal) opening inside the anal canal to a secondary (external) opening in the perianal skin. (medscape.com)
- Chlamydial infection in women, herpes-simplex type 2 and gonorrhea in men have all been associated with an increased risk of developing anal cancer. (doctorslounge.com)
- Anal warts - Infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) which causes condyloma (warts) may increase the chance of developing anal cancer. (gcrsa.com)
- Current data suggest that mutations in p53, DCC and APC tumor suppressor genes contribute to the stepwise progression of anal squamous cell carcinoma in immunocompetent individuals. (genome.jp)
- I. To evaluate ORR, PFS, and OS based on expression of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), peritumoral cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), peritumoral CD4+ TILs, and regulatory T cells as analyzed from tumor biopsies in previously treated patients with metastatic SCCA of the anal canal when treated with nivolumab. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- It has been suggested that reducing the cancer in the primary tumor and in the lymph node(s) prior to administration of chemoradiation could potentially be effective for treating anal canal cancer. (medica-tradefair.com)
- Retrospective study performed in paraffin-embedded anal tumor tissue samples collected from two public reference hospitals in Maranhão, a city in the Northeast region of Brazil. (biomedcentral.com)
- The anal canal tumor was confirmed by digital examination and endoscopy. (myempd.com)
- Biopsies from the anal canal tumor, swollen lymph node, and Paget lesion all showed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine features expressing synaptophysin and chromogranin A. Serum CEA and NSE levels were high, 809.4 ng/ml and 85.8 ng/ml, respectively. (myempd.com)
- After chemotherapy with modified FOLFOX6 for 2 months, the Paget lesion disappeared, and the primary anal canal tumor and liver metastases shrunk remarkably. (myempd.com)
- It is a scalloped demarcation formed by the anal valves (transverse folds of mucosa) at the inferior-most ends of the anal columns. (medscape.com)
- Hilton white line - a zone in the mucosa of the anal canal said to be palpable. (thefreedictionary.com)
- However, in the anal canal, the mucosa is organised into longitudinal folds, known as anal columns . (teachmeanatomy.info)
- An anal fissure is a painful linear tear or crack in the distal anal canal, which, in the short term, usually involves only the epithelium and, in the long term, involves the full thickness of the anal mucosa. (medscape.com)
- An anal fissure is a small split or tear in the thin moist tissue ( mucosa ) lining the lower rectum (anus). (medlineplus.gov)
- The mucosa of the anal canal has not been stretched sufficiently to reveal the pectinate line formed by the anal valves at the lower ends of the anal columns. (stanford.edu)
- Behind this lies the anal gland which secretes lymphal discharge and built up fecal matter from the colon lining. (wikipedia.org)
- Perforation of the colon by high-pressure water inserted via the anal canal. (thefreelibrary.com)
- One possibility is that the abrupt transition of the simple columnar epithelium of the colon to the stratified squamous epithelium of the proximal portion of the anal canal may contain a unique stem cell niche. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- These results indicate that the colonic units are enhanced through a spinal reflex by the inflows from the distal colon, rectum, anal canal, and urinary bladder through the lumbar colonic, hypogastric, pelvic, and pudendal nerves, while a few are inhibited through a supraspinal reflex by inflows through the pelvic and pudendal nerves. (elsevier.com)
- Infection of the anal glands is likely the initial event in causation of perianal abscess and fistula-in-ano. (medscape.com)
- HPV infection is transient in most immunocompetent individuals, but HIV-positive patients have evidence of persistent HPV infection within the anal canal. (genome.jp)
- Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) and anal intra-epithelial neoplasia (AIN) incidences are bigger among human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, and are associated to immunity and to HIV infection. (scielo.br)
- This phase II trial studies surgery in treating patients with anal canal or perianal cancer that is small and has not spread deeply into the tissues and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. (centerwatch.com)
- Avoid anal sex and infection with HPV and HIV. (gcrsa.com)
- Anorectal abscess, which can be an incapacitating condition, originates from a cryptoglandular infection in the anal canal. (medscape.com)
- Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer. (rmu.org.uy)
- The aim of this work was to detect and perform human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping in squamous cell carcinoma specimens from the anal canal and to investigate the association between viral infection and histopathological and clinical aspects. (biomedcentral.com)
- There are few epidemiological data for anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in Brazil. (biomedcentral.com)
- Although HPV infection is essential for the development of anal SCC, the exact frequency of this disease is not known. (biomedcentral.com)
- The lower half of the anal canal, below the pectinate line, is divided into two zones separated by Hilton's white line. (wikipedia.org)
- The length of the anal canal is about 4 cm (range, 3-5 cm), with two thirds of this being above the pectinate line (also known as the dentate line) and one third below the pectinate line. (medscape.com)
- The pectinate line is not seen on inspection in clinical practice, but under anesthesia the anal canal descends down, and the pectinate line can be seen on slight retraction of the anal canal skin. (medscape.com)
- The anal canal just above the pectinate line for about 1-2 cm is called the anal pecten or transitional zone. (medscape.com)
- The anal valves collectively form an irregular circle - known as the pectinate line (or dentate line). (teachmeanatomy.info)
- Inferior to the pectinate line, the anal canal is lined by non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium (known as the anal pecten). (teachmeanatomy.info)
- Fig 2 - The anal columns, anal valves and pectinate line. (teachmeanatomy.info)
- As discussed above, the pectinate line divides the anal canal into two parts - which have a different arterial supply, venous drainage, innervation and lymphatic drainage. (teachmeanatomy.info)
- The dentate line (i.e., pectinate line) is located at the inferior limit of the anal valves and delineates the fusion of these two epithelial derivatives. (clinicalgate.com)
- It lies in the anal triangle of perineum in between the right and left ischioanal fossa. (wikipedia.org)
- The anal canal is located within the anal triangle of the perineum between the right and left ischioanal fossae. (teachmeanatomy.info)
- A fifty-two years old Egyptian lady, case of cloacogenic carcinoma of anal canal with extensive liver metastasis showed complete remission with 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) and Cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(CDDP) chemotherapy only and remains disease free five & haf years after therapy. (nih.gov)
- Nelson, VM & Benson III, AB 2017, ' Epidemiology of Anal Canal Cancer ', Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America , vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 9-15. (northwestern.edu)
- Nigro ND, Vaitkevicius VK, Buroker T, Bradley GT, Considine B. Combined therapy for cancer of the anal canal. (springer.com)
- Nigro ND, Vaitkevicius VK, Considine B Jr. Combined therapy for cancer of the anal canal: a preliminary report. (springer.com)
- Epidermoid cancer of the anal canal. (rmu.org.uy)
- Walls EW (1959) Recent observations on the anatomy of the anal canal. (springer.com)
- In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the anal canal - its position, structure, relations and neurovascular supply. (teachmeanatomy.info)
- A solid knowledge of the anatomy of the anal canal, the perirectal tissues, and the sphincteric muscles is a prerequisite for any operative treatment of anal fistula. (medscape.com)
- Preliminary results: 1996 PMID 9166533 -- "Dose escalation in chemoradiation for anal cancer: preliminary results of RTOG 92-08. (wikibooks.org)
- CONCLUSION: Chemoradiation is effective in the treatment of squamous cell anal cancer and has acceptable toxicity. (gate2biotech.com)
- prior to administration of chemoradiation could potentially be effective for treating anal canal cancer. (lookformedical.com)
- Conventional chemoradiation is the established treatment for anal carcinoma. (biomedcentral.com)
- Recently an increase in the incidence of anal cancer in Black men in the United States (relative to Whites and Hispanics) has been noticed. (doctorslounge.com)
- AIM: Although 15-25% of patients with anal cancer present with superficial inguinal lymph node metastases but the routine application of groin irradiation is controversial because of serious side effects. (mdc-berlin.de)
- METHODS: Forty patients with anal cancer underwent 1ml Tc(99m)-Nanocolloid injection in four sites around the tumour. (mdc-berlin.de)
- abstract = "Anal cancer is a rare malignancy, although its incidence has been increasingly in recent decades. (northwestern.edu)
- Anal glands open above the anal valves into the anal sinuses. (medscape.com)
- At the bottom of these columns are anal sinuses or crypts, into which open the anal glands and anal papillae. (medscape.com)
- Above the anal valves are small pouches which are referred to as anal sinuses - these contain glands that secrete mucus. (teachmeanatomy.info)
- The surface of the anal canal is lined by vertical mucosal folds called anal columns (i.e., columns of Morgagni), and it is separated by anal sinuses (i.e., sinuses of Morgagni). (clinicalgate.com)
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections are highly prevalent among HIV+ MSM and recent studies have shown high rates of HPV-associated anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and anal cancer among this population. (biomedcentral.com)
- This study emphasizes the need for an early detection of HPV infections among HIV+ MSM in order to establish its utility to prevent anal neoplasia and cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
- Imiquimod in HIV-infected patients with high-grade anal canal intraepithelial neoplasia. (springer.com)
- 1 - 5 ] GIST of the anal canal is extremely rare and there is no widely accepted treatment approach for this neoplasia. (npplweb.com)
- Hemorrhoids and anal fistulas are also diseases of the straight intestine that a physician will often be faced with in practice. (lecturio.com)
- I am wondering if my symptoms sound more like anal cancer or something else like hemorrhoids. (medhelp.org)
- The surgical definition of the anal canal is the one most widely accepted for practical reasons and is the preferred definition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). (doctorslounge.com)
- Although surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment, it is still uncertain whether local or radical excision should be appropriate for anal canal GIST. (npplweb.com)
- Controversy mostly involves continued efforts to find a medical therapy for anal fissure that is as successful as the surgical therapy for the condition. (medscape.com)
- Conservative and surgical treatment of chronic anal fissure: prospective longer term results. (medscape.com)
- Long-term prospective randomised clinical and manometric comparison between surgical and chemical sphincterotomy for treatment of chronic anal fissure. (medscape.com)
- Mousavi SR, Sharifi M, Mehdikhah Z. A comparison between the results of fissurectomy and lateral internal sphincterotomy in the surgical management of chronic anal fissure. (medscape.com)
- Among malignant neoplasms, prognosis varies from early-stage squamous cell carcinoma, which generally responds favorably to treatment, to anal adenocarcinoma and malignant melanoma, which are rarely associated with long-term survival. (elsevier.com)
- Histopathological examination (HPE) was pointing towards anal malignant melanoma, which was further confirmed by positive immunohistochemistry (IHC) for HMB-45. (bvsalud.org)
- In this population of patients with PD-L1-positive advanced squamous cell anal carcinoma, pembrolizumab demonstrated a manageable safety profile and encouraging antitumor activity. (snfge.org)
- The incidence in men younger than 35 has increased and the sex ratio is reversed in this group which is also related to receptive anal intercourse. (doctorslounge.com)
- Overall, the risk of anal cancer is rising, with data suggesting that persons engaging in certain sexual practices, such as receptive anal intercourse, or persons with a high lifetime number of sexual partners are at increased risk of anal cancer. (doctorslounge.com)
- The association between HIV and anal cancer reflects the sexual practices (anal receptive intercourse) associated with these diseases rather than a causative relationship. (doctorslounge.com)
- Downs JM, Kulow B. Anal diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
- Rectum and anal canal anatomy. (medscape.com)
- Coronal section of rectum and anal canal. (medscape.com)
- Rectum and anal canal: want to learn more about it? (kenhub.com)
- The demarcation between the rectum above and the anal canal below is the anorectal ring or anorectal flexure, where the puborectalis muscle forms a sling around the posterior aspect of the anorectal junction, kinking it anteriorly. (medscape.com)
- At the anorectal flexure or angle, the anorectal junction is pulled anterosuperiorly by the puborectal sling to continue below as the anal canal. (medscape.com)
- We identified a population of long-term GFP label-retaining cells concentrated at the junction between the anal canal and the rectum. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- In conclusion, we identified a unique population of cells at the anorectal junction which can be separated from the other basal anal epithelial cells based upon the expression of the stem cell marker CD34 and integrin α6, and thus represent a putative anal stem cell population. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- At the junction of the rectum and the anal canal, there is a muscular ring - known as the anorectal ring . (teachmeanatomy.info)
- Anal cancer is typically a squamous cell carcinoma that arises near the squamocolumnar junction at the anus. (doctorslounge.com)
- Faecal incontinence after chemoradiotherapy in anal cancer survivors: long-term results of a national cohort. (springer.com)
- femoral canal the cone-shaped medial part of the femoral sheath lateral to the base of Gimbernat's ligament. (thefreedictionary.com)
- In the normal anal canal there are protrusions of the submucosa forming vascular cushions or haemorrhoidal cushions, typically located in the right anterior, right posterior, and left lateral aspects. (abdominalkey.com)
- inguinal canal the oblique passage in the lower anterior abdominal wall on either side, through which passes the round ligament of the uterus in the female, and the spermatic cord in the male. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The cecum lies quite free in the abdominal cavity and enjoys a considerable amount of movement, so that it may become herniated down the right inguinal canal, and has occasionally been found in an inguinal hernia on the left side. (theodora.com)
- The femoral vessels and the inguinal canal are both related to the inguinal ligament. (kumc.edu)
- To evaluate radiographic responses according to relative changes in proportions of anti-human papillomavirus (HPV) specific CD8+ and CD4+ TILs and regulatory T cells in patients with previously treated metastatic SCCA of the anal canal following treatment with nivolumab, analyzed from serial peripheral blood samples. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- What Drives the Number of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Types in the Anal Canal in HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex With Men? (ox.ac.uk)
- 5 , 6 Immunohistochemical studies with human melanoma black 45 (HMB-45), an anti-melanoma monoclonal antibody, and S100 protein have demonstrated melanocytes in the anal transitional epithelium, although they are usually more prominent in the anal squamous zone. (clinicalgate.com)
- The photomicrograph also contains an anal duct lined by anal transitional epithelium. (clinicalgate.com)
- These ducts are lined by transitional epithelium and mucus-producing cells, which are most common at the terminal portion of the ducts before their opening into the anal crypts. (clinicalgate.com)
- The lining of the anal canal is composed of columnar cells, transitional epithelium, and non-hair-bearing squamous epithelium. (medscape.com)
- IMSEAR at SEARO: S-100 staining for the diagnosis of melanoma of the anal canal. (who.int)
- Vijayaraghavan M, Kharbanda K, Mathur M. S-100 staining for the diagnosis of melanoma of the anal canal. (who.int)
- Pathology of Anal melanoma, and more! (searchbv.nl)
- it extends from the pelvic diaphragm to the anal orifice. (thefreedictionary.com)