Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. Medical search

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

The detection of RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS by selective PCR amplification of restriction fragments derived from genomic DNA followed by electrophoretic analysis of the amplified restriction fragments.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

The intergenic DNA segments that are between the ribosomal RNA genes (internal transcribed spacers) and between the tandemly repeated units of rDNA (external transcribed spacers and nontranscribed spacers).

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Variation in a population's DNA sequence that is detected by determining alterations in the conformation of denatured DNA fragments. Denatured DNA fragments are allowed to renature under conditions that prevent the formation of double-stranded DNA and allow secondary structure to form in single stranded fragments. These fragments are then run through polyacrylamide gels to detect variations in the secondary structure that is manifested as an alteration in migration through the gels.

Enzyme systems containing a single subunit and requiring only magnesium for endonucleolytic activity. The corresponding modification methylases are separate enzymes. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave either within, or at a short specific distance from, the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.4.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.

Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.

A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.

Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.

Tandem arrays of moderately repetitive, short (10-60 bases) DNA sequences which are found dispersed throughout the GENOME, at the ends of chromosomes (TELOMERES), and clustered near telomeres. Their degree of repetition is two to several hundred at each locus. Loci number in the thousands but each locus shows a distinctive repeat unit.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Technique that utilizes low-stringency polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with single primers of arbitrary sequence to generate strain-specific arrays of anonymous DNA fragments. RAPD technique may be used to determine taxonomic identity, assess kinship relationships, analyze mixed genome samples, and create specific probes.

Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

A species of bacteria that resemble small tightly coiled spirals. Its organisms are known to cause abortion in sheep and fever and enteritis in man and may be associated with enteric diseases of calves, lambs, and other animals.

Infections with bacteria of the genus CAMPYLOBACTER.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts.

Constituent of 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 3200 nucleotides. 23S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.

The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Procedures for identifying types and strains of fungi.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the southeastern and eastern areas of the Asian continent.

Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces BOTULINUM TOXINS, TYPE A which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A family of multisubunit protein complexes that form into large cylindrical structures which bind to and encapsulate non-native proteins. Chaperonins utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to enhance the efficiency of PROTEIN FOLDING reactions and thereby help proteins reach their functional conformation. The family of chaperonins is split into GROUP I CHAPERONINS, and GROUP II CHAPERONINS, with each group having its own repertoire of protein subunits and subcellular preferences.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria often surrounded by a protein microcapsular layer and slime layer. The natural cycle of its organisms generally involves a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. Species of the genus are the etiological agents of human diseases, such as typhus.

A genus of coccidian parasites of the family CRYPTOSPORIDIIDAE, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

A group I chaperonin protein that forms the barrel-like structure of the chaperonin complex. It is an oligomeric protein with a distinctive structure of fourteen subunits, arranged in two rings of seven subunits each. The protein was originally studied in BACTERIA where it is commonly referred to as GroEL protein.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.

A protein with a molecular weight of 40,000 isolated from bacterial flagella. At appropriate pH and salt concentration, three flagellin monomers can spontaneously reaggregate to form structures which appear identical to intact flagella.

Identification of genetic carriers for a given trait.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic.

Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.

Blood-sucking acarid parasites of the order Ixodida comprising two families: the softbacked ticks (ARGASIDAE) and hardbacked ticks (IXODIDAE). Ticks are larger than their relatives, the MITES. They penetrate the skin of their host by means of highly specialized, hooked mouth parts and feed on its blood. Ticks attack all groups of terrestrial vertebrates. In humans they are responsible for many TICK-BORNE DISEASES, including the transmission of ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; TULAREMIA; BABESIOSIS; AFRICAN SWINE FEVER; and RELAPSING FEVER. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, pp543-44)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A genus of gram-negative, aerotolerant, spiral-shaped bacteria isolated from water and associated with diarrhea in humans and animals.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.

RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM analysis of rRNA genes that is used for differentiating between species or strains.

Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.

Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

Diseases of plants.

Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence G/AATTC at the slash. EcoRI is from E coliRY13. Several isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

Tumor suppressor genes located on the short arm of human chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.

Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.

Gram-negative helical bacteria, in the genus BORRELIA, that are the etiologic agents of LYME DISEASE. The group comprises many specific species including Borrelia afzelii, Borellia garinii, and BORRELIA BURGDORFERI proper. These spirochetes are generally transmitted by several species of ixodid ticks.

A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)

The analysis of a sequence such as a region of a chromosome, a haplotype, a gene, or an allele for its involvement in controlling the phenotype of a specific trait, metabolic pathway, or disease.

One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequence A/AGCTT at the slash. HindIII is from Haemophilus influenzae R(d). Numerous isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.

Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

The bovine variety of the tubercle bacillus. It is called also Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Unlike ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS, this species may produce an alpha-hemolytic reaction on blood agar and is unable to utilize pyruvic acid as an energy source.

Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one original template.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Material coughed up from the lungs and expectorated via the mouth. It contains MUCUS, cellular debris, and microorganisms. It may also contain blood or pus.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

Techniques used in studying bacteria.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequences C/CGG and GGC/C at the slash. HpaII is from Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Several isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

A highly-sensitive (in the picomolar range, which is 10,000-fold more sensitive than conventional electrophoresis) and efficient technique that allows separation of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and CARBOHYDRATES. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. Members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants.

Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone.

Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.

A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).

Using MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques, such as DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; and DNA FINGERPRINTING, to identify, classify, and compare organisms and their subtypes.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus CAMPYLOBACTER, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the genus HELICOBACTER. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405).

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.

Former kingdom, located on Korea Peninsula between Sea of Japan and Yellow Sea on east coast of Asia. In 1948, the kingdom ceased and two independent countries were formed, divided by the 38th parallel.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe.

A flavoprotein amine oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reversible conversion of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.171.

The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.

Any of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions, INTRONS, non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive sequences. This DNA may or may not encode regulatory functions.

A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome, some of which are still active and often referred to as "jumping genes". There are two classes of interspersed repetitive elements. Class I elements (or RETROELEMENTS - such as retrotransposons, retroviruses, LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS) transpose via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Class II elements (or DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS - such as transposons, Tn elements, insertion sequence elements and mobile gene cassettes of bacterial integrons) transpose directly from one site in the DNA to another.

The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.

The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.

Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.

The distribution of genetic diversity in a Brassica oleracea gene bank collection related to the effects on diversity of regeneration, as measured with AFLPs. (1/563)

The ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources in gene banks involves the selection of accessions to be conserved and the maintenance of these accessions for current and future users. Decisions concerning both these issues require knowledge about the distribution of genetic diversity within and between accessions sampled from the gene pool, but also about the changes in variation of these samples as a result of regenerations. These issues were studied in an existing gene bank collection of a cross-pollinating crop using a selection of groups of very similar Dutch white cabbage accessions, and additional groups of reference material representing the Dutch, and the global white cabbage gene pool. Six accessions were sampled both before and after a standard regeneration. 30 plants of each of 50 accessions plus 6 regeneration populations included in the study were characterised with AFLPs, using scores for 103 polymorphic bands. It was shown that the genetic changes as a result of standard gene bank regenerations, as measured by AFLPs, are of a comparable magnitude as the differences between some of the more similar accessions. The observed changes are mainly due to highly significant changes in allele frequencies for a few fragments, whereas for the majority of fragments the alleles occur in similar frequencies before and after regeneration. It is argued that, given the changes of accessions over generations, accessions that display similar levels of differentiation may be combined safely. (+info)

Use of AFLP for differentiation of Metschnikowia pulcherrima strains for postharvest disease biological control. (2/563)

Metschnikowia pulcherrima occurs naturally on fruits, buds and floral parts of apple trees. Some strains are effective as biocontrol agents against postharvest decay of apples and other fruits. The usefulness of the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique was evaluated for the genetic analysis of 26 strains of M. pulcherrima, isolated from different sources in different geographical regions. With six AFLP primer pairs, 729 polymorphic bands were scored. The technique showed a high discriminatory power. Genetic relationships between strains were also estimated using AFLP. All the isolates from the carposphere of apple, previously tested as biocontrol agents, were grouped in a single cluster with a high bootstrap value (97), indicating robustness and reproducibility. AFLP patterns could clearly distinguish the different strains and research is in progress to use some putative specific bands for single tag sequence (STS) conversion to develop isolate-specific markers. (+info)

Body size evolution simultaneously creates and collapses species boundaries in a clade of scincid lizards. (3/563)

Speciation is generally viewed as an irreversible process, although habitat alterations can erase reproductive barriers if divergence between ecologically differentiated species is recent. Reversed speciation might also occur if geographical contact is established between species that have evolved the same reproductive isolating barrier in parallel. Here, we demonstrate a loss of intrinsic reproductive isolation in a clade of scincid lizards as a result of parallel body size evolution, which has allowed for gene flow where large-bodied lineages are in secondary contact. An mtDNA phylogeny confirms the monophyly of the Plestiodon skiltonianus species complex, but rejects that of two size-differentiated ecomorphs. Mate compatibility experiments show that the high degree of body size divergence imposes a strong reproductive barrier between the two morphs; however, the strength of the barrier is greatly diminished between parallel-evolved forms. Since two large-bodied lineages are in geographical contact in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, we were also able to test for postzygotic isolation under natural conditions. Analyses of amplified fragment length polymorphisms show that extensive gene exchange is occurring across the contact zone, resulting in an overall pattern consistent with isolation by distance. These results provide evidence of reversed speciation between clades that diverged from a common ancestor more than 12Myr ago. (+info)

Genome scan to detect genetic structure and adaptive genes of natural populations of Cryptomeria japonica. (4/563)

We investigated 29 natural populations of Cryptomeria japonica using 148 cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers to elucidate their genetic structure and identify candidate adaptive genes of this species. In accordance with the inferred evolutionary history of the species during and after the last glacial episode, the genetic diversity was higher in western populations than in northern populations. The results of phylogenetic and genetic structure analyses suggest that populations of the two main varieties of the species have clearly diverged from each other and that two of the examined loci are strongly associated with the differentiation between the two varieties. Using a coalescent simulation based on F(ST) and H(e) values, we detected five genes that had higher, and two that had lower, values than the respective 99% confidence intervals (C.I.s) that are theoretically expected intervals under a neutral infinite-island model. We also detected 13 outlier loci using a coalescent simulation based on the assumption that the 2 varieties originated from the splitting of an ancestral population. Four of these loci were detected by both methods, two of which were detected in a genetic structure analysis as loci associated with differentiation between the two varieties of the species, and are strong candidates for genes that have been subject to selection. (+info)

A linkage map reveals a complex basis for segregation distortion in an interpopulation cross in the moss Ceratodon purpureus. (5/563)

We report the construction of a linkage map for the moss Ceratodon purpureus (n = 13), based on a cross between geographically distant populations, and provide the first experimental confirmation of maternal chloroplast inheritance in bryophytes. From a mapping population of 288 recombinant haploid gametophytes, genotyped at 121 polymorphic AFLP loci, three gene-based nuclear loci, one chloroplast marker, and sex, we resolved 15 linkage groups resulting in a map length of approximately 730 cM. We estimate that the map covers more than three-quarters of the C. purpureus genome. Approximately 35% of the loci were sex linked, not including those in recombining pseudoautosomal regions. Nearly 45% of the loci exhibited significant segregation distortion (alpha = 0.05). Several pairs of unlinked distorted loci showed significant deviations from multiplicative genotypic frequencies, suggesting that distortion arises from genetic interactions among loci. The distorted autosomal loci all exhibited an excess of the maternal allele, suggesting that these interactions may involve nuclear-cytoplasmic factors. The sex ratio of the progeny was significantly male biased, and the pattern of nonrandom associations among loci indicates that this results from interactions between the sex chromosomes. These results suggest that even in interpopulation crosses, multiple mechanisms act to influence segregation ratios. (+info)

Targeted transcript mapping for agronomic traits in potato. (6/563)

A combination of cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was used to identify genes co-segregating with earliness of tuberization in a diploid potato population. This approach identified 37 transcript-derived fragments with a polymorphic segregation pattern between early and late tuberizing bulks. Most of the identified transcripts mapped to chromosomes 5 (19 markers) and 12 (eight markers) of the paternal map. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of tuberization time also identified earliness QTLs on these two chromosomes. A potato bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was screened with four of the markers linked to the main QTL. BAC contigs containing the markers showing the highest association with the trait have been identified. One of these contigs has been anchored to chromosome 5 on an ultradense genetic map of potato, which could be used as a starting point for map-based cloning of genes associated with earliness. (+info)

An assessment of the genetic diversity within Ganoderma strains with AFLP and ITS PCR-RFLP. (7/563)

Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most important medicinal materials and plant pathogens. Because of its specific interhybridization, the genetic background, however, is relatively unclear. It made identification of Ganoderma strains, especially closely related strains difficulty. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) using 14 primer combinations and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) PCR-RFLP were used in a comparative study which was designed to investigate the closely related Ganoderma strains genetic relations at molecular level. The analysis of 37 Ganoderma strains showed there were 177 polymorphic AFLP markers and 12 ITS PCR-RFLP markers, and all accessions could be uniquely identified. Among the Ganoderma accessions, similarity coefficients ranged from 0.07692 to 0.99194 in AFLP. The Ganoderma strains formed a tight cluster in nine groups in AFLP whereas seven groups in ITS PCR-RFLP. The cluster analysis revealed that the taxonomical system of subgenus Ganoderma is composed of Sect. Ganoderma and Sect. Phaeonema, and the strain 22 should be a variant form of strain 21. All methods delineated the Ganoderma strains from the different regions seeming to show a greater level of genetic diversity. It indicated that the genotype study at molecular level is a useful complement method to the current classification system of Ganoderma strains based on morphological traits. The congruency of the experiments was analyzed using the biostatistical software DPS V3.01. (+info)

A large Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Pamplona, Spain: early detection, rapid control and no case fatality. (8/563)

An outbreak of Legionnaire's disease was detected in Pamplona, Spain, on 1 June 2006. Patients with pneumonia were tested to detect Legionella pneumophila antigen in urine (Binax Now; Binax Inc., Scarborough, ME, USA), and all 146 confirmed cases were interviewed. The outbreak was related to district 2 (22 012 inhabitants), where 45% of the cases lived and 50% had visited; 5% lived in neighbouring districts. The highest incidence was found in the resident population of district 2 (3/1000 inhabitants), section 2 (14/1000). All 31 cooling towers of district 2 were analysed. L. pneumophila antigen (Binax Now) was detected in four towers, which were closed on 2 June. Only the strain isolated in a tower situated in section 2 of district 2 matched all five clinical isolates, as assessed by mAb and two genotyping methods, AFLP and PFGE. Eight days after closing the towers, new cases ceased appearing. Early detection and rapid coordinated medical and environmental actions permitted immediate control of the outbreak and probably contributed to the null case fatality. (+info)

... analysis. There are many advantages to AFLP when compared to other marker technologies including randomly amplified polymorphic ... "Amplified fragment length polymorphism". However, the resulting data are not scored as length polymorphisms, but instead as ... restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and microsatellites. AFLP not only has higher reproducibility, resolution, and ... A subset of the restriction fragments is then selected to be amplified. This selection is achieved by using primers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplified_fragment_length_polymorphism

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) RAPD STR analysis Saiki, R.; Scharf, S; Faloona, F; Mullis, K.; Horn, G.; Erlich ... A restriction fragment length polymorphism is said to occur when the length of a detected fragment varies between individuals, ... Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP or sometimes T-RFLP) is a technique initially developed for ... In molecular biology, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_fragment_length_polymorphism

"Detection of molecular diversity in Bacillus atrophaeus by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis". Applied and ... Molecular assays (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR assay, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis, and ... In B. subtilis the length of transferred DNA is greater than 1271kb (more than 1 million bases). The transferred DNA is likely ... Microarray-based comparative genomic analyses have revealed that B. subtilis members show considerable genomic diversity. FsrA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis

"Investigations into the origin of Aronia mitschurinii using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis". HortScience. 48 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/×_Sorbaronia_mitschurinii

"Detection of molecular diversity in Bacillus atrophaeus by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis". Applied and ... "Detection of Molecular Diversity in Bacillus atrophaeus by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis". Applied and ... Modern phylogenetic analyses using multiple genetic methods have placed B. atrophaeus close to B. subtilis. Its original and ... Subsequent genomic and phenotypic analysis of strains derived from the Camp Detrick isolates revealed that they had been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_atrophaeus

Study of natural hybridisation in some tropical plants using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. MSc thesis, ... menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis ... Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and ... Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes_ampullaria

Study of natural hybridisation in some tropical plants using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. M.Sc. thesis, ... Lim S.H., Phua D.C.Y., Tan H.T.W. (2000). "Primer design and optimization for RAPD analysis of Nepenthes". Biologia Plantarum. ... Vegetation analysis of two insectivorous plants in Padang Pinang Anyang, Belitung Island.] Biodiversitas 4(2): 93-96. Burbidge ... Fan D.-H., Wang H., Zhi D., Shen Y.-M. (2010). "CE analysis of endogenous flavonoid gallate esters from Nepenthes gracilis ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes_gracilis

Study of natural hybridisation in some tropical plants using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. M.Sc. thesis, ... menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis ... Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and ... The inflorescence is also massive, reaching over 1 m in length. The individual flowers measure up to 1.5 cm in diameter and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes_rafflesiana

Recent molecular work mainly employs DNA sequencing, microsatellites, and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism). In ... One such undertaking is the analyses of diatom assemblages in lake sediments (sediment cores) throughout the eastern United ... Substantial increases in annual mean temperatures and growing season length in this semiarid landscape have resulted in ... Studies may range from the analysis of fish tissues for contaminants, monitoring fish populations for environmental assessments ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Natural_Sciences_of_Drexel_University

Study of natural hybridisation in some tropical plants using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. M.Sc. thesis, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes_×_hookeriana

Study of natural hybridisation in some tropical plants using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. M.Sc. thesis, ... with two fringed wings over the whole length. The colour of the pitchers ranges from green to spotted or striped with red or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes_×_trichocarpa

List of hemp varieties "Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analyses of Cannabis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigishiro

praeceps were included in two studies that phylogenetically analysed amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). In these ... praeceps was shown to be a part of the monophyletic southern hemisphere lineage of Myosotis in phylogenetic analyses of ... "Morphological and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data show that New Zealand endemic Myosotis petiolata ( ... "Morphological and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data show that New Zealand endemic Myosotis petiolata ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosotis_pansa_subsp._praeceps

pansa were included in two studies that phylogenetically analysed amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). In these ... pansa was shown to be a part of the monophyletic southern hemisphere lineage of Myosotis in phylogenetic analyses of standard ... "Morphological and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data show that New Zealand endemic Myosotis petiolata ( ... "Morphological and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data show that New Zealand endemic Myosotis petiolata ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosotis_pansa_subsp._pansa

... menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis ... Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and ... Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164- ... Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831-840. doi:10.1055/s-2006- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes_gymnamphora

... menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis ... Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and ... In 2001, Charles Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the Nepenthes species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 ... Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes_reinwardtiana

... menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis ... Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and ... The effect of stem length on pitcher and inflorescence production in Nepenthes gracilis and Nepenthes mirabilis at Serendah ... Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes_mirabilis

Other tools, including multilocus sequence analysis and amplified fragment-length polymorphism, have been used for ... More recently, genome-wide analysis of multiple Xanthomonas strains mostly supports the previous phylogenies. Xanthomonas spp. ... "New Zealand strains of plant pathogenic bacteria classified by multi-locus sequence analysis; proposal of Xanthomonas dyei sp. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonas

... yet genomically distinct genomospecies by analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), housekeeping genes and a ... "Delineation of Campylobacter concisus Genomospecies by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis and Correlation of ... "Genome analysis of Campylobacter concisus strains from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and gastroenteritis provides ... "Genomic analysis of oral Campylobacter concisus strains identified a potential bacterial molecular marker associated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter_concisus

... analyses are used in assignment tests based on an individual's microsatellites or Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ( ... usually from fingerprint analysis, dental analysis, or DNA analysis. Feet also have friction ridges like fingerprints do. ... STR is common in forensic analysis because they are easily amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and they have unique ... from the video recording of their walk by gait analysis, from an audio recording by voice analysis, from their handwriting by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_identification

... and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Post-reintroduction, genetic monitoring tools can be used to obtain data ... An analysis of data from the Center for Plant Conservation International Reintroduction Registry found that, for the 49 cases ... The Siberian tiger population is now the largest un-fragmented tiger population in the world. Yet, a high proportion of ... Cheong, Seokwan; Sung, Ha-Cheol; Park, Shi-Ryong (2012). "A Population Viability Analysis (PVA) for Re-introduction of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_reintroduction

November 2002). "Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of Clostridium novyi, C. perfringens and Bacillus ... The toxin is a large 250-kDa protein the active part of which is the NH2-terminal 551 amino acid fragment. Alpha-toxins are ... Hofmann F, Herrmann A, Habermann E, von Eichel-Streiber C (June 1995). "Sequencing and analysis of the gene encoding the alpha- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_novyi

... and Yersinia bercovieri Strains from Switzerland by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis". Applied and Environmental ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_bercovieri

"Amplified fragment length polymorphism and mitochondrial DNA analyses reveal patterns of divergence and hybridization in the ... Smith, Ronald A.; Hanebrink, Earl L. (1982). "Analysis of regurgitated short-eared owl (Asio flammeus) pellets from the Roth ... Adult size is total length 202-340 mm (8.0-13.4 in); tail 87-122 mm (3.4-4.8 in), frequently broken or stubbed; hind foot 29-35 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispid_cotton_rat

An earlier study, using amplified fragment-length polymorphism fingerprinting, showed a close association of wisent and ... and gayal Y chromosome analysis associated wisent and American bison. ... in length, not counting a tail of 30 to 92 cm (12 to 36 in), 1.8 to 2.1 m (5.9 to 6.9 ft) in height, and 615 to 920 kg (1,356 ... to 2,028 lb) in weight for males, and about 2.4 to 2.9 m (7.9 to 9.5 ft) in body length without tails, 1.69 to 1.97 m (5.5 to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_bison

"The use of amplified fragment length polymorphism in determining species trees at fine taxonomic levels: analysis of a ... Total length males 610 mm, females 730 mm. The head scalation consists of 10-11(12) upper labials, the first of which are fused ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimeresurus_septentrionalis

"The use of amplified fragment length polymorphism in determining species trees at fine taxonomic levels: analysis of a ... Maximum total length males 600 mm (24 in), females 810 mm (32 in); maximum tail length males 120 mm (4.7 in), females 130 mm ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimeresurus_albolabris

"Ochratoxin A production and amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus tubingensis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_tubingensis

"Morphological and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data show that New Zealand endemic Myosotis petiolata ( ... In these analyses, Myosotis pansa was differentiated from M. petiolata and M. pottsiana, and the two subspecies were also ... "Morphological and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data show that New Zealand endemic Myosotis petiolata ( ... of Myosotis pansa were included in two studies that phylogenetically analysed amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosotis_pansa

... attempted to return to a VNTR based analysis combined with PCR technology called amplified fragment length polymorphisms ( ... The first true method of DNA profiling was restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The first use of RFLP analysis in ... analysis is the primary type of forensic DNA analysis performed in modern DNA laboratories. STR analysis builds upon RFLP and ... The process of RFLP analysis was extremely time consuming and due to the length of the repeats used, between 9 and 100 base ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_DNA_analysis

In a standard multiplex PCR reaction, each fragment needs a unique amplifying primer pair. These primers being present in a ... MLPA has a variety of applications including detection of mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms, analysis of DNA ... Each complete probe pair must have a unique length, so that its resulting amplicons can be uniquely identified during ... Dosage quotient analysis is the usual method of interpreting MLPA data. If a and b are the signals from two amplicons in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_ligation-dependent_probe_amplification

2005). "A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping". Proceedings ... the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_millennium_BC

Genetic analysis of the Montastraea annularis complex using amplified fragment length polymorphisms and a microsatellite marker ... "A multi-character analysis of the Caribbean coral Montastraea annularis (Ellis and Solander 1786) and its two sibling species, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicella_annularis

The technique they used was restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), which was more affordable at the time compared to ... Brown WM (June 1980). "Polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of humans as revealed by restriction endonuclease analysis". Proc. ... direct sequencing of enzymatically amplified DNA". Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (2): 529-42. doi:10.1093/nar/15.2.529. PMC 340450. ... Using this he can estimate (24/(14*2, the "2" is for the length of the branch to human (14my) and the branch to orangutan (14 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_anthropology

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique for analyzing the variable lengths of DNA fragments that result ... It used to amplify a specific region of a DNA strand (the DNA target). Most PCR methods typically amplify DNA fragments of ... In polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, millions of exact copies of DNA from a biological sample are made. ... About 90% of fragment lengths fall within a two-fold range. Needle shearing creates shearing forces by passing DNA libraries ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_fragmentation

... enzymes cut DNA at a specific site and the DNA fragments that are left are called restriction fragment length polymorphisms, or ... FISH analysis is then used to confirm the identity of the chromosome. Karyotypes are commonly analyzed using Giemsa banding (G- ... If theHER-2/neu gene does not amplify in the case of polysomy, proteins may be overexpressed and could lead to tumerogenesis. ... Chromosome 17 polysomy may not be present when the centromere is amplified, so it was later discovered that polysomy 17 is rare ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysomy

Unhybridized fragments are washed away and the desired fragments are eluted. The fragments are then amplified using PCR. Roche ... Analysis of exome sequencing data identified a mutation in the XIAP gene. Knowledge of this gene's function guided the infant's ... Various sequencing technologies also have different error rates and generate various read-lengths which can pose challenges in ... Previous exome sequencing studies of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in public SNP databases were used to further ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exome_sequencing

Analysis by flow cytometry revealed an accumulation of cells in S phase upon treatment with resveratrol. The cells were also ... Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified and were all present both in AML patients and in healthy donors. ... Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length- ... nuclei were observed to be condensed and chromatin was fragmented. Survivin has been a target of attention in recent years for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivin

... that amplifies regions between simple sequence repeats to produce a unique fingerprint of amplified fragment lengths. Inverse ... or functional analysis of genes; diagnosis and monitoring of genetic disorders; amplification of ancient DNA; analysis of ... improved specificity and single nucleotide polymorphism detection using blocked cleavable primers". BMC Biotechnology. 11: 80. ... PCR amplifies a specific region of a DNA strand (the DNA target). Most PCR methods amplify DNA fragments of between 0.1 and 10 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction

Amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of the pandemic isolates of V. cholerae has revealed variation in the ... April 2020). "Identification of cholera hotspots in Zambia: A spatiotemporal analysis of cholera data from 2008 to 2017". PLOS ... and relationships within the seventh pandemic clone of Vibrio cholerae determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism". ... It reduced the length of disease by eight hours and the amount of diarrhea stool by 10%. Supplementation appears to be also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera

... research groups have reported identification of male-associated markers using RAPD and amplified fragment length polymorphism. ... An 2020 analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms reports five clusters of Cannabis, roughly corresponding to hemps ( ... According to Delphic analysis by British researchers in 2007, cannabis has a lower risk factor for dependence compared to both ... In 2005, a genetic analysis of the same set of accessions led to a three-species classification, recognizing C. sativa, C. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) typing, sequence-based typing of viruses, antibiotic resistance profiling and ... 2009-04-03). "Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis of Staphylococcus aureus: comparison with pulsed-field gel ... Vauterin L, Vauterin P. Integrated databasing and analysis. In: Molecular Identification, Systematics, and Population Structure ... whole genome Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (wgSNP), genome comparison, identification based on MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioNumerics

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) are also useful in the differentiation of fusaria, as differences in base-pair ... through the cloning and sequencing of RAPD fragments to produce primers for use in PCR that will consequently only amplify the ... Over a thousand different species of Fusarium were identified by the 1930s, however, upon further analysis, these were narrowed ... resulting in DNA fragments of different lengths. This identification method is particularly useful for screening large numbers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium_sporotrichioides

2005). "A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping". PNAS. 102 (41 ... From isotopic analysis of human skeletons and archeological reference materials, tubers and potatoes were an integral part of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_potato

... resulting in fragments of different length. These fragments are then ligated together to generate chimeric genes.[page needed] ... Amplified PCR products are cleaved in an ethanol-iodine solution at high temperatures. Next these fragments are hybridized at ... These analyses can help to identify hot spot amino acids that can serve as the target sites for mutations. Multiple sequence ... followed by identification of regions of polymorphism. Next the top strand of the gene is divided into small degenerate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_engineering

"Molecular Characterization of Iranian Almond Cultivars and Related Wild Species Using Amplified Fragment-Length Polymorphisms ( ... and a full genetic and morphological analysis shows that its closest relative is Prunus bucharica. Fl. Afghan. 2:179. 1960 Bull ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_kuramica

"A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... According to an Environmental Working Group analysis of USDA and FDA pesticide residue tests performed from 2000 through 2008, ... "A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping". PNAS. 102 (41): 14694 ... Tubers form in response to decreasing day length, although this tendency has been minimized in commercial varieties. After ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato

... amplified fragment length polymorphisms, DNA sequences and microsatellites) on a worldwide sample of specimens suggested the ... 8: 80-5. White NA; Dehal-Prabhjyot K; Duncan JM (2001). "Molecular analysis of intraspecific variation between building and ' ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpula_lacrymans

Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism ... analysis of chromosome 2". BMC Genetics. 15: 152. doi:10.1186/s12863-014-0152-1. PMC 4302129. PMID 25544367. Li, Xiaomeng; Xie ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(fruit)

"A combined amplified fragment length polymorphism and randomly amplified polymorphism DNA genetic kinkage map of Mycosphaerella ... tritici was detected based on sequence analysis of six nuclear loci. Zymoseptoria tritici overwinters as fruiting bodies on ... The length of the genome is 39.7 Mb, that is similar to other filamentous ascomycetes. The genome contains 21 chromosomes, that ... Ascospores are hyaline, elliptical, and 2.5-4 × 9-16 μm, with two cells of unequal length. Zymoseptoria tritici represents an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zymoseptoria_tritici

"Assessment of genetic variation in Acer pentaphyllum based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms" Journal of Horticultural ... "Genetic Variations of Acer pentaphyllum Based on AFLP Analysis, Seed Germination, and Seed Morphology." Acta Horticulturae 885 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McNamara_(horticulturist)

... fragment length, as well as the bias due to fragment position within a transcript. Unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) are ... Identifying gene start sites is of use for promoter analysis and for the cloning of full-length cDNAs. SAGE and CAGE methods ... During preparation for sequencing, cDNA copies of transcripts may be amplified by PCR to enrich for fragments that contain the ... RNA-Seq can also identify disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), allele-specific expression, and gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptomics_technologies

AFLP, amplified fragment length polymorphism; ST, sequence type. Scale bar indicates number of substitutions per site. See for ... Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis based on 10-loci multilocus sequence type data of Cryptococcus gattii isolates ( ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/10/12-0068-f1

Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA genes amplified by polymerase chain reaction for rapid ... Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA genes amplified by polymerase chain reaction for rapid ... Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA genes amplified by polymerase chain reaction for rapid ... T1 - Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA genes amplified by polymerase chain reaction for ...

https://tohoku.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism-analysis-of-16s-ribosoma

DNA profiling of banana and plantain cultivars using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length ... random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, ribotyping, and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Journal of ... comparisons of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. ... Organellar DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nuclear random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of ...

https://eurekamag.com/research/002/793/002793521.php

Based on the COI sequencing analysis, a total of 25 polymorphic sites were examined, and 15 haplotypes were identified in the ... Genetic differentiation in Japanese flounder in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea by amplified fragment length polymorphism ( ... Keywords: Japanese flounder, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, genetic ... Keywords: Japanese flounder, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, genetic ...

https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/96456

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. The original amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique [6 ... Abbreviations: AFLP, amplified fragment length polymorphism technique; MSAP, methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism ... Methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) analysis. Methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) analysis ... 29] XU, M., et al., Development of sequence-characterized amplified regions (SCARs) from amplified fragment length polymorphism ...

https://www.fao.org/3/ae216e/ae216e0t.htm

H. pullorum isolates were examined by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting for interstrain genetic ... Analysis of ompA showed a sequence almost identical to that of the type strain. The origin of C. psittaci outbreaks in fulmars ... Sequence analysis confirmed that the PCR products were derived from NiV RNA and suggested that the NiV from Siliguri was more ... AFLP analysis showed that these isolates and 4 additional isolates from a different flock clustered according to their origin, ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/articles/issue/12/2/table-of-contents

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism. The genetic relationship among the isolates was determined by fingerprinting using the ... Genomic analysis. As shown by f-AFLP profile analysis (Fig. 2), the genetic relatedness among the 13 isolates was low (overall ... f-AFLP analysis of the genetic relatedness of CoNS isolates with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides. ... SN, CF, MF, GPT, AB and FL contributed to the conception, review of the studies and data analysis. SN and CF are also involved ...

https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-9-83

... amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis. The project is focussed on the genetic classification of potato varieties ... amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis. The project is focussed on the genetic classification of potato varieties ... AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism)- Technik charakterisiert werden. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist es, die genetische ... AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism)- Technik charakterisiert werden. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist es, die genetische ...

https://www.zalf.de/en/forschung_lehre/projekte/Pages/details.aspx?iddp=553

In this study, 38 of these sources were evaluated for their genetic diversity using the amplified fragment length polymorphism ... Title: AFLP genetic diversity analysis in Russian wheat aphid resistant wheat accessions Author. SRINIVAS, G - Oklahoma State ... to biotype 1 and/or biotype 2 were evaluated for their genetic diversity using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP ... Cluster analysis grouped the 38 accessions into two major clusters, I and II, including resistant lines for RWA1 and RWA2. The ...

https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=274033

Statistical analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism data: a toolbox for molecular ecologists and evolutionists. A ... Stable isotope analysis: modelling lipid normalization for muscle and eggs from arctic mammals and birds. D Ehrich, A Tarroux, ...

https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=rpWkjeMAAAAJ&hl=en&oe=ASCII

... amplified fragment length polymorphisms, and restriction fragment analysis ... cultivars; random amplified polymorphic DNA technique; amplified fragment length polymorphism; seeds; carob; genetic distance; ... interspecific variation; amplified fragment length polymorphism; plant taxonomy; genetic variation; gene flow; molecular ... Solanum melongena; eggplants; germplasm; plant genetic resources; amplified fragment length polymorphism; plant morphology; ...

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?f%5Bpublication_year_rev_facet%5D%5B%5D=7992-2008&f%5Bsubject_term%5D%5B%5D=plant+morphology&per_page=100&sort=title

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were adopted for the characterization of P. brassicae isolates. ... To enable the reliable genetic analysis of complex disease resistance traits in B. napus, a core collection of isolates of the ... DNA extracted from freeze-dried mycelia was isolated for analysis of genetic diversity using molecular markers. For L. maculans ... This was necessary in order to enable future reliable genetic analysis of specific pathogen-host interactions in combination ...

http://www.herts.ac.uk/oregin/pathogen-collection

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Clinical Pasteurella multocida Isolates ...

http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/staff-publications?page=3&s=title&%3Bf%5Bag%5D=W&%3Bf%5Bauthor%5D=584&o=asc&f%5Bauthor%5D=1026

... when compared to the PHE laboratory technique of fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. ... This allowed analysis of the genes responsible for toxin production, as well as characteristics that aid infection, such as ... Analysis of historical outbreaks. Researchers at the Quadram Institute worked with Public Health England (PHE) to analyze ... Comparative analysis of the different genomes allowed researchers to see how related different strains are, which helps trace ...

https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2019/09/researchers-aim-to-improve-clostridium-perfringens-surveillance/

Ghat KV, Lakhanpaul S, Chadha S. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of genetic diversity in Indian mungbean ... Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers have also been used in mungbean to test their usefulness in genetic ... Afzal MA, Hague MM, Shanmugasundaram S. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of selected mungbean (. Vigna radiata ... 8. Molecular diversity analysis. Assessment of genetic diversity using RAPD analysis shows close similarity among mungbean ...

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/66478

... amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis, single nucleotide polymorphism analysis) can detect the presence of target ... Such analyses were used to show that the strain of Bacillus anthracis used in some of the anthrax terrorist attacks of 2001 in ... Regular sampling from the sites and analysis of the samples will reveal the presence of a microorganism. The intent is not to ...

http://www.faqs.org/espionage/Lo-Mo/Microbiology-Applications-to-Espionage-Intelligence-and-Security.html

KEYWORDS: amplified fragment length polymorphism, genetic linkage, moisture stress, population structure, relationship. ... Analysis of plants carrying key recombination events placed the resistance gene to a 180-kb region of the Williams 82 genome ... Analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the RILs for 100-seed weight. The environment had significant ... Association analysis explained the highest percentage of trait variation for seed yield (38%) under drought-stress conditions ...

https://bioone.org/journals/crop-and-pasture-science/volume-68/issue-2

Molecular typing and analysis is important for surveillance and infection control of CDI. However, molecular characterization ... Molecular typing and analysis is key important for surveillance and infection control of CDI. However, molecular ... restriction endonuclease analysis (REA), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) have been applied to C. difficile ... Spigaglia, P., and Mastrantonio, P. (2002). Molecular analysis of the pathogenicity locus and polymorphism in the putative ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00845/full

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis UI - D054458 MN - E05.393.290.382 MN - E05.393.620.500.324 MS - The detection ... fragments. HN - 2008 BX - AFLP Analysis FX - Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length MH - Tissue Scaffolds UI - D054457 MN - ... of RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS by selective PCR amplification of restriction fragments derived from genomic DNA ... length of the uterine neck (CERVIX UTERI). Cervical length or its shortening is used to identify and prevent early cervical ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/dcsnew2008.txt

dyers woad) by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 104 (6-7), pp. 1150-1156. ... Getting the most out of fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism. Canadian Journal Of Botany. 84 (8), pp. 1347-1354. ... dyers woad) by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). A - Papers appearing in refereed journals ... Getting the most out of fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism. A - Papers appearing in refereed journals ...

https://repository.rothamsted.ac.uk/item/88832/microsatellite-analysis-of-the-inbreeding-grass-weed-barren-brome-anisantha-sterilis-reveals-genetic-diversity-at-the-within-and-between-farm-scales

A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping. Proceedings of the ... AFLP analysis of the genetic diversity of Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax, major agricultural pests. Comptes Rendus ... Insertional polymorphism and antiquity of PDR1 retrotransposon insertions in Pisum species. Genetics. 171:741-752. Abstract ... A spatio-temporal analysis of a New Zealand flatworm (Arthurdendyus triangulatus) population in western Scotland. Annals of ...

https://www.hutton.ac.uk/publications/publications-list/keyword/69?sort=year&order=asc

Molecular analysis using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis indicated that A. americanum is divided into ... Character analyses indicate that inflorescence proliferation and reduction have occurred in all major clades, and that the ... The robust phylogenetic estimates obtained here, and high congruence with previous morphological and molecular analyses, are ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/B.-Ford/9772139

https://wwwnc-origin.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/10/12-0068-f1.htm

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of enzymically-amplified small-subunit rRNA-coding regions fromGracilaria ... John DM, Bhoday R, Russell SJ, Johnson LR, Gacesa P (1993) A Molecular and Morphological Analysis of Microthamnion (Chlorophyta ... Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of enzymically-amplified small-subunit rRNA-coding regions fromGracilaria ... John DM, Bhoday R, Russell SJ, Johnson LR, Gacesa P (1993) A Molecular and Morphological Analysis of Microthamnion (Chlorophyta ...

https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/departments-and-staff/staff-directory/stephen-russell.html

... staphylococci May persist throughout lactation according to amplified fragment length polymorphism-based analysis. J Dairy Sci ... and performed all the laboratory analysis. DN was the main supervisor and contributed to the design of the study, data analysis ... Data analysis. The proportions and frequencies of all the variables together with their 95% of confidence intervals were ... IM assistance with study design, laboratory analysis and review of the final draft of the manuscript. All authors read and ...

https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-2175-3

... amplified fragment length polymorphism) marker, obtained by bulked segregant analysis, showed the highest association with ... An allele-specific amplified polymorphism that segregates as present/absent was also developed from the CS25b locus. Powdery ... Hence, X-ray analysis can predict seedling performance and enable the selection of high-quality seeds. ... Segregation of the QTL was followed in different crosses by CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence) markers developed ...

https://journals.ashs.org/search?access=all&page=11&pageSize=10&q=%22selection%22&sort=relevance

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis - Preferred Concept UI. M0505083. Scope note. The detection of RESTRICTION ... Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis Descriptor Spanish: Análisis del Polimorfismo de Longitud de Fragmentos ... Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis [E05.393.620.500.324] Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ... Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis [E05.393.290.382] Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=52872

gene amplification restriction analysis. en_US. dc.subject.mesh. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis --methods. - ... An in-house developed gene amplification - restriction analysis method could confirm the identity of 102 of 119 (85.7%) ... Interpretation & conclusion: The in-house developed gene amplification restriction analysis method though failed to accurately ... rapid and cost-effective in-house developed gene amplification restriction analysis targeting 16S-23S rRNA spacer and flanking ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/135806?mode=full

The population structure of Japanese flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ) in the Yellow and East China Seas were analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequencing. (ajol.info)
Differential AFLP patterns were obtained and different levels of polymorphism were observed depending on the technique, the primer combination and the cultivar. (fao.org)
TE-AFLP analysis generated fewer and shorter fragments resulting in fewer polymorphisms between the dwarf and normal-sized cultivars. (fao.org)
cDNA-AFLP analysis between the dwarf and normal 'Curare enano' revealed a normal-specific fragment, while cDNA-TE-AFLP revealed a dwarf-specific fragment. (fao.org)
Therefore, the above mentioned dwarf/normal pairs were subjected to AFLP and TE-AFLP analysis in order to find dwarf-specific patterns or sequences. (fao.org)
cDNA-AFLP and MSAP analysis was performed on the off-type and true-to-type plants, to reveal fragments potentially related to differential gene expression, or to induced differential methylation, respectively. (fao.org)
The original amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique [6] involves digestion of total DNA by a pair of endonucleases, followed by ligation of double-stranded adapters and two amplification rounds, so-called pre- and selective amplification. (fao.org)
Unlike AFLP, three restriction enzymes are used in TE-AFLP analysis, thus increasing its discriminatory power. (fao.org)
With TE-AFLP the number of amplified fragments is reduced by selective ligation and amplification. (fao.org)
Diversity of conventional and transgenic potato varieties is studied using SSR (simple sequence repeats) and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis. (zalf.de)
In this study, 38 of these sources were evaluated for their genetic diversity using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique. (usda.gov)
In this study, 38 hexaploid accessions resistant to biotype 1 and/or biotype 2 were evaluated for their genetic diversity using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique. (usda.gov)
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were adopted for the characterization of P. brassicae isolates. (herts.ac.uk)
Molecular analysis using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis indicated that A. americanum is divided into three distinct genetic races, each associated with a different host taxon in regions of allopatry, and it is possible that these races will become reproductively isolated and undergo speciation. (semanticscholar.org)
Background analysis using 252 polymorphic amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers detected 80.4 to 86.7% recurrent parent alleles in BC 1F 3 selections. (edu.in)
AFLP or Amplified fragment length polymorphism is a highly sensitive method DNA fingerprinting technique, that is, it is used for detecting polymorphisms in the given sample of DNA. (thebiotechnotes.com)
This task is especially demanding for dominant biallelic markers such as Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers, although they represent an easy way to scan a large number of markers scattered throughout the genome in non-model species [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
For this purpose, a methylation sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphism (MS-AFLP) technique was used to examine cytosine methylation status of vegetative bud DNA. (clemson.edu)
Re-amplified AFLP bands were cloned and sequenced to examine the nature of the sequences undergoing methylation changes during dormancy and locate them on the peach genome. (clemson.edu)
A total of 68 clonal strains were investigated using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), a sensitive genetic fingerprinting technique. (edu.au)
Fourteen rabbiteye blueberry cultivars and three non-identified clones were screened with amplified f ... ragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis with the aim of developing a fast and reliable identification technique. (unideb.hu)
1 ). We describe the population genetic analysis of Dutch community-based and nosocomial MSSA isolates in comparison with pig- and pig farmer-derived ST398 MRSA isolates, performed by spa -sequencing and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis ( 10 , 11 ). (cdc.gov)
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was performed as described previously ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)

WGS has more discriminatory power in profiling outbreak strains, when compared to the PHE laboratory technique of fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. (foodsafetynews.com)

Cluster analysis of these data on 107 polymorphic alleles resulted in a phenogram comparable to the one obtained with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. (eurekamag.com)
This study was designed to compare the genetic effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ), alone or in combination, under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions on proteins and DNA of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), isozymes, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and comet assays were used. (geneticsmr.com)

Carefully optimize PCR conditions and confirm by electrophoresis that a single PCR product is amplified from genomic DNA prior to editing. (idtdna.com)

DNA extracted from freeze-dried mycelia was isolated for analysis of genetic diversity using molecular markers. (herts.ac.uk)
Amplified fragment length polymorphism markers were used to assess genetic diversity in 10 male sterile wheat crop lines (hetero-cytoplasm with the same nucleus) in relation to a restorer wheat line. (geneticsmr.com)
We identified one amplified fragment length polymorphism marker that may be linked to a pseudovivipary-related region of the genome, and several other markers provide evidence of regional local adaptation in Festuca populations. (reading.ac.uk)
The seven mung beans were also genotyped using 10 microsatellite markers, eight of which showed clear and consistent amplification profiles with scorable polymorphisms in all the studied genotypes. (springeropen.com)
Of 168 markers with clean amplification products, 124 (73.8%) displayed polymorphism based on high resolution agarose gels. (biomedcentral.com)
These markers had a polymorphism information content (PIC) from 0.19 to 0.75 with an average value of 0.55 and showed genetic relationships consistent with existing information on these genotypes. (biomedcentral.com)

Phylogenetic analysis with DNA amplification technologies. (who.int)
The detection of RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS by selective PCR amplification of restriction fragments derived from genomic DNA followed by electrophoretic analysis of the amplified restriction fragments. (bvsalud.org)
These isolates were identified by standard biochemical tests, and a simple, rapid and cost-effective in-house developed gene amplification restriction analysis targeting 16S-23S rRNA spacer and flanking region and 16S rRNA sequencing. (who.int)
An in-house developed gene amplification - restriction analysis method could confirm the identity of 102 of 119 (85.7%) isolates and the remaining 17 isolates (14.3%) were confirmed by 16S rRNA sequencing also. (who.int)
Interpretation & conclusion: The in-house developed gene amplification restriction analysis method though failed to accurately identify 14.3 per cent of isolates, facilitated rapid differentiation of most of environmental mycobacteria including potential pathogens from this area and thus would have diagnostic potential in cases with NTM infections. (who.int)
Their sequences are known and they flank the DNA fragments, hence used to design primers, in the next step of PCR amplification. (thebiotechnotes.com)
As the gDNA is very large and May generate a very large number of restriction fragments, selective amplification of only a subset of fragments is carried out. (thebiotechnotes.com)
In the first amplification step, that is the Preselective Amplification, a subset of the restricted fragments are only amplified. (thebiotechnotes.com)
In the example given (fig 3) for the selective amplification +3 nucleotide primers (CTA) has been used, so all the fragments having GAT next to the restriction site will only be amplified. (thebiotechnotes.com)

16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified from isolated genomic DNA samples by PCR with spirochete-specific primers. (elsevier.com)
By adding extra selective nucleotides to the primers in the latter PCR reaction, the number of amplified fragments can be tuned. (fao.org)
These male sterile lines were evaluated using 64 amplified fragment length polymorphism primer combinations, and 13 primers produced polymorphic bands, generating a total 682 fragments. (geneticsmr.com)
A subset of the ligated restriction fragments is then amplified using two primers complementary to the adaptor and restriction site fragments. (thebiotechnotes.com)
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). (bvsalud.org)
7 Primers designed to amplify the partial groEL gene encoding heat-shock protein of Anaplasma phagocytophilum EphplgroELF (5′-ATGGTATGCAGTTTGATCGC-3′) and EphplgroELR (5′-TCTACTCTGTCTTTGCGTTC-3′) were used and expected to yield a 625-bp product for Anaplasma phagocytophilum and for Anaplasma platys , respectively. (who.int)
Design PCR primers that amplify your experimental target site and adjacent sequences. (idtdna.com)

Unweighted pair-group method analysis of this data grouped the cultivars into specific clusters depending on their genomic similarities. (eurekamag.com)
The restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) prevalent among the cultivars were studied by hybridization of 19 random genomic clones to blots of HindIII, EcoRI and MspI digests. (eurekamag.com)
One hundred and ninety-two candidate SSRs were screened for polymorphism among a panel of cassava cultivars from Africa, Latin America and Asia, four wild Manihot species as well as two other important taxa in the Euphorbiaceae, leafy spurge ( Euphorbia esula ) and castor bean ( Ricinus communis ). (biomedcentral.com)
Cluster analysis showed intermixing of isolates from the two cultivars. (elsevier.com)
In addition, analysis of molecular variance showed the presence of a very low level of genetic differentiation between populations obtained from the two cultivars (F st = 0.0206). (elsevier.com)

Amplify the targeted genomic region with PCR. (idtdna.com)

Before RFLP analysis, the 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained from the GenBank database, and the analysis of the theoretical banding patterns for HpaII suggested good species discrimination. (elsevier.com)
Cloning and sequencing of differential fragments did not result in homologous matches with sequences available in public databases. (fao.org)
The diversity of the isolated bacteria was examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 16S rDNA sequences amplified by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (witpress.com)
From this analysis, four different sequences appeared to undergo differential changes in methylation. (clemson.edu)

Seventy-nine isolates were obtained and identified as S. lycopersici based on sequence analysis of combined dataset of the internal transcribed spacer and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase regions. (elsevier.com)
We conclude that sequence analysis of the two repetitive loci introduced here may be highly useful for routine typing of C. difficile . (biomedcentral.com)
Whole-genome sequence analysis reveals unique SNP profiles to distinguish vaccine and wild-type strains of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1). (cdc.gov)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted using groEL PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis. (who.int)

The study further shows that mining ESTs is a highly efficient strategy for polymorphism detection within the cultivated cassava gene pool. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic marker analysis experiments rely on the detection of changes in the length of a specific DNA fragment to indicate the presence or absence of a genetic marker. (harvard.edu)
Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. (bvsalud.org)

Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis based on 10-loci multilocus sequence type data of Cryptococcus gattii isolates (condensed). (cdc.gov)
Several techniques based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to facilitate the characterization and phylogenetic analysis of variola virus isolates were described. (who.int)
To enable the reliable genetic analysis of complex disease resistance traits in B. napus , a core collection of isolates of the two major fungal pathogens causing economic losses in oilseed rape (OSR) crops, Pyrenopeziza brassicae and Leptosphaeria maculans , was established. (herts.ac.uk)
In this study, we performed a molecular analysis of C . difficile isolates in China across several distinct geographic regions, spanning from 2010 to 2015. (frontiersin.org)
Isolates of L. longbeachae from the patients and soils will be compared using amplified fragment length polymorphism typing. (cdc.gov)
The 79 isolates were subjected to amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis using three primer combinations. (elsevier.com)

In this study, restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified 16S ribosomal RNA genes (16S rRNA gene PCR-RFLP) was used to generate restriction profiles of reference strains of oral treponemes including Treponema denticola, Treponema socranskii, Treponema vincentii, Treponema pectinovorum and Treponema medium as well as for Treponema phagedenis and Treponema pallidum and five treponeme strains isolated from human periodontal pockets. (elsevier.com)
Sato, T & Kuramitsu, HK 1999, ' Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA genes amplified by polymerase chain reaction for rapid identification of cultivable oral treponemes ', Oral Microbiology and Immunology , vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 117-121. (elsevier.com)
This allowed analysis of the genes responsible for toxin production, as well as characteristics that aid infection, such as antimicrobial resistance. (foodsafetynews.com)
Two or more of these genes in combination imparted enhanced resistance as expressed by reduced average lesion length in comparison to individual genes. (edu.in)
Analysis of chilling requirement QTL from peach and apricot has detected numerous genes known to modulate DNA and histone methylation pathways. (clemson.edu)
Beszteri, B., John, U. & Medlin, L. K. 2007: An assessment of cryptic genetic diversity within the Cyclotella meneghiniana species complex (Bacillariophyta) based on nuclear and plastid genes, and amplified fragment length polymorphism. (gbif.de)

Noninvasive CFTR analysis involves a technique for recovering DNA from cells obtained by buccal brushing. (medscape.com)

The selective primer pair applied (M-CTG/ E-ACC), which was previously tested, resulted in a large number of reproducible polymorphic fragments for cultivar identification. (unideb.hu)

Restriction Length Fragment Polymorphism (RFLP) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). (thebiotechnotes.com)

When only one or neither parent has an identified CF mutation but the couple has a previous child with CF, the status of the fetus can be predicted by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. (medscape.com)

Of these, 274 (30.6%) informative polymorphic bands were used for genetic diversity analysis. (usda.gov)

T gene polymorphism. (bvsalud.org)

Chloroplast and nuclear marker-based analyses revealed that variation at a geographical level can exceed that between F. vivipara and F. ovina. (reading.ac.uk)
A total of 147 marker fragments per strain were scored, and a binary table with marker absence [0] or presence [1] was constructed. (cdc.gov)

In consequence, the number of potentially amplifiable fragments is limited to those ligated to both adapters. (fao.org)
The restricted fragments ligated with adapters are then amplified. (thebiotechnotes.com)

We recommend using PCR amplicons that are 600-1000 bp in length with at least 100 bp flanking each side of the CRISPR cut site. (idtdna.com)

Friedl, T. & Hepperle, D. 2004: Documentation of characters of terrestrial algae in culture: rDNA sequence analyses, morphology and cryo-preservation of reference strains. (gbif.de)

MSAP analysis, based on the methylation (in)sensitivity of a pair of isoschizomeric restriction enzymes, appeared to be a valuable tool in revealing differential methylation. (fao.org)
A total of 30 fragments with differential occurrence, when genetically heterogeneous MSSA and ST398 MRSA fingerprints were compared, were reamplified and sequenced (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). (cdc.gov)

Comparative analysis of the different genomes allowed researchers to see how related different strains are, which helps trace where they may have come from. (foodsafetynews.com)
Fragments were sequenced for 3 independent strains, and the consensus was analyzed by using BLAST ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast ). (cdc.gov)
Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of strains of the agent of Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi from Canadian emergence zones. (cdc.gov)
Measles virus genotype D4 strains with non-standard length M-F non-coding region circulated during the major outbreaks of 2011-2012 in Spain. (cdc.gov)

See for a detailed phylogenetic analysis. (cdc.gov)

The subset of the restriction fragments amplified from first step are further selectively amplified by adding more two nucleotides to the primer (that is adaptor + restriction site + 3 nucleotides primer). (thebiotechnotes.com)
We constructed a high density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) linkage map for kelp by restriction site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing. (biomedcentral.com)

Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the failure rates of intramuscular and intralesional injections. (who.int)

We performed phylogenetic and population genetic analysis on sympatric F. ovina and F. vivipara samples to establish whether pseudovivipary is an adaptive trait that accurately defines the separation of genetically distinct Festuca species. (reading.ac.uk)
In some cases, our analyses suggested the presence of different genetically homogeneous subgroups (genetic populations) within the same water body. (edu.au)

In this, the DNA sample is first cut using restriction enzymes , followed by ligation of complementary double stranded adaptors to the ends of the restriction fragments. (thebiotechnotes.com)

The robust phylogenetic estimates obtained here, and high congruence with previous morphological and molecular analyses, are strong evidence for a complete tribal revision of CDS and anchored hybrid enrichment probes should be similarly effective in other flowering plant groups. (semanticscholar.org)

its current read length of 100â€"200 nucleotides covers the average length of the DNA preserved in most fossils. (wjst.de)

An isolate from the patient's sputum was sent to CDC for species confirmation, and two samples of potting soil and one of compost from the original packages obtained from the patient's residence were sent for analysis. (cdc.gov)

Since most triploid bananas are sterile, no segregating populations are available for genetic analysis. (fao.org)

In the fig 2: the primer is complementary to the adaptor, the remaining part of the EcoRI recognition site and an extended 'C'. So all the fragments having the adapter part, recognition site of EcoRI and a 'G' will only be amplified. (thebiotechnotes.com)

Cluster analysis grouped the 38 accessions into two major clusters, including resistant lines for RWA1 and RWA2. (usda.gov)
The phylogenetic tree grouped the genotypes into three clusters as revealed by population structure analysis ( K = 3), with cluster III having one unique genotype (VC6137B) only. (springeropen.com)

This validation is necessary if one is to draw conclusions from the findings derived from hybridization microarray analysis. (alksignaling.com)

This difference is probably Monoiodotyrosine not due to partial mRNA decay, since the qRT-PCR data showed consistent URE3-BP levels among the three oligo pairs amplifying the 5′, middle, and 3′ sections of the transcript. (alksignaling.com)

Doing this reduces the bulk of DNA and 'selects' only a subset of fragments. (thebiotechnotes.com)
The recent Neanderthal paper raises five arguments why the 454 sequencing platform is extremely well suited for analyses of bulk DNA extracted from ancient remains. (wjst.de)

Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was calculated using GenALEx version 6.5. (springeropen.com)

We discuss the most appropriate public health response under each scenario and emphasize how further data collection and analyses are required to more reliably evaluate the observed time trends and the relative importance of forces shaping the epidemic. (cdc.gov)
The Impact of Rotavirus Vaccines on Genotype Diversity: A Comprehensive Analysis of 2 Decades of Australian Surveillance Data. (cdc.gov)
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. (plos.org)

The Core lab only accepts pre-mixed fragment samples for fragment analysis. (eagle-i.net)
Please refer to our Fragment Analysis Guidelines prior to submitting samples. (harvard.edu)

Based on the COI sequencing analysis, a total of 25 polymorphic sites were examined, and 15 haplotypes were identified in the two populations. (ajol.info)

We perform quality DNA sizing, allele calling, and relative quantitation using the GeneMapper v4.0 analysis software package. (harvard.edu)

Except of the low read length most of these observations would benefit large scale resequencing projects in human individuals. (wjst.de)

This reduces the number of fragments amplified making results legible, and not too crowded. (thebiotechnotes.com)
If DNA analysis or amniocentesis tests are refused or if results are nondiagnostic, the authors recommend close sonographic follow-up at 6-week intervals. (medscape.com)
In adult males, obstructive azoospermia, in the absence of any other obvious cause (eg, vasectomy), provides additional corroborative evidence for the diagnosis of CF. Confirm results from semen analysis by obtaining a testicular biopsy. (medscape.com)

Anatomy4

Organisms21

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs39

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Phenomena and Processes63

Disciplines and Occupations7

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science5

Named Groups2

Health Care18

Geographicals7

The distribution of genetic diversity in a Brassica oleracea gene bank collection related to the effects on diversity of regeneration, as measured with AFLPs. (1/563)

Use of AFLP for differentiation of Metschnikowia pulcherrima strains for postharvest disease biological control. (2/563)

Body size evolution simultaneously creates and collapses species boundaries in a clade of scincid lizards. (3/563)

Genome scan to detect genetic structure and adaptive genes of natural populations of Cryptomeria japonica. (4/563)

A linkage map reveals a complex basis for segregation distortion in an interpopulation cross in the moss Ceratodon purpureus. (5/563)

Targeted transcript mapping for agronomic traits in potato. (6/563)

An assessment of the genetic diversity within Ganoderma strains with AFLP and ITS PCR-RFLP. (7/563)

A large Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Pamplona, Spain: early detection, rapid control and no case fatality. (8/563)

Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis

Polymerase Chain Reaction

DNA Fingerprinting

Polymorphism, Genetic

DNA, Bacterial

Bacterial Typing Techniques

Genotype

Molecular Sequence Data

Sequence Analysis, DNA

DNA, Ribosomal

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

Base Sequence

Phylogeny

DNA, Ribosomal Spacer

Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

Genetic Variation

Alleles

Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational

Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific

Gene Frequency

DNA Primers

Molecular Epidemiology

DNA Transposable Elements

Species Specificity

Serotyping

Cluster Analysis

Genetic Predisposition to Disease

Genes, Bacterial

Genetic Markers

Genes, rRNA

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field

Minisatellite Repeats

Chromosome Mapping

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique

DNA Probes

Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter Infections

Blotting, Southern

Bacteria

DNA, Fungal

Mutation

Mycobacterium

RNA, Ribosomal, 23S

Soil Microbiology

Case-Control Studies

Haplotypes

Heterozygote

Bacterial Proteins

DNA, Protozoan

Environmental Microbiology

Ecosystem

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Mycological Typing Techniques

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Asian Continental Ancestry Group

RNA, Ribosomal, 18S

Genetic Linkage

Phenotype

Clostridium botulinum type A

RNA, Bacterial

Chaperonins

Restriction Mapping

Rickettsia

Cryptosporidium

Point Mutation

Chaperonin 60

DNA Restriction Enzymes

Exons

DNA

Pedigree

China

Flagellin

Japan

Heterozygote Detection

Codon

Campylobacter

Tuberculosis

Ticks