Amyloid beta protein precursor. Medical search

A single-pass type I membrane protein. It is cleaved by AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN SECRETASES to produce peptides of varying amino acid lengths. A 39-42 amino acid peptide, AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES is a principal component of the extracellular amyloid in SENILE PLAQUES.

Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.

A fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet structure. This fibrillar structure has been found as an alternative folding pattern for a variety of functional proteins. Deposits of amyloid in the form of AMYLOID PLAQUES are associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. The amyloid structure has also been found in a number of functional proteins that are unrelated to disease.

A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Endopeptidases that are specific for AMYLOID PROTEIN PRECURSOR. Three secretase subtypes referred to as alpha, beta, and gamma have been identified based upon the region of amyloid protein precursor they cleave.

A plant family of the order Liliales, subclass Liliidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledon).

Accumulations of extracellularly deposited AMYLOID FIBRILS within tissues.

A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)

A sub-subclass of endopeptidases that depend on an ASPARTIC ACID residue for their activity.

Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)

The mulberry plant family of the order Urticales, subclass Hamamelidae, class Magnoliopsida. They have milky latex and small, petalless male or female flowers.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A subclass of iridoid compounds that include a glycoside moiety, usually found at the C-1 position.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

An ACUTE PHASE REACTION protein present in low concentrations in normal sera, but found at higher concentrations in sera of older persons and in patients with AMYLOIDOSIS. It is the circulating precusor of amyloid A protein, which is found deposited in AA type AMYLOID FIBRILS.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A pancreatic beta-cell hormone that is co-secreted with INSULIN. It displays an anorectic effect on nutrient metabolism by inhibiting gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying and postprandial GLUCAGON secretion. Islet amyloid polypeptide can fold into AMYLOID FIBRILS that have been found as a major constituent of pancreatic AMYLOID DEPOSITS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic processing of the precursor form by CASPASE 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Integral membrane protein of Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum. Its homodimer is an essential component of the gamma-secretase complex that catalyzes the cleavage of membrane proteins such as NOTCH RECEPTORS and AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES precursors. PSEN1 mutations cause early-onset ALZHEIMER DISEASE type 3 that may occur as early as 30 years of age in humans.

Amyloid P component is a small, non-fibrillar glycoprotein found in normal serum and in all amyloid deposits. It has a pentagonal (pentaxin) structure. It is an acute phase protein, modulates immunologic responses, inhibits ELASTASE, and has been suggested as an indicator of LIVER DISEASE.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.

An enzyme the catalyzes the degradation of insulin, glucagon and other polypeptides. It is inhibited by bacitracin, chelating agents EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline, and by thiol-blocking reagents such as N-ethylmaleimide, but not phosphoramidon. (Eur J Biochem 1994;223:1-5) EC 3.4.24.56.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Phospholipoglycoproteins produced in the fat body of egg-laying animals such as non-mammalian VERTEBRATES; ARTHROPODS; and others. Vitellogenins are secreted into the HEMOLYMPH, and taken into the OOCYTES by receptor-mediated ENDOCYTOSIS to form the major yolk proteins, VITELLINS. Vitellogenin production is under the regulation of steroid hormones, such as ESTRADIOL and JUVENILE HORMONES in insects.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A calcium-binding protein that is 92 AA long, contains 2 EF-hand domains, and is concentrated mainly in GLIAL CELLS. Elevation of S100B levels in brain tissue correlates with a role in neurological disorders.

The active production and accumulation of VITELLINS (egg yolk proteins) in the non-mammalian OOCYTES from circulating precursors, VITELLOGENINS. Vitellogenesis usually begins after the first MEIOSIS and is regulated by estrogenic hormones.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Microtubule-associated proteins that are mainly expressed in neurons. Tau proteins constitute several isoforms and play an important role in the assembly of tubulin monomers into microtubules and in maintaining the cytoskeleton and axonal transport. Aggregation of specific sets of tau proteins in filamentous inclusions is the common feature of intraneuronal and glial fibrillar lesions (NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; NEUROPIL THREADS) in numerous neurodegenerative disorders (ALZHEIMER DISEASE; TAUOPATHIES).

Abnormal structures located in various parts of the brain and composed of dense arrays of paired helical filaments (neurofilaments and microtubules). These double helical stacks of transverse subunits are twisted into left-handed ribbon-like filaments that likely incorporate the following proteins: (1) the intermediate filaments: medium- and high-molecular-weight neurofilaments; (2) the microtubule-associated proteins map-2 and tau; (3) actin; and (4) UBIQUITINS. As one of the hallmarks of ALZHEIMER DISEASE, the neurofibrillary tangles eventually occupy the whole of the cytoplasm in certain classes of cell in the neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and diencephalon. The number of these tangles, as seen in post mortem histology, correlates with the degree of dementia during life. Some studies suggest that tangle antigens leak into the systemic circulation both in the course of normal aging and in cases of Alzheimer disease.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The amyloid precursor protein interacts with Go heterotrimeric protein within a cell compartment specialized in signal transduction. (1/2953)

The function of the beta-amyloid protein precursor (betaAPP), a transmembrane molecule involved in Alzheimer pathologies, is poorly understood. We recently reported the presence of a fraction of betaAPP in cholesterol and sphingoglycolipid-enriched microdomains (CSEM), a caveolae-like compartment specialized in signal transduction. To investigate whether betaAPP actually interferes with cell signaling, we reexamined the interaction between betaAPP and Go GTPase. In strong contrast with results obtained with reconstituted phospholipid vesicles (Okamoto et al., 1995), we find that incubating total neuronal membranes with 22C11, an antibody that recognizes an N-terminal betaAPP epitope, reduces high-affinity Go GTPase activity. This inhibition is specific of Galphao and is reproduced, in the absence of 22C11, by the addition of the betaAPP C-terminal domain but not by two distinct mutated betaAPP C-terminal domains that do not bind Galphao. This inhibition of Galphao GTPase activity by either 22C11 or wild-type betaAPP cytoplasmic domain suggests that intracellular interactions between betaAPP and Galphao could be regulated by extracellular signals. To verify whether this interaction is preserved in CSEM, we first used biochemical, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural techniques to unambiguously confirm the colocalization of Galphao and betaAPP in CSEM. We show that inhibition of basal Galphao GTPase activity also occurs within CSEM and correlates with the coimmunoprecipitation of Galphao and betaAPP. The regulation of Galphao GTPase activity by betaAPP in a compartment specialized in signaling may have important consequences for our understanding of the physiopathological functions of betaAPP. (+info)

Proteolytic processing of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein within its cytoplasmic domain by caspase-like proteases. (2/2953)

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by neurodegeneration and deposition of betaA4, a peptide that is proteolytically released from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Missense mutations in the genes coding for APP and for the polytopic membrane proteins presenilin (PS) 1 and PS2 have been linked to familial forms of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Overexpression of presenilins, especially that of PS2, induces increased susceptibility for apoptosis that is even more pronounced in cells expressing presenilin mutants. Additionally, presenilins themselves are targets for activated caspases in apoptotic cells. When we analyzed APP in COS-7 cells overexpressing PS2, we observed proteolytic processing close to the APP carboxyl terminus. Proteolytic conversion was increased in the presence of PS2-I, which encodes one of the known PS2 pathogenic mutations. The same proteolytic processing occurred in cells treated with chemical inducers of apoptosis, suggesting a participation of activated caspases in the carboxyl-terminal truncation of APP. This was confirmed by showing that specific caspase inhibitors blocked the apoptotic conversion of APP. Sequence analysis of the APP cytosolic domain revealed a consensus motif for group III caspases ((IVL)ExD). Mutation of the corresponding Asp664 residue abolished cleavage, thereby identifying APP as a target molecule for caspase-like proteases in the pathways of programmed cellular death. (+info)

Translation of the alzheimer amyloid precursor protein mRNA is up-regulated by interleukin-1 through 5'-untranslated region sequences. (3/2953)

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) because APP is processed into the beta-peptide that accumulates in amyloid plaques, and APP gene mutations can cause early onset AD. Inflammation is also associated with AD as exemplified by increased expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in microglia in affected areas of the AD brain. Here we demonstrate that IL-1alpha and IL-1beta increase APP synthesis by up to 6-fold in primary human astrocytes and by 15-fold in human astrocytoma cells without changing the steady-state levels of APP mRNA. A 90-nucleotide sequence in the APP gene 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) conferred translational regulation by IL-1alpha and IL-1beta to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. Steady-state levels of transfected APP(5'-UTR)/CAT mRNAs were unchanged, whereas both base-line and IL-1-dependent CAT protein synthesis were increased. This APP mRNA translational enhancer maps from +55 to +144 nucleotides from the 5'-cap site and is homologous to related translational control elements in the 5'-UTR of the light and and heavy ferritin genes. Enhanced translation of APP mRNA provides a mechanism by which IL-1 influences the pathogenesis of AD. (+info)

Early phenotypic changes in transgenic mice that overexpress different mutants of amyloid precursor protein in brain. (4/2953)

Transgenic mice overexpressing different forms of amyloid precursor protein (APP), i.e. wild type or clinical mutants, displayed an essentially comparable early phenotype in terms of behavior, differential glutamatergic responses, deficits in maintenance of long term potentiation, and premature death. The cognitive impairment, demonstrated in F1 hybrids of the different APP transgenic lines, was significantly different from nontransgenic littermates as early as 3 months of age. Biochemical analysis of secreted and membrane-bound APP, C-terminal "stubs," and Abeta(40) and Abeta(42) peptides in brain indicated that no single intermediate can be responsible for the complex of phenotypic dysfunctions. As expected, the Abeta(42) levels were most prominent in APP/London transgenic mice and correlated directly with the formation of amyloid plaques in older mice of this line. Plaques were associated with immunoreactivity for hyperphosphorylated tau, eventually signaling some form of tau pathology. In conclusion, the different APP transgenic mouse lines studied display cognitive deficits and phenotypic traits early in life that dissociated in time from the formation of amyloid plaques and will be good models for both early and late neuropathological and clinical aspects of Alzheimer's disease. (+info)

Amyloid precursor protein metabolism in fibroblasts from individuals with one, two or three copies of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene. (5/2953)

Protein kinase C (PKC)-activated modulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism has been investigated in natural models of altered APP expression due to the presence of one, two or three copies of the APP gene. We show that levels of APP present in human skin fibroblasts strongly influence the effect of PKC activation of soluble APP (sAPP) release. Thus fibroblasts derived from a patient with a deletion in chromosome 21 including the APP locus (Delta21) had lower levels of both APP mRNA and cell-associated APP, and showed an exaggerated phorbol-ester-induced sAPP release, when compared with fibroblasts from control individuals. In contrast, fibroblasts from chromosome 21 trisomic Down's syndrome patients failed to show a concentration-dependent response to phorbol ester treatment. These results suggest that the levels of APP expression can affect the degree of response to PKC-mediated modulation of the metabolism of this protein. (+info)

Regulation of beta-amyloid secretion by FE65, an amyloid protein precursor-binding protein. (6/2953)

The principal component of Alzheimer's amyloid plaques, Abeta, derives from proteolytic processing of the Alzheimer's amyloid protein precursor (APP). FE65 is a brain-enriched protein that binds to APP. Although several laboratories have characterized the APP-FE65 interaction in vitro, the possible relevance of this interaction to Alzheimer's disease has remained unclear. We demonstrate here that APP and FE65 co-localize in the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi and possibly in endosomes. Moreover, FE65 increases translocation of APP to the cell surface, as well as both alphaAPPs and Abeta secretion. The dramatic (4-fold) FE65-dependent increase in Abeta secretion suggests that agents which inhibit the interaction of FE65 with APP might reduce Abeta secretion in the brain and therefore be useful for preventing or slowing amyloid plaque formation. (+info)

Mechanism of the cleavage specificity of Alzheimer's disease gamma-secretase identified by phenylalanine-scanning mutagenesis of the transmembrane domain of the amyloid precursor protein. (7/2953)

Proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein by beta-secretase yields A4CT (C99), which is cleaved further by the as yet unknown gamma-secretase, yielding the beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide with 40 (Abeta40) or 42 residues (Abeta42). Because the position of gamma-secretase cleavage is crucial for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, we individually replaced all membrane-domain residues of A4CT outside the Abeta domain with phenylalanine, stably transfected the constructs in COS7 cells, and determined the effect of these mutations on the cleavage specificity of gamma-secretase (Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio). Compared with wild-type A4CT, mutations at Val-44, Ile-47, and Val-50 led to decreased Abeta42/Abeta40 ratios, whereas mutations at Thr-43, Ile-45, Val-46, Leu-49, and Met-51 led to increased Abeta42/Abeta40 ratios. A massive effect was observed for I45F (34-fold increase) making this construct important for the generation of animal models for Alzheimer's disease. Unlike the other mutations, A4CT-V44F was processed mainly to Abeta38, as determined by mass spectrometry. Our data provide a detailed model for the active site of gamma-secretase: gamma-secretase interacts with A4CT by binding to one side of the alpha-helical transmembrane domain of A4CT. Mutations in the transmembrane domain of A4CT interfere with the interaction between gamma-secretase and A4CT and, thus, alter the cleavage specificity of gamma-secretase. (+info)

Plaque-independent disruption of neural circuits in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. (8/2953)

Autosomal dominant forms of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) are associated with increased production of the amyloid beta peptide, Abeta42, which is derived from the amyloid protein precursor (APP). In FAD, as well as in sporadic forms of the illness, Abeta peptides accumulate abnormally in the brain in the form of amyloid plaques. Here, we show that overexpression of FAD(717V-->F)-mutant human APP in neurons of transgenic mice decreases the density of presynaptic terminals and neurons well before these mice develop amyloid plaques. Electrophysiological recordings from the hippocampus revealed prominent deficits in synaptic transmission, which also preceded amyloid deposition by several months. Although in young mice, functional and structural neuronal deficits were of similar magnitude, functional deficits became predominant with advancing age. Increased Abeta production in the context of decreased overall APP expression, achieved by addition of the Swedish FAD mutation to the APP transgene in a second line of mice, further increased synaptic transmission deficits in young APP mice without plaques. These results suggest a neurotoxic effect of Abeta that is independent of plaque formation. (+info)

Beta-amyloid is a small piece of a larger protein called the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Once APP is activated it is cut ... Mutations to the amyloid beta A4 precursor protein (APP) located on the long arm of chromosome 21 (21q21.3) cause familial ... "Increased β-amyloid release and levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in fibroblast cell lines from family members with the ... suggesting that the Asn141Ile mutation alters amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism causing an increased rate of protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer_disease

Chen Y, Bodles AM (2007). "Amyloid precursor protein modulates beta-catenin degradation". Journal of Neuroinflammation. 4: 29. ... Beta-catenin-interacting protein 1 is a protein that is encoded in humans by the CTNNBIP1 gene. The protein encoded by this ... Sharma M, Henderson BR (2007). "IQ-domain GTPase-activating protein 1 regulates beta-catenin at membrane ruffles and its role ... 2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3 (1): 89. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTNNBIP1

Amyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1-interacting protein (APBB1IP), also known as APBB1-interacting ... "Entrez Gene: amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding". Inagaki T, Suzuki S, Miyamoto T, Takeda T, Yamashita K, Komatsu A, ... 1997). "The WW domain of neural protein FE65 interacts with proline-rich motifs in Mena, the mammalian homolog of Drosophila ... protein 1 or Rap1-GTP-interacting adapter molecule (RIAM) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APBB1IP gene. GRCh38: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APBB1IP

APP is an Amyloid beta A4 precursor protein. It is suspected to have a major role in cognitive difficulties. Another gene, ETS2 ... Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): AMYLOID BETA A4 PRECURSOR PROTEIN; APP - 104760, gene located at 21q21. Retrieved ... Down syndrome individuals to develop Alzheimer's pathology is the gene that encodes the precursor of the amyloid protein. ... Neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques are commonly found in both Down syndrome and Alzheimer's individuals. Layer II of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome_research

"Association of a novel human FE65-like protein with the cytoplasmic domain of the beta-amyloid precursor protein". Proceedings ... "Entrez Gene: APLP2 Amyloid beta (A4) precursor-like protein 2". CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Leach R, Ko M, Krawetz ... "APLP2 - Amyloid-like protein 2 precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - APLP2 gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2016-10-03 ... APLP2 is part of a family of mammalian membrane proteins along with APLP1 and amyloid precursor protein (APP). Since APP plays ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APLP2

Amyloid beta protein precursor gene and hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis, Science. 1990 June 1;248(4959):1120-2 ... in 1993 she and three other scientists were awarded the American Potamkin Prize for their work on the amyloid precursor protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Van_Broeckhoven

Kirfel G, Borm B, Rigort A, Herzog V (2002). "The secretory beta-amyloid precursor protein is a motogen for human epidermal ... This protein may be a target of neurotoxic beta-amyloid peptide, and may mediate cellular vulnerability to beta-amyloid peptide ... The protein encoded by this gene is a beta-amyloid peptide-binding protein. It contains a structural module related to that of ... "Beta-amyloid peptide binding protein does not couple to G protein in a heterologous Xenopus expression system". J. Neurosci. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tm2_domain_containing_1

The protein encoded by this gene binds to the beta-amyloid precursor protein. Beta-amyloid precursor protein is a cell surface ... APPBP1 (Amyloid Precursor Protein-Binding Protein 1) binds to the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) carboxy terminal domain. ... APPBP1 amyloid beta precursor protein binding protein 1". Chen Y, McPhie DL, Hirschberg J, Neve RL (March 2000). "The amyloid ... APPBP1 was first cloned and identified by its interaction with the C-terminus of beta-amyloid protein precursor (precursor to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APPBP1

"Reelin in plaques of beta-amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 double-transgenic mice". Neuroscience Letters. 316 (3): ... "Interaction of cytosolic adaptor proteins with neuronal apolipoprotein E receptors and the amyloid precursor protein". The ... Reelin has been shown to interact with amyloid precursor protein, and, according to one in-vitro study, is able to counteract ... "Interaction of reelin with amyloid precursor protein promotes neurite outgrowth". The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (23): 7459-73 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reelin

"Tyrosine phosphorylation of the beta-amyloid precursor protein cytoplasmic tail promotes interaction with Shc". The Journal of ... SHC-transforming protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHC3 gene. SHC3 has been shown to interact with RICS ... Nakamura T, Komiya M, Sone K, Hirose E, Gotoh N, Morii H, Ohta Y, Mori N (December 2002). "Grit, a GTPase-activating protein ... O'Bryan JP, Songyang Z, Cantley L, Der CJ, Pawson T (April 1996). "A mammalian adaptor protein with conserved Src homology 2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHC3

2006). The prolyl isomerase Pin1 regulates amyloid precursor protein processing and amyloid-beta production. Nature 440(7083): ... Absence of Pin1 activity in humans has also been implicated in the folding and processing of the amyloid precursor protein, ... Parvulin, a 92-amino acid protein discovered in E. coli in 1994, is the smallest known protein with prolyl isomerase activity, ... 2000). Proline isomerizarion and its catalysis in protein folding. In Mechanisms of Protein Folding 2nd ed. Ed. RH Pain. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvulin

... enhance the X11-like protein-mediated stabilization of amyloid beta-protein precursor metabolism". The Journal of Biological ... enhance the X11-like protein-mediated stabilization of amyloid beta-protein precursor metabolism". The Journal of Biological ... "Coordinated metabolism of Alcadein and amyloid beta-protein precursor regulates FE65-dependent gene transactivation". The ... "Coordinated metabolism of Alcadein and amyloid beta-protein precursor regulates FE65-dependent gene transactivation". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLSTN1

Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F beta-amyloid precursor protein. Nature. February 1995, ... Roles of proteolysis and lipid rafts in the processing of the amyloid precursor protein and prion protein. Biochem. Soc. Trans ... Comparison of neurodegenerative pathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F beta-amyloid precursor protein and ... 1991年，學者提出類澱粉胜肽假說，認為β類澱粉胜肽（英语：Beta amyloid）（Aβ）在大腦堆積可能是

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/阿兹海默病

The protein encoded by this gene interacts with the cytoplasmic domains of amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein and amyloid beta ... Amyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APBB2 gene. ... 2004). "Generation of the beta-amyloid peptide and the amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragment gamma are potentiated by ... "Association of a novel human FE65-like protein with the cytoplasmic domain of the beta-amyloid precursor protein". Proc. Natl. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APBB2

"Frameshift mutants of beta amyloid precursor protein and ubiquitin-B in Alzheimer's and Down patients". Science. 279 (5348): ... Dennissen FJ, Kholod N, Steinbusch HW, Van Leeuwen FW (2010). "Misframed proteins and neurodegeneration: a novel view on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBB 1

"Processing of Alzheimer beta/A4 amyloid precursor protein: modulation by agents that regulate protein phosphorylation". ... factor alpha converting enzyme is involved in regulated alpha-secretase cleavage of the Alzheimer amyloid protein precursor". ... "Correlation between elevated levels of amyloid beta-peptide in the brain and cognitive decline". JAMA. 283 (12): 1571-1577. doi ... In Alzheimer disease, Buxbaum has conducted several cell-biological and patient-based analyses of APP and A-beta and he and his ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Buxbaum

Matsumoto A, Itoh K, Matsumoto R (2000). "A novel carboxypeptidase B that processes native beta-amyloid precursor protein is ... Mosnier LO, Meijers JC, Bouma BN (2002). "The role of protein S in the activation of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis ... Mosnier LO, Elisen MG, Bouma BN, Meijers JC (2002). "Protein C inhibitor regulates the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex in the ... After thrombin activation, the mature protein downregulates fibrinolysis. Polymorphisms have been described for this gene and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxypeptidase_B2

"Regional brain cytochrome oxidase activity in beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice with the Swedish mutation". ... The complex is a large integral membrane protein composed of several metal prosthetic sites and 14 protein subunits in mammals ... Aledo JC, Valverde H, Ruíz-Camacho M, Morilla I, López FD (October 2014). "Protein-protein interfaces from cytochrome c oxidase ... Soltys BJ, Gupta RS (1999). "Mitochondrial proteins at unexpected cellular locations: export of proteins from mitochondria from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase

Enzymer reagerer med APP (amyloid-precursor-protein) og skærer det i fragmenter. Beta-amyloid-fragmentet er centralt i ... Alzheimer-type Neuropathology in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing V717F Beta-amyloid Precursor Protein. Nature. 1995;373(6514): ... Comparison of Neurodegenerative Pathology in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing V717F Beta-amyloid Precursor Protein and ... Roles of Proteolysis and Lipid Rafts in the Processing of the Amyloid Precursor Protein and Prion Protein. Biochemical Society ...

https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimers_sygdom

"Early-onset Alzheimer's disease caused by mutations at codon 717 of the beta-amyloid precursor protein gene". Nature. 353 (6347 ... Subsequently, he was a co-inventor on the original patents that covered three mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) ... "Amyloid precursor protein in alzheimer's disease", published 1998-08-18 Goate A, Chartier-Harlin MC, Mullan M, Brown J, ... "Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease". Nature. 349 (6311 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mullan

... B may function as a beta-secretase 1, cleaving amyloid precursor protein to produce amyloid beta. Overexpression of ... After protein concentration is determined, equal amounts of tissue protein are loaded into a gel. The protein is then allowed ... Deficiencies in this protein are linked to multiple forms of galactosialidosis. The cathepsin A activity in lysates of ... Hook, Gregory; Hook, Vivian; Kindy, Mark (2011-01-01). "The cysteine protease inhibitor, E64d, reduces brain amyloid-β and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin

"Familial Alzheimer's disease mutations inhibit gamma-secretase-mediated liberation of beta-amyloid precursor protein carboxy- ... The most well-known substrate of gamma secretase is amyloid precursor protein, a large integral membrane protein that, when ... complex with the γ-secretase activating protein facilitates the gamma cleavage of amyloid precursor protein into β-amyloid. The ... Zhang, H; Ma, Q; Zhang, YW; Xu, H (January 2012). "Proteolytic processing of Alzheimer's β-amyloid precursor protein". Journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_secretase

... skeletal muscle-specific Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; Akt; Beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP); Huntingtin. ... For example, GAPDH interactions with beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) could interfere with its function regarding the ... Svedružić Ž.M.; Odorčić I.; Chang C.H.; Svedružić D. (2020). "Substrate Channeling via a Transient Protein-Protein Complex: The ... Svedružić Ž.M.; Odorčić I.; Chang C.H.; Svedružić D. (2020). "Substrate Channeling via a Transient Protein-Protein Complex: The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate_dehydrogenase

... localization in human cerebral cortex and generation of amyloidogenic fragments from the beta-amyloid precursor protein". ... Cathepsin G is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTSG gene. It is one of the three serine proteases of the ... Gabay JE, Scott RW, Campanelli D, Griffith J, Wilde C, Marra MN, Seeger M, Nathan CF (July 1989). "Antibiotic proteins of human ... Cathepsin G is a 255-amino-acid-residue protein including an 18-residue signal peptide, a two-residue activation peptide at the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin_G

2002). "The gamma-secretase-generated intracellular domain of beta-amyloid precursor protein binds Numb and inhibits Notch ... Numb-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUMBL gene. NUMBL has been shown to interact with MAP3K7IP2. ... 2006). "A protein-protein interaction network for human inherited ataxias and disorders of Purkinje cell degeneration". Cell. ... a novel protein-protein interaction module". Genes Dev. 11 (17): 2239-49. doi:10.1101/gad.11.17.2239. PMC 275390. PMID 9303539 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUMBL

"Lysosomal processing of amyloid precursor protein to A beta peptides: a distinct role for cathepsin S". The Biochemical Journal ... Protein Engineering. 11 (11): 1007-13. doi:10.1093/protein/11.11.1007. PMID 9876921. Söderström M, Salminen H, Glumoff V, ... Cathepsin S is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTSS gene. Transcript variants utilizing alternative polyadenylation ... While lysosomal proteases terminally degrade proteins in lysosomes, cathepsin S has own distinctive physiological role. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin_S

Presenile-dementia and cerebral- hemorrhage linked to a mutation at codon-692 of the beta-amyloid precursor protein gene. Nat ... Amyloid-beta transmission or unexamined bias? Nature. 2016;537(7620):E7-E8. Kavousi M, et al. Comparison of application of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hofman

... of Amyloid-beta Precursor Protein Directs Human Embryonic Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation into Neuronal Precursor ... Neural precursor cells in the human SVZ are known to yield offspring which can then produce glial cells or even migrate and ... and extracellular matrix proteins (e.g. tenascin, CD34) have been linked to the mechanisms of neuropoiesis. Many of these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropoiesis

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the buildup of amyloid precursor protein and subsequent beta-amyloid plaques in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics_and_abortion

"Evolutionary origin of a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor domain inserted in the amyloid beta precursor protein of Alzheimer's ... Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein (APP), and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). Standalone Kunitz domains are used as ... a domain found in an alternatively spliced form of Alzheimer's amyloid beta-protein; domains at the C-termini of the alpha-1 ... They are short (about 50 to 60 amino acid residues) alpha/beta proteins with few secondary structures. The fold is constrained ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunitz_domain

"Transgenic tomatoes expressing human beta-amyloid for use as a vaccine against Alzheimer's disease". Biotechnology letters. 30 ... Kurstaki Insect Control Protein". Nature Biotechnology. 7 (12): 1265-1269. doi:10.1038/nbt1289-1265.. ... the precursor to ethylene. DNAP's tomato, called Endless Summer, inserted a truncated version of the ACC synthase gene into the ... "Fruit Cell Wall Proteins Help Fungus Turn Tomatoes From Ripe To Rotten". Science Daily. Jan 31, 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2010. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_tomato

amyloid-beta formation. • amyloid precursor protein metabolic process. • neutrophil degranulation. • regulation of canonical ... from amyloid precursor protein (APP). Accumulation of amyloid beta is associated with the onset of Alzheimer's disease.[6] ... Selkoe DJ (1994). "Cell biology of the amyloid beta-protein precursor and the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease". Annu. Rev. ... Beta-amyloid production[edit]. Transgenic mice that over-expressed mutant presenilin-1 show an increase of beta-amyloid-42(43) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSEN1

Studies suggest that neurotrophic factors have a protective role against amyloid beta toxicity.[85] ... positive regulation of non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity. • transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase ... in cortical precursors displaying EGFP-positive condensed apoptotic nuclei and a 2-4 fold increase in cortical precursors that ... Binding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). *Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF

Hiltunen M, van Groen T, Jolkkonen J (2009). "Functional roles of amyloid-beta protein precursor and amyloid-beta peptides: ... "Beta-secretase cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein by the transmembrane aspartic protease BACE". Science 286 ( ... Shinkai Y, Yoshimura M, Ito Y, Odaka A, Suzuki N, Yanagisawa K, Ihara Y (September 1995). "Amyloid beta-proteins 1-40 and 1-42( ... Zou K, Gong JS, Yanagisawa K, Michikawa M (June 2002). "A novel function of monomeric amyloid beta-protein serving as an ...

https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiloide_beta

BACE1 is an enzymatic protein that cleaves the Amyloid Precursor Protein into the insoluble amyloid beta form, which then ... and by amyloid-beta senile plaques amyloid-beta senile plaques. Several genetic factors have been identified as contributing to ... including mutations to the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilins 1 and 2 genes, and familial inheritance of ... combined with the observed increase in AD brains of BACE1-AS and corresponding increases in BACE1 protein and amyloid beta,[5] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_neurodegenerative_diseases

This paper provided the first direct evidence that a fragment of the amyloid precursor protein could kill neurons, and helped ... amyloid beta) causes degeneration of brain cells (neurons), work done in conjunction with a postdoctoral fellow in her ... "Neurotoxicity of a fragment of the amyloid precursor associated with Alzheimer's disease". Science. 245 (4916): 417-420. ... it was unclear whether amyloid beta was a byproduct of neuronal degeneration or a contributor to that degeneration. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Villa-Komaroff

positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane. • response to amyloid-beta. • cellular response to amyloid-beta ... negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process. • ... protein binding. • identical protein binding. • copper ion binding. • lamin binding. • amyloid-beta binding. • protease binding ... PrPC protein is one of several cellular receptors of soluble amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers, which are canonically implicated in ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRNP

Studies suggest that neurotrophic factors have a protective role against amyloid beta toxicity.[84] ... positive regulation of non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity. • transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase ... Bartkowska K, Paquin A, Gauthier AS, Kaplan DR, Miller FD (December 2007). "Trk signaling regulates neural precursor cell ... Binding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). *Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_derived_neurotrophic_factor

The protein is composed of alpha helices and beta sheets that form two domains.[8] The N- and C- terminal sequences are ... erythroid precursors in the bone marrow, it binds to it and is transported into the cell in a vesicle by receptor-mediated ... "Transferrin is an insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 binding protein". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and ... regulation of protein stability. • transferrin transport. • iron ion homeostasis. • platelet degranulation. • ion transport. • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin

amyloid precursor protein metabolic process. · neurotransmitter receptor biosynthetic process. · regulation of dendrite ... beta-amyloid binding. · acetylcholinesterase activity. · acetylcholinesterase activity. · carboxylesterase activity. · ... Pakaski M, Kasa P. Role of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in the metabolism of amyloid precursor protein.. Current drug ... positive regulation of protein secretion. · regulation of axonogenesis. · regulation of synaptic transmission. · protein ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/乙酰胆碱酯酶

... binds the cytoplasmic domain of the Alzheimer's beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP)". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (5): 3767-75. doi: ... 2001). "c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-interacting protein-1b/islet-brain-1 scaffolds Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein with ... protein kinase inhibitor activity. • protein binding. • kinesin binding. • protein kinase binding. • JUN kinase binding. • ... "Entrez Gene: MAPK8IP1 mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 interacting protein 1".. *^ a b c d e f Yasuda, J; Whitmarsh A J; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK8IP1

The encoded enzyme associates with AppBp1, an amyloid beta precursor protein binding protein, to form a heterodimer, and then ... Chen, Y; McPhie D L; Hirschberg J; Neve R L (March 2000). "The amyloid precursor protein-binding protein APP-BP1 drives the ... Chen Y, McPhie DL, Hirschberg J, Neve RL (2000). "The amyloid precursor protein-binding protein APP-BP1 drives the cell cycle ... protein binding. • protein heterodimerization activity. • acid-amino acid ligase activity. • NEDD8 activating enzyme activity. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBE1C

"islet amyloid polypeptide precursor [Homo sapiens]". NCBI.. (the current NCBI RefSeq) *^ a b Roberts AN, Leighton B, Todd JA, ... Proisletni amiloidni polipeptid (proIAPP, proamilin, proislet protein) proizvodi se u beta ćelijama (β-ćelijama) gušterače kao ... "Intracellular amyloid-like deposits contain unprocessed pro-islet amyloid polypeptide (proIAPP) in beta cells of transgenic ... Paulsson JF, Westermark GT (July 2005). "Aberrant processing of human proislet amyloid polypeptide results in increased amyloid ...

https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amilin

cellular response to amyloid-beta. • positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. • negative regulation of ... protein stabilization. • myotube cell development. • positive regulation of DNA replication. • myoblast proliferation. • ... "Sequence of cDNA encoding human insulin-like growth factor I precursor". Nature. 306 (5943): 609-11. PMID 6358902. doi:10.1038/ ... protein kinase B signaling. • regulation of multicellular organism growth. • positive regulation of cell migration. • platelet ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/عامل_النمو_شبيه_الانسولين-1

Studies in cells and in mouse have shown that specifically targeting Amyloid beta-producing genes (e.g. BACE1 and APP) by RNAi ... In fission yeast this complex contains argonaute, a chromodomain protein Chp1, and a protein called Tas3 of unknown function.[ ... Another effort decreased the precursors of likely carcinogens in tobacco plants.[178] Other plant traits that have been ... This ancestral RNAi system probably contained at least one dicer-like protein, one argonaute, one PIWI protein, and an RNA- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference

Other/ungrouped: Amyloid precursor protein secretase *Alpha secretase. *Beta-secretase 1. *Beta-secretase 2 ... Human proteins containing this domain[edit]. BACE1; BACE2; CTSD; CTSE; NAPSA; PGA5; PGC; REN; ... Hartsuck JA, Koelsch G, Remington SJ (May 1992). "The high-resolution crystal structure of porcine pepsinogen". Proteins. 13 (1 ... they tend to cleave dipeptide bonds that have hydrophobic residues as well as a beta-methylene group. Unlike serine or cysteine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate_protease

Through translational processing, insulin is encoded as a 110 amino acid precursor but is secreted as a 51 amino acid protein.[ ... Amylin, also known as islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP).[17] The function of amylin is to slow the rate of glucose entering the ... Beta cells (β cells) are a type of cell found in pancreatic islets that synthesize and secrete insulin and amylin. Beta cells ... Research has shown that beta cells can be differentiated from human pancreas progenitor cells.[31] These differentiated beta ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_cell

"Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F beta-amyloid precursor protein". Nature 373 (6514): 523- ... "Roles of proteolysis and lipid rafts in the processing of the amyloid precursor protein and prion protein". Biochem. Soc. Trans ... "Comparison of neurodegenerative pathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F beta-amyloid precursor protein and ... Lauren J, Gimbel D, et al. (Februari 2009). "Cellular prion protein mediates impairment of synaptic plasticity by amyloid-beta ...

https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugonjwa_wa_Alzheimer

Mosselman S, Höppener JW, Lips CJ, Jansz HS (1989). "The complete islet amyloid polypeptide precursor is encoded by two exons ... Timus: Timozin (Timozin α1, Timozin beta) • Timopoietin • Timulin Organi za varenje: Želudac: gastrin • grelin • Duodenum: CCK ... "A novel peptide in the calcitonin gene related peptide family as an amyloid fibril protein in the endocrine pancreas". Biochem ... "Amyloid fibrils in human insulinoma and islets of Langerhans of the diabetic cat are derived from a neuropeptide-like protein ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amilin

Other/ungrouped: Amyloid precursor protein secretase *Alpha secretase. *Beta-secretase 1. *Beta-secretase 2 ... This 20-S protein is composed of 28 subunits arranged in four rings of seven. ... "Contribution of proteasomal beta-subunits to the cleavage of peptide substrates analyzed with yeast mutants". The Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome_endopeptidase_complex

G-CSF has been shown to reduce inflammation, reduce amyloid beta burden, and reverse cognitive impairment in a mouse model of ... mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signal transduction ... The G-CSF-receptor is present on precursor cells in the bone marrow, and, in response to stimulation by G-CSF, initiates ... positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling. • positive regulation of actin filament polymerization. • cellular response ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSF

"Processing of the pre-beta-amyloid protein by cathepsin D is enhanced by a familial Alzheimer's disease mutation". European ... The main function of cathepsin D is to degrade proteins and activate precursors of bioactive proteins in pre-lysosomal ... macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta, and SLC that are expressed in human breast cancer". The American Journal of Pathology. ... both produced from a single protein precursor. Cathepsin D is an aspartic endo-protease that is ubiquitously distributed in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin_D

Beta-amyloid is a small piece of a larger protein called the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Once APP is activated, it is cut ... Mutations to the amyloid beta A4 precursor protein (APP) located on the long arm of chromosome 21 (21q21.3) cause familial ... "Increased β-amyloid release and levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in fibroblast cell lines from family members with the ... suggesting that the Asn141Ile mutation alters amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism causing an increased rate of protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_Alzheimer_disease

... since the latter can irreversibly transform from its native alpha-helical structure to beta-sheet aggregates and form amyloid ... Keller A, Eistetter HR, Voss T, Schafer KP (Aug 1991). "The pulmonary surfactant protein C (SP-C) precursor is a type II ... Surfactant protein C (SP-C), is one of the pulmonary surfactant proteins. In humans this is encoded by the SFTPC gene. It is a ... "Lipid-protein interactions of hydrophobic proteins SP-B and SP-C in lung surfactant assembly and dynamics". Pediatric pathology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant_protein_C

Beta-amyloid Beta-amyloid(Aβ) (also called 'amyloid beta') plaques start with a protein called amyloid precursor protein (APP ... The beta-amyloid bundles (plaque) are made up of pieces of beta-amyloid protein that were once part of a healthy neuron. These ... which are made mostly from another protein called beta-amyloid, they are also sometimes called beta-amyloid bundles or 'bundles ... have biomarker evidence of amyloid beta (Aβ) build-up in the brain. This amyloid beta (Aβ) is linked to changes in the ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's_disease

... called amyloid beta (Aβ). Aβ is a fragment from the larger amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP is a transmembrane protein that ... Enzymes act on the APP (amyloid precursor protein) and cut it into fragments. The beta-amyloid fragment is crucial in the ... In early 2017, a trial of verubecestat, which inhibits the beta-secretase protein responsible for creating beta-amyloid protein ... suggesting that a close relative of the beta-amyloid protein, and not necessarily the beta-amyloid itself, may be a major ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's

Alzheimer-type Neuropathology in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing V717F Beta-amyloid Precursor Protein». Nature. 373 (6514): 523- ... Hooper NM (2005). «Roles of Proteolysis and Lipid Rafts in the Processing of the Amyloid Precursor Protein and Prion Protein». ... Comparison of Neurodegenerative Pathology in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing V717F Beta-amyloid Precursor Protein and ... Turner PR, O'Connor K, Tate WP, Abraham WC (2003). «Roles of Amyloid Precursor Protein and its Fragments in Regulating Neural ...

https://pt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer

The misfolding of the protein causes it to have insoluble beta-pleated sheets,[3] creating an amyloid. Amyloid, the aggregation ... Protein precursors include immunoglobulin-derived light chains and transthyretin mutations.[2] ... Amyloid, a misfolded and insoluble protein, can become a deposit in the heart's atria, valves, or ventricles. These deposits ... Cardiac amyloidosis is a subcategory of amyloidosis where there is the depositing of the protein amyloid in the cardiac muscle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_amyloidosis

Other/ungrouped: Amyloid precursor protein secretase *Alpha secretase. *Beta-secretase 1. *Beta-secretase 2 ... identical protein binding. • peptidase activity. • hydrolase activity. • virus receptor activity. • protein homodimerization ... The protein encoded by the DPP4 gene is an antigenic enzyme expressed on the surface of most cell types and is associated with ... protein binding. • serine-type endopeptidase activity. Cellular component. • lamellipodium membrane. • extracellular exosome. • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipeptidyl_peptidase-4

"Mutation of the beta-amyloid precursor protein in familial Alzheimers disease increases beta-protein production". Nature. 360 ... a reproductive regulator that modulates the processing of amyloid-beta precursor protein and amyloid-beta deposition". The ... Amyloid-beta precursor protein is an ancient and highly conserved protein. In humans, the gene APP is located on chromosome 21 ... Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid-beta_precursor_protein

beta/A4 amyloid is derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), an integral membrane protein that exists as three major ... Protein phosphorylation regulates secretion of Alzheimer beta/A4 amyloid precursor protein. G L Caporaso, S E Gandy, J D ... Protein phosphorylation regulates secretion of Alzheimer beta/A4 amyloid precursor protein. G L Caporaso, S E Gandy, J D ... Protein phosphorylation regulates secretion of Alzheimer beta/A4 amyloid precursor protein. G L Caporaso, S E Gandy, J D ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/89/7/3055?ijkey=68c52136c75dba3b3f10e929fdeede0fa15790a5&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Among other roles in the cell, secretases act on the amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) to cleave the protein into three ... Sequential cleavage by beta-secretase 1 (BACE) and gamma-secretase (γ-secretase) produces the amyloid-beta peptide fragment ... no amyloid beta is formed because α-secretase recognizes a target protein sequence closer to the cell surface than BACE. The ... BACE is a transmembrane protein with an extracellular aspartic acid protease domain. γ-secretase is actually a protein complex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid-beta_precursor_protein_secretase

APBB2 amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 2 [Homo sapiens] APBB2 amyloid beta precursor protein binding ... The protein encoded by this gene interacts with the cytoplasmic domains of amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein and amyloid beta ... General protein information Go to the top of the page Help Preferred Names. amyloid-beta A4 precursor protein-binding family B ... mRNA and Protein(s) * NM_001166050.1 → NP_001159522.1 amyloid-beta A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 2 isoform b ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/323

Beta-amyloid precursor protein staining of nonaccidental central nervous system injury in pediatric autopsies.. Reichard RR1, ... Immunohistochemical staining for beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) is a well-established marker of traumatic axonal ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12866814?dopt=Abstract

The beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) is a transmembrane protein that is exclusively phosphorylated on serine residues ... Ectodomain phosphorylation of beta-amyloid precursor protein at two distinct cellular locations.. Walter J., Capell A., Hung A. ... APPssw-beta). This antibody previously established the cellular location of the beta-secretase cleavage of Swedish betaAPP as a ... European Bioinformatics InstituteProtein Information ResourceSIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. UniProt is an ELIXIR core ...

https://www.uniprot.org/citations/8999878

AD brains contain numerous amyloid plaques surrounded by dystrophic neurites, and show profound synaptic loss, neurofibrillary ... The amyloid plaques are composed of amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), a 40-42-amino-acid fragment of the beta-amyloid precursor ... Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F beta-amyloid precursor protein Nature. 1995 Feb 9;373( ... Amyloid beta-Peptides / metabolism* * Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / genetics * Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / metabolism ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7845465/?dopt=Abstract

apl-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans gene encoding a protein related to the human beta-amyloid protein precursor. I Daigle and C Li ... apl-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans gene encoding a protein related to the human beta-amyloid protein precursor ... apl-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans gene encoding a protein related to the human beta-amyloid protein precursor ... apl-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans gene encoding a protein related to the human beta-amyloid protein precursor ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/90/24/12045?ijkey=4687d36477917fb70f06ecb2918ca31d94c039af&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

X11L2, a new member of the X11 protein family, interacts with Alzheimers beta-amyloid precursor protein. Tanahashi, H., Tabira ... We screened proteins for interaction with Alzheimers beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and cloned a new member of the X11 ... Synonyms: Adapter protein X11gamma, Amyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding family A member 3, MGC:15815, MINT3, Mint-3, ... ... a third member of the X11 protein family interacting with Alzheimers beta-amyloid precursor protein. Tanahashi, H., Tabira, T ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/gene/e/9546.html

Amyloid beta protein toxicity mediated by the formation of amyloid-beta protein precursor complexes. Lu, D.C., Shaked, G.M., ... The amyloid beta-protein precursor (APP) is proteolytically cleaved to generate the amyloid beta-protein (Abeta), the principal ... In vivo, the levels of soluble amyloid beta protein correlated with caspase-cleaved fragments of the amyloid precursor protein ... Caspase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein modulates amyloid beta-protein toxicity. Lu, D.C., Soriano, S., Bredesen, D.E ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/gene/e/11820.html

A beta) is an invariant feature of Alzheimers disease which precedes symptoms of dementia by years or decades. The only ... Progressive cerebral deposition of the 39-43-amino-acid amyloid beta-protein ( ... Mutation of the beta-amyloid precursor protein in familial Alzheimers disease increases beta-protein production Nature. 1992 ... disease which have been identified so far are missense mutations in the gene encoding the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta- ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1465129/

Compare amyloid beta precursor protein binding family A member 2 ELISA Kits from leading suppliers on Biocompare. View ... amyloid beta precursor protein binding family A member 2 ELISA Kits. Clear ... amyloid beta precursor protein binding family A member 2 ELISA Kits. The ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is a well- ... Bovine Amyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding family A member 2 (APBA2) ELISA Kit ...

https://www.biocompare.com/pfu/110627/soids/2-2266659/ELISA_Kit/ELISA_amyloid_beta_precursor_protein_binding_family_A_member_2

Endopeptidases that are specific for AMYLOID PROTEIN PRECURSOR. Three secretase subtypes referred to as alpha, beta, and gamma ... have been identified based upon the region of amyloid protein precursor they cleave. ... Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases (beta-Secretase). Subscribe to New Research on Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ... beta-Secretase; alpha-Secretase; gamma-Secretase; Secretase; APP Secretase; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretase; Secretases; ...

http://www.curehunter.com/public/keywordSummaryD053829-Amyloid-Precursor-Protein-Secretases-beta-Secretase.do

Amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein degradation products. Debate and discussion of any biological questions not pertaining to a ... Amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein degradation products of the pathogenic role of Alzheimers disease research progress. APP ... Cutting followed by the β and γ-secretase enzyme, resulting in extracellular s APP beta, A beta (A beta 40 and A beta 42) ... resulting in excess of A beta 40 and A beta 42, the formation of A beta deposition as the core of senile plaques and disease. ...

https://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/viewtopic.php?t=25181&p=143084&hilit=fraumeni+syndrome

Adapter protein that forms a transcriptionally active complex with the gamma-secretase-derived amyloid precursor protein (APP) ... Protein. Similar proteins. Species. Score. Length. Source. P46933. Amyloid-beta A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1 ... "Regulation of beta-amyloid secretion by FE65, an amyloid protein precursor-binding protein.". Sabo S.L., Lanier L.M., Ikin A.F. ... "Regulation of beta-amyloid secretion by FE65, an amyloid protein precursor-binding protein.". Sabo S.L., Lanier L.M., Ikin A.F. ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P46933

... amyloid beta precursor protein binding family A member 2), Authors: Dessen P. Published in: Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol ... amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding, family A, member 2 (X11-like). ... amyloid-beta binding in utero embryonic development protein binding cytoplasm plasma membrane chemical synaptic transmission ... amyloid-beta binding in utero embryonic development protein binding cytoplasm plasma membrane chemical synaptic transmission ...

http://www.atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Genes/GC_APBA2.html

8-Tetrahydropyran-2-yl chromans: highly selective beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors. * ... 8-Tetrahydropyran-2-yl Chromans: Highly Selective Beta-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) Inhibitors.. ... Beta-secretase 1. A. 406. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: BACE1, BACE, KIAA1149. EC: 3.4.23.46. ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4RRO

We perform a single molecule level study of the RERMS sequence of amyloid $\beta $/A4 precursor protein fragment on a clean Ag( ... Abstract: D10.00003 : Single Molecule Manipulation and Self-Assembly of Amyloid $\beta $/A4 Precursor Protein on Ag(111)*. 3:18 ... Moreover, we are able to form a well ordered two-dimensional layer of the protein fragment by increasing the deposition time. A ... The mechanical stability of individual protein fragments are checked by laterally manipulating them with the STM tip. ...

http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR10/Session/D10.3

... beta] Precursor Protein/Presenilin 2 Mouse Model of Alzheimers Disease.(Research Article) by International Journal of ... Early Contextual Fear Memory Deficits in a Double-Transgenic Amyloid-[ ... MLA style: "Early Contextual Fear Memory Deficits in a Double-Transgenic Amyloid-[beta] Precursor Protein/Presenilin 2 Mouse ... APA style: Early Contextual Fear Memory Deficits in a Double-Transgenic Amyloid-[beta] Precursor Protein/Presenilin 2 Mouse ...

https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Early+Contextual+Fear+Memory+Deficits+in+a+Double-Transgenic...-a0553759603

Powerful beneficial effects of benfotiamine on cognitive impairment and beta-amyloid deposition in amyloid precursor protein/ ... Powerful beneficial effects of benfotiamine on cognitive impairment and beta-amyloid deposition in amyloid precursor protein/ ... "Powerful Beneficial Effects of Benfotiamine On Cognitive Impairment and Beta-amyloid Deposition in Amyloid Precursor Protein/ ... Powerful beneficial effects of benfotiamine on cognitive impairment and beta-amyloid deposition in amyloid precursor protein/ ...

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Amyloid beta a4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1 (FE65) interactomics revealed synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A ( ... Amyloid beta a4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1 (FE65) interactomics revealed synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A ( ... Amyloid beta a4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1 (FE65) interactomics revealed synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A ( ... SV2A) and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 (SERCA2) as new binding proteins in the human brain. Mol Cell ...

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Conclusions: : Both amyloid-beta (AB) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) appear to be present in AD and normal optic nerves ... Immunohistochemical Identification of Amyloid-Beta and Amyloid Precursor Protein in Alzheimers Disease Optic Nerve and Retina ... Immunohistochemical Identification of Amyloid-Beta and Amyloid Precursor Protein in Alzheimers Disease Optic Nerve and Retina ... D. Aggarwal, F. N. Ross-Cisneros, A. A. Sadun; Immunohistochemical Identification of Amyloid-Beta and Amyloid Precursor Protein ...

http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2363974

Synthetic Human Amyloid beta (A4) Precursor Protein A beta NT (aa 653-662) Peptide ... Synthetic Human Amyloid beta (A4) Precursor Protein A beta NT (aa 653-662) Peptide. ...

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Retinal Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing and amyloid-beta (Aβ) transport in an Alzheimers disease (AD) mouse model ... Retinal Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing and amyloid-beta (Aβ) transport in an Alzheimers disease (AD) mouse model ... Retinal Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing and amyloid-beta (Aβ) transport in an Alzheimers disease (AD) mouse model. ... Results : AD mice retinas exhibited enhanced APP production with increased amyloid processing and Aβ accumulation vs. wt mice. ...

http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2560754

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Extracellular deposition of the beta/A4 amyloid peptide is a characteristic feature of the brain in patients with Alzheimer disease. (pnas.org)
Sequential cleavage by beta-secretase 1 (BACE) and gamma-secretase (γ-secretase) produces the amyloid-beta peptide fragment that aggregates into clumps called amyloid plaques in the brains affected by Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
The amyloid plaques are composed of amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), a 40-42-amino-acid fragment of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP). (nih.gov)
The major component of senile plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer disease patients is the beta-amyloid peptide, which is derived from a larger amyloid precursor protein (APP). (pnas.org)
Similar to the Drosophila, human, and mouse APP-related proteins, APL-1 does not appear to contain the beta-amyloid peptide. (pnas.org)
At APP695 subtype, with the majority of membrane proteins, transmembrane proteins of the orphan receptor characteristics, it is easier by complex protein hydrolysis pathway cracking of varying sizes peptide fragments, including a relatively long extracellular amino terminal peptide fragment, the smaller the A beta protein (the main component of senile plaques) and a variety of sizes ranging from APP intracellular domain (AICD). (biology-online.org)
It cleaves at the N-terminus of the A-beta peptide sequence of APP. (researchandmarkets.com)
The 31-amino acid peptide results from the proteolytic cleavage of the C- terminus of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) at Asp 739 -Ala 740 by caspases. (rpeptide.com)
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by abnormal deposition of neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. (diva-portal.org)
In this article we provide evidence that amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), the substance which accumulates in AD plaques, exacerbates excitotoxic and metabolic compromises to neurons resulting in changes in the cytoskeleton which resemble those seen in the neurofibrillary tangles of AD. (elsevier.com)
A beta peptide immunization reduces behavioural impairment and plaques in a model of Alzheimer's disease. (moldiag.com)
A beta peptide vaccination prevents memory loss in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. (moldiag.com)
Overexpression of APP mRNAs is therefore an unlikely explanation for the deposition of the beta-amyloid (beta/A4) peptide in FAD brains. (ox.ac.uk)
Amyloid plaques, composed mainly of the 39-43 amino acid βA4 peptide, are a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease. (jneurosci.org)
Formation of senile plaques containing the beta-amyloid peptide (A beta) derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an invariant feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). (uni-muenchen.de)
Aim of this study was to compare levels of different CSF biomarkers, including total secreted β-amyloid precursor protein (sAPP), sAPP-alpha form (sAPPα), amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, total-tau protein and hyperphosphorylated-tau protein in subjects from NPH and Non-NPH Control (NNC). (elsevier.com)
ELISA was used separately to determine levels of sAPPα, Aβ peptide, total-tau and phospho-tau proteins. (elsevier.com)
β-Amyloid Peptide: the Cell Compartment Multi-faceted Interaction in Alzheimer's Disease. (alzforum.org)
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. (jneurosci.org)
These hAbeta-loxP-KI mice express mouse APP protein with a "humanized" amyloid beta peptide sequence. (jax.org)
4 Amyloid Beta ( Aβ) is formed through cleavage of the APP, generating a peptide 36-43 amino acids long. (google.com)
This disease is characterized by intraneuronal tangles and extracellular plaques, and the amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ), which is derived from APP upon cleavage by β- and γ-secretases, is the major component of the plaques. (biologists.org)
The simulation: fibrils are thought to be symmetric assemblies, which means that they are formed by stacking together many identical copies of a protein or peptide. (bakerlab.org)
The amyloid precursor protein may be processed by several different pathways, one of which produces the amyloid beta-peptide betaA4 present in the amyloid plaques characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. (lancs.ac.uk)
Synthetic β-amyloid peptide, conjugated to KLH. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Reacts with beta-amyloid peptide and secreted amyloid precursor protein (alpha-secretase cleaved). (abcam.com)
It does however strongly recognize alpha-secretase cleaved soluble APP as well as b-amyloid peptide (40 and 42), in both cases native an denatured forms. (abcam.com)
Synthetic peptide corresponding to Human Amyloid Precursor Protein aa 672-689 conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin. (abcam.com)
Ab12266 recognizes an epitope within amino acids 1-17 of the amyloid beta/A4 peptide region of APP. (abcam.com)
As such it recognises the C-terminus of alpha-secretase cleaved APP and amyloid beta/A4 peptide. (abcam.com)
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said amyloid precursor protein (APP) substrate comprises a synthetic peptide. (google.com.au)
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in the brain because of an imbalance between Aβ production and clearance. (nature.com)

Expression of amyloid β peptides in APP-PS1-HEK293 cells was lower in ICT-treated groups compared with that in the control group. (peerj.com)
Amyloid-β peptides (AβPs) are generated through sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta-site amyloid cleaving enzyme (BACE)1 and γ-secretase (presenilin-1 (PS1)), which play pivotal roles in AD pathogenesis ( Querfurth & LaFerla, 2010 ). (peerj.com)
Although amyloid precursor protein (APP) due to the cytotoxicity of A beta peptides, has been intensively studied, the physiological role of APP still remains wrapped up in veil. (ucf.edu)
The plaques are primarily composed of aggregated amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides . (bvsalud.org)
Amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides are hypothesized to cause the initiation and progression of AD based on pathologic data from AD patients, genetic analysis of mutations that cause early onset forms of AD, and preclinical studies. (geoscience.net)
Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides are related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). (houstonmethodist.org)
The search for therapeutic strategies that lower these peptides has mainly focused on the proteolytic processing of the (3-amyloid precursor protein (APP), and other post-transcriptional pathways. (houstonmethodist.org)
While some opinion holds that amyloid plaques are a late stage by-product of the disease process, the consensus view is that amyloid plaques and/or soluble aggregates of amyloid peptides are more likely to be intimately, and perhaps causally, involved in Alzheimer's disease. (justia.com)
Aggregation and accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the CNS is thought to underlie most cases of Alzheimer's disease ( Haass and Selkoe, 2007 ). (jneurosci.org)
The β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) is cleaved sequentially by the proteolytic enzymes β-and γ-secretase to produce β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides with the Aβ1-42 and the Aβ1-40 forms being the most prevalent. (sigmaaldrich.com)
It is characterized by progressive accumulation of aggregated amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, memory decline, and neurodegeneration. (nature.com)
These are subsequently cleaved by γ-secretase at multiple sites in the transmembrane region, releasing small peptides, Aβ 1-40 and Aβ 1-42 , the major components of AD-associated amyloid fibrils. (biologists.org)

One of the major histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is redundant senile plaques mainly composed of beta-amyloid (Abeta) aggregates. (lu.se)
Alternative cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), occurring in both normal and AD subjects, results in the generation and secretion of soluble APP (sAPP) and Abeta. (lu.se)
Neither the levels of CSF-beta-sAPP nor CSF-Abeta(42) differed when comparing ApoE4 allele-positive with allele-negative individuals. (lu.se)
Zinc released from excited glutamatergic neurons accelerates amyloid beta (Abeta) aggregation, underscoring the therapeutic potential of zinc chelation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). (yonsei.ac.kr)
In order to elucidate the possible role of zinc influx in secretase-processed Abeta production, SH-SY5Y cells stably expressing amyloid precursor protein (APP) were treated with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a zinc ionophore, and the resultant changes in APP processing were examined. (yonsei.ac.kr)
Progressive cerebral deposition of the amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) is believed to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). (qxmd.com)
Mutations in two familial AD-linked genes, presenilins 1 (PS1) and 2 (PS2), selectively increase the production of Abeta42 in cultured cells and the brains of transgenic mice, and gene deletion of PS1 shows that it is required for normal gamma-secretase cleavage of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) to generate Abeta. (qxmd.com)
Based on this hypothesis, beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors are an attractive therapeutic approach for AD because cleavage of the APP by BACE1 is required to form Abeta. (geoscience.net)
The App-201 isoform (695 aa protein) is encoded by 16 exons, of which the Abeta sequence is encoded by exon 14. (jax.org)
The App-206 isoform (770 aa protein) is encoded by 18 exons, of which the Abeta sequence is encoded by exon 16. (jax.org)
Mouse monoclonal anti-ABETA was used to treat old WT PDAPP mice with amyloid accumulation and learning deficits in an attempt to improve learning and decrease accumulation, however no response was observed. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Systemic administration of anti-amyloid-beta (Abeta) antibodies results in reduced parenchymal amyloid but increased vascular amyloid and microhemorrhage in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice. (unboundmedicine.com)
Deglycosylated anti-Abeta antibodies may be preferable to unmodified IgG because they retain the cognition-enhancing and amyloid-reducing properties of anti-Abeta immunotherapy, while greatly attenuating the increased vascular amyloid deposition and microhemorrhage observed with unmodified IgG. (unboundmedicine.com)

It is coded for by the gene APP and is best known as the precursor molecule whose proteolysis generates amyloid beta (Aβ), a polypeptide containing 37 to 49 amino acid residues, whose amyloid fibrillar form is the primary component of amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. (wikipedia.org)
The protein encoded by this gene interacts with the cytoplasmic domains of amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein and amyloid beta (A4) precursor-like protein 2. (nih.gov)
We have isolated several cDNAs encoding an APP-related protein in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and have designated the corresponding gene as apl-1. (pnas.org)
Because APP-related proteins seem to be conserved through evolution, the apl-1 gene from C. elegans should be important for determining the normal function of human APP. (pnas.org)
Genomic organization of the human X11L2 gene (APBA3), a third member of the X11 protein family interacting with Alzheimer's beta-amyloid precursor protein. (wikigenes.org)
The only specific molecular defects that cause Alzheimer's disease which have been identified so far are missense mutations in the gene encoding the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) in certain families with an autosomal dominant form of the disease (familial Alzheimer's disease, or FAD). (nih.gov)
The APP gene encodes a membrane protein whose cleavage products serve various functions. (moldiag.com)
The amyloid beta-protein precursor (APP) gene and its products are implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. (ox.ac.uk)
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the X11 protein family. (nih.gov)
APPBP2 (Amyloid Beta Precursor Protein Binding Protein 2) is a Protein Coding gene. (genecards.org)
In humans, this protein is encoded by the gene AAAS. (biocompare.com)
APBB1 (Amyloid Beta Precursor Protein Binding Family B Member 1) is a Protein Coding gene. (genecards.org)
Abnormalities in gene regulation of the β-amyloid precursor protein ( βAPP) might be an important factor in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. (elsevier.com)
Lahiri, D & Nall, C 1995, ' Promoter activity of the gene encoding the beta-amyloid precursor protein is up-regulated by growth factors, phorbol ester, retinoic acid and interleukin-1 ', Molecular Brain Research , vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 233-240. (elsevier.com)
this can happen when there is a mutation in one of the genes that creates a functional, but malformed, protein instead of the ineffective gene products that usually result from mutations. (wikipedia.org)
This "humanized" App knock-in strain, in which 3 point mutations were introduced into exon 14 of the mouse App gene, produces a mutant protein that is expected to more readily aggregate. (jax.org)
No App gene product (mRNA or protein) is detected. (jax.org)
β-amyloid gene is located on human chromosome 21q21. (sigmaaldrich.com)
β-amyloid gene acts as the substrate of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). (sigmaaldrich.com)
Familial AD (FAD), on the other hand, is associated with mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) on chromosome 21, apolipoprotein E gene on chromosome 19, presenilin-1 (PS1) on chromosome 14 (14q24.3) and presenilin-2 (PS2) on chromosome 1. (biologists.org)

Differential processing of amyloid-beta precursor protein directs human embryonic stem cell proliferation and differentiation into neuronal precursor cells. (nih.gov)
Addgene: A critical function for beta-amyloid precursor protein in neuronal migration revealed by in utero RNA interference. (addgene.org)
Recent findings concerning the normal function of beta APP and the mechanism of A beta toxicity place beta APP at the center of changes leading to neuronal degeneration in AD. (elsevier.com)
Detection of beta-A4 amyloid and its precursor protein in the muscle of a patient with juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Spielmeyer-Vogt-Sjögren). (naver.com)
Mechanisms of action of amyloid-beta and its precursor protein in neuronal cell death. (alzforum.org)
Amyloid Beta is a derivative of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), which is a protein that is believed to modulate neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, and neurite outgrowth. (google.com)

Early Contextual Fear Memory Deficits in a Double-Transgenic Amyloid-[beta] Precursor Protein/Presenilin 2 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. (thefreelibrary.com)
Here, we tested the effect of benfotiamine, a thiamine derivative with better bioavailability than thiamine, on cognitive impairment and pathology alterations in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, the amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 transgenic mouse. (unboundmedicine.com)

However, Gouras et al in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) hippocampus and entorhinal cortex region of neurons found in A beta accumulation, and Mori and also with Down syndrome (Down syndrome ) in patients with brain tissue similar change. (biology-online.org)
However in Alzheimer's there was a greater accumulation of these proteins suggesting a pathologic role for them in this disease. (arvojournals.org)
AD mice retinas exhibited enhanced APP production with increased amyloid processing and Aβ accumulation vs. wt mice. (arvojournals.org)
Because of increased accumulation of AbetaPP in neurons after OA treatment , more AbetaPP turns to be cleaved by beta-secretase , producing neurotoxic betaCTF. (bvsalud.org)
β-amyloid is "stickier" than any other fragment produced from cut-up APP and due to this property it starts an accumulation process in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Drugmakers have thought that BACE1 inhibitors could prevent the accumulation of amyloid plaque and slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease. (yahoo.com)
Pathological hallmarks of AD include the accumulation of β-amyloid in plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles. (frontiersin.org)
Extracellular accumulation of Aβ leads to the formation of aggregates, fibrils and eventually amyloid deposits called neuritic plaques, which is the hallmark of Alzheimer′s disease (AD). (sigmaaldrich.com)

alpha secretase and beta secretase both remove nearly the entire extracellular domain to release membrane-anchored carboxy-terminal fragments that may be associated with apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
BACE is a transmembrane protein with an extracellular aspartic acid protease domain. (wikipedia.org)
Although BACE cleaves the extracellular domains of several transmembrane proteins, its physiological function remains unknown. (wikipedia.org)
Animals transgenic for APP have previously failed to show extensive AD-type neuropathology, but we now report the production of transgenic mice that express high levels of human mutant APP (with valine at residue 717 substituted by phenylalanine) and which progressively develop many of the pathological hallmarks of AD, including numerous extracellular thioflavin S-positive A beta deposits, neuritic plaques, synaptic loss, astrocytosis and microgliosis. (nih.gov)
Cutting followed by the β and γ-secretase enzyme, resulting in extracellular s APP beta, A beta (A beta 40 and A beta 42) fragment and APP intracellular domain fragment. (biology-online.org)
The traditional view is that the extracellular A-beta deposition play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. (biology-online.org)
Tips, intracellular A beta aggregation before extracellular A beta deposition in Alzheimer's disease process. (biology-online.org)
This leads to the generation and extracellular release of beta-cleaved soluble APP and a corresponding cell-associated C-terminal fragment which is later released by gamma-secretase. (researchandmarkets.com)
This study focused on the role of extracellular ASN (eASN) in regulation of transcription of sirtuins (Sirts) and DNA-bound poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) - proteins crucial for cells' survival/death. (springer.com)
In the CNS, zinc occurs in two forms: the first being tightly bound to proteins and, secondly, the free, cytoplasmic, or extracellular form found in presynaptic vesicles. (frontiersin.org)
APP is a ubiquitous membrane protein that is physiologically processed by site-specific proteolysis firstly by α- or β-secretases, releasing a large fragment called APP S that contains most of the extracellular sequences of APP, a small extracellular stub, the transmembrane region and the cytoplasmic tail of APP (`AICD'-APP intracellular domain). (biologists.org)

Mutations in critical regions of amyloid precursor protein, including the region that generates amyloid beta (Aβ), cause familial susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
Progressive cerebral deposition of the 39-43-amino-acid amyloid beta-protein (A beta) is an invariant feature of Alzheimer's disease which precedes symptoms of dementia by years or decades. (nih.gov)
Further, they confirm the relevance of the continuous A beta production by cultured cells for elucidating the fundamental mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. (nih.gov)
This shows that A beta may also accumulate in cells and play an important role in the early onset of Alzheimer's disease. (biology-online.org)
Therefore, in the animal Alzheimer's disease model, benfotiamine appears to improve the cognitive function and reduce amyloid deposition via thiamine-independent mechanisms, which are likely to include the suppression of glycogen synthase kinase-3 activities. (unboundmedicine.com)
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and amyloid-beta have both been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in brain. (arvojournals.org)
The beta-amyloid precursor protein is a cell surface protein with signal-transducing properties, and it is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. (biomol.com)
Amyloid beta-protein (A beta), the principal constituent of senile plaques seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is derived by proteolysis from the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta PP). The mechanism of A beta production in neurons, which are hypothesized to be a rich source of A beta in brain, remains to be defined. (rupress.org)
In this article we present evidence supporting the interaction between excitotoxicity, beta APP mismetabolism, metabolic compromise and intracellular calcium destabilization in the process of neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). (elsevier.com)
Expression of amyloid beta-protein precursor mRNAs in familial Alzheimer's disease. (ox.ac.uk)
It is an adapter protein that interacts with the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein. (nih.gov)
It interacts with the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein (APP), transcription factor CP2/LSF/LBP1 and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. (genecards.org)
This encoded protein could play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. (genecards.org)
[email protected]#To observe the effect of naoling decoction (NLD) on the behavior and the mRNA expression of beta- amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the hippocampus in rat model with Alzheimer's disease (AD). (bvsalud.org)
Disease severity can also be assessed by increased levels of CSF phospho-tau protein and the ratio of phospho-tau to Aβ (1-42), which might be a useful tool for predicting conversion of NPH individuals to other neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). (elsevier.com)
A characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease is the presence of large numbers of insoluble deposits, known as amyloid plaques, in the brains of those affected. (justia.com)
This beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) knock-out strain offers a model useful in studies related to Alzheimer's disease. (jax.org)
The other main neuropathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease are the neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein. (google.com)
Alzheimer's disease is not normally a hereditary disease, although cases linked to genetics share a common problem: a mutation in the genes that code for the presinilin proteins. (google.com)
Signaling Pathways: Amyloid Plaque and Neurofibrillary Tangle Formation in Alzheimer's Disease. (google.com)
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a central role in Alzheimer's disease, but its actions in normal development are not well understood. (biologists.org)
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane protein that plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease. (biologists.org)
A method useful in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease in a patient in which an amyloid protein precursor (APP) substrate is combined with a sample of cerebrospinal fluid or blood obtained from the patient to be tested, and poteolytic cleavage of the APP substrate is detected. (google.com.au)
More particularly, the present invention is a diagnostic assay based on the detection of proteolysis of the precursor to the Alzheimer's Disease beta-amyloid protein in the presence of a sample of cerebrospinal fluid or blood obtained from a patient to be tested. (google.com.au)
UCLA researchers have developed an immunotherapy that targets an alternate mechanism of amyloid beta (Aβ) toxicity for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). (universityofcalifornia.edu)
Senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8) serve as a model for Alzheimer's disease (AD) as they exhibit early loss of memory and increased amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression. (biologists.org)
The antibody and antigen binding fragments thereof and methods disclosed are useful for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease or other .beta. (patents.com)

GSK3β Interactions with Amyloid Genes: An Autopsy Verification and Extension. (nih.gov)
The transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is vital for the regulation of several genes involved in AD including APP and the beta site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). (houstonmethodist.org)

This substitution is adjacent to the beta secretase cleavage site and results in a 40% reduction in the formation of amyloid beta in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
When APP molecules occupy a lipid raft region of membrane, they are more accessible to and differentially cleaved by beta secretase, whereas APP molecules outside a raft are differentially cleaved by the non-amyloidogenic alpha secretase. (wikipedia.org)
If alpha-secretase (α-secretase) acts on APP first instead of BACE, no amyloid beta is formed because α-secretase recognizes a target protein sequence closer to the cell surface than BACE. (wikipedia.org)
γ-secretase is actually a protein complex containing presenilin, nicastrin, APH-1, and PEN-2. (wikipedia.org)
To identify the cellular site of betaAPP phosphorylation, we took advantage of an antibody that specifically detects the free C terminus of beta-secretase-cleaved betaAPP containing the Swedish missense mutation (APPssw-beta). (uniprot.org)
Three secretase subtypes referred to as alpha, beta, and gamma have been identified based upon the region of amyloid protein precursor they cleave. (curehunter.com)
Α-secretase pathway: (1), also known as non-amyloid formation routes. (biology-online.org)
Followed by the alpha, gamma secretase cutting, resulting in the exocytosis of APP (s APP alpha), P3 ~ 40 (A beta 17 or A beta 17 ~ 42) fragment and APP intracellular domain fragment. (biology-online.org)
The role of the α-secretase enzyme sites in the region of A beta structure, it does not produce a complete A-beta fragment. (biology-online.org)
2) β-secretase pathway: also known as amyloid formation routes. (biology-online.org)
Adapter protein that forms a transcriptionally active complex with the gamma-secretase-derived amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain. (uniprot.org)
We examined the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for alpha- and beta-secretase cleaved sAPP (alpha-sAPP and beta-sAPP) in 81 sporadic AD patients, 19 patients with mild cognitive impairment, and 42 healthy controls by using newly developed sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. (lu.se)
Beta Secretase 1 (Aspartyl Protease 2 or Beta Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 or Memapsin 2 or Membrane Associated Aspartic Protease 2 or BACE1 or EC 3.4.23.46) pipeline Target constitutes close to 18 molecules. (researchandmarkets.com)
The latest report Beta Secretase 1 - Pipeline Review, H2 2018, outlays comprehensive information on the Beta Secretase 1 (Aspartyl Protease 2 or Beta Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 or Memapsin 2 or Membrane Associated Aspartic Protease 2 or BACE1 or EC 3.4.23.46) targeted therapeutics, complete with analysis by indications, stage of development, mechanism of action (MoA), route of administration (RoA) and molecule type. (researchandmarkets.com)
It also reviews key players involved in Beta Secretase 1 (Aspartyl Protease 2 or Beta Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 or Memapsin 2 or Membrane Associated Aspartic Protease 2 or BACE1 or EC 3.4.23.46) targeted therapeutics development with respective active and dormant or discontinued projects. (researchandmarkets.com)
Addressing both, we applied intravitreally a beta secretase (BACE) inhibitor in an AD mouse model (SwAPP/Psen1d9), and investigated possible clearance pathways for Aβ. (arvojournals.org)
Aβ is generated by sequential cleavage of the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) by β- and then γ-secretase. (diva-portal.org)
Generation of βA4 by proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is thought to occur in a pathway that includes the activity of two as yet unknown proteases, with β-secretase cleaving at the N terminus and γ-secretase releasing the C terminus of βA4. (jneurosci.org)
Moreover, retention of APP695 proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum led to neither βA4 secretion nor to processing by β-secretase in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. (jneurosci.org)
Primary cultures of rat brain cortical neurons were treated with OA and beta-secretase inhibitor. (bvsalud.org)
The suppression effect was alleviated markedly by pretreatment with beta-secretase inhibitor. (bvsalud.org)
AbetaPP level was increased further in neurons pretreated with beta-secretase inhibitor. (bvsalud.org)
In OA-induced tau phosphorylation cell model, inhibition of beta-secretase may protect neurons from death induced by OA. (bvsalud.org)
As apotential effective therapeutic target, beta-secretase is worth investigating further. (bvsalud.org)
APP is cleaved either by beta-secretase or by alpha-secretase to initiate amyloidogenic (release of A beta) or nonamyloidogenic processing of APP, respectively. (uni-muenchen.de)
Although APP inside raft clusters seems to be cleaved by beta-secretase, APP outside rafts undergoes cleavage by alpha-secretase. (uni-muenchen.de)
Thus, access of alpha- and beta-secretase to APP, and therefore A beta generation, may be determined by dynamic interactions of APP with lipid rafts. (uni-muenchen.de)
It is unclear how the generation of Aβ is regulated, but potentially there are several steps along the pathway in which other proteins could intervene, such as with the activity of the secretase enzymes or the metabolic fate of Aβ and its immediate precursor the APP βCTF. (jneurosci.org)
8 Presenilins are a set of proteins that are part of the gamma secretase complex, which helps cleave APP to form Aβ. (google.com)
Beta secretase 1-dependent amyloid precursor protein processing promotes excessive vascular sprouting through NOTCH3 signalling. (babraham.ac.uk)
As PS1 has been shown to play a critical role in facilitating γ-secretase activity, and mutations in this protein are associated with familial AD (FAD), we have cloned it from SAMP8 mouse hippocampus and compared its sequence with those of other species. (biologists.org)

Inhibition studies and the finding that cell surface APP can serve as a direct precursor of βA4 suggest that the endosomal/lysosomal compartment is involved in the proteolysis of APP into βA4. (jneurosci.org)

The beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) is a transmembrane protein that is exclusively phosphorylated on serine residues within its ectodomain. (uniprot.org)

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded 5µm sections of 30 optic nerves and retinas from 15 donors previously diagnosed with AD and 30 age-matched control optic nerves and retinas from 15 individuals with no AD, other neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes mellitus, or sepsis were stained with antibodies reactive against amyloid-beta (AB) and amyloid precursor protein (APP). (arvojournals.org)
By visualizing the distribution of beta PP monoclonal antibodies added to intact cultures, beta PP was shown to be internalized from distal axons or terminals and retrogradely transported back to perikarya in organelles which colocalized with fluid-phase endocytic markers. (rupress.org)
APP and the beta-site APP cleavage enzyme (BACE1) could be induced to copatch at the plasma membrane upon cross-linking with antibodies and to segregate away from nonraft markers. (uni-muenchen.de)

Brain and retina sections and retinal whole-mounts of non-injected animals were also immunostained for Aβ 40/42 in combination with podoplanin (lymphatic vessel marker), or low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1, involved in Aβ clearance in the brain), and IDE (insulin degrading enzyme, involved in Aβ cleavage) in brain sections. (arvojournals.org)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Amyloid Beta Precursor Like Protein 2 (APLP2) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (glideruniversity.org)
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Amyloid Beta Precursor Like Protein 2 (APLP2) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (glideruniversity.org)
We exposed APP-PS1-HEK293 cells to ICT to investigate its effect on beta-site amyloid cleaving enzyme (BACE)1. (peerj.com)
The BACE1 enzyme is key in the development of amyloid beta, prices of protein that clump together and over time lead to a buildup of amyloid plaque in the brain. (yahoo.com)
Successful demonstration that select Aβ variants and chiral substitutions have differing selectivity for ADAM10, the enzyme of interest that generates soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha (sAPPα). (universityofcalifornia.edu)

These mice support a primary role for APP/A beta in the genesis of AD and could provide a preclinical model for testing therapeutic drugs. (nih.gov)
Tg2576 mice (Tg(APPSWE)2576Kha), which express human [beta]-amyloid precursor proteins (hAPP) containing the K670N and M671L mutations on a 129S6 genetic background, were purchased from Taconic Farms, Inc. (Hudson, NY, USA) [11]. (thefreelibrary.com)
PS2M1 mice express human PS2 proteins containing the N141I mutation on a C57BL/6JJcl background (purchased from Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co, Ltd., Fujioka, Japan) [22, 23]. (thefreelibrary.com)
We show that after a chronic 8 week treatment, benfotiamine dose-dependently enhanced the spatial memory of amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 mice in the Morris water maze test. (unboundmedicine.com)
Furthermore, benfotiamine effectively reduced both amyloid plaque numbers and phosphorylated tau levels in cortical areas of the transgenic mice brains. (unboundmedicine.com)
After 8 days retina samples of adult SwAPP/Psen1d9 and wild-type C57BL/6 mice (healthy wt controls) were embedded in paraffin or were lysed for protein analyses. (arvojournals.org)
These studies showed that all three BACE1 inhibitors decreased brain Abeta1-40 in P-gp KO mice, demonstrating that P-gp is a major limitation for development of BACE1 inhibitors to test the amyloid hypothesis. (geoscience.net)
We have previously reported that tolfenamic acid promotes the degradation of Sp1 protein (SP1) in pancreatic human cancer cells and mice tumors. (houstonmethodist.org)
1995. beta-Amyloid precursor protein-deficient mice show reactive gliosis and decreased locomotor activity. (jax.org)
Also, this antibody has been used to neutralize Aβ assemblies in brains of transgenic mice expressing a mutant form of amyloid precursor protein, and for in vivo deep tissue imaging using near-IR optical spectrum. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Significantly fewer vascular amyloid deposits and microhemorrhages were observed in mice administered the de-2H6 antibody compared with those receiving unmodified 2H6 antibody. (unboundmedicine.com)
Partial inhibition of complex I triggers the AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling network leading to neuroprotection in symptomatic APP/PS1 female mice, a translational model of AD. (nature.com)

Antibody cross-linking dramatically increased production of A beta in a cholesterol-dependent manner. (uni-muenchen.de)
The antibody reacts specifically with β-amyloid protein. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The epitope recognized by the antibody resides within amino acids 1-12 of the β-amyloid protein. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Monoclonal Anti-β-Amyloid antibody has been used in immunoprecipitation analysis, microarray-based immunoassay and microarray. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Human amyloid related protein monoclonal antibody. (freepatentsonline.com)
The invention provides an antibody or antigen binding fragments thereof that binds to 3pE A.beta. (patents.com)
1. An isolated antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof which binds to 3pE A.beta. (patents.com)

Immunohistochemical staining for beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) is a well-established marker of traumatic axonal injury in adults. (nih.gov)

Also, mRNA expression of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10) increased, while that of BACE1 and presenilin-1 (PS1) decreased, upon ICT treatment. (peerj.com)
Western blotting and immunofluorescence confirmed that protein expression of ADAM10, BACE1 and PS1 showed the same trend. (peerj.com)

Recent studies implicate human amylin aggregates cause proteotoxicity (cell death induced by misfolded proteins) in both the brain and the heart. (springer.com)
are associated with the deposition of protein aggregates in the diseased tissues. (bakerlab.org)

Among its related pathways are DNA Double Strand Break Response and Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. . (genecards.org)
The major molecules involved in these pathways include: glial cells (specifically astrocytes and microglia), beta-amyloid, and pro-inflammatory compounds. (wikipedia.org)
It is a key structural component of a great number of proteins, and a co-factor of more than 300 enzymes that regulate a variety of cellular processes and cellular signaling pathways essential for both brain and systemic physiology ( Takeda, 2000 ). (frontiersin.org)
May interact with cellular G-protein signaling pathways. (abcam.com)

AD brains contain numerous amyloid plaques surrounded by dystrophic neurites, and show profound synaptic loss, neurofibrillary tangle formation and gliosis. (nih.gov)
Increased APP phosphorylation and altered expression levels of the brain enriched Fe65 protein have been observed in the brains of AD patients. (diva-portal.org)
The 50 % reduction in phenylalanine and tyrosine in HIP brains is significant given their role in supporting brain chemistry as a precursor for catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine), which may contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality in diabetics at a multi-system level beyond the effects on glucose metabolism. (springer.com)
Autopsies have shown that amyloid plaques are found in the brains of virtually all Alzheimer's patients and that the degree of amyloid plaque deposition correlates with the degree of dementia (Cummings & Cotman, 1995, Lancet 326:1524-1587). (justia.com)

We perform a single molecule level study of the RERMS sequence of amyloid $\beta $/A4 precursor protein fragment on a clean Ag(111) surface using a low-temperature scanning-tunneling-microscope (STM) system at 5K. (aps.org)
Moreover, we are able to form a well ordered two-dimensional layer of the protein fragment by increasing the deposition time. (aps.org)
After OA treatment , both AbetaPP and beta-C-terminal fragment (betaCTF) were significantly increased in neurons . (bvsalud.org)
The first prediction jobs will focus on the Alzheimer\'s beta(1-40) fragment. (bakerlab.org)
We are working on building high-resolution predictions for medically relevant amyloids, starting with the Alzheimer\'s-beta fragment (1-40). (bakerlab.org)

These data indicate that protein phosphorylation regulates intra-beta/A4 amyloid cleavage and APP secretion. (pnas.org)
Ectodomain phosphorylation of beta-amyloid precursor protein at two distinct cellular locations. (uniprot.org)
Most notably, benfotiamine, but not fursultiamine, significantly elevated the phosphorylation level of glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha and -3beta, and reduced their enzymatic activities in the amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 transgenic brain. (unboundmedicine.com)
The processing of amyloid -beta precursor protein (AbetaPP) in okadaic acid (OA)-induced tau phosphorylation primary neurons was studied. (bvsalud.org)

May play a role in intracellular protein transport. (genecards.org)
This cellular zinc homeostasis results from the actions of a coordinated regulation effected by different proteins involved in the uptake, excretion and intracellular storage/trafficking of zinc. (frontiersin.org)
These proteins include membranous transporters (ZnT and Zip) and metallothioneins (MT) which control intracellular zinc levels. (frontiersin.org)

Cellular Actions of Beta-amyloid Precursor Protein and Its Soluble and Fibrillogenic Derivatives. (google.com)

X11L2, a new member of the X11 protein family, interacts with Alzheimer's beta-amyloid precursor protein. (wikigenes.org)

Deposits of amyloid can be seen in sections of brain tissue. (wikipedia.org)
The dissociated tau protein becomes tangled and deposits inside the cell. (google.com)
The expectation is that knowledge of the high-resolution structure of amyloid fibrils will aid in the design of small molecules which can inhibit fibril formation and/or break down existing deposits. (bakerlab.org)
It specifically stains amyloid plaques within the cortex and amyloid deposits in blood vessels using formic acid-treated, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, and Methacarn-fixed sections of human Alzheimer′s disease (AD) brain tissue. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Among other roles in the cell, secretases act on the amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) to cleave the protein into three fragments. (wikipedia.org)
The mechanical stability of individual protein fragments are checked by laterally manipulating them with the STM tip. (aps.org)
Measuring the levels of a series of C-terminal APP fragments generated by enzymatic cutting at different APP-cleavage sites showed that both beta- and alpha-cleavage of APP were inhibited by zinc influx. (yonsei.ac.kr)
Reduced Aβ production was not attributable to altered β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) ectodomain shedding but was a result of an enhanced degradation of APP C-terminal fragments (CTFs) in the absence of PAFAH1B2 but not its close homolog PAFAH1B3. (jneurosci.org)
One of the fragments produced in this cutting process is β-amyloid. (wikipedia.org)

Secreted forms of APP found in blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid arise by proteolytic cleavage of APP within the beta/A4 amyloid domain, precluding the possibility of amyloidogenesis for that population of molecules. (pnas.org)

Rab6 interacts with the mint3 adaptor protein. (wikigenes.org)
APPBP2 interacts with microtubules and is functionally associated with beta-amyloid precursor. (biomol.com)

Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Trafficking of cell surface beta-amyloid precursor protein: retrograde and transcytotic transport in cultured neurons. (rupress.org)
In this study, we describe a detailed localization of cell surface beta PP and its subsequent trafficking in primary cultured neurons. (rupress.org)
Retrograde transport of beta PP was shown in both hippocampal and peripheral sympathetic neurons, the latter using a compartment culture system that isolated cell bodies from distal axons and terminals. (rupress.org)
In addition, we demonstrated that beta PP from distal axons was transcytotically transported to the surface of perikarya from distal axons in sympathetic neurons. (rupress.org)
Indirect evidence of this transcytotic pathway was obtained in hippocampal neurons using antisense oligonucleotide to the kinesin heavy chain to inhibit anterograde beta PP transport. (rupress.org)
Taken together, these results demonstrate novel aspects of beta PP trafficking in neurons, including retrograde axonal transport and transcytosis. (rupress.org)
3 Eventually, the degenerate neurons become clumped into the amyloid plaques which are insoluble and unable to be broken down by the body. (google.com)
Normally, tau proteins serve to stabilize microtubules in the neurons in the brain, and are essential for axonal growth and development. (google.com)
Beta-amyloid and Its Damaging Effects on Neurons. (google.com)

Besides their involvement in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's, these proteins also have other functional roles in the cell. (wikipedia.org)

One approach toward treatment has been to develop immunotherapies that target and remove the buildup of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain that are associated with AD. (universityofcalifornia.edu)

Thus, we have identified an important protein that can selectively modify Aβ generation via a novel mechanism, namely enhanced degradation of its immediate precursor. (jneurosci.org)

We are trying to build high-resolution models of the fibrils formed by medically-relevant amyloids. (bakerlab.org)

Amyloid beta a4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1 (FE65) interactomics revealed synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 (SERCA2) as new binding proteins in the human brain. (harvard.edu)

Aβ was located around and in blood vessels, suggesting a cerebral amyloid angiopathy in this model. (arvojournals.org)

Effects of ICT on the mRNA expression of APP were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and protein expression was measured by western blotting and immunofluorescence. (peerj.com)
[email protected]#NLD can lower the expression of APP mRNA to reduce beta-amyloid protein deposition of rat hippocampus , which may be one of the mechanisms of improving the learning and memory capacity of AD model rats . (bvsalud.org)
Mus musculus amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (App), transcript variant 1, mRNA. (jax.org)

The presence of β-amyloid plaques in the brain causes the body to recruit and activate microglial cells and astrocytes. (wikipedia.org)

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said amyloid precursor protein (APP) substrate comprises a recombinantly expressed polypeptide. (google.com.au)

We found that neither the level of CSF-alpha-sAPP nor CSF-beta-sAPP differed between sporadic AD patients and healthy controls. (lu.se)
However, the level of CSF-beta-sAPP was significantly increased in patients with mild cognitive impairment compared to controls. (lu.se)

We investigate how ICT affects secretion of amyloid precursor protein (APP). (peerj.com)

A primary pathogenic role for APP/A beta is suggested by missense mutations in APP that are tightly linked to autosomal dominant forms of AD. (nih.gov)
These mutations are located within or immediately flanking the A beta region of beta-APP, but the mechanism by which they cause the pathological phenotype of early and accelerated A beta deposition is unknown. (nih.gov)

In vitro binding studies revealed direct interactions among multiple members of the APP and contactin protein families. (biologists.org)
Functional assays revealed regulatory effects of both APP and contactin 4 on NgCAM-dependent growth of cultured retinal axons, demonstrating specific functional interactions among these proteins. (biologists.org)
These studies identify novel binding and functional interactions among proteins of the APP, contactin and L1CAM families, with general implications for mechanisms of APP action in neural development and disease. (biologists.org)
Interactions of pathological hallmark proteins: Tubulin polymerization promoting protein/p25, β-amyloid and α-synuclein. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Note that the 'protein existence' evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence(s) displayed. (uniprot.org)
Protein family classification is often achieved using computerised multiple protein sequence alignment and structural analysis. (ebi.ac.uk)

Anatomy6

Organisms3

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs26

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes8

Information Science3

The amyloid precursor protein interacts with Go heterotrimeric protein within a cell compartment specialized in signal transduction. (1/2953)

Proteolytic processing of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein within its cytoplasmic domain by caspase-like proteases. (2/2953)

Translation of the alzheimer amyloid precursor protein mRNA is up-regulated by interleukin-1 through 5'-untranslated region sequences. (3/2953)

Early phenotypic changes in transgenic mice that overexpress different mutants of amyloid precursor protein in brain. (4/2953)

Amyloid precursor protein metabolism in fibroblasts from individuals with one, two or three copies of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene. (5/2953)

Regulation of beta-amyloid secretion by FE65, an amyloid protein precursor-binding protein. (6/2953)

Mechanism of the cleavage specificity of Alzheimer's disease gamma-secretase identified by phenylalanine-scanning mutagenesis of the transmembrane domain of the amyloid precursor protein. (7/2953)

Plaque-independent disruption of neural circuits in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. (8/2953)

Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor

Amyloid beta-Peptides

Amyloid

Alzheimer Disease

Protein Precursors

Peptide Fragments

Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases

Smilacaceae

Plaque, Amyloid

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases

Amyloid Neuropathies

Moraceae

Endopeptidases

Brain

Iridoid Glycosides

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Serum Amyloid A Protein

Neurons

Mice, Transgenic

Cell Line

Cells, Cultured

Cerebral Cortex

Protein Processing, Post-Translational

Amyloidosis

Disease Models, Animal

Islet Amyloid Polypeptide

Base Sequence

Aging

Interleukin-1beta

RNA, Messenger

Presenilin-1

Serum Amyloid P-Component

Mutation

Congo Red

Insulysin

Recombinant Proteins

Cloning, Molecular

Vitellogenins

Kinetics

S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit

Vitellogenesis

Peptides

beta 2-Microglobulin

Transfection

Presenilin-2

Thiazoles

Blotting, Western

tau Proteins

Neurofibrillary Tangles

Membrane Proteins

The amyloid precursor protein interacts with Go heterotrimeric protein within a cell compartment specialized in signal transduction. (1/2953)

Proteolytic processing of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein within its cytoplasmic domain by caspase-like proteases. (2/2953)

Translation of the alzheimer amyloid precursor protein mRNA is up-regulated by interleukin-1 through 5'-untranslated region sequences. (3/2953)

Early phenotypic changes in transgenic mice that overexpress different mutants of amyloid precursor protein in brain. (4/2953)

Amyloid precursor protein metabolism in fibroblasts from individuals with one, two or three copies of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene. (5/2953)

Regulation of beta-amyloid secretion by FE65, an amyloid protein precursor-binding protein. (6/2953)

Mechanism of the cleavage specificity of Alzheimer's disease gamma-secretase identified by phenylalanine-scanning mutagenesis of the transmembrane domain of the amyloid precursor protein. (7/2953)

Plaque-independent disruption of neural circuits in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. (8/2953)

Novel neuritic clusters with accumulations of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 immunoreactivity...

Anti-β-Amyloid Precursor-Like Protein 1, C-Terminal (643-653) Rabbit pAb | 171615

Purification and aggregation of the amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain<...

The Rat Central Nervous System Expresses Alzheimers Amyloid Precursor Protein APP<sub>695</sub>, but Not APP<sub>677</sub...

Production of glycosylated soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha (sAPPalpha) in Leishmania tarentolae - MDC Repository

Gene expression profiles of transcripts in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice: Up-regulation of mitochondrial metabolism...

Localization of Genes Potentially Controlling Susceptibility to the Lethal Effects of Alzheimers Amyloid Precursor Protein in...

APBA2 (amyloid beta precursor protein binding family A member 2)

MAPPING THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY NETWORK OF THE AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN INTRACELLULAR DOMAIN (AICD) | [email protected]

The Functions of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene and Its Derivative Peptides: I Molecular Biology and Metabolic Processing

Tol2 Gene Trap Integrations in the Zebrafish Amyloid Precursor Protein by Hsin-Kai Liao, Ying Wang et al.

Cell Cycle-Dependent Regulation of the Phosphorylation and Metabolism of the Alzheimer Amyloid Precursor Protein - CSHL...

Three-Dimensional Structure Of The Amyloid Precursor Protein Intracellular Domain (AICD) In Complex With Human FE65-PTB2 -...

Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Amyloid Precursor Protein Exhibit Early Metabolic Deficits and a Pathologically Low Leptin State...

Alvocidib biological activity | Role of NK1 and NK2 receptors in mouse gastric mechanical activity

The apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele does not influence the clinical expression of the amyloid precursor protein gene codon...

Amyloid Precursor Protein

Dynamics of β-Amyloid Reductions in Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Plasma of β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Transgenic Mice...

β-Secretase Cleavage of Alzheimers Amyloid Precursor Protein by the Transmembrane Aspartic Protease BACE | Science

Pathological α-synuclein transmission initiated by binding lymphocyte-activation gene 3 | Science