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FearEmotionsFacial ExpressionConditioning, ClassicalMagnetic Resonance ImagingConditioning (Psychology)Neural PathwaysBrain MappingBehavior, AnimalLimbic SystemAvoidance LearningFreezing Reaction, CatalepticMemoryRats, Long-EvansExtinction, PsychologicalPrefrontal CortexRats, Sprague-DawleyElectroshockAnxietyBrainSeptal NucleiImage Processing, Computer-AssistedAnalysis of VarianceHippocampusFunctional LateralityNeuronsKindling, NeurologicAssociation LearningIbotenic AcidCorticotropin-Releasing HormonePhotic StimulationProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosRewardStartle ReactionMicroinjectionsArousalLipoid Proteinosis of Urbach and WietheCuesFunctional NeuroimagingMuscimolPattern Recognition, VisualFaceExploratory BehaviorNerve NetAcoustic StimulationGyrus CinguliNeuronal PlasticityReaction TimeNeuronal Tract-TracersStress, PsychologicalReceptors, Corticotropin-Releasing HormoneConditioning, OperantLong-Term PotentiationMaze LearningCerebral CortexSocial PerceptionSocial BehaviorSynaptic TransmissionGalvanic Skin ResponseHappinessAffectDominance, CerebralRestraint, PhysicalSubliminal StimulationNeuropsychological TestsOncogene Proteins v-fosgamma-Aminobutyric AcidRats, WistarTemporal LobeRecognition (Psychology)CorticosteroneOlfactory PathwaysAnti-Anxiety AgentsElectric StimulationThalamusSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeTasteAngerLearningNucleus AccumbensReinforcement (Psychology)Receptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateRetention (Psychology)OxygenSerotonin Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsEvoked PotentialsHabituation, PsychophysiologicHypothalamusExpressed EmotionElectrodes, ImplantedNeural InhibitionSex CharacteristicsSubstantia InnominataGABA AgonistsExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsMacaca mulattaSynapsesCocaineBipolar DisorderProsencephalonEpilepsy, Temporal LobeInhibition (Psychology)Time FactorsGABA-A Receptor AgonistsStilbamidinesAnxiety DisordersChoice BehaviorEthanolInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsIndividualityExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsGABA AntagonistsNeuropeptide YPatch-Clamp TechniquesSelf AdministrationBehaviorInterneuronsAttentionAggressionReceptors, GABA-AMice, Inbred C57BLAfferent PathwaysBasal GangliaNeuroimagingStress, PhysiologicalReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateMental RecallDisease Models, AnimalDepressive Disorder, MajorSomanDominance-SubordinationFlupenthixolImmunohistochemistryAppetitive BehaviorParvalbuminsDopamineCentral Nervous System DepressantsTaste PerceptionBrain ChemistryBehavior, AddictiveDiscrimination (Psychology)Synaptic PotentialsCocaine-Related DisordersOxytocinAction PotentialsPonsBrain Damage, ChronicDose-Response Relationship, DrugOlfactory PerceptionReceptors, AMPAFood PreferencesInstinctMaternal BehaviorParahippocampal GyrusSeizuresPain PerceptionMicrodialysisAnticipation, PsychologicalSexual Behavior, AnimalPainDrug Administration RoutesPreoptic AreaPhobic DisordersOlfactory BulbDopamine Uptake InhibitorsGlutamic AcidLithium ChlorideMotor ActivityModels, NeurologicalPsychomotor PerformanceMotivationAtrophySatiety ResponseAnimals, NewbornDopamine AntagonistsParaventricular Hypothalamic NucleusEfferent PathwaysSaccharinPeriaqueductal GrayAnisomycinWit and Humor as TopicVisual PerceptionStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticHypothalamo-Hypophyseal SystemMemory, Long-TermPituitary-Adrenal SystemEscape ReactionTemperamentKinesicsPhysical StimulationInjections, IntraventricularStereotaxic TechniquesElectrophysiologyCognitionNarcoticsReference ValuesAutistic DisorderCycloserineGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsAlcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System
Fear: The affective response to an actual current external danger which subsides with the elimination of the threatening condition.Emotions: Those affective states which can be experienced and have arousing and motivational properties.Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli.Conditioning, Classical: Learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Conditioning (Psychology): A general term referring to the learning of some particular response.Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.Brain Mapping: Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).Avoidance Learning: A response to a cue that is instrumental in avoiding a noxious experience.Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic: An induced response to threatening stimuli characterized by the cessation of body movements, except for those that are involved with BREATHING, and the maintenance of an immobile POSTURE.Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.Rats, Long-Evans: An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.Extinction, Psychological: The procedure of presenting the conditioned stimulus without REINFORCEMENT to an organism previously conditioned. It refers also to the diminution of a conditioned response resulting from this procedure.Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Electroshock: Induction of a stress reaction in experimental subjects by means of an electrical shock; applies to either convulsive or non-convulsive states.Anxiety: Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Septal Nuclei: Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of FOREBRAIN and BRAIN STEM areas including the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS, the tegmentum, and the AMYGDALA. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis.Image Processing, Computer-Assisted: A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Hippocampus: A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.Functional Laterality: Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Kindling, Neurologic: The repeated weak excitation of brain structures, that progressively increases sensitivity to the same stimulation. Over time, this can lower the threshold required to trigger seizures.Association Learning: The principle that items experienced together enter into a connection, so that one tends to reinstate the other.Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.Photic Stimulation: Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos: Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.Startle Reaction: A complex involuntary response to an unexpected strong stimulus usually auditory in nature.Microinjections: The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.Arousal: Cortical vigilance or readiness of tone, presumed to be in response to sensory stimulation via the reticular activating system.Lipoid Proteinosis of Urbach and Wiethe: An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by glassy degenerative thickening (hyalinosis) of SKIN; MUCOSA; and certain VISCERA. This disorder is caused by mutation in the extracellular matrix protein 1 gene (ECM1). Clinical features include hoarseness and skin eruption due to widespread deposition of HYALIN.Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.Functional Neuroimaging: Methods for visualizing REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW, metabolic, electrical, or other physiological activities in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM using various imaging modalities.Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.Pattern Recognition, Visual: Mental process to visually perceive a critical number of facts (the pattern), such as characters, shapes, displays, or designs.Face: The anterior portion of the head that includes the skin, muscles, and structures of the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, and jaw.Exploratory Behavior: The tendency to explore or investigate a novel environment. It is considered a motivation not clearly distinguishable from curiosity.Nerve Net: A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.Acoustic Stimulation: Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.Gyrus Cinguli: One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and CORPUS CALLOSUM and forms part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM.Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.Neuronal Tract-Tracers: Substances used to identify the location and to characterize the types of NEURAL PATHWAYS.Stress, Psychological: Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: Cell surface proteins that bind corticotropin-releasing hormone with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The corticotropin releasing-hormone receptors on anterior pituitary cells mediate the stimulation of corticotropin release by hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor. The physiological consequence of activating corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors on central neurons is not well understood.Conditioning, Operant: Learning situations in which the sequence responses of the subject are instrumental in producing reinforcement. When the correct response occurs, which involves the selection from among a repertoire of responses, the subject is immediately reinforced.Long-Term Potentiation: A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory.Maze Learning: Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.Social Perception: The perceiving of attributes, characteristics, and behaviors of one's associates or social groups.Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Galvanic Skin Response: A change in electrical resistance of the skin, occurring in emotion and in certain other conditions.Happiness: Highly pleasant emotion characterized by outward manifestations of gratification; joy.Affect: The feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation. It is the most direct psychic derivative of instinct and the psychic representative of the various bodily changes by means of which instincts manifest themselves.Dominance, Cerebral: Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions.Restraint, Physical: Use of a device for the purpose of controlling movement of all or part of the body. Splinting and casting are FRACTURE FIXATION.Subliminal Stimulation: Stimulation at an intensity below that where a differentiated response can be elicited.Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.Oncogene Proteins v-fos: Transforming proteins coded by fos oncogenes. These proteins have been found in the Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins (FBJ-MSV) and Finkel-Biskis-Reilly (FBR-MSV) murine sarcoma viruses which induce osteogenic sarcomas in mice. The FBJ-MSV v-fos gene encodes a p55-kDa protein and the FBR-MSV v-fos gene encodes a p75-kDa fusion protein.gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.Recognition (Psychology): The knowledge or perception that someone or something present has been previously encountered.Corticosterone: An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)Olfactory Pathways: Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. It includes the OLFACTORY NERVE; OLFACTORY BULB; OLFACTORY TRACT; OLFACTORY TUBERCLE; ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE; and OLFACTORY CORTEX.Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate ANXIETY, tension, and ANXIETY DISORDERS, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.Substance Withdrawal Syndrome: Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.Taste: The ability to detect chemicals through gustatory receptors in the mouth, including those on the TONGUE; the PALATE; the PHARYNX; and the EPIGLOTTIS.Anger: A strong emotional feeling of displeasure aroused by being interfered with, injured or threatened.Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the LATERAL VENTRICLE, in the region of the OLFACTORY TUBERCLE, lying between the head of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE. It is part of the so-called VENTRAL STRIATUM, a composite structure considered part of the BASAL GANGLIA.Reinforcement (Psychology): The strengthening of a conditioned response.Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.Retention (Psychology): The persistence to perform a learned behavior (facts or experiences) after an interval has elapsed in which there has been no performance or practice of the behavior.Oxygen: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins: Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of serotonergic neurons. They are different than SEROTONIN RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to SEROTONIN. They remove SEROTONIN from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. Regulates signal amplitude and duration at serotonergic synapses and is the site of action of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS.Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.Evoked Potentials: Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.Habituation, Psychophysiologic: The disappearance of responsiveness to a repeated stimulation. It does not include drug habituation.Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.Expressed Emotion: Frequency and quality of negative emotions, e.g., anger or hostility, expressed by family members or significant others, that often lead to a high relapse rate, especially in schizophrenic patients. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 7th ed)Electrodes, Implanted: Surgically placed electric conductors through which ELECTRIC STIMULATION is delivered to or electrical activity is recorded from a specific point inside the body.Neural Inhibition: The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.Substantia Innominata: Tissue in the BASAL FOREBRAIN inferior to the anterior perforated substance, and anterior to the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and ansa lenticularis. It contains the BASAL NUCLEUS OF MEYNERT.GABA Agonists: Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA).Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials: Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.Macaca mulatta: A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.Prosencephalon: The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed)Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe: A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321)Inhibition (Psychology): The interference with or prevention of a behavioral or verbal response even though the stimulus for that response is present; in psychoanalysis the unconscious restraining of an instinctual process.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.GABA-A Receptor Agonists: Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate GABA-A RECEPTORS.Stilbamidines: STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.Anxiety Disorders: Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.Choice Behavior: The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials: Hyperpolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during NEUROTRANSMISSION. They are local changes which diminish responsiveness to excitatory signals.Individuality: Those psychological characteristics which differentiate individuals from one another.Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.GABA Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.Self Administration: Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal.Behavior: The observable response of a man or animal to a situation.Interneurons: Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.Attention: Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.Aggression: Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.Receptors, GABA-A: Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.Mice, Inbred C57BLAfferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.Neuroimaging: Non-invasive methods of visualizing the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities.Stress, Physiological: The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate: Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action.Mental Recall: The process whereby a representation of past experience is elicited.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Depressive Disorder, Major: Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.Dominance-Subordination: Relationship between individuals when one individual threatens or becomes aggressive and the other individual remains passive or attempts to escape.Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595)Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Appetitive Behavior: Animal searching behavior. The variable introductory phase of an instinctive behavior pattern or sequence, e.g., looking for food, or sequential courtship patterns prior to mating.Parvalbumins: Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.Dopamine: One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.Central Nervous System Depressants: A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents).Taste Perception: The process by which the nature and meaning of gustatory stimuli are recognized and interpreted by the brain. The four basic classes of taste perception are salty, sweet, bitter, and sour.Brain Chemistry: Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.Behavior, Addictive: The observable, measurable, and often pathological activity of an organism that portrays its inability to overcome a habit resulting in an insatiable craving for a substance or for performing certain acts. The addictive behavior includes the emotional and physical overdependence on the object of habit in increasing amount or frequency.Discrimination (Psychology): Differential response to different stimuli.Synaptic Potentials: The voltages across pre- or post-SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES.Cocaine-Related Disorders: Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Pons: The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.Brain Damage, Chronic: A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Olfactory Perception: The process by which the nature and meaning of olfactory stimuli, such as odors, are recognized and interpreted by the brain.Receptors, AMPA: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid).Food Preferences: The selection of one food over another.Instinct: Stereotyped patterns of response, characteristic of a given species, that have been phylogenetically adapted to a specific type of situation.Maternal Behavior: The behavior patterns associated with or characteristic of a mother.Parahippocampal Gyrus: A convolution on the inferior surface of each cerebral hemisphere, lying between the hippocampal and collateral sulci.Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."Pain Perception: The process by which PAIN is recognized and interpreted by the brain.Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.Anticipation, Psychological: The ability to foresee what is likely to happen on the basis of past experience. It is largely a frontal lobe function.Sexual Behavior, Animal: Sexual activities of animals.Pain: An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.Drug Administration Routes: The various ways of administering a drug or other chemical to a site in a patient or animal from where the chemical is absorbed into the blood and delivered to the target tissue.Preoptic Area: Region of hypothalamus between the ANTERIOR COMMISSURE and OPTIC CHIASM.Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.Olfactory Bulb: Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here.Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors: Drugs that block the transport of DOPAMINE into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS also inhibit dopamine uptake.Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.Models, Neurological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.Motivation: Those factors which cause an organism to behave or act in either a goal-seeking or satisfying manner. They may be influenced by physiological drives or by external stimuli.Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.Satiety Response: Behavioral response associated with the achieving of gratification.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Dopamine Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. Dopamine receptor blockade is associated with NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME.Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus: Nucleus in the anterior part of the HYPOTHALAMUS.Efferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.Periaqueductal Gray: Central gray matter surrounding the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT in the MESENCEPHALON. Physiologically it is probably involved in RAGE reactions, the LORDOSIS REFLEX; FEEDING responses, bladder tonus, and pain.Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.Wit and Humor as Topic: The faculty of expressing the amusing, clever, or comical or the keen perception and cleverly apt expression of connections between ideas that awaken amusement and pleasure. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Visual Perception: The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic: A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System: A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.Memory, Long-Term: Remembrance of information from 3 or more years previously.Pituitary-Adrenal System: The interactions between the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands, in which corticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical hormones suppress the production of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary.Escape Reaction: Innate response elicited by sensory stimuli associated with a threatening situation, or actual confrontation with an enemy.Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes.Kinesics: Systematic study of the body and the use of its static and dynamic position as a means of communication.Physical Stimulation: Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.Injections, Intraventricular: Injections into the cerebral ventricles.Stereotaxic Techniques: Techniques used mostly during brain surgery which use a system of three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.Narcotics: Agents that induce NARCOSIS. Narcotics include agents that cause somnolence or induced sleep (STUPOR); natural or synthetic derivatives of OPIUM or MORPHINE or any substance that has such effects. They are potent inducers of ANALGESIA and OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS.Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.Autistic Disorder: A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.GABA-A Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA-A RECEPTORS thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous GABA-A RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System: Acute and chronic neurologic disorders associated with the various neurologic effects of ETHANOL. Primary sites of injury include the brain and peripheral nerves.

Neural encoding in orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala during olfactory discrimination learning. (1/3478)

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is part of a network of structures involved in adaptive behavior and decision making. Interconnections between OFC and basolateral amygdala (ABL) may be critical for encoding the motivational significance of stimuli used to guide behavior. Indeed, much research indicates that neurons in OFC and ABL fire selectively to cues based on their associative significance. In the current study recordings were made in each region within a behavioral paradigm that allowed comparison of the development of associative encoding over the course of learning. In each recording session, rats were presented with novel odors that were informative about the outcome of making a response and had to learn to withhold a response after sampling an odor that signaled a negative outcome. In some cases, reversal training was performed in the same session as the initial learning. Ninety-six of the 328 neurons recorded in OFC and 60 of the 229 neurons recorded in ABL exhibited selective activity during evaluation of the odor cues after learning had occurred. A substantial proportion of those neurons in ABL developed selective activity very early in training, and many reversed selectivity rapidly after reversal. In contrast, those neurons in OFC rarely exhibited selective activity during odor evaluation before the rats reached the criterion for learning, and far fewer reversed selectivity after reversal. The findings support a model in which ABL encodes the motivational significance of cues and OFC uses this information in the selection and execution of an appropriate behavioral strategy.  (+info)

Distinct populations of NMDA receptors at subcortical and cortical inputs to principal cells of the lateral amygdala. (2/3478)

Fear conditioning involves the transmission of sensory stimuli to the amygdala from the thalamus and cortex. These input synapses are prime candidates for sites of plasticity critical to the learning in fear conditioning. Because N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-dependent mechanisms have been implicated in fear learning, we investigated the contribution of NMDA receptors to synaptic transmission at putative cortical and thalamic inputs using visualized whole cell recording in amygdala brain slices. Whereas NMDA receptors are present at both of these pathways, differences were observed. First, the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-receptor-mediated component of the synaptic response, relative to the NMDA component, is smaller at thalamic than cortical input synapses. Second, thalamic NMDA responses are more sensitive to Mg2+. These findings suggest that there are distinct populations of NMDA receptors at cortical and thalamic inputs to the lateral amygdala. Differences such as these might underlie unique contributions of the two pathways to fear conditioning.  (+info)

Dose-related effects of single focal irradiation in the medial temporal lobe structures in rats--magnetic resonance imaging and histological study. (3/3478)

The dose-related effects of single focal irradiation on the medial temporal lobe in rats were investigated by sequential magnetic resonance imaging and histological examination. Irradiation of 200 Gy as a maximum dose using 4 mm collimators with a gamma unit created an area of necrosis consistently at the target site within 2 weeks after irradiation. Irradiation of 100 Gy caused necrosis within 10 weeks, and 75 Gy caused necrosis within one year. Irradiation of less than 50 Gy did not induce necrosis consistently, although a restricted area of necrosis was created in the medial temporal structures including the intraparenchymal portion of the optic tract. 75 Gy may be the optimum dose for creating necrosis consistently in the medial temporal lobe structures. However, careful dose planning considering both dose-time and dose-volume relationships in necrosis development is necessary to avoid injury to vulnerable neural structures such as the optic tract when applying radiosurgical techniques to treat functional brain disorders in medial temporal lobe structures such as temporal lobe epilepsy.  (+info)

A quantitative MR study of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle in healthy subjects 40 to 90 years of age. (4/3478)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Several investigators have defined normal age-specific values for the medial temporal lobe structures in neurologically normal elderly subjects, but, to our knowledge, no one has reported those values for a large sample of healthy volunteers. The purpose of our study was to define normal age-specific values for the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle by age group, ranging from 40 to 90 years, in order to generate a guideline for the quantitative MR diagnosis and differential diagnosis for early Alzheimer disease. METHODS: MR-based volumetric measurements of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn, standardized by total intracranial volume, were obtained from oblique coronal and sagittal T1-weighted MR images in 619 healthy volunteers and two cadaveric specimens. RESULTS: Differences in standardized volumes of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn were significant among the 61- to 70-year-old, 71- to 80-year-old, and 81- to 90-year-old groups, and were not significant between the 40- to 50-year-old and 51- to 60-year-old groups. We found no significant differences in side or sex among the age groups for any of the structures. CONCLUSION: Differences in the mean value and in the 95% normal range of standardized volumes of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn correspond to differences in age among healthy subjects; therefore, age should be considered a factor in correlative research, especially in that involving patients in the early stages of Alzheimer disease.  (+info)

The human amygdala plays an important role in gaze monitoring. A PET study. (5/3478)

Social contact often initially depends on ascertaining the direction of the other person's gaze. We determined the brain areas involved in gaze monitoring by a functional neuroimaging study. Discrimination between the direction of gaze significantly activated a region in the left amygdala during eye-contact and no eye-contact tasks to the same extent. However, a region in the right amygdala was specifically activated only during the eye-contact task. Results confirm that the left amygdala plays a general role in the interpretation of eye gaze direction, and that the activity of the right amygdala of the subject increases when another individual's gaze is directed towards him. This suggests that the human amygdala plays a role in reading social signals from the face.  (+info)

Differential regulation of the expression of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 (CRF2) in hypothalamus and amygdala of the immature rat by sensory input and food intake. (6/3478)

The physiological consequences of activating corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 (CRF2) are not fully understood. The neuroanatomic distribution of this CRF receptor family member is consistent with roles in mediating the actions of CRF and similar ligands on food intake control and integrative aspects of stress-related behaviors. However, CRF2 expression in the adult rat is not influenced by stress, corticosterone (CORT), or food intake. In immature rat we have demonstrated striking downregulation of CRF2mRNA in hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH) after 24 hr of maternal deprivation, a paradigm consisting of both physiological/psychological stress and food deprivation. The current study aimed to distinguish which element or elements of maternal deprivation govern CRF2mRNA expression by isolating the effects of food intake and discrete maternal sensory cues on CRF2mRNA levels in VMH and in reciprocally communicating amygdala nuclei. In maternally deprived pups, CRF2mRNA levels in VMH and basomedial (BMA) and medial (MEA) amygdala nuclei were 62, 72, and 102% of control levels, respectively. Sensory inputs of grooming and handling as well as of the pups' own suckling activity-but not food intake-fully restored CRF2mRNA expression in VMH. In contrast, all manipulations tended to increase CRF2mRNA levels in BMA of maternally deprived rats, and surrogate grooming increased CRF2mRNA expression significantly above that of nondeprived controls. CRF2mRNA expression was not influenced significantly by plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and CORT levels. Thus, in the immature rat, (1) CRF2 expression is regulated differentially in hypothalamic and amygdala regions, and (2) CRF2mRNA levels in VMH are governed primarily by maternal or suckling-derived sensory input rather than food intake or peripheral stress hormones. These findings indicate a region-specific regulation of CRF2mRNA, supporting the participation of the receptor in neurochemically defined circuits integrating sensory cues to influence specific behavioral and visceral functions.  (+info)

Differential regulation of glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA (GR-mRNA) by maternal deprivation in immature rat hypothalamus and limbic regions. (7/3478)

Maternal deprivation (MDep) of neonatal rats significantly influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This study hypothesized that GR-mRNA modulation constituted an early, critical mechanism for the acute effects of MDep on neuroendocrine stress-responses. GR-mRNA hybridization signal in hippocampal CA1, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and frontal cortex was significantly reduced immediately following 24 h MDep. In amygdala, cingulate cortex, PVN and CA1, apparent gender-dependent MDep effects on GR-mRNA expression were observed, without significant differences in absolute levels. Thus, rapid, region-specific MDep effects on GR-mRNA expression in HPA-regulating areas are shown, consistent with involvement of GR-expression in mechanisms of MDep influence on HPA tone.  (+info)

Differential effects of metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists on bursting activity in the amygdala. (8/3478)

Differential effects of metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists on bursting activity in the amygdala. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are implicated in both the activation and inhibition of epileptiform bursting activity in seizure models. We examined the role of mGluR agonists and antagonists on bursting in vitro with whole cell recordings from neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) of amygdala-kindled rats. The broad-spectrum mGluR agonist 1S,3R-1-aminocyclopentane dicarboxylate (1S,3R-ACPD, 100 microM) and the group I mGluR agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG, 20 microM) evoked bursting in BLA neurons from amygdala-kindled rats but not in control neurons. Neither the group II agonist (2S,3S,4S)-alpha-(carboxycyclopropyl)-glycine (L-CCG-I, 10 microM) nor the group III agonist L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4, 100 microM) evoked bursting. The agonist-induced bursting was inhibited by the mGluR1 antagonists (+)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine [(+)-MCPG, 500 microM] and (S)-4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine [(S)-4C3HPG, 300 microM]. Kindling enhanced synaptic strength from the lateral amygdala (LA) to the BLA, resulting in synaptically driven bursts at low stimulus intensity. Bursting was abolished by (S)-4C3HPG. Further increasing stimulus intensity in the presence of (S)-4C3HPG (300 microM) evoked action potential firing similar to control neurons but did not induce epileptiform bursting. In kindled rats, the same threshold stimulation that evoked epileptiform bursting in the absence of drugs elicited excitatory postsynaptic potentials in (S)-4C3HPG. In contrast (+)-MCPG had no effect on afferent-evoked bursting in kindled neurons. Because (+)-MCPG is a mGluR2 antagonist, whereas (S)-4C3HPG is a mGluR2 agonist, the different effects of these compounds suggest that mGluR2 activation decreases excitability. Together these data suggest that group I mGluRs may facilitate and group II mGluRs may attenuate epileptiform bursting observed in kindled rats. The mixed agonist-antagonist (S)-4C3HPG restored synaptic transmission to control levels at the LA-BLA synapse in kindled animals. The different actions of (S)-4C3HPG and (+)-MCPG on LA-evoked bursting suggests that the mGluR1 antagonist-mGluR2 agonist properties may be the distinctive pharmacology necessary for future anticonvulsant compounds.  (+info)

Morphological and Functional Features of the Sex Steroid-Responsive Posterodorsal Medial Amygdala of Adult Rats | Bentham...Morphological and Functional Features of the Sex Steroid-Responsive Posterodorsal Medial Amygdala of Adult Rats | Bentham...
Title:Morphological and Functional Features of the Sex Steroid-Responsive Posterodorsal Medial Amygdala of Adult Rats. VOLUME: 12 ISSUE: 11. Author(s):A.A. Rasia-Filho, D. Haas, A.P. de Oliveira, J. de Castilhos, R. Frey, D. Stein, V.M. Lazzari, F. Back, G.N. Pires, E. Pavesi, E.C. Winkelmann-Duarte and M. Giovenardi. Affiliation:UFCSPA/Physiology, R. Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre 90170-050 RS, Brazil.. Keywords:Anxiety, extended amygdala, Fos immunoreacitivity, ibotenic acid, innate fear, neuronal morphology, sexual dimorphism, sexual behavior. Abstract:The rat posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) expresses receptors for gonadal hormones and integrates sex steroid-sensitive subcortical networks. Male-female differences are found in the morphology, connectivity, and local neuropil structure of MePD. For example, dendritic spine density is sexually-dimorphic and changes with the estrous cycle and following gonadal hormones manipulations. Due to its connectivity, the MePD may affect ...
Regulation of adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> receptor gene expression in a model of binge eating in the amygdaloid complex of...Regulation of adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> receptor gene expression in a model of binge eating in the amygdaloid complex of...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Regulation of adenosine A2A receptor gene expression in a model of binge eating in the amygdaloid complex of female rats. AU - Micioni Di Bonaventura, Maria Vittoria. AU - Pucci, Mariangela. AU - Giusepponi, Maria Elena. AU - Romano, Adele. AU - Lambertucci, Catia. AU - Volpini, Rosaria. AU - Micioni Di Bonaventura, Emanuela. AU - Gaetani, Silvana. AU - Maccarrone, Mauro. AU - DAddario, Claudio. AU - Cifani, Carlo. PY - 2019/1/1. Y1 - 2019/1/1. N2 - Background: Pharmacological treatment approaches for eating disorders, such as binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa, are currently limited. Methods and aims: Using a well-characterized animal model of binge eating, we investigated the epigenetic regulation of the A2A Adenosine Receptor (A2AAR) and dopaminergic D2 receptor (D2R) genes. Results: Gene expression analysis revealed a selective increase of both receptor mRNAs in the amygdaloid complex of stressed and restricted rats, which exhibited binge-like eating, when compared to ...
Glial and axonal perikaryal coverage and somatic spines in the posterodorsal medial amygdala of male and cycling female rats. |...Glial and axonal perikaryal coverage and somatic spines in the posterodorsal medial amygdala of male and cycling female rats. |...
Sigma-Aldrich offers abstracts and full-text articles by [Mariana Zancan, Aline DallOglio, Taís Malysz Sarzenski, Martin Ian Maher, Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura, Alberto A Rasia-Filho].
Arborization patterns of amygdalopetal axons from the rat ventral pallidumArborization patterns of amygdalopetal axons from the rat ventral pallidum
We previously analyzed the arborization patterns of rat ventral pallidal (VP) axons that coursed caudally to innervate the thalamus and brainstem (Tripathi et al. in Brain Struct Funct 218:1133-1157, 2013). Here, we have reconstructed 16 previously undetected axons from the same tracer deposits that follow a more lateral trajectory. Virtually all 16 axons emanating from the different VP compartments collateralized in the extended amygdala system (EAS) and amygdaloid complex. The most frequent targets of axons from the lateral and medial (VPm) VP compartments were the rostral sublenticular extended amygdala, the extended amygdala (EA), the central nucleus of the amygdala and the posterior part of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus. In contrast, axons from the rostral extension of the VP preferentially innervated the anterior amygdaloid area, the magnocellular preoptic nucleus, and the anterior part of the basomedial amygdaloid nucleus. We additionally found and reconstructed a single corticopetal ...
A specialized subclass of interneurons mediates dopaminergic facilitation of amygdala function - edocA specialized subclass of interneurons mediates dopaminergic facilitation of amygdala function - edoc
The amygdala is under inhibitory control from the cortex through the activation of local GABAergic interneurons. This inhibition is greatly diminished during heightened emotional states due to dopamine release. However, dopamine excites most amygdala interneurons, suggesting that this dopaminergic gate may be mediated by an unknown subpopulation of interneurons. We hypothesized that this gate is mediated by paracapsular intercalated cells, a subset of interneurons that are innervated by both cortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic afferents. Using transgenic mice that express GFP in GABAergic interneurons, we show that paracapsular cells form a network surrounding the basolateral complex of the amygdala. We found that they provide feedforward inhibition into the basolateral and the central amygdala. Dopamine hyperpolarized paracapsular cells through D1 receptors and substantially suppressed their excitability, resulting in a disinhibition of the basolateral and central nuclei. Suppression of the ...
Dopamine Modulates the Response of the Human Amygdala: A Study in Parkinsons Disease | Journal of NeuroscienceDopamine Modulates the Response of the Human Amygdala: A Study in Parkinson's Disease | Journal of Neuroscience
Our results provide the first in vivo evidence of abnormal amygdala responses in patients with PD. In comparison with NCs, patients with PD in both the drug-off and drug-on states showed a reduced amygdala response during the perceptual processing of angry and fearful faces. Our results also provide the first in vivodemonstration in human subjects of dopamine modulation of the amygdala. Dopamine repletion appeared to partially restore the response of the amygdala in PD patients, as evidenced by the increased BOLD response in the drug-on state relative to the drug-off state.. The potentiated amygdala response in the dopamine-replete state relative to the hypodopaminergic state may reflect dopamine gating of amygdala inputs and subsequent increased amygdala neuronal activity. Recently, Hariri et al. (2002), using this same BOLD fMRI paradigm in healthy subjects, reported a robust potentiation of the response of the amygdala by dextroamphetamine, a nonspecific monoaminergic agonist that primarily ...
A Secret Weapon For Home healthcare boca ratonA Secret Weapon For Home healthcare boca raton
The consequences of acute xylene publicity to the enkephalinergic neuromodulatory technique were studied in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats have been injected ip with 0 or 1.6 mL/kg xylene every day for three consecutive times. 3 hr following the last dose, they ended up killed and also the brains were being eradicated. The brains ended up dissected in the parietal cortex. caudate putamen, medial preoptic regions of the hypothalamus, globus pallidus, olfactory tubercle, and central amygdaloid nuclei (CA). The assorted Mind components were being analyzed for improvements of their met-enkephalin content by an immunostaining procedure ...
CRF1 Receptor Activation Increases the Response of Neurons in the Basolateral Nucleus of the Amygdala to Afferent StimulationCRF1 Receptor Activation Increases the Response of Neurons in the Basolateral Nucleus of the Amygdala to Afferent Stimulation
The basolateral nucleus (BLA) of the amygdala contributes to the consolidation of memories for emotional or stressful events. The nucleus contains a high density of CRF1 receptors that are activated by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Modulation of the excitability of neurons in the BLA by CRF …
Right and left amygdalae activation in patients with major depression receiving antidepressant treatment, as revealed by fMRI |...Right and left amygdalae activation in patients with major depression receiving antidepressant treatment, as revealed by fMRI |...
A differential contribution of the right and left amygdalae to affective information processing has been proposed. However, the direction of this lateralization has not been confirmed. In this study, we used a pre- and post-treatment (escitalopram) design to analyze the relative differences between neural activity in the right and left amygdalae during exposure to emotional stimuli in currently depressed patients. To the best of our knowledge, this study is to compare neural activity between the left and right amygdalae in people with depression. Our findings could lead to the development of parameters or biomarkers for depressive symptoms and treatment response. We used a pre-post-test design without a control group. Twenty currently depressed participants underwent an emotion processing task during fMRI. These participants were then treated with an antidepressant for 6 weeks. We used amygdala region-of-interest analysis to evaluate the hemodynamic response during exposure to colored emotional pictures
Amygdalar cortices synonyms, Amygdalar cortices antonyms - FreeThesaurus.comAmygdalar cortices synonyms, Amygdalar cortices antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Synonyms for Amygdalar cortices in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for Amygdalar cortices. 2 synonyms for amygdala: amygdaloid nucleus, corpus amygdaloideum. What are synonyms for Amygdalar cortices?
ModelDB: Gamma genesis in the basolateral amygdala (Feng et al 2019)ModelDB: Gamma genesis in the basolateral amygdala (Feng et al 2019)
Using in vitro and in vivo data we develop the first large-scale biophysically and anatomically realistic model of the basolateral amygdala nucleus (BL), which reproduces the dynamics of the in vivo local field potential (LFP). Significantly, it predicts that BL intrinsically generates the transient gamma oscillations observed in vivo. The model permitted exploration of the poorly understood synaptic mechanisms underlying gamma genesis in BL, and the models ability to compute LFPs at arbitrary numbers of recording sites provided insights into the characteristics of the spatial properties of gamma bursts. Furthermore, we show how gamma synchronizes principal cells to overcome their low firing rates while simultaneously promoting competition, potentially impacting their afferent selectivity and efferent drive, and thus emotional behavior ...
MicrocircuitDB: Gamma genesis in the basolateral amygdala (Feng et al 2019)MicrocircuitDB: Gamma genesis in the basolateral amygdala (Feng et al 2019)
Using in vitro and in vivo data we develop the first large-scale biophysically and anatomically realistic model of the basolateral amygdala nucleus (BL), which reproduces the dynamics of the in vivo local field potential (LFP). Significantly, it predicts that BL intrinsically generates the transient gamma oscillations observed in vivo. The model permitted exploration of the poorly understood synaptic mechanisms underlying gamma genesis in BL, and the models ability to compute LFPs at arbitrary numbers of recording sites provided insights into the characteristics of the spatial properties of gamma bursts. Furthermore, we show how gamma synchronizes principal cells to overcome their low firing rates while simultaneously promoting competition, potentially impacting their afferent selectivity and efferent drive, and thus emotional behavior ...
Plus itPlus it
The serotonin (5-HT) system and the amygdala are key regulators of emotional behavior. Several lines of evidence suggest that 5-HT transmission in the amygdala is implicated in the susceptibility and drug treatment of mood disorders. Thus, elucidating the physiological mechanisms through which midbrain 5-HT neurons modulate amygdala circuits could be pivotal in understanding emotional regulation in health and disease. To shed light on these mechanisms, we performed patch-clamp recordings from basal amygdala (BA) neurons in brain slices from mice with channelrhodopsin (ChR2) genetically targeted to 5-HT neurons. Optical stimulation of 5-HT terminals at low frequencies (≤1Hz) evoked a short-latency excitation of BA interneurons (INs) that was depressed at higher frequencies. Pharmacological analysis revealed this effect was mediated by glutamate and not 5-HT since it was abolished by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. Optical stimulation of 5-HT terminals at higher frequencies (10-20Hz) ...
The IntruderThe Intruder
The present discussion of SP and associated HHEs is much indebted to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming (Hobson & McCarley, 1977; McCarley & Hobson, 1979). According to that theory, REM is initiated via inhibitory activity of the REM-off cells in reciprocal interaction with REM-on cells (See section on SP and REM for a more detailed discussion). These brain-stem mechanisms inhibit motor output and sensory input and provide the cortex with internally generated activation. The function of the cortical centers is one of synthesizing quasi-random activation into meaningful patterns. Although the activation-synthesis model has not emphasized affective components, the pervasiveness of fear and the sensed presence in the phenomenology of SP indicates that the role of the amygdala may need to be considered central in understanding the SP night-mare. We hypothesize that the experience of a threatening presence during SP is associated with the thalamic projections to the amygdala. During REM, ...
The Basolateral Amygdalae and Frontotemporal Network Functions for Threat Perception<...The Basolateral Amygdalae and Frontotemporal Network Functions for Threat Perception<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The Basolateral Amygdalae and Frontotemporal Network Functions for Threat Perception. AU - Hortensius, Ruud. AU - Terburg, David. AU - Morgan, Barak. AU - Stein, Dan J.. AU - van Honk, Jack. AU - de Gelder, Beatrice. PY - 2017/4/5. Y1 - 2017/4/5. N2 - Although the amygdalae play a central role in threat perception and reactions, the direct contributions of the amygdalae to specific aspects of threat perception, from ambiguity resolution to reflexive or deliberate action, remain ill understood in humans. Animal studies show that a detailed understanding requires a focus on the different subnuclei, which is not yet achieved in human research. Given the limits of human imaging methods, the crucial contribution needs to come from individuals with exclusive and selective amygdalae lesions. The current study investigated the role of the basolateral amygdalae and their connection with associated frontal and temporal networks in the automatic perception of threat. Functional activation ...
ANIMA - Archive of Neuroimaging Meta-analysesANIMA - Archive of Neuroimaging Meta-analyses
ABSTRACT: Although the amygdala complex is a brain area critical for human behavior, knowledge of its subspecialization is primarily derived from experiments in animals. We here employed methods for large-scale data mining to perform a connectivity-derived parcellation of the human amygdala based on whole-brain coactivation patterns computed for each seed voxel. Voxels within the histologically defined human amygdala were clustered into distinct groups based on their brain-wide coactivation maps. Using this approach, connectivity-based parcellation divided the amygdala into three distinct clusters that are highly consistent with earlier microstructural distinctions. Meta-analytic connectivity modelling then revealed the derived clusters brain-wide connectivity patterns, while meta-data profiling allowed their functional characterization. These analyses revealed that the amygdalas laterobasal nuclei group was associated with coordinating high-level sensory input, whereas its centromedial nuclei ...
Healing the Depressed Brain by Bruce McEwen - Project SyndicateHealing the Depressed Brain by Bruce McEwen - Project Syndicate
Scientists and mental health professionals have made major strides in understanding and treating major depression, including the discovery of the role played by imbalances in brain chemicals such as serotonin and noradrenaline. But there is increasing evidence that there is more to the story: depression also involves structural changes in areas of the brain that are involved in mood, memory, and decision-making. Depression is often precipitated by stressful experiences. The brain interprets our experiences and decides if they are threatening, and then controls our behavioral and physiological responses to them. Data obtained from animal experiments show that harmful physiological changes result from the inability of the brain and body to respond to repeated stress with adaptive modifications in structure and function. Three brain areas - the hippocampus, the prefrontal cortex, and the amygdala - are particularly susceptible to pathological changes in size and function. These areas are ...
Humans Are Hardwired to Respond to Animals, Says Study - TodayEco.comHumans Are Hardwired to Respond to Animals, Says Study - TodayEco.com
According to a press-release from UCLA, researchers recruited 41 epilepsy patients and monitored activity in their amygdalae, an area located deep within the brain which is believed to regulate emotions, in response to visual stimuli -- photos of people, buildings, and animals, respectively. Since most previous studies into amygdalae focused on reactions to human faces, neuroscientists were surprised to find that they didnt elicit the most profound reaction. Our study shows that neurons in the human amygdala respond preferentially to pictures of animals, meaning that we saw the most amount of activity in cells when the patients looked at cats or snakes versus buildings or people, says Florian Mormann of CalTech, and the studys lead author. This preference extends to cute as well as ugly or dangerous animals and appears to be independent of the emotional contents of th... Full article: http://www.treehugger.com/files/2011/09/humans-are-hardwi... ...
The Human Amygdala and Pain: Evidence from Neuroimaging - Reading listThe Human Amygdala and Pain: Evidence from Neuroimaging - Reading list
The amygdala, a small deep brain structure involved in behavioral processing through interactions with other brain regions, has garnered increased attention in recent years in relation to pain processing. As pain is a multidimensional experience that encompasses physical sensation, affect, and cognition, the amygdala is well suited to play a part in this process. Multiple…
NeuroVault: Right Amygdala Model - Residual SDNeuroVault: Right Amygdala Model - Residual SD
This will help to track the use of this data in the literature. In addition, consider also citing the paper related to this collection. ...
Complex effects of NMDA receptor antagonist APV in the basolateral amygdala on acquisition of two-way avoidance reaction and...Complex effects of NMDA receptor antagonist APV in the basolateral amygdala on acquisition of two-way avoidance reaction and...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Complex effects of NMDA receptor antagonist APV in the basolateral amygdala on acquisition of two-way avoidance reaction and long-term fear memory. AU - Savonenko, Alena. AU - Werka, Tomasz. AU - Nikolaev, Evgeni. AU - Zieliñski, Kazimierz. AU - Kaczmarek, Leszek. PY - 2003/7. Y1 - 2003/7. N2 - Although much has been learned about the role of the amygdala in Pavlovian fear conditioning, relatively little is known about an involvement of this structure in more complex aversive learning, such as acquisition of an active avoidance reaction. In the present study, rats with a pretraining injection of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, 2-amino-S-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV), into the basolateral amygdala (BLA) were found to be impaired in two-way active avoidance learning. During multitrial training in a shuttle box, the APV-injected rats were not different from the controls in sensitivity to shock or in acquisition of freezing to contextual cues. However, APV ...
Cortical amygdaloid nucleus | definition of cortical amygdaloid nucleus by Medical dictionaryCortical amygdaloid nucleus | definition of cortical amygdaloid nucleus by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of cortical amygdaloid nucleus in the Medical Dictionary? cortical amygdaloid nucleus explanation free. What is cortical amygdaloid nucleus? Meaning of cortical amygdaloid nucleus medical term. What does cortical amygdaloid nucleus mean?
Abnormal amygdala functional connectivity associated with emotional lability in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity...Abnormal amygdala functional connectivity associated with emotional lability in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Abnormal amygdala functional connectivity associated with emotional lability in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. AU - Hulvershorn, Leslie A.. AU - Mennes, Maarten. AU - Castellanos, F. Xavier. AU - Di Martino, Adriana. AU - Milham, Michael P.. AU - Hummer, Tom A.. AU - Roy, Amy Krain. PY - 2014/3. Y1 - 2014/3. N2 - Objective A substantial proportion of children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also display emotion regulation deficits manifesting as chronic irritability, severe temper outbursts, and aggression. The amygdala is implicated in emotion regulation, but its connectivity and relation to emotion regulation in ADHD has yet to be explored. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) of amygdala circuits and emotion regulation deficits in youth with ADHD. Method Bilateral amygdala iFC was examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging in 63 children with ADHD, aged ...
Most recent papers with the keyword T cell function | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword T cell function | Read by QxMD
The posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) is a neural site in the limbic brain involved in regulating emotional and sexual behaviours. There is however limited information on the specific neuronal cell type in the MePD functionally mediating these behaviours in rodents. The recent discovery of a significant kisspeptin neurone population in the MePD has raised interest in the possible role of kisspeptin and its cognate receptor in sexual behaviour. This study therefore tested the hypothesis that the MePD kisspeptin neurone population is involved in regulating attraction towards opposite sex conspecifics, sexual behaviour, social interaction and anxiety response by selectively stimulating these neurones using the novel pharmacosynthetic DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) technique ...
Most recent papers with the keyword Sexual function | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword Sexual function | Read by QxMD
The posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) is a neural site in the limbic brain involved in regulating emotional and sexual behaviours. There is however limited information on the specific neuronal cell type in the MePD functionally mediating these behaviours in rodents. The recent discovery of a significant kisspeptin neurone population in the MePD has raised interest in the possible role of kisspeptin and its cognate receptor in sexual behaviour. This study therefore tested the hypothesis that the MePD kisspeptin neurone population is involved in regulating attraction towards opposite sex conspecifics, sexual behaviour, social interaction and anxiety response by selectively stimulating these neurones using the novel pharmacosynthetic DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) technique ...
The effects of ethanol on strychnine sensitive glycine receptors in the rat basolateral amygdalaThe effects of ethanol on strychnine sensitive glycine receptors in the rat basolateral amygdala
The major relationship between ethanol and the behavioral response to environmental stressors indicates that ethanol functions to reduce the effects of stress. The most classical presentation of the anxiety-reduction hypothesis of alcoholism, presented by Cogner (1956), theorized that alcoholism was induced by the anxiolytic effects of ethanol, which in turn reinforced intake of ethanol. If this holds true, then it is reasonable to hypothesize that the CNS effects of ethanol may be dominant in the area of the brain that controls or influences anxiety. Given the known role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety-induced responses, we hypothesized that the anxiety reducing effects of ethanol would be observed within the amygdala and may be measured as alterations of neuronal excitability. The first aim of this thesis was to establish an animal model of alcoholism in the laboratory. This was done by introducing a nutritionally complete ethanol containing liquid diet. We compared two liquid diet ...
experimental results cymbalta us patent Polarity referencesexperimental results cymbalta us patent Polarity references
79 Moreover, the amygdaloid complex contains a moderate density of receptors and the developmental role of u s cholinergic amygdaloid system in passive avoidance learning cymbalta the rat has been described to occur during cymbalta us patent same time period. 25c 1 H 0.
From specificity to sensitivity: how acute stress affects amygdala processing of biologically salient stimuli.From specificity to sensitivity: how acute stress affects amygdala processing of biologically salient stimuli.
BACKGROUND: A vital component of an organisms response to acute stress is a surge in vigilance that serves to optimize the detection and assessment of threats to its homeostasis. The amygdala is thought to regulate this process, but in humans, acute stress and amygdala function have up to now only been studied in isolation. Hence, we developed an integrated design using functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the immediate effects of controlled stress induction on amygdala function. METHODS: In 27 healthy female participants, we studied brain responses to emotional facial stimuli, embedded in an either acutely stressful or neutral context by means of adjoining movie clips. RESULTS: A variety of physiological and psychological measures confirmed successful induction of moderate levels of acute stress. More importantly, this context manipulation shifted the amygdala toward higher sensitivity as well as lower specificity, that is, stress induction augmented amygdala responses to ...
The central amygdala circuits in fear learning and fear expressionThe central amygdala circuits in fear learning and fear expression
The amygdala is critical for fear processing and fear regulation. The central amygdala (CeA), once viewed as a passive relay between the amygdala complex and do...
Role of Oxytocin in the Amygdala-Prefrontal Network During Social Decision-Making | Scholars@DukeRole of Oxytocin in the Amygdala-Prefrontal Network During Social Decision-Making | [email protected]
Role of Oxytocin in the Amygdala-Prefrontal Network During Social Decision-Makings profile, publications, research topics, and co-authors
Amygdala response and functional connectivity during cognitive emotion regulation of aversive image sequences<...Amygdala response and functional connectivity during cognitive emotion regulation of aversive image sequences<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Amygdala response and functional connectivity during cognitive emotion regulation of aversive image sequences. AU - Sarkheil, Pegah. AU - Klasen, Martin. AU - Schneider, Frank. AU - Goebel, Rainer. AU - Mathiak, Klaus. PY - 2019/10. Y1 - 2019/10. N2 - Emotion regulation (ER) is crucial in terms of mental health and social functioning. Attention deployment (AD) and cognitive reappraisal (CR) are both efficient cognitive ER strategies, which are based on partially dissociated neural effects. Our understanding of the neural underpinnings of ER is based on laboratory paradigms that study changes of the brain activation related to isolated emotional stimuli. To track the neural response to ER in the changing and dynamic environment of daily life, we extended the common existing paradigms by applying a sequence of emotionally provocative stimuli involving three aversive images. Eighteen participants completed an ER paradigm, in which they had to either shift their attention away from ...
The Amygdala Diaries | Massachusetts Council on Family MediationThe Amygdala Diaries | Massachusetts Council on Family Mediation
The Amygdala Diaries. by David Kellem. Mediators are challenged to guide clients through a lot of obstacles along the way to settlement. One physically small but stealthy and strong obstacle is the human amygdala. Amygdalae are almond-shaped organs in the left and right hemispheres of our brains that can subconsciously derail rational negotiation.. The amygdala, it turns out, is the root of some of our less-rational and more problematic behaviors. It has been identified as a primary organ of the paleomamillian mind - the mind of early human beings who spent their days mostly just trying to survive in a hostile world full of beasts of prey and other physical threats. The amygdala is an alarm system and an army all in one. If it senses danger it activates a powerful internal alert. Adrenaline and other hormones surge, muscular systems engage, and the body jumps into self- protective action: stand and fight the danger, or turn fast and flee from it.. Time and evolution eventually relegated the ...
Derics MindBlog: Even brief stress can zap your brain...Deric's MindBlog: Even brief stress can zap your brain...
Stress is known to induce dendritic hypertrophy in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and to enhance anxiety. Stress also leads to secretion of glucocorticoids (GC), and the BLA has a high concentration of glucocorticoid receptors. This raises the possibility that stress-induced elevation in GC secretion might directly affect amygdaloid neurons. To address the possible effects of GC on neurons of amygdala and on anxiety, we used rats treated either acutely with a single dose or chronically with 10 daily doses of high physiological levels of corticosterone (the rat-specific glucocorticoid). Behavior and morphological changes in neurons of BLA were measured 12 days after the initiation of treatment in both groups. A single acute dose of corticosterone was sufficient to induce dendritic hypertrophy in the BLA and heightened anxiety, as measured on an elevated plus maze. Moreover, this form of dendritic hypertrophy after acute treatment was of a magnitude similar to that caused by chronic treatment. ...
How associative fear memory is formed in the brain | EurekAlert! Science NewsHow associative fear memory is formed in the brain | EurekAlert! Science News
Using a mouse model, a pair of UC Riverside researchers demonstrated the formation of fear memory involves the strengthening of neural pathways between two brain areas: the hippocampus, which responds to a particular context and encodes it, and the amygdala, which triggers defensive behavior, including fear responses.
Detecting Amygdala Activity with Magnetoencephalography | ProtocolDetecting Amygdala Activity with Magnetoencephalography | Protocol
This article describes how to record amygdala activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG). In addition this article will describe how to ...
Safety encoding in the basal amygdalaSafety encoding in the basal amygdala
Learning to fear and avoid life-threatening stimuli are critical survival skills but are maladaptive when they persist in the absence of a direct threat. Thus, it is important to detect when a situation is safe and to increase behaviors leading to naturally rewarding actions, such as feeding and mat …
Agauopsis littoralis Bartsch & Iliffe, 1985Agauopsis littoralis Bartsch & Iliffe, 1985
Taxonomic Characterization: Male: Anterodorsal plate (AD) with a small frontal spine. In posterior portion of AD elevated ridges, arranged like an "H". Within these ridges, deep canaliculi piercing the integumental layers. Outside the ridges, slight paneling and small pores present. Posterodorsal plate with 2 elevated, longitudinal ridges, converging posteriorly but not meeting. Dorsal setae minute. Red-brown pigment is found beneath the AD near the anterior spine and beneath the OC between the corneae. All ventral plates finely porose; when focused on deeper integumental layers, a reticulation is discernible. Genitoanal plate short. Genital opening in the middle of the plate. Distance from GO to anterior margin of GA equals length of GO. Integument on base of gnathosoma pierced by canaliculi. Rostrum as long as base of gnathosoma. Integument of legs pierced by canaliculi, these especially prominent on telofermora and tibiae. Leg I stronger than following legs. The lateral claws on tarsus I are ...
Sonic reflexes - Page 2 - Biology-OnlineSonic reflexes - Page 2 - Biology-Online
We know that a painful stimulus activates a complex afferent system, the organisation and integration centres of which are only now being partly elucidated. We can accept the view of Bard and Mountcastle (1948) according to which the neocortex, the cingulate cortex, the amygdaloid nucleus and the pyriform lobe correspond to zones of the inhibition of pain and anger reactions. Their influence would be transmitted as far down as the brainstem by way of a circuit similar to the amygdaloid pathway. They suggest the presence, in addition, of a direct extra-amygdaloid pathway via which the neocortex might exert a facilitatory influence on the mesencephalic centres ...
Sex-specific processing of social cues in the medial amygdala | eLifeSex-specific processing of social cues in the medial amygdala | eLife
Male and female mice respond differently to the same pheromone signals, and the representation of these sensory stimuli by neurons in the medial amygdala correlates precisely with the differences in behavior.
Phosphorylation<...Phosphorylation<...
RESULTS: In the medial subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and the central amygdala (CeA), the number of pCREB immunoreactive (pCREB-ir) cells in the clean-bedding exposed group was significantly larger than in the home cage group, while the number of pCREB-ir cells in the OVX+E2-bedding exposed group did not differ from that in the home cage group. The bedding soiled by OVX rats was less effective. No significant difference in the number of pCREB-ir cells was detected in the other regions of the extended amygdala among all groups ...
Amygdaloid structure | Semantic ScholarAmygdaloid structure | Semantic Scholar
An almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. (MeSH)
amygdalohippocampectomy [Operative Neurosurgery]amygdalohippocampectomy [Operative Neurosurgery]
see also amygdalohippocampotomy Amygdalohippocampectomy is a neurosurgical procedure for the treatment of epilepsy. see selective amygdalohippocampectomy. Surgical approaches for medically refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) that previously have been reported include anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL), transcortical selective amygdalohippocampectomy, transsylvian amygdalohippocampectomy, and subtemporal amygdalohippocampectomy. Each approach has its advantages and potential pitfalls Minimally Invasive Transpalpebral Endoscopic-Assisted Amygdalohippocampectomy 1). ...
Neonatal amygdala lesions alter responsiveness to objects in juvenile macaques<...Neonatal amygdala lesions alter responsiveness to objects in juvenile macaques<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Neonatal amygdala lesions alter responsiveness to objects in juvenile macaques. AU - Bliss-Moreau, E.. AU - Toscano, J. E.. AU - Bauman, Melissa D. AU - Mason, W. A.. AU - Amaral, David G. PY - 2011/3/31. Y1 - 2011/3/31. N2 - The amygdala is widely recognized to play a central role in emotional processing. In nonhuman primates, the amygdala appears to be critical for generating appropriate behavioral responses in emotionally salient contexts. One common finding is that macaque monkeys that receive amygdala lesions as adults are behaviorally uninhibited in the presence of potentially dangerous objects. While control animals avoid these objects, amygdala-lesioned animals readily interact with them. Despite a large literature documenting the role of the amygdala in emotional processing in adult rhesus macaques, little research has assessed the role of the amygdala across the macaque neurodevelopmental trajectory. We assessed the behavioral responses of 3-year-old (juvenile) rhesus ...
N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA)-mediated corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) release in cultured rat amygdala neurons 1 1...N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA)-mediated corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) release in cultured rat amygdala neurons 1 1...
Read "N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA)-mediated corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) release in cultured rat amygdala neurons 1 1 Abbreviations used: CRF, corticotropin-releasing factor; NMDA, N -methyl- d -aspartate; AP-5, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid; LC, locus coeruleus; DIC, days in culture., Peptides" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
Substantial similarity in amygdala neuronal activity during conditioned appetitive and aversive emotional arousal | PNASSubstantial similarity in amygdala neuronal activity during conditioned appetitive and aversive emotional arousal | PNAS
In this study, we demonstrate striking similarities in the activity of amygdala neurons during conditioned appetitive and aversive emotional arousal and strong relationships between neuronal activity in the amygdala and blood pressure-a measure of arousal which is sensitive to lesions of the amygdala in both appetitive (24) and aversive (21, 22) settings. Cells with increases in activity during one CS+ were more likely than would be expected by chance to show the same response to the other oppositely valenced CS+, and the same was true of CS− elicited decreases. Neuronal activity was also more similar than expected by chance during the appetitive and aversive conditioned stimuli when the activity of all recorded cells was considered together. Additionally, the activity of neurons with similar directions of change in firing during conditioned appetitive and aversive stimuli (same cells) was more likely to be correlated with blood pressure than the rest of the population. Same cells were also ...
Risk for depression and neural responses to fearful facial expressions of emotion. - Department of PsychiatryRisk for depression and neural responses to fearful facial expressions of emotion. - Department of Psychiatry
BACKGROUND: Depression is associated with neural abnormalities in emotional processing. AIMS: This study explored whether these abnormalities underlie risk for depression. METHOD: We compared the neural responses of volunteers who were at high and low-risk for the development of depression (by virtue of high and low neuroticism scores; high-N group and low-N group respectively) during the presentation of fearful and happy faces using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). RESULTS: The high-N group demonstrated linear increases in response in the right fusiform gyrus and left middle temporal gyrus to expressions of increasing fear, whereas the low-N group demonstrated the opposite effect. The high-N group also displayed greater responses in the right amygdala, cerebellum, left middle frontal and bilateral parietal gyri to medium levels of fearful v. happy expressions. CONCLUSIONS: Risk for depression is associated with enhanced neural responses to fearful facial expressions similar to those
Limbic lobe - WikipediaLimbic lobe - Wikipedia
Broca named the limbic lobe in 1878, identifying it with the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri, and associating it with the sense of smell - Treviranus having earlier noted that, between species, the size of the parahippocampal gyrus varies with the size of the olfactory nerve.[2] In 1937 Papez theorized that a neural circuit (the Papez circuit) including the hippocampal formation and the cingulate gyrus constitutes the neural substrate of emotional behavior,[3] and Klüver and Bucy reported that, in monkeys, resection involving the hippocampal formation and the amygdaloid complex has a profound effect on emotional responses.[4][5] As a consequence of these publications, the idea that the entire limbic lobe is dedicated to olfaction receded, and a direct connection between emotion and the limbic lobe was established.[6]. ...
Frontiers | The Language, Tone and Prosody of Emotions: Neural Substrates and Dynamics of Spoken-Word Emotion Perception |...Frontiers | The Language, Tone and Prosody of Emotions: Neural Substrates and Dynamics of Spoken-Word Emotion Perception |...
Rapid assessment of emotions is important for detecting and prioritizing salient input. Emotions are conveyed in spoken words via verbal and non-verbal channels that are mutually informative and unveil in parallel over time, but the neural dynamics and interactions of these processes are not well understood. In this paper, we review the literature on emotion perception in faces, written words, and voices, as a basis for understanding the functional organization of emotion perception in spoken words. The characteristics of visual and auditory routes to the amygdala - a subcortical center for emotion perception - are compared across these stimulus classes in terms of neural dynamics, hemispheric lateralization, and functionality. Converging results from neuroimaging, electrophysiological, and lesion studies suggest the existence of an afferent route to the amygdala and primary visual cortex for fast and subliminal processing of coarse emotional face cues. We suggest that a fast route to the amygdala may
The paraventricular thalamus controls a central amygdala fear circuit - CSHL Scientific Digital RepositoryThe paraventricular thalamus controls a central amygdala fear circuit - CSHL Scientific Digital Repository
Appropriate responses to an imminent threat brace us for adversities. The ability to sense and predict threatening or stressful events is essential for such adaptive behaviour. In the mammalian brain, one putative stress sensor is the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), an area that is readily activated by both physical and psychological stressors. However, the role of the PVT in the establishment of adaptive behavioural responses remains unclear. Here we show in mice that the PVT regulates fear processing in the lateral division of the central amygdala (CeL), a structure that orchestrates fear learning and expression. Selective inactivation of CeL-projecting PVT neurons prevented fear conditioning, an effect that can be accounted for by an impairment in fear-conditioning-induced synaptic potentiation onto somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) CeL neurons, which has previously been shown to store fear memory. Consistently, we found that PVT neurons preferentially innervate SOM+ neurons in ...
Amygdala Complex - 055 - Casa de los RemediosAmygdala Complex - 055 - Casa de los Remedios
This product can potentially help with Rhino-pharyngitis, amygdalin, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, angina pectoris. Contact our naturist expert for a free consultation, Monday through Friday after 2:30 pm (619) 429 6012. Recommended use:40 drops in 3 cc. of water, one or two times a day between meals. Allow it to stay unde
Using executive control training to suppress amygdala reactivity to aversive information :: MPG.PuReUsing executive control training to suppress amygdala reactivity to aversive information :: MPG.PuRe
Author: Cohen, N. et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Published in Print: 2016-01-15; Keywords: Amygdala; Executive control; Training; Emotional interference; Inferior frontal gyrus; fMRI; Connectivity; Title: Using executive control training to suppress amygdala reactivity to aversive information
Reply to: Citation distortions in the literature on the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region and amygdala activation...Reply to: Citation distortions in the literature on the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region and amygdala activation...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Reply to. T2 - Citation distortions in the literature on the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region and amygdala activation. AU - Kaufman, Joan. PY - 2015/10/15. Y1 - 2015/10/15. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84941811747&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84941811747&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.035. DO - 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.035. M3 - Letter. C2 - 25840957. AN - SCOPUS:84941811747. VL - 78. SP - e37-e38. JO - Biological Psychiatry. JF - Biological Psychiatry. SN - 0006-3223. IS - 8. ER - ...
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological SciencesProceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
Locality and stratigraphy: Herefordshire, England; Wenlock Series, Silurian.. The carapace is large (maximum length, height, width: 5900, 3200, 3500 μm), slightly gaping, with a straight dorsal margin and otherwise an almost evenly curved lateral outline (figure 1d). The carapace is inflated posteriorly and narrows evenly in front of mid-length (figure 1g). A narrow gape extends from above anterior mid-height to behind mid-length. At mid-length, a narrow shallow adductorial sulcus extends to mid-height. A faint short preadductorial sulcus outlines an indistinct preadductorial node. The postadductorial lobate area is gently curved dorsally, ending in a slender posterodorsal spine. Both cardinal corners have a small acroidal spine. The free margin is narrow, flat and defined abaxially by an admarginal ridge (figure 1a,d).. The first antenna (figure 1c,d,f,h,j,k) has an elongate, subtriangular-shaped, tapering proximal part (=a podomere?) bearing two slender subparallel setae distally. Its distal ...
Plus itPlus it
The amygdala has an established role in fear conditioning (Blair et al., 2001; Schafe et al., 2001; Maren and Quirk, 2004; Johansen et al., 2010), with information for these events being stored in the amygdala as a result of synaptic plasticity (Rogan et al., 1997; Fanselow and LeDoux, 1999; Blair et al., 2001). However, a less well defined, yet highly important role, of the amygdala is its ability to influence other forms of memory, particularly when the learning episode has a degree of emotional salience (Paz et al., 2006). The mechanisms by which the lateral amygdala modulates LTP in the perirhinal cortex have only recently been described (Laing and Bashir, 2014), and this paper expands our understanding of these mechanistic processes by studying the receptor mechanisms required for amygdala−perirhinal LTD.. We observed that LTD between the lateral amygdala and layer II/III of the perirhinal cortex is NMDAR-dependent and does not rely on β-ADRs or VGCCs. This is in contrast to LTP between ...
The Eight Grade Science Fair - Brown Supplement EssayThe Eight Grade Science Fair - Brown Supplement Essay
Shadows formed under my eyes as I spent nights inputting the results of the Myers-Briggs tests--which measure introversion and extroversion--and comparing them to the masses of saliva I collected. Would there even be any relationship between the two? As drowsiness shuffled in, so did many forms of lucidity: modest drool suddenly transformed into a product of amygdala stimulation! I started seeing happiness measured in endorphin levels and temperature measured in neurons firing in the hypothalamus. After all, I was weighing personality in grams of spit--anything was possible! It was an exciting yet humbling experience--to feel so much like a scientist but still be so far from one ...
Plus itPlus it
Our immunohistochemical studies suggest that similar populations of local and pcs interneurons may also be present in the rat BLA. GAD immunostaining revealed sparsely distributed local interneurons throughout the BLA as well as dense clusters localized to the lateral and medial borders of this brain region. It is noteworthy that PV staining was observed among the local interneurons but was not detected in the GAD-positive cells located within the dense clusters along the border of the BLA. Moreover, in the presence of glutamate receptor antagonists, GABAA IPSCs onto BLA pyramidal neurons could be evoked by stimulating electrodes placed distally, within the external capsule or locally, proximal to the cell being recorded. In addition, using a dual stimulation protocol, we demonstrated that a locally evoked conditioning IPSC significantly depressed the amplitude of a subsequent local test IPSC, evoked 250 ms later. In contrast, a distal conditioning IPSC, evoked by stimulating within the external ...
Eckhart Tolle Discussion Community • View topic - The Fear of Fear ItselfEckhart Tolle Discussion Community • View topic - The Fear of Fear Itself
An Amygdala Hijack lasts around 18 minutes, but a total of around 4-5 hours to completely leave the body. So a sufferer needs to at least perceive the unpleasant sensations as discomfort for those first 18 minutes of a hijack. Once the 18 minutes have passed the sufferer may start to feel much more comfortable with the stimulus. However, if the sufferer decides to avoid the stimulus using safety behaviours the Amygdala emotional memory will be even greater the next exposure occurs. This is due to operant conditioning (reward based). By avoiding the feared stimulus the physical discomfort lessens, causing the sufferer to continue avoidance... Which only leads to a increase amygdala response the next time the feared stimulus is encountered ...
Scientists locate brain circuit that triggers pleasure responseScientists locate brain circuit that triggers pleasure response
Researchers have confirmed that the central amygdala, located deep within the brain, is connected with fear and responses to unpleasant events. The team has also detected a circuit within this structure that reacts to rewarding events.
Yunhong Zha - NeL.eduYunhong Zha - NeL.edu
Wang P, Fang M, Zha Y, Lai J, Li Z. Dopamine inhibits excitatory neurotransmission in basolateral amygdala during development via pre-synaptic mechanism. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2014 Jan; 35(5): 385-392 ...
Brain Facts : Neuro NewsBrain Facts : Neuro News
Scientists have long believed that the central amygdala, a structure located deep within the brain, is linked with fear and responses to unpleasant events. However, a team of MIT neuroscientists has now discovered a circuit in this structure that responds to rewarding events.. Read more in MIT News.. ...
Amygdala volume and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity to social stress : WestminsterResearchAmygdala volume and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity to social stress : WestminsterResearch
The amygdala plays a central role in emotional processing and has an activating influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Structural changes in the amygdala have been associated with early adversity and, in principle, may contribute to the later emergence of emotional pathologies by influencing the way that the brain responds to stress provocation. The present study examined the relationship between amygdala volumes and cortisol secretion in response to a social stressor among young adults who were or were not exposed to maternal postnatal depression (PND) early in development (referred to as PND offspring and controls, respectively). Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM) revealed that, on a sample-wide level, there was no evidence of a relationship between total amygdala volume, or the volume of the right or left hemisphere amygdala taken separately, and cortisol reactivity. Unexpectedly, for PND offspring, larger right hemisphere amygdala volume was associated with lower ...
Basal nuclei | definition of basal nuclei by Medical dictionaryBasal nuclei | definition of basal nuclei by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of basal nuclei in the Medical Dictionary? basal nuclei explanation free. What is basal nuclei? Meaning of basal nuclei medical term. What does basal nuclei mean?
Smaller amygdala is associated with anxiety in patients with panic disorder - Hayano - 2009 - Psychiatry and Clinical...Smaller amygdala is associated with anxiety in patients with panic disorder - Hayano - 2009 - Psychiatry and Clinical...
Our previous study found volume reduction of the amygdala when we estimated regional GM volume using optimized VBM for the PD patients.37 The present study showed volume reduction of amygdala in PD patients, confirmed on both manual tracing and optimized VBM with small-volume correction. Furthermore, smaller amygdala was associated with anxiety, suggesting that the amygdala, especially the corticomedial nuclear group, is a crucial area of the neurobiological pathway underlying PD.. The amygdala is a heterogeneous collection of nuclear groups located in the temporal lobe.38 A variety of different functions has been attributed to the amygdaloid complex, including memory, attention, interpretation of emotional significance of sensory stimuli, perception of body movements and generation of emotional aspects of dreams.39-41 The amygdala consists of anterior nucleus (AN), LA, BA, CE, ME, CO and ABA. Notably, LA, BA and CE are candidate nuclei related to PD pathophysiology.42,43 The LA and BA receive ...
Altered Resting-State Amygdala Functional Connectivity after Real-Time fMRI Emotion Self-Regulation TrainingAltered Resting-State Amygdala Functional Connectivity after Real-Time fMRI Emotion Self-Regulation Training
BioMed Research International is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies covering a wide range of subjects in life sciences and medicine. The journal is divided into 55 subject-specific sections.
Integral Options Cafe: Researchers Investigate Novel Approaches to Reducing Negative MemoriesIntegral Options Cafe: Researchers Investigate Novel Approaches to Reducing Negative Memories
The valence of memories is malleable because of their intrinsic reconstructive property1. This property of memory has been used clinically to treat maladaptive behaviours2. However, the neuronal mechanisms and brain circuits that enable the switching of the valence of memories remain largely unknown. Here we investigated these mechanisms by applying the recently developed memory engram cell- manipulation technique3, 4. We labelled with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) a population of cells in either the dorsal dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus or the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) that were specifically activated during contextual fear or reward conditioning. Both groups of fear-conditioned mice displayed aversive light-dependent responses in an optogenetic place avoidance test, whereas both DG- and BLA-labelled mice that underwent reward conditioning exhibited an appetitive response in an optogenetic place preference test. Next, in an attempt to reverse the valence of memory within a ...
Serotonin transporter genotype modulates amygdala activity during mood by Seth J. Gillihan, Hengyi Rao et al."Serotonin transporter genotype modulates amygdala activity during mood" by Seth J. Gillihan, Hengyi Rao et al.
Gillihan, S. J., Rao, H., Wang, J., Detre, J., Breland, J., … Farah, M. J. (2010). Serotonin transporter genotype modulates amygdala activity during mood recovery. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5, 1-10.. ...
Effects of stress on memory - WikipediaEffects of stress on memory - Wikipedia
The effects of stress on memory include interference with a persons capacity to encode memory and the ability to retrieve information. During times of stress, the body reacts by secreting stress hormones into the bloodstream. Stress can cause acute and chronic changes in certain brain areas which can cause long-term damage. Over-secretion of stress hormones most frequently impairs memory, but in a few cases can enhance it. In particular, the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and the amygdala are affected. One class of stress hormone responsible for negatively affecting memory is the glucocorticoids (GCs), the most notable of which is cortisol. Glucocorticoids facilitate and impair the actions of stress in the brain memory process. Cortisol is a known biomarker for stress. Under normal circumstances, the hippocampus regulates the production of cortisol through negative feedback because it has many receptors that are sensitive to these stress hormones. However, an excess of cortisol can impair the ...
Redondo and Kim et al., Nature, 2014 - The Ramirez GroupRedondo and Kim et al., Nature, 2014 - The Ramirez Group
The valence of memories is malleable because of their intrinsic reconstructive property1. This property of memory has been used clinically to treat maladaptive behaviours. However, the neuronal mechanisms and brain circuits that enable the switching of the valence of memories remain largely unknown. Here we investigated these mechanisms by applying the recently developed memory engram cellmanipulation technique. We labelled with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) a population of cells in either the dorsal dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus or the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) that were specifically activated during contextual fear or reward conditioning. Both groups of fear-conditioned mice displayed aversive light-dependent responses in an optogenetic place avoidance test, whereas both DGand BLA-labelled mice that underwent reward conditioning exhibited an appetitive response in an optogenetic place preference test. Next, in an attempt to reverse the valence of memory within a subject, ...
What is Post Traumatic Stress DisorderWhat is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD is associated with a number of distinctive neurobiological and physiological changes. PTSD may be associated with stable neurobiological alterations in both the central and autonomic nervous systems, such as altered brainwave activity, decreased volume of the hippocampus, and abnormal activation of the amygdala. Both the hippocampus and the amygdala are involved in the processing and integration of memory. The amygdala has also been found to be involved in coordinating the bodys fear response.. Psychophysiological alterations associated with PTSD include hyper-arousal of the sympathetic nervous system, increased sensitivity of the startle reflex, and sleep abnormalities.. People with PTSD tend to have abnormal levels of key hormones involved in the body s response to stress. Thyroid function also seems to be enhanced in people with PTSD. Some studies have shown that cortisol levels in those with PTSD are lower than normal and epinephrine and norepinephrine levels are higher than normal. ...
Featured Books: EducationFeatured Books: Education
Merrells Strong Start Pre-K: a Social and Emotional Learning Curriculum, Second Edition. Sara Whitcomb & Danielle Parisi Damico, $53.50 (Preschool to Kindergarten). Merrells Strong Start-Grades K-2: a Social and Emotional Learning Curriculum, Second Edition. Sara Whitcomb & Danielle Parisi Damico, $53.50. Merrells Strong Kids Grades 3-5: a Social and Emotional Learning Curriculum, Second Edition. Dianna Carrizales-Engelmann, Laura Feuerborn, Barbara Gueldner & Oanh Tran, $53.50. Merrells Strong Kids Grades 6-8: a Social and Emotional Learning Curriculum, Second Edition. Dianna Carrizales-Engelmann, Laura Feuerborn, Barbara Gueldner & Oanh Tran, $53.50 Merrells Strong Teens Grades 9-12: a Social and Emotional Learning Curriculum, Second Edition. Dianna Carrizales-Engelmann, Laura Feuerborn, Barbara Gueldner & Oanh Tran, $53.50. Teach social-emotional competence the foundation of school and social success with the NEW editions of the Strong Kids curriculum! Strong Kids is the fun and easy way ...
Right and left amygdalae activation in patients with major depression receiving antidepressant treatment, as revealed by fMRI |...Right and left amygdalae activation in patients with major depression receiving antidepressant treatment, as revealed by fMRI |...
Health Survey Reports 2017. This week data from representative surveys on health behaviours have been made available by the the Department of Health (ROI) and the Department of Health (NI). Northern Ireland. First results from Health Survey Northern Ireland 2016/17 are now available. This annual survey collects information on the health behaviours of the population in Northern Ireland age 16 and older. Prevalence of smoking has fallen to 20%, with 62% of smokers reporting that they wanted to quit and 75% reporting that they had tried to stop smoking. The proportion of the population eating 5 or more portions of fruit or vegetables in a day rose from 37% to 43% over the last two survey years. 36% of the adult population are overweight, and 27% are obese, with no increase on last year but a general upward trend in obesity over the decade.. Republic of Ireland. The publication of the Northern Ireland data coincides with the publication of data from the Healthy Ireland Survey 2017 in the Republic of ...
COMPARISON OF EMOTIONAL RESPONSES IN MONKEYS WITH RHINAL CORTEX OR AMYGDALA LESIONS - CogprintsCOMPARISON OF EMOTIONAL RESPONSES IN MONKEYS WITH RHINAL CORTEX OR AMYGDALA LESIONS - Cogprints
Four emotionally arousing stimuli were used to probe the behavior of monkeys with bilateral ablations of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortex. The animals behavioral changes were then contrasted with those observed earlier (Meunier et al., 1999) in monkeys with either neurotoxic or aspiration lesions of the neighboring amygdala. Rhinal cortex ablations yielded several subtle behavioral changes, but none of them resembled any of the disorders typically seen after amygdalectomies. The changes produced by rhinal damage took mainly the form of heightened defensiveness, and attenuated submission and approach responses, that is, just the opposite of some of the most distinctive symptoms following amygdala damage. These findings raise the possibility that the rhinal cortex and amygdala have distinct, interactive, functions in normal behavioral adaptation to affective stimuli. ...
Serotonin, Amygdala and Fear: Assembling the Puzzle. - Department of PharmacologySerotonin, Amygdala and Fear: Assembling the Puzzle. - Department of Pharmacology
The fear circuitry orchestrates defense mechanisms in response to environmental threats. This circuitry is evolutionarily crucial for survival, but its dysregulation is thought to play a major role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric conditions in humans. The amygdala is a key player in the processing of fear. This brain area is prominently modulated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). The 5-HT input to the amygdala has drawn particular interest because genetic and pharmacological alterations of the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) affect amygdala activation in response to emotional stimuli. Nonetheless, the impact of 5-HT on fear processing remains poorly understood.The aim of this review is to elucidate the physiological role of 5-HT in fear learning via its action on the neuronal circuits of the amygdala. Since 5-HT release increases in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) during both fear memory acquisition and expression, we examine whether and how 5-HT neurons encode aversive
Beta-catenin: The Protein That Aids Fear Memory FormationBeta-catenin: The Protein That Aids Fear Memory Formation
Experiments on mice conducted by Emory University researchers have revealed that a protein required for the earliest steps in embryonic development, beta-catenin, also plays a key
Threat intensity matters: Graded fear processing in a central amygdala CRF circuit. | University Program in Genetics & GenomicsThreat intensity matters: Graded fear processing in a central amygdala CRF circuit. | University Program in Genetics & Genomics
Fear is a graded central motive state ranging from mild to intense. As threat intensity increases, fear transitions from discriminative to generalized. The circuit mechanisms that process threats of different intensity are not well resolved. Here, we isolate a unique population of locally projecting neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) that produce the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). CRF-producing neurons and CRF in the CeA are required for discriminative fear, but both are dispensable for generalized fear at high US intensities.
Lifelong Effects of Hormones on Brain Development: Relationship to Health and Disease : Extreme Fear, Shyness, and Social...Lifelong Effects of Hormones on Brain Development: Relationship to Health and Disease : Extreme Fear, Shyness, and Social...
This chapter represents the neural circuits that underlie fear responses in animals and explores the possible implications for understanding fear and shyness in humans. It is shown in recent data that contextual and punctate auditory stimuli use different intra-amygdala pathways to access the central nucleus. There are two variables, similarity of a response to an animals species-typical defensive behavior and degree of fear, that present two dimensions along which the reactive and active systems may interact. The amygdala appears to be the place where both learning and expression of fear responses take place. ...
Fear discovery could lead to new interventions for PTSD - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.comFear discovery could lead to new interventions for PTSD - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
In examining the role of the amygdala, Feinstein observed and recorded the patients responses during exposure to snakes and spiders (two of the most commonly feared animals), during a visit to one of the worlds scariest haunted houses, and while watching a series of horror films. Feinstein also measured the patients experience of fear with a large number of standardized questionnaires that probed different aspects of fear, ranging from the fear of death to the fear of public speaking. Additionally, over a three-month period, the patient carried a computerized emotion diary that randomly asked her to rate her current fear level throughout the day.. Across all of the scenarios, the patient failed to experience fear. Moreover, in everyday life, she has encountered numerous traumatic events that have threatened her very existence, yet, by her report, have caused no fear.. "Taken together, these findings suggest that the human amygdala is a pivotal area of the brain for triggering a state of ...
Alcohol attenuates amygdala-frontal connectivity during processing social signals in heavy social drinkers | SpringerLinkAlcohol attenuates amygdala-frontal connectivity during processing social signals in heavy social drinkers | SpringerLink
Convergent evidence shows that alcohol exerts its effects on social behavior via modulation of amygdala reactivity to affective stimuli. Given that affective processing involves dynamic interactions b
Category: - TacticalPsych.comCategory: - TacticalPsych.com
We know that the amygdala contains, instinctive and intuitive fears, but also that it can learn. Combat affects soldiers violently, and they must be conditioned to deal with their fear. If training can condition a warrior to kill, then training can condition him to cope with fear. The key is not desensitization, but sensitization. Soldiers need to know how their minds and bodies will react to fear and develop a combative mindset that mitigates the psychological and physiological effects of fear. Experiential learning is critical in sensitizing soldiers to the bedlam of combat. Numerous experiments have shown that while it is virtually impossible without radical brain surgery to completely eliminate the instinctive amygdalic response to danger, it is possible, through training, to modify the flinch response. The amygdalic receives INPUT from every sensory system of the body. Thus the amygdala can create responses to danger signals represented in the visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile or ...
Emotional Regulation - 5 Ways To Teach It To Your Child | BellyBellyEmotional Regulation - 5 Ways To Teach It To Your Child | BellyBelly
From toddlerhood to adulthood, big feeling can create big reactions. In this brilliant article, discover 5 ways to teach your child emotional regulation.
The genie is out of the bottle: vaccines cause autism | Left Brain Right BrainThe genie is out of the bottle: vaccines cause autism | Left Brain Right Brain
Thats what you will read if you check out discussions of a new paper, Influence of pediatric vaccines on amygdala growth and opioid ligand binding in rhesus macaque infants: A pilot study, by L. Hewitson, B. Lopresti, C. Stott, N.S. Mason, and J. Tomko. If you are wondering, yes, that is the same Laura Hewitson…
Sideways Faces may Become More Memorable for Brain Damage PatientsSideways Faces may Become More Memorable for Brain Damage Patients
In contrast with previous studies, individuals with amygdala damage remembered faces looking to the side more than those looking towards them.
Features Articles - funding, clinical trials and cell & molecular biology | The Scientist Magazine®| Page 9Features Articles - funding, clinical trials and cell & molecular biology | The Scientist Magazine®| Page 9
Amygdala responses to the facial signals of others predict both normal and abnormal emotional states. An understanding of the brain chemistry underlying these responses will lead to new strategies for treating and predicting psychopathology.. 0 Comments. ...
Recent Articles | Art And Cell & Molecular Biology | The Scientist Magazine®| Page 71Recent Articles | Art And Cell & Molecular Biology | The Scientist Magazine®| Page 71
Amygdala responses to the facial signals of others predict both normal and abnormal emotional states. An understanding of the brain chemistry underlying these responses will lead to new strategies for treating and predicting psychopathology.. 0 Comments. ...
Synaptic actin dynamics and the selective vulnerability of drug-associated memory - Courtney MillerSynaptic actin dynamics and the selective vulnerability of drug-associated memory - Courtney Miller
Clinicians can offer little hope to people addicted to psychostimulants. Recovering addicts are driven to relapse by the motivation and amygdala activation elic...
Emotion Sensors Evoke Emotional Response | Sensors...'Emotion Sensors' Evoke Emotional Response | Sensors...
Recent news has reported several developments in sensors that detect and report human emotional responses. The applications are varied and intriguing-and do a good job of evoking emotional response themselves.
Rejecting the mean girl framework.Rejecting the "mean girl" framework.
See our Handbook on Social and Emotional Learning and download our Guide to SEL programs and other resources. More Resources. ...
Rhythm of Breathing Key to Controlling Fear and Emotional BehaviorRhythm of Breathing Key to Controlling Fear and Emotional Behavior
When equipped with an understanding of how the body manages the emotional system, we can easily outsmart it into emotional balance and controlling fear.
About Limbic System, MSN, RN | allnursesAbout Limbic System, MSN, RN | allnurses
About Limbic System, MSN, RN - Welcome to my allnursesPage! You can learn all about me here. Together, we can learn, share, and network with nurses and nursing students from all around the world.
The goal of this examine was to create and assess the amounts of complex one exercise in the three key brain compartments |...The goal of this examine was to create and assess the amounts of complex one exercise in the three key brain compartments |...
Though we presently know that complex 1 decreases in the mind in the course of ageing and neurodegeneration we established out to evaluate immediately which
Brain Architecture Genes DatabaseBrain Architecture Genes Database
Brain Regions (94): CTX (Cerebral cortex) MOB (Main olfactory bulb) AOB (Accessory olfactory bulb) AON (Anterior olfactory nucleus) TT (Taenia tecta) PIR (Piriform area) NLOT (Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract) PAA (Piriform-amygdalar area) COA (Cortical amygdalar area) TR (Postpiriform transition area) CA (Ammons Horn) DG (Dentate gyrus) RHP (Retrohippocampal region) SUB (Subiculum) CP (Caudoputamen ) ACB (Nucleus accumbens ) FS (Fundus of striatum) OT (Olfactory tubercle ) LS (Lateral septal nucleus ) CEA (Central amygdalar nucleus ) AAA (Anterior amygdalar area) MEA (Medial amygdalar nucleus ) PALd (Pallidum_ dorsal region) PALv (Pallidum_ ventral region) BST (Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis ) PALm (Pallidum_ medial region) AM (Anteromedial nucleus) AV (Anteroventral nucleus of thalamus ) LD (Lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus) RT (Reticular nucleus of the thalamus) LAT (Lateral group of the dorsal thalamus) LP (Lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus) LGv (Ventral part of the ...
Accumulation of polyribosomes in dendritic spine heads, but not bases and necks, during memory consolidation depends on cap...Accumulation of polyribosomes in dendritic spine heads, but not bases and necks, during memory consolidation depends on cap...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Accumulation of polyribosomes in dendritic spine heads, but not bases and necks, during memory consolidation depends on cap-dependent translation initiation. AU - Ostroff,Linnaea E.. AU - Botsford,Benjamin. AU - Gindina,Sofya. AU - Cowansage,Kiriana K.. AU - Ledoux,Joseph E.. AU - Klann,Eric. AU - Hoeffer,Charles. PY - 2017/2/15. Y1 - 2017/2/15. N2 - Translation in dendrites is believed to support synaptic changes during memory consolidation. Although translational control mechanisms are fundamental mediators of memory, little is known about their role in local translation. We previously found that polyribosomes accumulate in dendritic spines of the adult rat lateral amygdala (LA) during consolidation of aversive pavlovian conditioning and that this memory requires cap-dependent initiation, a primary point of translational control in eukaryotic cells. Here we used serial electron microscopy reconstructions to quantify polyribosomes in LA dendrites when consolidation was blocked ...
Just Relax: The Science Behind Using Meditation to Combat Stress and Improve Your Health - North American Thrombosis ForumJust Relax: The Science Behind Using Meditation to Combat Stress and Improve Your Health - North American Thrombosis Forum
Stress. Its something that everyone deals with in their lives, but too much of it can be very unhealthy. It can lead to heart disease, insomnia, high blood pressure, and more.. "The stress response, in and of itself, is not a bad thing," explained Dr. Darshan Mehta, Medical Director at the Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital. "It was important for our survival as the human species. If there was an imminent danger in front of us, we were able to muster up resources in a short amount of time. This became known as the fight or flight response.". "Over the past 40 years, weve learned that when that response is chronically activated, the consequences are contributing factors to a whole host of conditions, such as hypertension, respiratory conditions like asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease," he stipulated. Patients managing chronic illnesses, such as blood clots, are especially at risk for being stressed and anxious. They are often balancing the ...
Contextual and Auditory Fear Conditioning Continue to Emerge during the Periweaning Period in Rats - pdf descargarContextual and Auditory Fear Conditioning Continue to Emerge during the Periweaning Period in Rats - pdf descargar
Contextual and Auditory Fear Conditioning Continue to Emerge during the Periweaning Period in Rats. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.
Limbic brain - definition of limbic brain by The Free DictionaryLimbic brain - definition of limbic brain by The Free Dictionary
Define limbic brain. limbic brain synonyms, limbic brain pronunciation, limbic brain translation, English dictionary definition of limbic brain. Noun 1. limbic brain - a system of functionally related neural structures in the brain that are involved in emotional behavior limbic system, visceral brain...
Characterising amygdala activation during emotion processing in a sub-clinical anxiety cohort. - Surrey Research Insight Open...Characterising amygdala activation during emotion processing in a sub-clinical anxiety cohort. - Surrey Research Insight Open...
Emotions play a pivotal role in guiding our behaviour within society and our environment. In particular, emotions enable interpersonal social interactions through non-verbal communication that may be below conscious awareness. However, when there is some disruption to normal emotional processing, such as in anxiety disorders, quality of life of the individual can be severely disrupted. Anxiety disorders account for nearly a quarter of all mental health diagnoses, however the aetiology and underpinning neural correlates of anxiety are still not fully understood. This thesis sought to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms of emotion processing, specifically in the amygdala, in a healthy sub-clinical cohort. Six different studies are presented using quantitative methodology to explore amygdala activation and connectivity during emotion processing, and structural differences, as modulated by gender and sub-clinical anxiety. Overall results reveal a modulating effect of sub-clinical anxiety on ...
Time-dependent effects of corticosteroids on human amygdala processingTime-dependent effects of corticosteroids on human amygdala processing
Acute stress is associated with a sensitized amygdala. Corticosteroids, released in response to stress, are suggested to restore homeostasis by normalizing/desensitizing brain processing in the aftermath of stress. Here, we investigated the effects of corticosteroids on amygdala processing using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Since corticosteroids exert rapid nongenomic and slow genomic effects, we administered hydrocortisone either 75 min (rapid effects) or 285 min (slow effects) before scanning in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Seventy-two healthy males were scanned while viewing faces morphing from a neutral facial expression into fearful or happy expressions. Imaging results revealed that hydrocortisone desensitizes amygdala responsivity rapidly, while it selectively normalizes responses to negative stimuli slowly. Psychophysiological interaction analyses suggested that this slow normalization is related to an altered coupling of the amygdala with the medial ...
Newbie neurons make fear hard to forget - FuturityNewbie neurons make fear hard to forget - Futurity
UC BERKELEY (US) - When faced with a fearful situation, newborn neurons are able to produce a blank slate to create a strong imprint of the memory.. The findings have implications for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other problems caused by faulty regulation of emotional memory.. "We remember emotional events much more strongly than daily experiences, and for a long time we have known that connections between the amygdala and hippocampus help to encode this emotional information," says Daniela Kaufer, assistant professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley.. "Our research shows that amygdala input actually pushes the hippocampus to make new neurons from a unique population of neural stem cells. This provides completely new cells that get activated in response to emotional input.". The research is published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry.. "Many affective disorders involve disordered emotional memories like PTSD, depression, and anxiety. We think that ...
Emotional Modulation of the Synapse - Download linkEmotional Modulation of the Synapse - Download link
Emotional Modulation of the Synapse - free book at E-Books Directory. You can download the book or read it online. It is made freely available by its author and publisher.
The Role of Early Adverse Life Events in the Etiology of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - HEIM - 1997 - Annals of...The Role of Early Adverse Life Events in the Etiology of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - HEIM - 1997 - Annals of...
Mary Gilliam, Erika E. Forbes, Peter J. Gianaros, Kirk I. Erickson, Lauretta M. Brennan, Daniel S. Shaw, Maternal depression in childhood and aggression in young adulthood: evidence for mediation by offspring amygdala-hippocampal volume ratio, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2015, 56, 10, ...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHumanitiesInformation ScienceHealth Care
FearEmotionsFacial ExpressionConditioning, ClassicalMagnetic Resonance ImagingConditioning (Psychology)Neural PathwaysBrain MappingBehavior, AnimalLimbic SystemAvoidance LearningFreezing Reaction, CatalepticMemoryRats, Long-EvansExtinction, PsychologicalPrefrontal CortexRats, Sprague-DawleyElectroshockAnxietyBrainSeptal NucleiImage Processing, Computer-AssistedAnalysis of VarianceHippocampusFunctional LateralityNeuronsKindling, NeurologicAssociation LearningIbotenic AcidCorticotropin-Releasing HormonePhotic StimulationProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosRewardStartle ReactionMicroinjectionsArousalLipoid Proteinosis of Urbach and WietheCuesFunctional NeuroimagingMuscimolPattern Recognition, VisualFaceExploratory BehaviorNerve NetAcoustic StimulationGyrus CinguliNeuronal PlasticityReaction TimeNeuronal Tract-TracersStress, PsychologicalReceptors, Corticotropin-Releasing HormoneConditioning, OperantLong-Term PotentiationMaze LearningCerebral CortexSocial PerceptionSocial BehaviorSynaptic TransmissionGalvanic Skin ResponseHappinessAffectDominance, CerebralRestraint, PhysicalSubliminal StimulationNeuropsychological TestsOncogene Proteins v-fosgamma-Aminobutyric AcidRats, WistarTemporal LobeRecognition (Psychology)CorticosteroneOlfactory PathwaysAnti-Anxiety AgentsElectric StimulationThalamusSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeTasteAngerLearningNucleus AccumbensReinforcement (Psychology)Receptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateRetention (Psychology)OxygenSerotonin Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsEvoked PotentialsHabituation, PsychophysiologicHypothalamusExpressed EmotionElectrodes, ImplantedNeural InhibitionSex CharacteristicsSubstantia InnominataGABA AgonistsExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsMacaca mulattaSynapsesCocaineBipolar DisorderProsencephalonEpilepsy, Temporal LobeInhibition (Psychology)Time FactorsGABA-A Receptor AgonistsStilbamidinesAnxiety DisordersChoice BehaviorEthanolInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsIndividualityExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsGABA AntagonistsNeuropeptide YPatch-Clamp TechniquesSelf AdministrationBehaviorInterneuronsAttentionAggressionReceptors, GABA-AMice, Inbred C57BLAfferent PathwaysBasal GangliaNeuroimagingStress, PhysiologicalReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateMental RecallDisease Models, AnimalDepressive Disorder, MajorSomanDominance-SubordinationFlupenthixolImmunohistochemistryAppetitive BehaviorParvalbuminsDopamineCentral Nervous System DepressantsTaste PerceptionBrain ChemistryBehavior, AddictiveDiscrimination (Psychology)Synaptic PotentialsCocaine-Related DisordersOxytocinAction PotentialsPonsBrain Damage, ChronicDose-Response Relationship, DrugOlfactory PerceptionReceptors, AMPAFood PreferencesInstinctMaternal BehaviorParahippocampal GyrusSeizuresPain PerceptionMicrodialysisAnticipation, PsychologicalSexual Behavior, AnimalPainDrug Administration RoutesPreoptic AreaPhobic DisordersOlfactory BulbDopamine Uptake InhibitorsGlutamic AcidLithium ChlorideMotor ActivityModels, NeurologicalPsychomotor PerformanceMotivationAtrophySatiety ResponseAnimals, NewbornDopamine AntagonistsParaventricular Hypothalamic NucleusEfferent PathwaysSaccharinPeriaqueductal GrayAnisomycinWit and Humor as TopicVisual PerceptionStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticHypothalamo-Hypophyseal SystemMemory, Long-TermPituitary-Adrenal SystemEscape ReactionTemperamentKinesicsPhysical StimulationInjections, IntraventricularStereotaxic TechniquesElectrophysiologyCognitionNarcoticsReference ValuesAutistic DisorderCycloserineGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsAlcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System
Neuroscience of musicNeuroscience of music
They found that as these chills increase, many changes in cerebral blood flow are seen in brain regions such as the amygdala, ... Gosselin, Peretz, Johnsen and Adolphs (2007) studied S.M., a patient with bilateral damage of the amygdala with the rest of the ... Damage to the amygdala has selective emotional impairments on musical recognition. ... It appears that damage specific to the amygdala can selectively impair recognition of scary music. ...
Olfactory memoryOlfactory memory
Role of the amygdala[edit]. The amygdala is a complex set of nuclei situated in the anterior temporal lobe and lies beneath the ... The amygdala is involved in the formation of memories of emotional experiences, particularly those associated with fear, flight ... The cat odor induced an inhibition of the endocannabinoid system in the amygdala which has been suggested to induce anxiety- ... Without a properly functioning amygdala, olfactory memories would not be able to form which could put an animal at risk of ...
Causes of autismCauses of autism
Amygdala neurons[edit]. This theory hypothesizes that an early developmental failure involving the amygdala cascades on the ... Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area. Int J Dev Neurosci. ...
Generalized anxiety disorderGeneralized anxiety disorder
Another difference is that the amygdala areas have decreased connectivity with the insula and cingulate areas that control ... Another area, the adjacent central nucleus of the amygdala, controls species-specific fear responses in its connections to the ... Generalized anxiety disorder has been linked to disrupted functional connectivity of the amygdala and its processing of fear ... The latter suggests a compensation strategy for dysfunctional amygdala processing of anxiety. This is consistent with cognitive ...
NeurotransmitterNeurotransmitter
LC firing may also increase anxiety ...Stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors in the amygdala results in enhanced memory for ... Neurons from the VTA innervate the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens), olfactory bulb, amygdala, hippocampus, orbital and ... amygdala and hippocampus), and encodes new motor programs that will facilitate obtaining this reward in the future (nucleus ... amygdala, and hypothalamus. ... While the best characterized function of the histamine system in the brain is regulation of ...
ProxemicsProxemics
The amygdala is suspected of processing people's strong reactions to personal space violations since these are absent in those ... First, it is activated by such proximity, and second, in those with complete bilateral damage to their amygdala, such as ... Further, our findings are consistent with those in monkeys with bilateral amygdala lesions, who stay within closer proximity to ... "Our findings suggest that the amygdala may mediate the repulsive force that helps to maintain a minimum distance between people ...
Stress (biology)Stress (biology)
The SAM and HPA axes are regulated by several brain regions, including the limbic system, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, ... Generally, the amygdala stimulates, and the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus attenuate, HPA axis activity; however, complex ... The release of CRH and VP are regulated by descending glutaminergic and GABAergic pathways from the amygdala, as well as ... including the amygdala. CRH is the main regulatory molecule of the release of ACTH.[39] ...
Biology and political orientationBiology and political orientation
Students who reported more conservative political views were found to have larger amygdalae,[3] a structure in the temporal ... Studies have found that subjects with conservative political views have larger amygdalae and are more prone to feeling disgust ... with larger amygdalae correlating with larger and more complex social networks.[8][9] It is also postulated to play a role in ... The amygdala is responsible for important roles in social interaction, such as the recognition of emotional cues in facial ...
OxytocinOxytocin
... females show increased amygdala activity in response to threatening scenes; however, males do not show increased amygdala ... Nasally administered oxytocin has been reported to reduce fear, possibly by inhibiting the amygdala (which is thought to be ... Estrogen has been shown to stimulate the release of oxytocin from the hypothalamus and promote receptor binding in the amygdala ... including the amygdala, ventromedial hypothalamus, septum, nucleus accumbens, and brainstem.[citation needed] ...
Willis ConoverWillis Conover
Amygdala. Article about Conover's interest in science fiction and fantasy, including his correspondence with H. P. Lovecraft. ...
Fusiform face areaFusiform face area
Infant vision involves only light and dark recognition, recognizing only major features of the face, activating the amygdala. ... These disruptions and emotions are first processed in the amygdala and later transmitted to the FFA for facial recognition. ... "A Developmental Examination of Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 20 (9): 1565-82. ...
Causes of transsexualityCauses of transsexuality
Both groups experienced amygdala activation in response to EST. Gynephilic male control groups experienced hypothalamic ...
Joseph E. LeDouxJoseph E. LeDoux
In 2018 he further said that the amygdala may release hormones due to a trigger (such as an innate reaction to seeing a snake ... "Amygdala, Medial Prefrontal Cortex, and Hippocampal Function in PTSD." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) 1071: ... Phelps, Elizabeth A.; Ledoux, Joseph E. (2005). "Contributions of the Amygdala to Emotion Processing: From Animal Models to ... Nader K, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2000) Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after ...
VerminatorsVerminators
Amygdala Music - Jonathan Miller. Amygdala Music. 2008-12-19. Retrieved on 2009-02-06. "Verminators" (2008) - Full cast and ...
Sleep deprivationSleep deprivation
... a prefrontal amygdala disconnect". Current Biology. 17 (20): R877-R878. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.007. PMID 17956744.. ...
Lateral hypothalamusLateral hypothalamus
"Limbic System: Amygdala". In Byrne, John H. Homeostasis and Higher Brain Function. Neuroscience Online. University of Texas ... Medial prefrontal cortex Central nucleus of the amygdala The orexinergic projections from the lateral hypothalamus innervate ... Other output regions include: the ventromedial hypothalamus, medial and lateral septal nuclei, central medial amygdala, zona ... Reppucci, Christina J.; Petrovich, Gorica D. (2015-07-14). "Organization of connections between the amygdala, medial prefrontal ...
PrunumPrunum
... amygdala Kiener. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010. Prunum antillanum (Sarasúa, 1992 ...
TRPC5TRPC5
"Essential role for TRPC5 in amygdala function and fear-related behavior". Cell. 137 (4): 761-72. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.03. ...
ManiaMania
Imaging studies have shown that the left amygdala is more active in women who are manic and the orbitofrontal cortex is less ... On the other hand, pretreatment hyperactivity in the amygdala is reduced post treatment but still increased relative to ... "Increased Amygdala Activation During Mania: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study". Am J Psychiatry. 162 (6): 1211-13. ...
AstrocyteAstrocyte
Ebert, U; Koch, M (September 1997). "Acoustic startle-evoked potentials in the rat amygdala: effect of kindling". Physiology & ...
Lateral hypothalamusLateral hypothalamus
"Limbic System: Amygdala". In Byrne, John H. Homeostasis and Higher Brain Function. Neuroscience Online. University of Texas ... Other output regions include: the ventromedial hypothalamus, medial and lateral septal nuclei, central medial amygdala, zona ... "Organization of connections between the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and lateral hypothalamus: a single and double ...
English words of Greek originEnglish words of Greek origin
... almond and amygdala (ἀμυγδάλη); dram and drachma (δραχμή), also dirhem via Arabic; paper and papyrus (πάπυρος); carat and ...
Anette PrehnAnette Prehn
"Bliv ven med hjernens amygdala". Dafolos online-butik. Retrieved 23 November 2017. Schrøder, Malene. "Rejsen til Amygdala (in ... ISBN 978-87-7160-681-2 Bliv ven med hjernens amygdala (2017), Dafolo. ISBN 978-87-7160-680-5 Stierne i hjernen (2017), Dafolo. ... Mehlsen, Camilla (10 October 2015). "Farvel Freud, goddag Amygdala". Dagbladet Information. Retrieved 31 January 2017. "Gør ... Hello Amygdala" in Dagbladet Information. Gør hjernen til en medspiller (2017), Dafolo. ...
CroniaCronia
... amygdala (Kiener, 1835). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010. Cronia aurantiaca ( ... Species within the genus Cronia include: Cronia amygdala (Kiener, 1835) Cronia aurantiaca (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1853) Cronia ...
Olfactory systemOlfactory system
"Emotion, Olfaction, and the Human Amygdala: Amygdala Activation during Aversive Olfactory stimulation." JNeurosci. 14 Feb. 1997 ... The amygdala (in olfaction) processes pheromone, allomone, and kairomone (same-species, cross-species, and cross-species where ... The olfactory tubercle connects to numerous areas of the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, brain stem, retina, ... The uncus houses the olfactory cortex which includes the piriform cortex (posterior orbitofrontal cortex), amygdala, olfactory ...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHumanitiesInformation ScienceHealth Care
FearEmotionsFacial ExpressionConditioning, ClassicalMagnetic Resonance ImagingConditioning (Psychology)Neural PathwaysBrain MappingBehavior, AnimalLimbic SystemAvoidance LearningFreezing Reaction, CatalepticMemoryRats, Long-EvansExtinction, PsychologicalPrefrontal CortexRats, Sprague-DawleyElectroshockAnxietyBrainSeptal NucleiImage Processing, Computer-AssistedAnalysis of VarianceHippocampusFunctional LateralityNeuronsKindling, NeurologicAssociation LearningIbotenic AcidCorticotropin-Releasing HormonePhotic StimulationProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosRewardStartle ReactionMicroinjectionsArousalLipoid Proteinosis of Urbach and WietheCuesFunctional NeuroimagingMuscimolPattern Recognition, VisualFaceExploratory BehaviorNerve NetAcoustic StimulationGyrus CinguliNeuronal PlasticityReaction TimeNeuronal Tract-TracersStress, PsychologicalReceptors, Corticotropin-Releasing HormoneConditioning, OperantLong-Term PotentiationMaze LearningCerebral CortexSocial PerceptionSocial BehaviorSynaptic TransmissionGalvanic Skin ResponseHappinessAffectDominance, CerebralRestraint, PhysicalSubliminal StimulationNeuropsychological TestsOncogene Proteins v-fosgamma-Aminobutyric AcidRats, WistarTemporal LobeRecognition (Psychology)CorticosteroneOlfactory PathwaysAnti-Anxiety AgentsElectric StimulationThalamusSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeTasteAngerLearningNucleus AccumbensReinforcement (Psychology)Receptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateRetention (Psychology)OxygenSerotonin Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsEvoked PotentialsHabituation, PsychophysiologicHypothalamusExpressed EmotionElectrodes, ImplantedNeural InhibitionSex CharacteristicsSubstantia InnominataGABA AgonistsExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsMacaca mulattaSynapsesCocaineBipolar DisorderProsencephalonEpilepsy, Temporal LobeInhibition (Psychology)Time FactorsGABA-A Receptor AgonistsStilbamidinesAnxiety DisordersChoice BehaviorEthanolInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsIndividualityExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsGABA AntagonistsNeuropeptide YPatch-Clamp TechniquesSelf AdministrationBehaviorInterneuronsAttentionAggressionReceptors, GABA-AMice, Inbred C57BLAfferent PathwaysBasal GangliaNeuroimagingStress, PhysiologicalReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateMental RecallDisease Models, AnimalDepressive Disorder, MajorSomanDominance-SubordinationFlupenthixolImmunohistochemistryAppetitive BehaviorParvalbuminsDopamineCentral Nervous System DepressantsTaste PerceptionBrain ChemistryBehavior, AddictiveDiscrimination (Psychology)Synaptic PotentialsCocaine-Related DisordersOxytocinAction PotentialsPonsBrain Damage, ChronicDose-Response Relationship, DrugOlfactory PerceptionReceptors, AMPAFood PreferencesInstinctMaternal BehaviorParahippocampal GyrusSeizuresPain PerceptionMicrodialysisAnticipation, PsychologicalSexual Behavior, AnimalPainDrug Administration RoutesPreoptic AreaPhobic DisordersOlfactory BulbDopamine Uptake InhibitorsGlutamic AcidLithium ChlorideMotor ActivityModels, NeurologicalPsychomotor PerformanceMotivationAtrophySatiety ResponseAnimals, NewbornDopamine AntagonistsParaventricular Hypothalamic NucleusEfferent PathwaysSaccharinPeriaqueductal GrayAnisomycinWit and Humor as TopicVisual PerceptionStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticHypothalamo-Hypophyseal SystemMemory, Long-TermPituitary-Adrenal SystemEscape ReactionTemperamentKinesicsPhysical StimulationInjections, IntraventricularStereotaxic TechniquesElectrophysiologyCognitionNarcoticsReference ValuesAutistic DisorderCycloserineGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsAlcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System
amygdala - Scientific...'amygdala' - Scientific...
Scientific American is the essential guide to the most awe-inspiring advances in science and technology, explaining how they change our understanding of the world and shape our lives.
scientificamerican.com
amygdala - Scientific...'amygdala' - Scientific...
What Happens in the Amygdala... Damage to Brains Decision-Making Area May Encourage Dicey Gambles. Individuals with amygdala ... Autistic Males Have Fewer Neurons in Amygdala. David Biello. October 26, 2012Mind. How We Process Horrible Sounds. Researchers ... A recent study with monkeys finds that the amygdala, the emotional center of the brain, has neurons that fire for good ... It reveals that they involve the amygdala, the prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate and the anterior temporal cortex. ...
scientificamerican.com
Anesthesia analgesia in the amygdala | Nature NeuroscienceAnesthesia analgesia in the amygdala | Nature Neuroscience
A new study shows that anesthetics activate an endogenous analgesia neural ensemble in the central nucleus of the amygdala. ... A new study shows that anesthetics activate an endogenous analgesia neural ensemble in the central nucleus of the amygdala. ... General anesthetics activate a potent central pain-suppression circuit in the amygdala *Thuy Hua ... McCall, N.M., Wojick, J.A. & Corder, G. Anesthesia analgesia in the amygdala. Nat Neurosci (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/ ...
nature.com
Amygdala Plasticity and PainAmygdala Plasticity and Pain
1. The Amygdala and Pain. The amygdala is an almond-shaped limbic structure located in the medial temporal lobe and is well ... The amygdala receives multiple lines of input (Figure 1) relevant for pain processing, and multiple nuclei in the amygdala are ... It is now thought that this deficit was likely due to amygdala resection [16, 17], illustrating the importance of the amygdala ... 4. Pain-Related Amygdala-Centered Corticolimbic Interactions. Information processing in the amygdala can be regulated by ...
hindawi.com
Amygdala microcircuits controlling learned fear. - PubMed - NCBIAmygdala microcircuits controlling learned fear. - PubMed - NCBI
Intrinsic connectivity of the amygdala. Scheme of coronal section of the rat amygdala where all major internuclear connections ... Amygdala microcircuits controlling learned fear.. Duvarci S1, Pare D2.. Author information. 1. Institute of Neurophysiology, ... B1) Scheme of coronal section of the rat amygdala with camera lucida drawings of principal cells in LA, CeL, and ICMMV (black ... Physiological and morphological properties of amygdala neurons. (A) LA projection cell at low (A1) and high (A2) magnification ...
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Amygdala cerebelli definition | Drugs.comAmygdala cerebelli definition | Drugs.com
Definition of amygdala cerebelli. Provided by Stedmans medical dictionary and Drugs.com. Includes medical terms and ...
drugs.com
Amygdala News, Research - Page 4Amygdala News, Research - Page 4
Individual amygdala neurons respond to touch, imagery and sounds Individual neurons in the monkey amygdala that respond to ... Veterans, active-duty service members with PTSD and mTBI have larger amygdalas, finds study A new study finds that veterans and ... If functionality of the brains amygdala is impaired, illusory perceptions arise much faster and more pronounced. ... limbic regions including the amygdala and hippocampus), as well as memory and social processing (cortical regions including the ...
news-medical.net
Amygdala - definition of amygdala by The Free DictionaryAmygdala - definition of amygdala by The Free Dictionary
amygdala synonyms, amygdala pronunciation, amygdala translation, English dictionary definition of amygdala. n. pl. a·myg·da·lae ... amygdala. Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Wikipedia.. Related to amygdala: thalamus a·myg·da·la. (ə-mĭg′də-lə). n. pl. a·myg ... The amygdala is involved in handling the emotional information.. The role of the amygdala in the development of sexual arousal ... SOCIAL amygdala - a business and help in the South Moravian Region (AMYGDALA SOCIAL - podnikEime a pomEihEime v Jihomoravskem ...
thefreedictionary.com
Amygdala :: DNA Learning CenterAmygdala :: DNA Learning Center
The amygdala - fear and stress response. Professor Bruce McEwen discusses how the amygdala is involved in processing fear and ... The amygdala is a complex structure adjacent to the hippocampus. The amygdala is involved in processing emotions, and fear- ... The amygdala is a complex structure adjacent to the hippocampus. The amygdala is involved in processing emotions, and fear- ... The Amygdala, the Bodys Alarm Circuit. The amygdala controls autonomic responses associated with fear, arousal, and emotional ...
dnalc.org
Re: The self (the amygdala) and the triune brainRe: The self (the amygdala) and the triune brain
Re: The self (the amygdala) and the triune brain Bruno Marchal. * *Re: Re: The self (the amygdala) and the triune brain Roger ... Re: The self (the amygdala) and the triune brain Bruno Marchal. * *Re: Re: The self (the amygdala) and the triu... Roger Clough ... the amygdala) and the triune brain On 11 Sep 2012, at 13:05, Roger Clough wrote: The self (the amygdala) and the triune brain ... The amygdala is a small brain organ which is not pictured in the above diagram but is in the center of the reptelian brain in ...
mail-archive.com
Amygdala (definition) by Webster 1913 - Everything2.comAmygdala (definition) by Webster 1913 - Everything2.com
Amygdala (definition). See all of Amygdala, there is 1 more in this node. ...
everything2.com
Antagonistic negative and positive neurons of the basolateral amygdala | Nature NeuroscienceAntagonistic negative and positive neurons of the basolateral amygdala | Nature Neuroscience
The authors identify two genetic markers defining non-overlapping populations of principal cells in the amygdala that respond ... What is the amygdala?. Trends Neurosci. 21, 323-331 (1998).. **CAS*PubMed*Article*Google Scholar*4.. Hall, E. The amygdala of ... Amygdala microcircuits controlling learned fear. . Neuron 82, 966-980 (2014).. **CAS*PubMed*Article*Google Scholar*37.. Tovote ... Antagonistic negative and positive neurons of the basolateral amygdala. *Joshua Kim1. *, Michele Pignatelli ORCID: orcid.org/ ...
nature.com
Amygdala - Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædiAmygdala - Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi
Der er omkring 12 millioner neuroner i menneskets amygdala.[1] Amygdala er involveret i posttraumatisk belastningsreaktion.[2] ... Amygdala (på dansk mandelkernen) er et lille område i hjernens tindingelap, som blandt andet håndterer frygt og ... Amygdala kan deles op i en basolateral og en kortikomedial del. Den kortikomediale del modtager fra de autonome processer. ... Dette fund medvirkede til konklusionen, at amygdala "spiller en central rolle i at udløse en tilstand af frygt".[9] ...
da.wikipedia.org
DJ Koze: Amygdala - Tower RecordsDJ Koze: Amygdala - Tower Records
Title: Amygdala. Product Type: VINYL LP. Tracks:. 1.1 Track Id Anyone 1.2 Nices w Lkchen 1.3 Royal Asscher Cut 1.4 Magical Boy ... 2.5 Amygdala 2.6 Ich Schreib Dir Ein Buch 2013 3.1 Nooooo 3.2 Auroville. ...
towerrecords.com
amygdala | Karen Pryor Clicker Trainingamygdala | Karen Pryor Clicker Training
Home » amygdala amygdala. PBS interview with Karen. By Karen Pryor on 08/13/2009 Interesting PBS radio interview with Karen ...
clickertraining.com
Functional neuroimaging studies of the amygdala in depression. - PubMed - NCBIFunctional neuroimaging studies of the amygdala in depression. - PubMed - NCBI
Functional neuroimaging studies of the amygdala in depression.. Whalen PJ1, Shin LM, Somerville LH, McLean AA, Kim H. ... Furthermore, we suggest that the scope of the amygdalas involvement may go beyond its well-known role in fear to its more ... We begin by reviewing animal and human data concerning the function of the amygdala. We then compare these results with those ... Finally, we discuss functional neuroimaging studies of the amygdala in depression in light of the animal and human data. We ...
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The Amygdala And Fear Are Not The Same Thing - RedorbitThe Amygdala And Fear Are Not The Same Thing - Redorbit
Almost every study of fear finds that the amygdala is active. But that doesn´t mean every spark of activity in the amygdala ... Instead, the amygdala seems to be doing something more subtle: processing events that are related to what a person cares about ... A lot of people came to the amygdala from the study of fear, says Wil Cunningham of Ohio State University, who co wrote the new ... This link between the amygdala and fear - especially a fear of others unlike us, has gone too far, not only in pop culture, but ...
redorbit.com
Corticosterone after acute stress prevents the delayed effects on the amygdala | NeuropsychopharmacologyCorticosterone after acute stress prevents the delayed effects on the amygdala | Neuropsychopharmacology
This provides a framework in the amygdala for analyzing how the initial physiological and endocrine processes triggered by ... BLA principal neurons showed that the same intervention also prevented the increase in spine numbers in the amygdala, at the ... of immobilization stress is known to trigger anxiety-like behavior and increase spine-density in the basolateral amygdala (BLA ... 3: Post-stress corticosterone prevents the delayed increase in spine-density in the basolateral amygdala (BLA).. ...
nature.com
AmygdalaAmygdala
... Located in brains medial temporal lobe, the almond-shaped amygdala (in Latin, corpus amygdaloideum) is believed to ... In language learning, some hypothesize that second language learning for adults may not make ready use of the amygdala in ... narcolepsy and OCD are also suspected of being linked to abnormal functioning of the amygdala owing to damage or developmental ...
fact-index.com
Amygdala Retraining - Fibromyalgia - HealingWell.com ForumAmygdala Retraining - Fibromyalgia - HealingWell.com Forum
HealingWell.com Forum , Diseases & Conditions , Fibromyalgia , Amygdala Retraining Select A Location. ****** Top of the Forum ...
healingwell.com
Voting behavior is reflected in amygdala response across cultures. - PubMed - NCBIVoting behavior is reflected in amygdala response across cultures. - PubMed - NCBI
Voting behavior is reflected in amygdala response across cultures.. Rule NO1, Freeman JB, Moran JM, Gabrieli JD, Adams RB Jr, ... In addition, we observed a participant culture by target culture interaction in the bilateral amygdala. American and Japanese ... Candidates for whom participants chose to vote elicited stronger responses in the bilateral amygdala than candidates for whom ... plotted separately for the left and right amygdalae. Participants showed a greater response to opposite-culture, outgroup ...
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Safety Encoding in the Basal Amygdala | Journal of NeuroscienceSafety Encoding in the Basal Amygdala | Journal of Neuroscience
2008) Basolateral amygdala neurons facilitate reward-seeking behavior by exciting nucleus accumbens neurons. Neuron 59:648-661. ... The amygdala is important for mediating emotional responses and related memories (for review, Ledoux, 2000, Baxter and Murray, ... 2005) Distinct neural signatures for safety and danger in the amygdala and striatum of the mouse. Neuron 46:309-320. ... 2011) The fear circuit revisited: contributions of the basal amygdala nuclei to conditioned fear. J Neurosci 31:15481-15489. ...
jneurosci.org
FAAH genetic variation enhances fronto-amygdala function in mouse and human | Nature CommunicationsFAAH genetic variation enhances fronto-amygdala function in mouse and human | Nature Communications
First, we examined resting-state connectivity between the subgenual vmPFC and amygdala and the dorsal ACC and amygdala in ... 5a). This pattern was selective to subgenual vmPFC-amygdala connectivity, with no genotypic difference in dorsal ACC-amygdala ... 4d). This reduced activation of the amygdala in response to stressful situations is consistent with reductions in amygdala ... FAAH genetic variation enhances fronto-amygdala function in mouse and human. *Iva Dincheva1, 2. n1*, Andrew T. Drysdale3. n1*, ...
nature.com
Free Music Archive: The Electric Amygdala - CurrentsFree Music Archive: The Electric Amygdala - Currents
You came this way: Home , Happy Puppy Records , The Electric Amygdala , Lion on the Beach , Currents. Currents by The Electric ... Currents by The Electric Amygdala is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial License. ...
freemusicarchive.org
Fewer Neurons in Amygdala of Autistic MalesFewer Neurons in Amygdala of Autistic Males
... boys with autism suffer from poor social and communication skills as well as a diminished number of neurons in their amygdala. ... It was found that although the amygdala volumes in all the brains was about the same, the autistic males as a group had almost ... Counting them painstakingly under a microscope revealed far lower number of neurons in the amygdala which is the area of the ... Amaral notes "This is the first quantitative evidence of an abnormal number of neurons in the autistic amygdala. We were able ...
medindia.net
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHumanitiesInformation ScienceHealth Care
FearEmotionsFacial ExpressionConditioning, ClassicalMagnetic Resonance ImagingConditioning (Psychology)Neural PathwaysBrain MappingBehavior, AnimalLimbic SystemAvoidance LearningFreezing Reaction, CatalepticMemoryRats, Long-EvansExtinction, PsychologicalPrefrontal CortexRats, Sprague-DawleyElectroshockAnxietyBrainSeptal NucleiImage Processing, Computer-AssistedAnalysis of VarianceHippocampusFunctional LateralityNeuronsKindling, NeurologicAssociation LearningIbotenic AcidCorticotropin-Releasing HormonePhotic StimulationProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosRewardStartle ReactionMicroinjectionsArousalLipoid Proteinosis of Urbach and WietheCuesFunctional NeuroimagingMuscimolPattern Recognition, VisualFaceExploratory BehaviorNerve NetAcoustic StimulationGyrus CinguliNeuronal PlasticityReaction TimeNeuronal Tract-TracersStress, PsychologicalReceptors, Corticotropin-Releasing HormoneConditioning, OperantLong-Term PotentiationMaze LearningCerebral CortexSocial PerceptionSocial BehaviorSynaptic TransmissionGalvanic Skin ResponseHappinessAffectDominance, CerebralRestraint, PhysicalSubliminal StimulationNeuropsychological TestsOncogene Proteins v-fosgamma-Aminobutyric AcidRats, WistarTemporal LobeRecognition (Psychology)CorticosteroneOlfactory PathwaysAnti-Anxiety AgentsElectric StimulationThalamusSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeTasteAngerLearningNucleus AccumbensReinforcement (Psychology)Receptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateRetention (Psychology)OxygenSerotonin Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsEvoked PotentialsHabituation, PsychophysiologicHypothalamusExpressed EmotionElectrodes, ImplantedNeural InhibitionSex CharacteristicsSubstantia InnominataGABA AgonistsExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsMacaca mulattaSynapsesCocaineBipolar DisorderProsencephalonEpilepsy, Temporal LobeInhibition (Psychology)Time FactorsGABA-A Receptor AgonistsStilbamidinesAnxiety DisordersChoice BehaviorEthanolInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsIndividualityExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsGABA AntagonistsNeuropeptide YPatch-Clamp TechniquesSelf AdministrationBehaviorInterneuronsAttentionAggressionReceptors, GABA-AMice, Inbred C57BLAfferent PathwaysBasal GangliaNeuroimagingStress, PhysiologicalReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateMental RecallDisease Models, AnimalDepressive Disorder, MajorSomanDominance-SubordinationFlupenthixolImmunohistochemistryAppetitive BehaviorParvalbuminsDopamineCentral Nervous System DepressantsTaste PerceptionBrain ChemistryBehavior, AddictiveDiscrimination (Psychology)Synaptic PotentialsCocaine-Related DisordersOxytocinAction PotentialsPonsBrain Damage, ChronicDose-Response Relationship, DrugOlfactory PerceptionReceptors, AMPAFood PreferencesInstinctMaternal BehaviorParahippocampal GyrusSeizuresPain PerceptionMicrodialysisAnticipation, PsychologicalSexual Behavior, AnimalPainDrug Administration RoutesPreoptic AreaPhobic DisordersOlfactory BulbDopamine Uptake InhibitorsGlutamic AcidLithium ChlorideMotor ActivityModels, NeurologicalPsychomotor PerformanceMotivationAtrophySatiety ResponseAnimals, NewbornDopamine AntagonistsParaventricular Hypothalamic NucleusEfferent PathwaysSaccharinPeriaqueductal GrayAnisomycinWit and Humor as TopicVisual PerceptionStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticHypothalamo-Hypophyseal SystemMemory, Long-TermPituitary-Adrenal SystemEscape ReactionTemperamentKinesicsPhysical StimulationInjections, IntraventricularStereotaxic TechniquesElectrophysiologyCognitionNarcoticsReference ValuesAutistic DisorderCycloserineGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsAlcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System
HippocampusRegarding the role of the amygdalaStimuliPrefrontalActivation of the amygdalaIncreased amygdala activityRatsCorticalRole for the amygdalaLesions of the amygdalaFound that the amygdalaDirectly to the amygdalaAlmond-shapedNeuronal activityLevel of amygdalaArousalTemporalBasalMedial amygdalaFearReactivityPrimate and human amygdalaPatients with bilateral amygdalaNeuronProcessesBehaviorsBehavioralExtinctionAversiveStimulationNucleus of the stria terminalisHippocampalDamage to the amygdalaEffects on the amygdalaStudies of the amygdalaNeurons in the amygdalaPathways to the amygdalaSuggests that the amygdalaHuman
Hippocampus31
Regarding the role of the amygdala1
Stimuli16
  • The amygdala is essential for decoding emotions, particularly threatening stimuli. (dana.org)
  • External stimuli reach the amygdala via two different pathways, which complement each other. (dana.org)
  • Single cell studies of the amygdala in nonhuman primates indicate that the activity of many amygdala cells depends on the hedonic significance of stimuli ( 5 , 6 ). (pnas.org)
  • However, the degree to which appetitive and aversive stimuli are processed by the same or different neuronal circuits within the amygdala remains unclear. (pnas.org)
  • According to this model (the "different circuits" model), although appetitive and aversive stimuli often elicit similar physiological responses (e.g., increases in blood pressure), dual mechanisms exist within the amygdala for producing the same physiological response because appetitive and aversive stimuli are processed by distinct circuits in the amygdala. (pnas.org)
  • According to this model (the "same circuits" model), neuronal circuits in the amygdala that contribute to arousal (e.g., by increasing blood pressure) are not dedicated to either appetitive or aversive stimuli but instead can be recruited by both types of stimuli. (pnas.org)
  • By assuming a sparse neural coding, we show it is possible, at an individual subject level, to discriminate responses to conditioned (CS+ and CS−) stimuli in both basolateral and centro-cortical amygdala nuclei. (jneurosci.org)
  • Noxious stimuli, such as those used for fear conditioning, are most effective in eliciting behavioral responses and amygdala activation when experienced in an unpredictable manner. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this study, we monitored the innate defensive responses to aversive stimuli of either elevated plus maze or predator odor in juvenile mice and found that glutamatergic neurons were activated in amygdala. (jneurosci.org)
  • Imaging results revealed that hydrocortisone desensitizes amygdala responsivity rapidly, while it selectively normalizes responses to negative stimuli slowly. (uva.nl)
  • The amygdala processes multiple, dissociable properties of sensory stimuli. (jneurosci.org)
  • Given its central location within a dense network of reciprocally connected regions, it is reasonable to expect that basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons should produce a rich repertoire of dynamical responses to taste stimuli. (jneurosci.org)
  • These results offer new insights into how amygdala imbues naturalistic sensory stimuli with value. (jneurosci.org)
  • The amygdala is a brain area located within the medial temporal lobe that is known to process affective or emotionally valenced stimuli (see Aggleton, 1992 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • LeDoux (1996) has proposed that the amygdala might survey emotionally valenced stimuli without awareness. (jneurosci.org)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The human amygdala coordinates how we respond to biologically relevant stimuli, such as threat or reward. (jneurosci.org)
Prefrontal13
Activation of the amygdala1
Increased amygdala activity1
Rats17
  • Even a single 2-hour episode of immobilization stress is known to trigger anxiety-like behavior and increase spine-density in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) of rats 10 days later. (nature.com)
  • In vivo single unit recordings were obtained in the basal amygdala of freely behaving rats undergoing simultaneous reward, fear, and safety conditioning. (jneurosci.org)
  • Later, scientists found that rats with targeted amygdala damage would snuggle with cats, their natural enemy. (dana.org)
  • Davis also discovered that a compound called D-cycloserine (DCS) injected into rats' amygdalas enhanced the function of the NMDA receptor and accelerated fear extinction. (dana.org)
  • We paired optogenetic channelrhodopsin (ChR2) stimulation in either central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) or basolateral amygdala (BLA) of female rats with one particular nose-poke porthole option for earning cocaine infusions (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.). A second alternative porthole earned identical cocaine but without ChR2 stimulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • The anticonvulsant effects of progesterone and 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone on amygdala-kindled seizures in rats. (nih.gov)
  • Female Wistar rats were implanted in the right basolateral amygdala with a long-term, bipolar electrode. (nih.gov)
  • Previous research has shown that spatial, movement, and reward information is integrated within the ventral striatum (VS). The present study examined the possible contribution of the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala (BLA) to this interaction by examining behavioral correlates of BLA neurons while rats performed multiple memory trials on an 8-arm radial maze. (nih.gov)
  • In three experiments, we assessed the effect of lesions of the amygdala basolateral complex (BLA) on instrumental conditioning in rats. (jneurosci.org)
  • Here, we used a rat model of incubation of drug craving, the neuronal activity marker Fos, and the Daun02 chemogenetic inactivation method to demonstrate that incubation of nicotine craving is also observed after adolescent-onset nicotine self-administration and that neuronal ensembles in the central nucleus of the amygdala play a critical role in this incubation in adult rats. (jneurosci.org)
  • These data provide information on the circuitry that may be involved in the aberrant neurodevelopment of neonatally amygdala-lesioned rats, which has been proposed as an animal model for neurodevelopmental psychopathological disorders. (nih.gov)
  • Anticonvulsant effect of aqueous extract of Valeriana officinalis in amygdala-kindled rats: possible involvement of adenosine. (nih.gov)
  • Bipolar stimulating and monopolar recording electrodes were implanted stereotaxically in the right basolateral amygdala of male Sprague-Dawley rats. (nih.gov)
  • Projections from the posterior thalamus to the amygdala and striatum were examined in rats using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport techniques. (jneurosci.org)
  • Two groups of rats were tested: rats that had been lesioned in the basolateral amygdala and rats that were the control group (or sham-operated group). (wikipedia.org)
  • The results showed that the rats that were lesioned in the basolateral amygdala froze much less to the cat hair than the control group of rats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pavlovian conditioning tests have shown the active role of the amygdala in fear conditioning in rats. (wikipedia.org)
Cortical15
  • Preclinical and clinical studies have identified amygdala hyperactivity as well as impairment of cortical control mechanisms in pain states. (hindawi.com)
  • Impairment of these cortical control mechanisms allows the development of amygdala pain plasticity. (hindawi.com)
  • Mechanisms of abnormal amygdala activity in pain with particular focus on loss of cortical control mechanisms as well as new strategies to correct pain-related amygdala dysfunction will be discussed in the present review. (hindawi.com)
  • the basolateral complex (or basolateral amygdala), the central nucleus, and the cortical nucleus are the most well-known. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite the amygdala's diminishing role in olfaction during evolution ( 18 - 20 ), primates retain direct projections from the lateral olfactory tract to the anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala, and the medial nucleus of the amygdala remains intimately connected with the POC ( 15 ). (pnas.org)
  • For the first time, to our knowledge, we test whether amygdala lesions compromise the cortical implementation of theory-of-mind. (pnas.org)
  • moreover, the amygdala is structurally and functionally connected with many components of this cortical network. (pnas.org)
  • It remains unknown whether the cortical implementation of any form of ToM depends on amygdala function. (pnas.org)
  • Here we investigated this question directly by conducting functional MRI on two patients with rare bilateral amygdala lesions while they performed a neuroimaging protocol standardized for measuring cortical activity associated with false-belief reasoning. (pnas.org)
  • These findings argue that the amygdala is not necessary for the cortical implementation of ToM in adulthood and suggest a reevaluation of the role of the amygdala and its cortical interactions in human social cognition. (pnas.org)
  • These data highlight that the human basolateral and centro-cortical amygdala support initial learning as well more enduring fear memory storage. (jneurosci.org)
  • We applied dynamic causal modeling to demonstrate that the most likely underlying neural network consisted of a pulvinar-amygdala connection that was uninfluenced by spatial frequency or emotion, and a cortical-amygdala connection that conveyed high spatial frequencies. (jneurosci.org)
  • Crucially, data-driven neural simulations revealed a clear temporal advantage of the subcortical connection over the cortical connection in influencing amygdala activity. (jneurosci.org)
  • The estimated synaptic integration time for the subcortical route (80-90 ms) is faster than that of the cortical visual stream (145-170 ms), supporting the notion of rapid subcortical input to the amygdala ( Silverstein and Ingvar, 2015 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Five days of sleep restriction (4 hour sleep opportunity per night) caused a decrease in connectivity with cortical brain regions involved in the regulation of the amygdala. (wikipedia.org)
Role for the amygdala2
Lesions of the amygdala1
  • Rare bilateral lesions of the amygdala in human patients impair the ability to infer emotions from facial expressions ( 9 , 10 ), to make more complex social judgments from faces ( 11 ), and to guide appropriate social behaviors ( 12 ). (pnas.org)
Found that the amygdala3
  • Indeed, many experiments have found that the amygdala is active when people are afraid. (redorbit.com)
  • Focusing on fear conditioning, in which an animal learns to fear a specific stimulus in its environment, LeDoux's team found that the amygdala processes sensory signals and generates a fear response by stimulating autonomic responses such as increased heart rate and blood pressure and involuntary muscle control. (dana.org)
  • In contrast to evidence that the amygdala stimulates stress responses in adults, researchers at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University have found that the amygdala has an inhibitory effect on stress hormones during the early development of nonhuman primates. (innovations-report.com)
Directly to the amygdala1
  • For the first time, the present paper provides direction-specific evidence from computational modeling that the subcortical route plays a generalized role in visual processing by rapidly transmitting raw, unfiltered information directly to the amygdala. (jneurosci.org)
Almond-shaped2
  • He literally blew our minds at viewzone with his amazing story of how the function and control of the amygdala -- a pair of almond shaped organs in the brain -- was discovered by and old and eccentric genius who claimed to have discovered the means of mental happiness. (viewzone.com)
  • Something strange is going on in the amygdala - an almond-shaped structure deep in the human brain - among people with autism. (eurekalert.org)
Neuronal activity1
  • This model predicts that there will be an inverse relationship between neuronal activity in the amygdala during appetitive and aversive arousal-cells which have a certain response during one form of arousal should be less likely than other cells to have the same response during the other form of arousal. (pnas.org)
Level of amygdala1
  • There also appear to be specific relationships between the level of amygdala atrophy and neuropsychiatric symptoms that deserve further investigation. (nih.gov)
Arousal5
  • Those individuals with autism who had the most social impairment exhibited the highest levels of amygdala arousal. (eurekalert.org)
  • Several of these studies also found that the degree of amygdala activation correlates with measures of autonomic arousal ( 13 - 17 ). (pnas.org)
  • Thus, considerable evidence suggests that the amygdala is important for appetitive and aversive arousal. (pnas.org)
  • However, the degree to which the same or different populations of cells within the amygdala are involved in appetitive and aversive arousal remains unclear. (pnas.org)
  • The results provide support for the hypothesis that the amygdala, and in particular the ACe, contributes to a heightened state of arousal during conditioned fear. (jneurosci.org)
Temporal6
  • Exposing mice to mere temporal unpredictability within a time series of neutral sound pulses in an otherwise neutral sensory environment increased expression of the immediate-early gene c- fos and prevented rapid habituation of single neuron activity in the basolateral amygdala. (jneurosci.org)
  • Accordingly, temporal unpredictability promoted amygdala-dependent behaviors in mice and humans. (jneurosci.org)
  • Despite numerous studies on the role of medial temporal lobe structures in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the magnitude and clinical significance of amygdala atrophy have been relatively sparsely investigated. (nih.gov)
  • Such methods afford consistent quantification of medial temporal lobe structures, however the validity and accuracy of automated segmentation of the amygdala may be inconsistent. (frontiersin.org)
  • Participation of two medial temporal lobe structures, the hippocampal region and the amygdala, in long-term declarative memory encoding was examined by using positron emission tomography of regional cerebral glucose. (pnas.org)
  • mRNA from the right medial temporal lobe, primarily the amygdala, was analyzed using Affymetrix U133A 2.0 arrays. (jneurosci.org)
Basal3
Medial amygdala6
Fear35
  • Amygdala microcircuits controlling learned fear. (nih.gov)
  • We review recent work on the role of intrinsic amygdala networks in the regulation of classically conditioned defensive behaviors, commonly known as conditioned fear. (nih.gov)
  • Intra-amygdala interactions supporting expression and extinction of conditioned fear. (nih.gov)
  • Amygdala is briefly referenced in an article by Joseph LeDoux, a neuroscientist and expert in the role of the anatomical amygdala in fear processing, as testament to popular interest in the brain area. (wikipedia.org)
  • An important process that occurs in basolateral amygdala is consolidation of cued fear memory. (wikipedia.org)
  • Professor Karim Nader explains that fear learning, which is mediated by the amygdala, is different from other forms of learning. (dnalc.org)
  • Professor Bruce McEwen discusses how the amygdala is involved in processing fear and stress. (dnalc.org)
  • In a 2007 episode of the television show Boston Legal, a character claimed to have figured out that a cop was racist because his amygdala activated - displaying fear, when they showed him pictures of black people. (redorbit.com)
  • This link between the amygdala and fear - especially a fear of others unlike us, has gone too far, not only in pop culture, but also in psychological science, say the authors of a new paper which will be published in the February issue of Current Directions in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science. (redorbit.com)
  • A lot of people came to the amygdala from the study of fear, says Wil Cunningham of Ohio State University, who co wrote the new paper with Tobias Brosch of New York University. (redorbit.com)
  • Almost every study of fear finds that the amygdala is active. (redorbit.com)
  • CeA "is essential for acquiring and expressing conditional fear after overtraining" "glucocorticoids can facilitate CRH mRNA expression in the CEA, a site implicated in anxiety and fear" Fear conditioning Intercalated cells of the amygdala Keifer, Orion P. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specifically, there is reduced FAAH expression associated with the variant allele that selectively enhances fronto-amygdala connectivity and fear extinction learning, and decreases anxiety-like behaviours. (nature.com)
  • Counting them painstakingly under a microscope revealed far lower number of neurons in the amygdala which is the area of the brain associated with fear and memory. (medindia.net)
  • In addition, fear and anxiety emanate from different regions of the amygdala. (dana.org)
  • The fear response, says Emory University behavioral neuroscientist Michael Davis, comes from the central nucleus of the amygdala, the region responsible for commands for bodily responses associated with fear. (dana.org)
  • He found that a receptor for a particular protein called N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in the amygdala is critical for the extinction of a conditioned fear. (dana.org)
  • Amygdala lesions critically disrupt the development and expression of conditioned fear in rodents ( 3 ). (pnas.org)
  • In rodents, fear memory is stored and reactivated under the influence of the amygdala. (jneurosci.org)
  • There is no evidence for an equivalent mechanism in primates, and an opposite mechanism is proposed whereby primate amygdala contributes only to an initial phase of aversive learning, subsequently ceding fear memory to extra-amygdalar regions. (jneurosci.org)
  • Appropriate neuronal activation in amygdala is critical for fear memory. (jneurosci.org)
  • The amygdala has been studied extensively for its critical role in associative fear conditioning in animals and humans. (jneurosci.org)
  • Consistent with animal models suggesting that the amygdala is important for both the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear, amygdala activation was correlated across subjects with the conditioned response in both acquisition and early extinction. (nih.gov)
  • Loss of EphB2, a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in amygdala neurons, suppressed the reactions and led to defects in spine morphogenesis and fear behaviors. (jneurosci.org)
  • These data suggest that kinase-dependent EphB2 intracellular signaling plays a major role for innate fear responses during the critical developing period, in which spinogenesis in amygdala glutamatergic neurons was involved. (jneurosci.org)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Generation of innate fear responses to threat as an evolutionally conserved brain feature relies on development of functional neural circuit in amygdala, but the molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. (jneurosci.org)
  • We further reveal that EphB2 mediates coordination of spinogenesis and neuron activation in amygdala during the critical period for the innate fear. (jneurosci.org)
  • In addition this article will describe how to conduct trace fear conditioning without awareness, a task that activates the amygdala. (jove.com)
  • On perception of threat, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala is thought to integrate inputs and excite the central nucleus to evoke fear responses ( LeDoux, 2000 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • There is evidence to suggest that cannabinoids act on anxiety responses and fear learning through their effects on the amygdala. (jneurosci.org)
  • The human amygdala robustly activates to fear faces. (psu.edu)
  • The onset of claustrophobia has been attributed to many factors, including a reduction in the size of the amygdala, classical conditioning, or a genetic predisposition to fear small spaces. (wikipedia.org)
  • The amygdala is needed for the conditioning of fear, or the creation of a fight-or-flight response. (wikipedia.org)
  • In generating a fight-or-flight response, the amygdala acts in the following way: The amygdala's anterior nuclei associated with fear each other. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, the amygdala is the locus of fear. (wikipedia.org)
Reactivity4
Primate and human amygdala1
  • This is diametrically opposite to the generality of rodent data and reinforces the view that the primate and human amygdala is concerned solely with initial learning, and not with storage of a stable CS+/unconditioned stimulus (US) association. (jneurosci.org)
Patients with bilateral amygdala2
Neuron4
  • We further found a coupling of spinogenesis with these threat cues induced neuron activation in developing amygdala that was controlled by EphB2. (jneurosci.org)
  • One taste neuron subtype did, in fact, reflect cooperation between amygdala and cortex for the purposes of processing palatability. (jneurosci.org)
  • We therefore propose that the orexin neuron-DRN serotonin neuron-amygdala pathway is a critical circuit for preventing cataplexy. (pnas.org)
  • Using an optogenetic tool, in this paper we show that the acute activation of DRN serotonin neuron terminals in the amygdala, but not in nuclei involved in regulating rapid eye-movement sleep and atonia, suppressed CLEs. (pnas.org)
Processes4
  • Social enterprise amygdala SOCIAL, sro offers these target groups friendly working environment tailored to the specific needs of each employee, working and long-term psychosocial support, education, participation in decision-making processes and compliance with all other principles of social entrepreneurship. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • oxytocin in the CeA exerts a facilitatory role in the maintenance of hydroelectrolyte balance" "the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and its connections with the nigral dopamine system have been reported to modulate cognitive processes dependent substantially on attentional allocation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The amygdala is believed to be the part of your brain that processes basic feelings. (psychcentral.com)
  • hypertrophied cytoplasm, and highly ramified and retracted processes of astrocytes and microglia in the amygdala at 3 days after MI, respectively. (biomedsearch.com)
Behaviors4
  • The amygdala is considered a critical node of the "social brain" that contributes to myriad social behaviors exhibited by primates ( 1 ⇓ ⇓ - 4 ). (pnas.org)
  • Paralleling these findings, numerous nonhuman animal studies indicate that the amygdala is important for both appetitively and aversively motivated behaviors ( 18 - 23 ) and corresponding changes in autonomic function ( 18 , 21 , 22 , 24 ). (pnas.org)
  • The amygdala plays a big role in sounding an alert for threatening situations and triggers fight or flight behaviors. (psychcentral.com)
  • Although the amygdala has been repeatedly implicated in behaviors that are related to early-life stress, no studies have examined the molecular changes that result from maternal separation in primates. (jneurosci.org)
Behavioral3
  • Rao RP, Anilkumar S, McEwen BS, Chattarji S. Glucocorticoids protect against the delayed behavioral and cellular effects of acute stress on the amygdala. (nature.com)
  • Early amygdala damage results in enduring behavioral disturbances that become more manifest after puberty. (nih.gov)
  • Behavioral studies suggest that the central amygdala (CeA) is significantly involved in alcohol reward and dependence. (hindawi.com)
Extinction1
  • Some researchers speculate that ITC cells, via their extensive local inhibition within the amygdala, could serve as a substrate for expression and storage of extinction memory. (wikipedia.org)
Aversive2
Stimulation4
  • Fourteen epilepsy patients undergoing monitoring of seizures via intracranial depth electrodes viewed a series of neutral object images, half of which were immediately followed by brief, low-amplitude electrical stimulation to the amygdala. (pnas.org)
  • Approximately 40% of the neurons in the rodent amygdala respond to olfactory stimulation ( 17 ). (pnas.org)
  • Here we show that pairing central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) optogenetic stimulation with one option for earning intravenous cocaine makes that option almost the exclusive focus of intense pursuit and consumption. (jneurosci.org)
  • To explain the functional organization of the amygdala, Wurtz and Olds (1963) , taking into consideration the results of self-stimulation studies, proposed that the dorsomedial amygdala acts as a rewarding, and basolateral as a punishing, system. (jneurosci.org)
Nucleus of the stria terminalis1
Hippocampal8
Damage to the amygdala3
  • In the late 1930s, researchers discovered that monkeys with damage to the amygdala and surrounding areas of the brain showed a dramatic decrease in fearfulness. (dana.org)
  • The team hypothesized that damage to the amygdala generated changes in the HPA axis: a network of endocrine interactions between the hypothalamus within the brain, the pituitary and the adrenal glands, critical for reactions to stress. (innovations-report.com)
  • These findings are consistent with reports of human patients with damage to the amygdala, Raper says. (innovations-report.com)
Effects on the amygdala1
  • Chakraborty P, Chattarji S. Interventions after acute stress prevent its delayed effects on the amygdala. (nature.com)
Studies of the amygdala2
Neurons in the amygdala3
  • David Amaral and Cynthia Mills Schumann of the University of California, Davis conducted a survey on the number of neurons in the amygdala of nine autistic males and 10 nonautistic males ranging from ages 10 to 44. (medindia.net)
  • Schumann says, "One possibility is that there are always fewer neurons in the amygdala of people with autism. (medindia.net)
  • What we are seeing is hyperexcitability or overarousal of the amygdala, which suggests that neurons in the amygdala are firing more than expected," said Kleinhans, who is associated with the UW Autism Center. (eurekalert.org)
Pathways to the amygdala1
  • Since the initial discovery of nociceptive pathways to the amygdala, preclinical [ 5 , 7 , 8 ] and clinical [ 10 , 11 , 18 , 19 ] studies have provided direct support for amygdala involvement in pain. (hindawi.com)
Suggests that the amygdala1
  • Overall, the research suggests that the amygdala is important for the making and retrieval of social judgements. (wikipedia.org)
Human10