Ampicillin resistance. Medical search

Nonsusceptibility of a microbe to the action of ampicillin, a penicillin derivative that interferes with cell wall synthesis.

Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.

Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.

A class of plasmids that transfer antibiotic resistance from one bacterium to another by conjugation.

A species of HAEMOPHILUS found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through VIII.

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Unlike ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS, this species may produce an alpha-hemolytic reaction on blood agar and is unable to utilize pyruvic acid as an energy source.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.

A beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.5.2.-.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of CHLORAMPHENICOL, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in the 50S ribosomal subunit where amino acids are added to nascent bacterial polypeptides.

Bacterial proteins that share the property of binding irreversibly to PENICILLINS and other ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS derived from LACTAMS. The penicillin-binding proteins are primarily enzymes involved in CELL WALL biosynthesis including MURAMOYLPENTAPEPTIDE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; PEPTIDE SYNTHASES; TRANSPEPTIDASES; and HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES.

Vertical transmission of hereditary characters by DNA from cytoplasmic organelles such as MITOCHONDRIA; CHLOROPLASTS; and PLASTIDS, or from PLASMIDS or viral episomal DNA.

Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.

A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.

A lactose-fermenting bacterium causing dysentery.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A species of HAEMOPHILUS that appears to be the pathogen or causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease, CHANCROID.

The heritable modification of the properties of a competent bacterium by naked DNA from another source. The uptake of naked DNA is a naturally occuring phenomenon in some bacteria. It is often used as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.

A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.

Enzyme which catalyzes the peptide cross-linking of nascent CELL WALL; PEPTIDOGLYCAN.

A beta-lactamase inhibitor with very weak antibacterial action. The compound prevents antibiotic destruction of beta-lactam antibiotics by inhibiting beta-lactamases, thus extending their spectrum activity. Combinations of sulbactam with beta-lactam antibiotics have been used successfully for the therapy of infections caused by organisms resistant to the antibiotic alone.

Acyltransferases that use AMINO ACYL TRNA as the amino acid donor in formation of a peptide bond. There are ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptidyltransferases.

An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.

Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.

A carboxypeptidase that is specific for proteins that contain two ALANINE residues on their C-terminal. Enzymes in this class play an important role in bacterial CELL WALL biosynthesis.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hexose groups. EC 2.4.1.-.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

Simultaneous resistance to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs.

Pivalate ester analog of AMPICILLIN.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of TETRACYCLINE which inhibits aminoacyl-tRNA binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit during protein synthesis.

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens and the human intestinal tract. Most strains are nonhemolytic.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of the beta-lactam antibiotics. Mechanisms responsible for beta-lactam resistance may be degradation of antibiotics by BETA-LACTAMASES, failure of antibiotics to penetrate, or low-affinity binding of antibiotics to targets.

A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208)

Four-membered cyclic AMIDES, best known for the PENICILLINS based on a bicyclo-thiazolidine, as well as the CEPHALOSPORINS based on a bicyclo-thiazine, and including monocyclic MONOBACTAMS. The BETA-LACTAMASES hydrolyze the beta lactam ring, accounting for BETA-LACTAM RESISTANCE of infective bacteria.

A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus ACREMONIUM. They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.

DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).

A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.

Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.

Diseases of plants.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY).

Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.

A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.

A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.

The ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antifungal agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation.

Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms arrange singly, in pairs, or short chains. This genus is commonly found in the intestinal tract and is an opportunistic pathogen that can give rise to bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract and several other types of human infection.

A cephalosporin antibiotic.

A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.

The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.

This drug combination has proved to be an effective therapeutic agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.

An ester of AMPICILLIN which is readily hydrolyzed on absorption to release ampicillin. It is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract resulting in a greater bioavailability of ampicillin than can be achieved with equivalent doses of ampicillin.

Infections with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.

A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.

Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of VANCOMYCIN, an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis.

Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A type of strength-building exercise program that requires the body muscle to exert a force against some form of resistance, such as weight, stretch bands, water, or immovable objects. Resistance exercise is a combination of static and dynamic contractions involving shortening and lengthening of skeletal muscles.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals, as well as in manure, soil, and polluted waters. Its species are pathogenic, causing urinary tract infections and are also considered secondary invaders, causing septic lesions at other sites of the body.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

A synthetic 1,8-naphthyridine antimicrobial agent with a limited bacteriocidal spectrum. It is an inhibitor of the A subunit of bacterial DNA GYRASE.

A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.

Pharmacodynamic comparisons of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro model of infection. (1/296)

The increasing frequency of penicillin-resistant pneumococcus continues to be of concern throughout the world. Newer fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as levofloxacin, have shown enhanced in vitro activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. In this study, the bactericidal characteristics and pharmacodynamic profiles of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin against four isolates of S. pneumoniae were compared by using an in vitro model of infection. Standard antibiotic dosing regimens which simulated the pharmacokinetic profile observed in humans were used. Control and treatment models were sampled for bacterial CFU per milliliter over the duration of each 24- or 48-h experiment. In addition, treatment models were sampled for MIC determinations and drug concentration. Regrowth of all isolates as well as an increase in MICs throughout the study period was observed in the ciprofloxacin experiments. A limited amount of regrowth was noted during levofloxacin therapy for one isolate; however, no change in MIC was detected for any isolate. Ampicillin showed rapid and sustained bactericidal activity against all isolates. In this study, ratios of effective fluoroquinolone area under the concentration-time curve (AUC):MIC values ranged from 30 to 55. Levofloxacin, owing to its larger AUC0-24 values, has excellent and sustained activity against different pneumococcal strains superior to that of ciprofloxacin. (+info)

Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis increases the incidence of gram-negative neonatal sepsis. (2/296)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of the increased use of intrapartum chemoprophylaxis on the incidence of vertically transmitted neonatal sepsis. METHODS: Multiple institutional databases were queried for the number of cases in which intrapartum antibiotics were used, the obstetric risk factors that were present, and the number of resultant cases of neonatal sepsis that occurred for deliveries from 1992 through 1997. Intrapartum antibiotic use was compared between the first and fourth quarter of 1997. Comparisons were made between the years 1992-1996 and 1997 for the incidence of the various pathogens causing neonatal sepsis; group B streptococcus (GBS), gram-negative sepsis, and others. RESULTS: We found a significant increase in intrapartum chemoprophylaxis between the first and fourth quarters of 1997 corresponding to the increased physician awareness of published guidelines. As expected, the incidence of neonatal GBS sepsis was drastically reduced (from 1.7/1000 live births to 0 in 3730 births, P = 0.02). Unfortunately, there was a concomitant increase in the incidence of gram-negative sepsis (0.29/1000 vs. 1.3/1000, P = .02). The overall incidence of neonatal sepsis remained unchanged (2.7/1000 vs. 2.1/1000, P = .69). CONCLUSIONS: Published guidelines have encouraged physicians to increase the use of intrapartum chemoprophylaxis to reduce vertical transmission of GBS. This study confirms the efficacy of this approach. Unfortunately, this reduction comes at the cost of increasing the incidence of ampicillin-resistant gram-negative neonatal sepsis with a resultant increased mortality. These data provide compelling evidence that the policy of providing ampicillin chemoprophylaxis in selected patients needs to be reconsidered. (+info)

Increase in incidence of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim in clinical isolates of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium with investigation of molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of resistance. (3/296)

Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium isolates obtained during the period 1987-1994 were examined and the molecular epidemiology and the mechanisms of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim were investigated in 24 strains isolated during 1994. Resistance to ampicillin increased from 18% to 78%, to chloramphenicol from 15% to 78%, to tetracycline from 53% to 89% and to co-trimoxazole from 3% to 37%, whereas resistance to norfloxacin remained at 0%. Of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium strains isolated during 1994, all ampicillin-resistant strains had an MIC > 256 mg/L, except one strain in which the MIC was 64 mg/L. Twelve strains (52%) had a TEM-type beta-lactamase, nine (39%) a CARB-type beta-lactamase and two strains (8%) had an OXA-type beta-lactamase. Chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase activity was detected in only nine (47%) of 19 chloramphenicol resistant strains, whereas all eight trimethoprim-resistant strains produced a dihydrofolate reductase type Ia enzyme. Three different epidemiological groups were defined by either low-frequency restriction analysis of chromosomal DNA and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis or repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR. The latter technique provided an alternative, rapid and powerful genotyping method for S. Typhimurium. Although quinolones provide a good therapeutic alternative, the multiresistance of S. Typhimurium is of public health concern and it is important to continue surveillance of resistance levels and their mechanisms. (+info)

Near absence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci but high carriage rates of quinolone-resistant ampicillin-resistant enterococci among hospitalized patients and nonhospitalized individuals in Sweden. (4/296)

Rates of colonization with enterococci with acquired resistance to vancomycin (vancomycin-resistant enterococci [VRE]) and ampicillin (ampicillin-resistant enterococci [ARE]) were determined by using fecal samples from 670 nonhospitalized individuals and 841 patients in 27 major hospitals. Of the hospitalized patients, 181 (21.5%) were carriers of ARE and 9 (1.1%) were carriers of VRE. In univariate analyses, length of hospital stay (odds ratio [OR], 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5 to 8.9) and antimicrobial therapy (OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 3.3 to 6.7) were associated with ARE colonization, as were prior treatment with penicillins (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.8 to 5. 5), cephalosporins (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.7 to 5.0), or quinolones (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.5 to 4.7). In logistic regression analysis, antimicrobial therapy for at least 5 days was independently associated with ARE carriage (adjusted OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.6 to 5.4). Over 90% of the ARE isolates were fluoroquinolone resistant, whereas 14% of the ampicillin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium isolates were fluoroquinolone resistant. ARE carriage rates correlated with the use of fluoroquinolones (P = 0.04) but not with the use of ampicillin (P = 0.68) or cephalosporins (P = 0.40). All nine VRE isolates were E. faecium vanB and were found in one hospital. Seven of these isolates were related according to their types as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Among the nonhospitalized individuals, the ARE carriage rate was lower (6%; P < 0.05), and only one person, who had recently returned from Africa, harbored VRE (E. faecium vanA). The absence of VRE colonization in nonhospitalized individuals reflects an epidemiological situation in Sweden radically different from that in countries in continental Europe where glycopeptides have been widely used for nonmedical purposes. (+info)

Evaluation of the revised MicroScan dried overnight gram-positive identification panel to identify Enterococcus species. (5/296)

The revised MicroScan Dried Overnight Gram-Positive Identification panel was evaluated for its efficacy at identifying Enterococcus species in comparison with conventional biochemical tests. Supplemental testing of ampicillin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium for motility and the ability to acidify methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside helped recognize E. gallinarum and increased the accuracy of the panel for identifying Enterococcus species to 98.5%. (+info)

Normalization of array hybridization experiments in differential gene expression analysis. (6/296)

For detecting and confirming differentially expressed genes it is necessary to have a trustworthy reference. So called 'housekeeping genes' are frequently used for this purpose as internal standard. However, if the influence of new experimental conditions is to be analyzed it is not safe to assume a priori that the expression of these genes is not affected. Therefore two synthetic poly(A)-RNAs were generated by PCR and in vitro transcription. They were used as external standards for normalization of northern blots and cDNA arrays where non-regulated genes as internal reference were not available. (+info)

vanA and vanB incorporate into an endemic ampicillin-resistant vancomycin-sensitive Enterococcus faecium strain: effect on interpretation of clonality. (7/296)

Clonal spread and horizontal transfer in the spread of vancomycin resistance genes were investigated. Multiplex PCR, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), hybridization of enterococcal plasmids with the vanA and vanB probes, and sequencing of a fragment of vanB were used in the analysis. Before May 1996, 12 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) isolates were found in Finland. Between May 1996 and October 1997, 156 VRE isolates were found in the Helsinki area. Between December 1997 and April 1998, fecal samples from 359 patients were cultured for VRE. One new case of colonization with VRE was found. During the outbreak period, 88% (137 of 155) of the VRE isolates belonged to two strains (VRE types I and II), as determined by PFGE. Each VRE type I isolate possessed vanB, and five isolates also had vanA. Of the 34 VRE type II isolates, 27 possessed vanA and 7 possessed vanB. Fifteen of 21 (71%) ampicillin-resistant, vancomycin-sensitive E. faecium (VSE) isolates found during and after the outbreak period in one ward were also of type II. Two VSE type II isolates were found in the hospital before the outbreak in 1995. By PFGE, the three groups (vanA, vanB, or no van gene) of type II shared the same band differences with the main type of VRE type II with vanA. None of the differences was specific to or determinative for any of the groups. Our material suggests that vanA and vanB incorporate into an endemic ampicillin-resistant VSE strain. (+info)

Towards single-copy gene expression systems making gene cloning physiologically relevant: lambda InCh, a simple Escherichia coli plasmid-chromosome shuttle system. (8/296)

We describe a simple system for reversible, stable integration of plasmid-borne genes into the Escherichia coli chromosome. Most ordinary E. coli strains and a variety of pBR322-derived ampicillin-resistant plasmids can be used. A single genetic element, a lambda phage, is the only specialized vector required. The resultant strains have a single copy of the plasmid fragment inserted stably at the lambda attachment site on the chromosome, with nearly the entire lambda genome deleted. (+info)

... use for this purpose had declined as bacterial resistance has increased. Mastitis in sows Mixed aerobic-anaerobic ... Ampicillin is not recommended in people with concurrent mononucleosis, as over 40% of patients develop a skin rash. Ampicillin ... Ampicillin reacts with probenecid and methotrexate to decrease renal excretion. Large doses of ampicillin can increase the risk ... Ampicillin has been used extensively to treat bacterial infections since 1961. Until the introduction of ampicillin by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampicillin

The mention of ampicillin is an anachronism. In one scene it is stated that there may be an epidemic of typhus, and that ... Tomas Arana as Ben Zion Gulkowitz, a resistance leader. Jacek Koman as Konstanty "Kościk" Kozłowski Mia Wasikowska as Chaya ... Veterans of the Soviet partisan resistance in Belarus criticised the film for inaccuracies. Some reviews, as in Poland, ... Kate Connolly (March 5, 2009). "Jewish resistance film sparks Polish anger". The Guardian. Retrieved March 5, 2009. Bielski ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiance_(2008_film)

It contains resistance genes against ampicillin and puromycin. Release 1 of the TRC lentiviral shRNA libraries consist of about ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_RNAi_Consortium

This does not, however, prevent resistance conferred by bacterial beta-lactamases. Members of this family include ampicillin, ... The aminopenicillins are a group of antibiotics in the penicillin family that are structural analogs of ampicillin (which is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminopenicillin

However, resistance in these organisms is now common. Ampicillin Amoxicillin There are many ampicillin precursors in existence ... These are inactive compounds that are broken down in the gut to release ampicillin. None of these pro-drugs of ampicillin are ... Using any of these, bacteria commonly develop resistance to different antibiotics, a phenomenon called multi-drug resistance. ... Rice LB (February 2012). "Mechanisms of resistance and clinical relevance of resistance to β-lactams, glycopeptides, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin

Resistance to the antibiotics ampicillin and vancomycin has been observed. D. lykanthroporepellens is strictly anaerobic and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehalogenimonas_lykanthroporepellens

The strain is natively resistant to both spectinomycin and ampicillin antibiotics. Kanamycin resistance is used as a selectable ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azospirillum_brasilense

An example of a commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotic is ampicillin. Antibiotics are often grouped by their ability to act on ... normal bacteria and the development of antimicrobial resistance. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antibiotic

... pUC19 also encodes for an ampicillin resistance gene (ampR), via a β-lactamase enzyme that functions by degrading ampicillin ... Only the cells with the plasmid containing the ampicillin resistance (ampR) gene will survive. Furthermore, the transformed ... Therefore, the media used should contain ampicillin, IPTG, and X-gal. Due to its extensive use as a cloning vector in research ... Vector (molecular biology) Blue white screen Antibiotic resistance pBLU Yanisch-Perron, C.; Vieira, J.; Messing, J. (1985). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PUC19

... ampicillin resistance azi = azide resistance bla = beta-lactam resistance cat = chloramphenicol resistance kan = kanamycin ... the ampicillin-resistance phenotype of the β-lactamase gene bla). Protein names are the same as the gene names, but the protein ... resistance rif = rifampicin resistance tonA = phage T1 resistance sup = suppressor (for instance, supF suppresses amber ... which confers kanamycin-resistance, as oftentimes parenthetically noted for drug-resistance markers) When referring to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_nomenclature

... or ampicillin-resistant enterococcal infections. Centers with significant gentamicin resistance patterns should consider ... Ampicillin plus gentamicin (or amikacin) plus clindamycin •Ampicillin plus an expanded-spectrum cephalosporin (eg, cefotaxime [ ... replacing ampicillin or added to monotherapy) in centers where there is a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant ... Ampicillin plus gentamicin (or amikacin) plus metronidazole • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridial_necrotizing_enteritis

The resistance genes confer resistance to the antibiotics kanamycin, ampicillin and tetracycline. In addition, RK2 contains a ... and two antibiotic resistance genes, bla and cat, which confer resistance to Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol, respectively. ... as one of a family of plasmids implicated in transfer of Ampicillin resistance between bacterial strains. Plasmids in the IncP- ... RK2 is approximately 60 kbp long and contains genes for replication, maintenance, conjugation and antibiotic resistance. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RK2_plasmid

The plasmid also carries genes to confer resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Plasmid pHT01 is generally stable in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pht01

... although some isolates have been found to show resistance. C. canimorsus is susceptible to ampicillin, third-generation ... It has shown resistance to gentamicin. Treatment is recommended for a minimum of three weeks. Hospitalization is required in ... C. canimorsus cells also show resistance to killing by complement and killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PNMs). C. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capnocytophaga_canimorsus

From a medical standpoint, an important feature of this genus is the high level of intrinsic antibiotic resistance. Some ... Sensitive strains of these bacteria can be treated with ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin. Urinary tract infections can be ... 2002). The Enterococci: Pathogenesis, Molecular Biology, and Antibiotic Resistance. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press. ISBN 978-1- ... Is Required for the Resistance of This Species to Clindamycin and Quinupristin-Dalfopristin". Antimicrobial Agents and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus

Ampicillin- and vancomycin-sensitive E. faecalis (lacking high-level resistance to aminoglycosides) strains can be treated by ... Daptomycin or linezolid may also show efficacy in case ampicillin and vancomycin resistance. A combination of penicillin and ... The resistance is mediated by the presence of multiple genes related to drug resistance in the chromosome or plasmid. ... ceftriaxone is working synergistically with ampicillin) may be used alternatively for ampicillin-susceptible E. faecalis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis

Some strains of S. flexneri have resistance to the antibiotics streptomycin, ampicillin, or trimethoprim. It has been found ... Ssr1 sRNA, which could play role in resistance to acidic stress and regulation of virulence was shown to exist only in Shigella ... "Molecular characteristics of class 1 and class 2 integrons and their relationships to antibiotic resistance in clinical ... flexneri have more plasmids that are suspected to confer antibiotic resistance. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella_flexneri

When grown on medium containing ampicillin bacteria die due to lack of ampicillin resistance. The position is later noted on ... Beta-lactamase which confers ampicillin resistance to bacterial hosts. Neo gene from Tn5, which confers resistance to kanamycin ... Normally the genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or kanamycin, etc., are ... Selectable markers are often antibiotic resistance genes (An antibiotic resistance marker is a gene that produces a protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectable_marker

So, for example, the "marker gene" could be for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin. If the bacteria that were supposed to ... Typical marker genes are for antibiotic resistance or nutrient biosynthesis. ... Now the bacteria that picked up the plasmid would be able to grow in ampicillin whereas the bacteria that did not pick up the ... desired plasmid would still be vulnerable to destruction by the ampicillin. Therefore, successfully transformed bacteria would ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcloning

Resistance to rifampicin has been noted to increase after use, which has caused some to recommend considering other agents. ... In young children and those over 50 years of age, as well as those who are immunocompromised, the addition of ampicillin is ... In the US, where resistance to cefalosporins is increasingly found in streptococci, addition of vancomycin to the initial ... Chloramphenicol, either alone or in combination with ampicillin, however, appears to work equally well. Empirical therapy may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

Environmental resistance of T.equigenitalis is poor. There is evidence supporting that T. equigenitalis can survive for short ... Antibiotics useful in treating T. equigenitalis include ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, erythromycin, tetracyclines, gentamicin, ... sulfamethoxazole and clindamycin resistance and should therefore be avoided. Daily washing of the external genitalia with a ... chlorhexidine as well as starting an antibiotic such as ampicillin. Prevention involves testing of new horses brought into the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylorella_equigenitalis

Most strains of C. pseudotuberculosis have been shown to be intrinsically resistant to streptomycin, with varying resistance to ... It has been shown to be susceptible to ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, lincomycin, and chloramphenicol. Vaccines have ... Specifically, C. pseudotuberculosis is intrinsically resistant to streptomycin, with varying resistance to penicillin and ... including ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, and others. Treatment within live animals (in vivo ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corynebacterium_pseudotuberculosis

Clinical guidelines thus recommend that C. hominis and other HACEK organisms be presumed to harbor ampicillin resistance and ... Historically, C. hominis has been sensitive to penicillin and penicillin derivatives such as ampicillin. However, penicillin- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiobacterium_hominis

... freundii strains have inducible ampC genes encoding resistance to ampicillin and first-generation cephalosporins. ... In addition, isolates of Citrobacter may be resistant to many other antibiotics as a result of plasmid-encoded resistance genes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrobacter

Fàbrega A, Sánchez-Céspedes J, Soto S, Vila J (2008). "Quinolone resistance in the food chain". Int J Antimicrob Agents. 31 (4 ... Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin are ineffective against Campylobacter.[citation needed] In the past, poultry ... McDermott P, Bodeis S, English L, White D, Walker R, Zhao S, Simjee S, Wagner D (2002). "Ciprofloxacin resistance in ... Louis[page needed] Saenz Y, Zarazaga M, Lantero M, Gastanares MJ, Baquero F, Torres C (2000). "Antibiotic resistance in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacteriosis

... pBR322 is 4361 base pairs in length and has two antibiotic resistance genes - the gene bla encoding the ampicillin resistance ( ... Another plasmid, RSF 2124, which is a derivative of ColE1, confers ampicillin resistance but is larger. Many other plasmids ... the ampicillin resistance gene of RSF 2124, and the replication elements of pMB1, a close relative of the ColE1 plasmid. A ... resistance to ampicillin .The same process of Insertional Inactivation can be applied to Tetracycline. The AmpR gene is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBR322

As resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and streptomycin is now common, these agents are ... Resistance to chloramphenicol became frequent in Southeast Asia by the 1950s, and today chloramphenicol is only used as a last ... Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment more difficult. In 2015, 12.5 million new typhoid ... Where resistance is uncommon, the treatment of choice is a fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin. Otherwise, a third-generation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever

Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and ... Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it ... of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the ... The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactamase

M. catarrhalis resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, such as ampicillin and amoxicillin, is mediated by periplasmic ... A fraction of M. catarrhalis strains seemed to be resistant to ampicillin, which makes ampicillin and amoxicillin inappropriate ... Also, the resistance of M. catarrhalis to other antibiotics may be attributed to beta-lactamase, as well, because the use of ... Resistance to trimethoprim, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), clindamycin, and tetracycline have been reported. It is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraxella_catarrhalis

In case of systemic infection, other bactericidal antibiotics are used, such as ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, or ... due to resistance. In addition to antibiotics, dehydrated children may require intravenous fluid treatment in a hospital. In ... and Campylobacter bacteriophage therapy is an ongoing area of research in the age of bacterial antibiotic resistance. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter

Treatment is typically with antibiotics such as clindamycin, meropenem, ampicillin/sulbactam, or moxifloxacin. For those with ... or meropenem is recommended in cases of potential antibiotic resistance. The typical duration of antibiotic therapy is about 5 ... ampicillin/sulbactam, and moxifloxacin. Treatment with piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime, levofloxacin, imipenem, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia

These medications include: Amoxicillin (excluding Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) Ampicillin Penicillin VK and Sulfamethoxazole- ... professionals expressed concerns that this could contribute to an overuse of antibiotics which leads to antibiotic resistance, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publix

In areas of low clarithromycin resistance, including the United States, a 14-day course of "triple therapy" with an oral proton ... standard quadruple and ampicillin-sulbactam-based quadruple therapies for H pylori eradication: A comparative three-armed ... Bismuth-based quadruple therapy is recommended as first line therapy for patients in areas with high clarithromycin resistance ... Another 2013, large multi-center European, controlled trial in regions of high clarithromycin resistance reported 92% ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori_eradication_protocols

This multi-drug resistance has been linked to certain genes. For beta-lactam resistance, the mechanism is by altering ... Staphylococcus hyicus was found to be susceptible to many antibiotics including norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, ... Further resistance testing of S. hyicus isolates found high resistance to penicillin, macrolides, tetracycline, sulfonamides ... Other implicated plasmid resistance genes are tet(L) for tetracyclines, erm(C) for macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_hyicus

One of the most frequent combinations is ampicillin (a beta-lactam, or penicillin-related antibiotic) and gentamicin. Often, ... The recent emergence of infections due to Gram-negative bacterial strains with advanced patterns of antimicrobial resistance ... activity and resistance". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43 (4): 727-37. doi:10.1128/AAC.43.4.727. PMC 89199. PMID 10103173. ME ... antibiotics display bactericidal activity against Gram-negative aerobes and some anaerobic bacilli where resistance has not yet ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoglycoside

For the purpose of phage production, it contains the bacterial ampicillin resistance gene (for B-lactamase), allowing the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PComb3H

The most common selectable markers are genes for antibiotic resistance, so that host cells without the construct will die off ... Ampicillin-resistant derivatives of the plasmid pMB9". Gene. 2 (2): 75-93. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(77)90074-9. ISSN 0378-1119. ... The plasmid contains various restriction enzyme sites and a stable antibiotic-resistance gene free from transposon activities. ... These types of constructs typically contain a gene offering antibiotic-resistance, an origin of replication, regulatory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_construct

Antibiotic resistance occurs sporadically, conferred by the continuous use of piperacillin-tazobactam in situations where it ... Derived from "the addition of a hydrophilic heterocyclic group to the α-amino group of ampicillin", the structure consists of a ... Grebe T, Hakenbeck R (April 1996). "Penicillin-binding proteins 2b and 2x of Streptococcus pneumoniae are primary resistance ... Yang Y, Rasmussen BA, Shlaes DM (August 1999). "Class A beta-lactamases--enzyme-inhibitor interactions and resistance". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperacillin

Common screenable phenotypes include auxotrophy and antibiotic resistance. Replica plating is especially useful for "negative ... if one wanted to select colonies that were sensitive to ampicillin, the primary plate could be replica plated on a secondary ... die but the colonies could still be deduced from the primary plate since the two have the same spatial patterns from ampicillin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replica_plating

Drugs commonly used to treat gram negative infections include amino, carboxy and ureido penicillins (ampicillin, amoxicillin, ... The outer membrane provides these bacteria with resistance to lysozyme and penicillin. The periplasmic space (space between the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria

Some strains are sensitive to ampicillin.[citation needed] Adeolu, M.; et al. (2016). "Genome based phylogeny and taxonomy of ... but could yield insight into how bacterial species evolve resistance or susceptibility to antimicrobial compounds. Providencia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providencia_(bacterium)

A genome-wide E. faecium sRNA study suggested that some sRNAs are linked to the antibiotic resistance and stress response. ... Chewning JH (July 2011). "Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia successfully treated with high-dose ampicillin- ... As an alternative to adding antibiotics to livestock feed, which risks antimicrobial resistance, E. faecium Strain NCIMB 10415 ... This bacterium has developed multi-drug antibiotic resistance and uses colonization and secreted factors in virulence (enzymes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecium

Some vectors contain two selectable markers, for example the plasmid pACYC177 has both ampicillin and kanamycin resistance gene ... Antibiotic resistance is often used as marker, an example being the beta-lactamase gene, which confers resistance to the ... although some selectable markers such as resistance to zeocin and hygromycin B are effective in different cell types. ... penicillin group of beta-lactam antibiotics like ampicillin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning_vector

... ampicillin) resistance marker, is employed at a commercial scale to produce riboflavin for feed and food fortification. By 2012 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin

Common antibiotics include a combination of ampicillin and gentamicin following vaginal delivery or clindamycin and gentamicin ... especially when her resistance has been lowered by long labour or severe bleeding. Puerperal infection is most common on the ... Management: multiple agent IV antibiotics to cover polymicrobial organisms: clindamycin, gentamicin, addition of ampicillin if ... the resistance of the invaded tissues, and the general health of the woman. Organisms commonly producing this infection are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_infections

This particular resistance is believed to be due to a surfactant-like liquid front that actually forms a particular pattern on ... ampicillin, tetracycline, spectinomycin, streptomycin and mitomycin C. Colonies that are grown on surfaces in Petri dishes ... traits including β-galactosidase-like activity causing colonies to turn blue on X-gal plates and multiple drug resistance (MDR ... exhibit several folds higher drug resistance in comparison to growth in liquid media. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paenibacillus_dendritiformis

These include a gene that confers resistance to particular antibiotics (ampicillin is most frequently used for bacterial ... Resistance (R) plasmids, which contain genes that provide resistance against antibiotics or poisons. Historically known as R- ... Some of these genes encode traits for antibiotic resistance or resistance to heavy metal, while others may produce virulence ... Just as the bacterium produces proteins to confer its antibiotic resistance, it can also be induced to produce large amounts of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid

... contain genes that convey resistance to a variety of different antibiotics such as ampicillin and tetracycline. There also ... Bacterial plasmids can also function in pigment production, nitrogen fixation and the resistance to heavy metals in those ... Naturally occurring circular plasmids can be modified to contain multiple resistance genes and several unique restriction sites ... Fertility plasmids, or f plasmids, allow for conjugation to occur whereas resistance plasmids, or r plasmids, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA

Similar resistance was noted in a study with all isolates showing resistance to ciprofloxacin. Of significant clinical ... β-lactamase are a group of antimicrobial enzymes that work to counter the effect of β-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin and ... Antibiotic resistance is the acquisition of resistance to antibiotic treatments through either horizontal gene transfer or ... Virulence arises from its antibiotic resistance properties. The increasing acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes allow for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corynebacterium_striatum

1 fragments should have another antibiotic resistance like ampicillin. The level 1 destination vector determines the position ... For counterselection, the two levels of plasmids differ in their antibiotic resistance markers. The Golden Gate Cloning ... if spectinomycin resistance is used in level 0 modules, level - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Cloning

... ampicillin and chloramphenicol--is warranted. However, the substantial rise in prevalence of ampicillin resistance in the past ... and chloramphenicol resistance, suggest the possibility that chloramphenicol resistance alone or combined with ampicillin ... of all isolates from reported cases tested for ampicillin susceptibility. Ampicillin resistance among HI isolates from reported ... Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol Resistance in Systemic Haemophilus influenzae Disease In late August 1983, a 19-month-old girl ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000269.htm

High resistance prevalence towards ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and ciprofloxacin, among uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates ... Keywords: uropathogenic E. coli, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, antibiotic resistance Abstract. ... Arredondo-GarcíaJL, Amábile-CuevasCF (2008) High resistance prevalence towards ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and ciprofloxacin, ... conferred resistance to nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, sulfonamides, streptomycin, and partially protected against ciprofloxacin. ...

https://www.jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/view/19745501

Cialis works faster than other ED drugs and ampicillin resistance gene sequence ampicillin resistance gene sequence. .com, a ... ampicillin resistance gene sequence. . support online ampicillin resistance gene sequence. Gagnez du temps : Sélectionnez en ... Ampicillin resistance gene sequence. Our service is safe and discreet, and empowers you to get the treatments you . Oui, il a ... Dokteronline ampicillin resistance gene sequence. Lo último en innovación antiedad global. Cialis is indicated for the ...

http://pacmobile.com/?p=ampicillin+resistance+gene+sequence

... . Purchase online ampicillin resistance gene sequence ncbi. Las mejores medicaciones ... Pharmacy Services Centre . O otherwise missed ampicillin resistance gene sequence ncbi ampicillin resistance gene sequence ncbi ... ampicillin resistance gene sequence ncbi. . Pharmacie Française agrée, Hébérgement sécurisé ampicillin resistance gene sequence ... More ampicillin resistance gene sequence ncbi. Professionnel suprax medication 20mg make ampicillin resistance gene sequence ...

https://aplus-ww.com/ampicillin+resistance+gene+sequence+ncbi

Bacterial Resistance clear. Ampicillin (0) Kanamycin (0) Chloramphenicol (0) Tetracycline (0) Spectinomycin (0) ...

https://www.addgene.org/vector-database/query/?q_vdb=pMD18-T%20Simple

Ampicillin. 6. ≥32. R. TMP/SMX. 6. ≥320. R. Ciprofloxacin. 12. ≥4 and 8. R. ... Shigella flexneri with Ciprofloxacin Resistance and Reduced Azithromycin Susceptibility, Canada, 2015 Christiane Gaudreau. , ... Shigella flexneri with Ciprofloxacin Resistance and Reduced Azithromycin Susceptibility, Canada, 2015. ... and the susceptibility and resistance breakpoints for the other 11 antimicrobial agents were CLSI Enterobacteriaceae ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/11/16-0883-t1

Reversal of drug resistance in Mycobacterium leprae by ampicillin/sulbactam. Reversal of drug resistance in Mycobacterium ... Ampicillin/sulbactam also inhibited the growth of drug-resistant M. leprae which grew in the presence of rifampin or dapsone. ... The finding provides a new approach to treat leprosy and to overcome drug resistance of the mycobacteria. ... leprae by ampicillin/sulbactam. Prabhakaran, K; Harris, E B; Randhawa, B; Hastings, R C. *Prabhakaran K; Biochemistry ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/hansen/resource/pt/mdl-1287401

... of isolates were resistance to ampicillin. The rates of susceptibility to ampicillin/sulbactam, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, ... Ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae from COPD patients in the UK. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017. 12:1507- ... β-Lactamase-non-producing ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae is acquiring multidrug resistance. J Infect Public Health ... No resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones was observed, but resistance to trimethoprim/ ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/218271-108858/how-are-haemophilus-influenzae-infections-prevented

In vitro susceptibilities of 180 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae to ampicillin, amoxycillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, ... Beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin resistance amounted to 1.1%. Cefotaxime had the highest activity on a weight basis [MIC ( ... Beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin resistance amounted to 1.1%. Cefotaxime had the highest activity on a weight basis [MIC ( ... Antibiotic resistance among clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae in the United States in 1994 and 1995 and detection of ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/8858889/In_vitro_susceptibilities_of_180_clinical_isolates_of_Haemophilus_influenzae_to_ampicillin_amoxycillin/clavulanate_cefaclor_cefuroxime_cefotaxime_clarithromycin_and_azithromycin_

Resistance of clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol in Muscat area - ... Dive into the research topics of Resistance of clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and ...

https://squ.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/resistance-of-clinical-isolates-of-haemophilus-influenzae-to-ampi/fingerprints/

Categories: Ampicillin Resistance Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Ampicillin+Resistance&parentid=19559&catid=2684

Resistance Color Key. Each circle corresponds to a specific antibiotic resistance in the kit plate map wells. ... Resistance. A / 1 pAGT572_Nemo Ampicillin A / 2 pPAP001 Ampicillin A / 3 pPAP002 ...

https://www.addgene.org/kits/marillonnet-yeast-secrete-detect/

Ampicillin resistance B0015 Transcriptional (double) terminator B0062 Transcriptional terminator E0040 GFP G00000 Standard ... LB with ampicillin was the culture medium used in these experiments. Only the results obtained during exponential growth phase ...

https://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:TU_Delft/Project/rbs-characterization/parts&diff=prev&oldid=113112

An association between intrapartum antibiotic exposure and ampicillin resistance in newborns with E. coli or other non-GBS ... Changing patterns in neonatal Escherichia coli sepsis and ampicillin resistance in the era of intrapartum antibiotic ... Resistance to erythromycin is often but not always associated with clindamycin resistance. If an isolate is resistant to ... coli is attributable to the use of intrapartum antibiotics for GBS prophylaxis is unclear because ampicillin resistance among E ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5910a1.htm?s_cid=rr5910a1_w

... resistance to amikacin, ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ampicillin. This was in contrast with Rice where ... AM: ampicillin, AMC: amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid, SAM: ampicillin-Sulbactam, CFP: cefoperazone, CTX: cefotaxime, CAZ: ... Moreover, a noticeable percentage of resistance to the antibiotic cotrimoxazole was detected; these include 21.43% resistance ... It is worthy of note that ampicillin exhibited more resistance against pathogens such as P. aeruginosa and H. influenzae. ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijoto/2013/408238/

... to manage antibiotic pollution should be assessed against the risk of the potential expansion of antimicrobial resistance. This ... This work deepens our understanding of the behavioural characteristics of resistance genes and adaptive evolution of resistant ... This study investigated the antibiotic resistance pattern of the bacterium Arthrobacter nicotianae OTC 16, which shows ... Genomic Insights Into Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Tetracycline Degrading Bacterium Arthrobacter Nicotianae OTC-16 ...

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-381940/v1

One hundred percent of ETEC and Shigella isolates showed resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephalothin. Also, high ... However, when we analyzed the resistance patterns of Shigella by species, S. boydii showed more resistance (8 of 12 ... Multidrug resistance (MDR) (≥3 drugs) was observed among all ETEC and Shigella isolates, being the aminoglycosides the more ... are important etiological agents of diarrhea among under-five children and a high rate of drug resistance, including MDR, to ...

https://file.scirp.org/Html/1-2150454_81561.htm

GFP Beta-lactamase Ampicillin Resistance What is Transformation? • Uptake of foreign DNA, often a circular plasmid ... Protein Size • Beta Lactamase • Ampicillin resistance • Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) • Aequorea victoria jellyfish gene • ... Bacterial Transformation Cell wall GFP Bacterial chromosomal DNA Beta lactamase (ampicillin resistance) pGLO plasmids ... Pglo experiment - . what is ampicillin? a cell wall inhibiting antibiotic what happens to normal bacteria that are grown ...

https://www.slideserve.com/adem/pglo-gfp

Eight (66.7%) isolates were multiply drug resistant with resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole... ... Multiple drug resistance was observed in 220 (91.3%) strains, the commonest pattern of drug resistance being ACCoT (49.4%). ... Out of 66 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 17 showed resistance or decreased susceptibility to third generation ... Extended Spectrum-lactamase mediated resistance to third generation cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae in Nagpur, central ...

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vishaka-Agarwaldesign?_sg=I4qWiHk12-iGZKpBp84xbqOwg7gJutccAsNsN8OmGx92vBjSzg_qBUEm03CO7WxgJSvPYkU06ZNY9wE

Ampicillin resistance gene sequence pbr322 ...

http://terminally-incoherent.com/blog/viagra+generique

... www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/resistance-bank/) for use in validation of colistin-resistance testing in U.S. clinical laboratories ... The sample from one pig also was resistant to other antibiotics, including ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and ... No additional resistance was found in the isolate from the second pig. The presence of the mcr-1 gene on a plasmid means that ... Bacteria with this resistance mechanism have now been identified from humans, food, environmental samples, and food animals in ...

https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00390.asp

This included resistance against tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, and ceftiofur which are widely used in the treatment ... A high frequency of resistance was observed against erythromycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, ampicillin, and ... Lucia and found that all of the 84 isolates displayed resistance to one or more of the seven antimicrobial agents tested. ... Diarra, M.S.; Delaquis, P.; Rempel, H.; Bach, S.; Harlton, C.; Aslam, M.; Pritchard, J.; Topp, E. Antibiotic resistance and ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/12/3/2543/htm

A carbapenem or ampicillin/sulbactam should be used in treating Acinetobacter HAP/VAP. If there is resistance to these agents, ... MRSA should be covered empirically in patients with any of the following risk factors for antibiotic resistance:. * Patients ... Pseudomonas aeruginosa: resistance and therapeutic options at the turn of the new millennium. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007 Jun. ... Double-drug coverage of P aeruginosa should combine agents with a high degree of antipseudomonal activity and low resistance ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/234753-overview

ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae from COPD patients in the UK. International journal of chronic obstructive ... Resistance is predominantly mediated by β-lactamase production (10); however, the emergence and spread of β-lactamase-negative ... Antibiotic resistance in sputum isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is related to ... Increase in Quinolone Resistance in aHaemophilus influenzae Strain Isolated from a Patient with Recurrent Respiratory ...

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.02.893487v1.full

The most common resistance patterns observed were resistance to penicillin-ampicillin (16%) and penicillin-ampicillin- ... Resistance among CoNS was the highest to ampicillin (90%) and penicillin (89%), few isolates resistant to cefoxitin and ... The majority of CoNS in this study were resistance to penicillins. In addition, most isolates were β-lactam resistant and MDR. ... Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns and biofilm formation in CoNS ...

https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-2175-3

A large, transferable R-plasmid of 28 kb was found in most E. coli isolates (67%) that were resistant to at least ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and tetracycline. (who.int)
This study investigated the antibiotic resistance pattern of the bacterium Arthrobacter nicotianae OTC 16, which shows substantial biodegradation of oxytetracycline/tetracycline. (researchsquare.com)
The resistance pattern differed somewhat in animal isolates: Poultry strains were usually resistant only to ampicillin, white pig and cattle isolates were most often resistant to sulphonamide, tetracycline and streptomycin. (dtu.dk)
Almost all isolates were ampicillin susceptible and tetracycline resistant. (uwi.edu)
The other gene codes for resistance in tetracycline and is expressed in aerobically grpwn E. coli, but not in anaerobically grpwn E. coli or in bacteroides. (ipl.org)
Antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria from raw and treated water from activated sludge of a sewage treatment plant were isolated on eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) plates in the separate presence of ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and streptomycin. (ejbiotechnology.info)
The high frequency of resistance was to ampicillin, followed by tetracycline and sulpha-trimethoprim. (ejbiotechnology.info)
In addition to the phage reactions, this strain is characterized by its multiple antimicrobial-resistance pattern to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (R-type ACSSuT). (cdc.gov)
Comparison of tellurite resistance and tetracycline resistance among the enterococci. (wikidata.org)
7 However, during the past two decades, reports from several cholera-endemic countries of strains resistant to antibiotics including tetracycline, ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulphonamides, trimethoprim and gentamicin have appeared. (who.int)

Multiple World Health Assembly resolutions, World Antibiotic Awareness Week campaigns, high-level ministerial meetings and conferences have created the momentum for addressing antimicrobial resistance, providing an opportunity for a comprehensive global response to the problem. (who.int)
This R-plasmid reservoir may contribute to the spread of multiple antibiotic resistance in our Region. (who.int)
America and a few from Arab countries displayed resistance to 3 or more different have documented the development of resis- antibiotic classes. (who.int)
There also is a need to monitor for potential adverse consequences of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (e.g., emergence of bacterial antimicrobial resistance or increased incidence or severity of non-GBS neonatal pathogens). (cdc.gov)
Although many bacteria have the potential to remove antibiotic residues from environmental niches, the benefits of using antibiotic degrading bacteria to manage antibiotic pollution should be assessed against the risk of the potential expansion of antimicrobial resistance. (researchsquare.com)
Of the 3,561 genes isolated, eight were related to antibiotic resistance. (researchsquare.com)
In addition, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in the treatment of diarrhea could lead to an increase of antibiotic resistance. (scirp.org)
The mcr-1 gene exists on a plasmid, a small piece of DNA that is capable of moving from one bacterium to another, potentially spreading antibiotic resistance to other bacterial species. (cdc.gov)
Despite the enormous disease burden associated with NTHi infections, there are currently no effective prevention strategies, and the rapid development of antibiotic resistance is compromising treatment. (biorxiv.org)
There are currently no effective vaccination strategies for the prevention of NTHi infections and treatment has been complicated by the rapid development of antibiotic resistance to first- and second-line antibiotics. (biorxiv.org)
Hayley Springer cut to the chase by answering the question "What is antibiotic resistance? (countryfolks.com)
These same consumers also developed a resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin. (anh-usa.org)
The goal of this experiment was to choose three colonies from the petri dish that has been exposed to +Amp, and look for any signs of the +Amp resistant gene, blaTEM, within the colonies and decide if this gene does have an impact on bacterial resistance towards the antibiotic. (ipl.org)
Tn 4351carries two antibiotic resistance gene. (ipl.org)
Our hypothesis was that if the plate contains only the LB broth the E. coli bacteria would have no antibiotic resistance and would not glow. (ipl.org)
If the plate contains just LB broth and ampicillin then the E. coli bacteria will have antibiotic resistance only if the plasmid is present. (ipl.org)
If the plate contains LB broth, ampicillin and arabinose then the E. coli bacteria will glow fluorescent under a UV light and it will have antibiotic resistance. (ipl.org)
The results suggest that there is a high rate of antibiotic resistance in rural India. (banglajol.info)
Antibiotic resistant coliforms obtained from inflow and effluent waters were studied to determine influences of treatment on the species composition, resistance patterns and transferable resistance in these bacteria. (ejbiotechnology.info)
Environmental release and agricultural use of treated sewage effluent containing bacteria having elevated antibiotic resistance levels presents a potential public health risk, as well as the risk of transferring the antibiotic resistance to bacterial populations in the environment. (ejbiotechnology.info)
Some authors believe that is related to the existing interaction between the antibiotic and the resistance to the transmission while others believe that the misuse of antibiotics due to wrong prescriptions and dispensation led to this effect. (ukessays.com)
In the present review, I discuss some basic aspects of antibiotic resistance, introducing the antibiotics mechanism and choose for pathogens, the mechanisms of resistance and causes. (ukessays.com)
In addition, I discuss some issues about antibiotic resistance. (ukessays.com)
While Guillemot (1999) suggests that this is related to the existing interaction between the antibiotic and the resistance in the transmission, some more recent article of Rodríguez-Rojas et al. (ukessays.com)
Conjugal transfer of plasmid-borne multiple antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus faecalis var. (wikidata.org)
The antibiogram of the isolates was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against commercial antibiotic discs of ampicillin, vancomycin, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, methicillin and erythromycin. (who.int)
WGS analysis did not identify antibiotic resistance in 12 of 13 isolates from ill people. (cdc.gov)
Testing of outbreak isolates using standard antibiotic susceptibility testing methods by CDC's National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) laboratory revealed two isolates with no antibiotic resistance and one isolate with resistance to streptomycin. (cdc.gov)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Bacterial Profile of Blood Stream Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Isolates. (who.int)
Antibiotic resistance is well described for CF strains, and virulence factors have been proposed.Hypothesis/Gap. (bvsalud.org)
The aim was to establish the genetic diversity and susceptibility of H. influenzae strains from persons with CF, and to screen the whole genomes of these strains for the presence of antibiotic resistance determinants and proposed virulence factors.Methods. (bvsalud.org)
TetA (81.81%), tetB (72.72%), dfrA1 (63.63%), aac(3)-IV (63.63%), sul1 (63.63%) and aadA1 (45.45%) were the most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes. (biomedcentral.com)
A. baumannii strains with similar genetic cluster (ERIC-Type) had the same prevalence of antibiotic resistance, antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors. (biomedcentral.com)
For instance, antibiotic-resistant bacteria that used to cause pneumonia are now rare, thanks to immunizations, and for the first time in 40 years, we can prescribe ampicillin (or even penicillin) to effectively treat the disease. (cdc.gov)
The following are definitions for the phenotypes listed in the Antibiotic Resistance & Patient Safety Portal. (cdc.gov)

She was treated with ampicillin and chloramphenicol for 72 hours and then changed to chloramphenicol alone for 9 more days after the initial Hib isolate was demonstrated to be B-lactamase positive. (cdc.gov)
Editorial Note: Resistance of H. influenzae strains to ampicillin or chloramphenicol, conventional antimicrobial therapy for systemic (bacteremic) H. influenzae disease, is of growing concern among medical practitioners. (cdc.gov)
Resistance of Hib strains to chloramphenicol has remained at a low prevalence rate of under 1% since the first report appeared in 1972 (6). (cdc.gov)
As the presence of antibiotics in environmental waters enhances antimicrobial resistance, photolysis and heterogeneous photocatalysis of chloramphenicol (CAP) were evaluated in deionized water (DW) and in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent under black light and solar irradiation. (usda.gov)
A bone marrow aspirate taken on admission grew Salmonella enterica var typhi susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, quinolones, and third generation cephalosporins except for ceftazidime. (uab.edu)
Moderate incidence of resistance was to streptomycin, chloramphenicol and cephradine. (ejbiotechnology.info)
Staphylococcus aureus was found most sensitive to Chloramphenicol (88.8%) followed by Amikacin (87.5%), Ofloxacin (76.5%), Ciprofloxacin (72%) and least sensitive to Ampicillin, Cloxacillin and Penicillin. (who.int)

Similar plasmids mediating resistance to penicillin and ampicillin have been found in Enterobacteriaceae and in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains, and such genes are transferable between species. (cdc.gov)
Resistance among CoNS was the highest to ampicillin (90%) and penicillin (89%), few isolates resistant to cefoxitin and vancomycin, 9% respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
It is an early generation penicillin so I'm not surprised to see a lot of resistance there," she noted. (countryfolks.com)
Vancomycin resistance in enterococci has coincided with the increasing incidence of high-level enterococcal resistance to penicillin and aminoglycosides, thus presenting a challenge for physicians who treat patients who have infections caused by these microorganisms (1,4). (cdc.gov)
Did the newborn's mother receive intravenous penicillin, ampicillin, or cefazolin ≥4 hours before delivery? (cdc.gov)
Nonsusceptibility of a microbe to the action of ampicillin, a penicillin derivative that interferes with cell wall synthesis. (bvsalud.org)
Resistance occurs by alteration of penicillin-binding proteins. (medscape.com)
Antibiogram of Gram-positive cocci revealed that S. aureus and CNS manifest higher resistance to both penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. (researchsquare.com)
Streptococcus pneumoniae was most sensitive to Penicillin, Chloramphenical (100%) followed by Ampicillin and Erythromycin (83.3%) and least sensitive to Cotrimoxazole. (who.int)

All strains resistant to nitrofurantoin carried a ~20 Kb plasmid, which when transformed into a susceptible recipient, conferred resistance to nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, sulfonamides, streptomycin, and partially protected against ciprofloxacin. (jidc.org)
The most frequent resistances detected were against streptomycin and ampicillin. (vin.com)
Single or multiple drug resistance occurred in all Salmonella agona isolates from cormorants, primarily to ampicillin, sulfonamide, streptomycin, neomycin, and kanamycin. (bioone.org)

It is important to monitor the resistance rates of H influenzae to different antibiotics to guide empiric antimicrobial choices while awaiting susceptibility results. (medscape.com)
This work deepens our understanding of the behavioural characteristics of resistance genes and adaptive evolution of resistant drug bacteria under the pressure of antibiotics. (researchsquare.com)
S. aureus is known for its ability to develop resistance to almost all antibiotics, which makes it challenging to treat the range of infections it causes. (biomedcentral.com)
I will review the mode of action of β-lactam antibiotics, describe different classes and subclasses of β-lactam antibiotics, review β-lactam resistance mechanisms and classes of β-lactamases, discuss methods for detecting carbapenem resistance and indications for carbapenemase testing in Gram-negative bacteria, and explain methods for detecting carbapenemases. (aacc.org)
Antimicrobial resistance arises due to the overuse of antimicrobial drugs, most prominently antibiotics and others like antivirals, antifungals, etc. (grin.com)
This is the effect of resistance that can be defined as the capability of the bacteria to resist to the prejudicial effect of the antibiotics. (ukessays.com)
2013) and Darwish (2014) take the view that the misuse of antibiotics due to wrong prescriptions and dispensation, and lack of awareness caused resistance genes in microbial flora on people, animals and the environment. (ukessays.com)
Therefore, it is advisable to continuously evaluate the sensitivity-resistance pattern of isolates so as to make a rational use of antibiotics. (who.int)
A. baumannii strains are also known to harbor multiple resistance against different types of antibiotics. (biomedcentral.com)
The emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance following the introduction of antibiotics is a commonly reported global phenomenon. (who.int)
Vibrio cholerae remained susceptible to many antibiotics for a sustained period, with only 3% of the isolates demonstrating resistance in the worldwide survey conducted in 1976. (who.int)

Arredondo-GarcíaJL, Amábile-CuevasCF (2008) High resistance prevalence towards ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and ciprofloxacin, among uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates in Mexico City. (jidc.org)
Almost all isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, and ciprofloxacin, whereas the susceptibility rate to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was only 50.1%, and more than 38% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin. (medscape.com)
When comparing incidence in 2004-2008 with that in 2015-2016, Bayesian hierarchical modeling estimated a 40% increase in the annual incidence of Salmonella infections with clinically important resistance (resistance to ampicillin or ceftriaxone or nonsusceptibility to ciprofloxacin). (cdc.gov)
About a third showed high lever aminoglycoside resistance and these isolates were usually ciprofloxacin, resistance. (uwi.edu)
Amikacin and co-trimoxazole showed 95% (n=57) resistance, and ciprofloxacin showed 83.3% (n=50) resistance among the Gram-negative bacteria. (banglajol.info)
E.coli was found most sensitive to Amikacin (74.7%) followed by Ofloxacin (69.9%), Ciprofloxacin (56.4%) and least sensitive to Cephalexin, Gentamycin and Ampicillin. (who.int)
12,13 Since there is no Vibrio cholerae -specific CLSI interpretive criteria for several of the drugs for which resistance is described, we considered a zone of inhibition of 21mm for ciprofloxacin, 23mm for erythromycin, 19mm for nalidixic acid and 17mm for norfloxacin as the cut-off values to determine susceptibility ( Table 1 ). (who.int)

These data are based on hospital reporting of resistance from 20 states that (1) participated in all years from 1978 to 1982, (2) reported ampicillin-testing results on at least 50 isolates, and (3) had over 75% of all isolates from reported cases tested for ampicillin susceptibility. (cdc.gov)
Azithromycin epidemiologic cutoff values for wild-type (MIC ≤8 mg/L) and non-wild-type (MIC ≥16 mg/L) Shigella flexneri ( 2 ) and the susceptibility and resistance breakpoints for the other 11 antimicrobial agents were CLSI Enterobacteriaceae breakpoints ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) provides the ability to identify the resistome of microorganisms (i.e., all antimicrobial resistance genes harbored) but can also be used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (WGS-AST) and potentially guide antimicrobial decision making. (frontiersin.org)

In a UK study, among 24 sputum specimens from patients with COPD that were positive for H influenzae, 67% were resistant to ampicillin (of which 56% were beta-lactamase-positive), 46% were resistant to erythromycin, and 0% were resistant to fluoroquinolones. (medscape.com)
The slide showed a percentage of calves - nearly 100% - are carrying E. coli resistant to Ampicillin. (countryfolks.com)
Enterobacter was the most prevalent genus and some strains were resistant to ampicillin, gentamicin and cephalothin. (scielo.br)

Reversal of drug resistance in Mycobacterium leprae by ampicillin/sulbactam. (bvsalud.org)
The multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae in foot pads of experimentally-infected mice was suppressed by intramuscular administration of ampicillin combined with sulbactam or YTR-830H, two potent inhibitors of beta-lactamase in the bacteria . (bvsalud.org)
Ampicillin / sulbactam also inhibited the growth of drug -resistant M. leprae which grew in the presence of rifampin or dapsone . (bvsalud.org)
[ 59 ] meaning that ampicillin/sulbactam and cefotaxime should be the primary choices for empiric treatment. (medscape.com)
β-lactam inhibitor combinations have a β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor and include amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin-sulbactam, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, and ceftazidime-avibactam. (aacc.org)
For CRAB susceptible to sulbactam and HAP/VAP, ampicillin-sulbactam is suggested. (medscape.com)

Since ampicillin-resistant isolates of Hib were first recognized in 1974, resistant strains have become increasingly prevalent. (cdc.gov)
Conclusions: Drugs considered of choice against uncomplicated urinary tract infections are facing high resistance prevalences and resistance determinants formerly seen only at hospitals are now among community strains. (jidc.org)
[ 64 ] Strains of BLNAR H influenzae increased significantly from 2013 to 2016 and tend to show multidrug resistance. (medscape.com)
however, the emergence and spread of β-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant strains in many regions of the world is of substantial concern with treatment failure also being reported in response to macrolides ( 11 - 14 ) and fluoroquinolones ( 15 - 17 ). (biorxiv.org)
Multiple resistance, i.e. resistance against at least four antimicrobial agents, was found in 9.2% of the human strains, but in only two of the cattle isolates, The majority of the multi-resistant strains in humans were from infections contracted outside Denmark, most often in southern Europe or south-east Asia. (dtu.dk)
however, these strains often acquire numerous additional resistance genes, making them resistant to most available antimicrobials. (cliniciansbrief.com)
In addition, the strains are checked for histidine requirement, for sensitivity to crystal violet, deoxycholate and for resistance to ampicillin. (europa.eu)
To evaluate multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, including definitive type 104 (DT104) in the United States, we reviewed data from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). (cdc.gov)
Ceftriaxone resistance was present in 3% (8), and nalidixic acid resistance in 1% (4), of these multidrug-resistant strains. (cdc.gov)
ceftriaxone resistance is exhibited by some of these strains. (cdc.gov)
Forty-nine of these strains (one per different sequence type) were analysed for encoded virulence factors and resistance determinants.Results. (bvsalud.org)
Only 6/49 strains (12.2%) harboured acquired resistance genes. (bvsalud.org)
The H. influenzae strains showed limited levels of resistance, with the highest being against co-trimoxazole. (bvsalud.org)
Acinetobacter baumannii strains with multiple antimicrobial resistance are primarily known as opportunistic nosocomial bacteria but they may also be regarded as emerging bacterial contaminants of food samples of animal origin. (biomedcentral.com)
A total of 22 A. baumanni strains were isolated from 126 animal meat samples and were genotyped by ERIC-PCR method and by PCR detection of their virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants. (biomedcentral.com)

Antimicrobial resistance occurs through different mechanisms, which include spontaneous (natural) genetic mutations and horizontal transfer of resistant genes through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (who.int)
This report presents the status of AMR in Africa by analysing the main types of resistance and the underlying genes where possible. (who.int)
Only the plasmid derived resistance genes were up regulated under the pressure of OTC. (researchsquare.com)
This increase poses important problems, including a) the lack of available antimicrobial therapy for VRE infections, because most VRE are also resistant to drugs previously used to treat such infections (e.g., aminoglycosides and ampicillin), and b) the possibility that the vancomycin-resistant genes present in VRE can be transferred to other gram-positive microorganisms (e.g. (cdc.gov)
The genes we hoped to insert in the pGLO lab were the GFP gene and the ampicillin resistance gene. (ipl.org)
None of the tested enterococcal isolates displayed vancomycin resistance by Etest or PCR for vanA and vanB genes. (uib.no)
Further investigations of virulence factors and resistance genes of the collected E. coli isolates will allow the evaluation of potential risk factors for the transmission of these resistant bacteria or their resistant determinants to livestock, companion animals and humans. (vin.com)
One isolate contained resistance genes for ampicillin and azithromycin. (cdc.gov)

Gentamicin and kanamycin resistances had the lowest occurrence (all data as of October 26th 2018). (vin.com)

There are reports of increasing resistance by MRSA and Methicillin Susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) to drugs of choice [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
E coli is intrinsically susceptible to a wide range of antimicrobials ( Table 2 ), but acquired resistance and resistance from narrow spectrum beta-lactamase production are common. (cliniciansbrief.com)
E. faecium isolates commonly had combined ampicillin-resistance and high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR), (9/17), while E. faecalis frequently displayed HLGR (6/15), but were ampicillin susceptible. (uib.no)

pIRES includes a neomycin resistance gene (Neor) to aid in the selection of transfected cells. (biofeng.com)
According to the experts, a combination treatment of ampicillin, neomycin, metronidazole and vancomycin completely inhibited hepatic neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltration in mice given the control diet. (naturalnews.com)

4. Antimicrobial resistance, the development of resistance to antimicrobials in microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites), has emerged as a major public health problem that threatens the advances of modern medicine. (who.int)
Bacteria with this resistance mechanism have now been identified from humans, food, environmental samples, and food animals in at least 20 countries around the world. (cdc.gov)
The presence of the mcr-1 gene on a plasmid means that colistin resistance can be shared with other more resistant bacteria such as CRE, raising the possibility that untreatable bacteria could develop. (cdc.gov)
CDC's National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, in collaboration with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), will continue to look for mcr-1 mediated colistin resistance in enteric bacteria from humans, retail meat, and food animals. (cdc.gov)
Welcome to this Pearl of Laboratory Medicine on "Laboratory detection of carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. (aacc.org)
"The information submitted on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic bacteria indicated that animals and food of animal origin might serve as reservoirs for resistant bacteria with the risk of direct or indirect transfer of resistant bacteria to humans," the Commission found. (foodnavigator.com)
The antimicrobial resistance bacteria transfers' resistant gene to the next generation and it is capable of transferring to another ecosystem also through horizontal gene transfer. (grin.com)
Resistance in gram-negative bacteria: Enterobacteriaceae. (scielo.br)
GFP was needed so that we would tell if the ampicillin resistance gene had been properly placed when the bacteria glowed under a UV light. (ipl.org)
Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria is a global health threat in human and veterinary medicine 1,2 , with a rapid emergence and expansion worldwide. (vin.com)
Wildlife species can play an important role as reservoirs for these organisms 3 , posing a hazard to humans and domestic animals regarding transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria or resistance determinants 4 . (vin.com)
National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS): human isolates final report, 2008. (cdc.gov)
The Vector backbone contains ampicillin resistance for amplification in bacteria, viral packaging sequence Psi and long terminal repeats (LTRs) for generation of retrovirus. (researchsquare.com)

ABSTRACT We investigated antimicrobial resistance patterns and plasmid profiles of uropathogenic Escher- ichia coli isolates from inpatients and outpatients at Jordan University Hospital in 2000 and 2001. (who.int)
RESUME Nous avons étudié la résistance aux antimicrobiens et les profils plasmidiques des isolats d' Escherichia coli uropathogénique chez des malades hospitalisés et des malades externes à l'Hôpital universitaire jordanien en 2000 et 2001. (who.int)
Several studies from developing countries showing worrying trends in multiple resistance among enteric pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. (scirp.org)
The purpose of this lab was to perform a procedure known as genetic transformation which allowed us to genetically engineer E. Coli to be ampicillin resistance. (ipl.org)
As the continuation of survival, the E. coli will develop an immunity against the ampicillin. (ipl.org)
One of the codes for resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin which is expressed in bactroides but not in E.Coli. (ipl.org)
Mating experiments of multiple-resistant coliforms with an E. coli K-12 donor confirmed the capability of transferring its resistance. (ejbiotechnology.info)
Moreover E. coli demonstrated an elevated ampicillin resistance. (jpnim.com)
Results showed that there is high drug resistance of E. coli causing colibacillosis cases in chicken. (mak.ac.ug)
The vector also contains an ampicillin resistance gene (Ampr), and a ColE1 origin of replication for se¬lection and propagation in E. coli, and an f1 origin for single-stranded DNA production. (biofeng.com)
The blaNDM-36, -37 harboring E. coli isolates belonged to ST227, O9:H10 serotype and exhibited intermediate or resistance to all ß-lactams tested except aztreonam and aztreonam/avibactam. (bvsalud.org)

One hundred eighty consecutive, unduplicate isolates of Haemophilus influenzae from clinical specimens collected from November 1994 through February 1995 in nine general hospitals throughout Belgium were examined for beta-lactamase production using a nitrocefin-based test, and for their in vitro susceptibilities to ampicillin, amoxycillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, clarithromycin and azithromycin by means of the NCCLS agar dilution test. (unboundmedicine.com)
Gram-negative organisms exhibited 100% resistance to ampicillin, cefotaxime, and gentamicin. (banglajol.info)
NDM-36 had increased hydrolytic activity toward ampicillin and cefotaxime relative to NDM-37 and NDM-5, while NDM-37 and NDM-36 had lower catalytic activity toward imipenem but higher activity against meropenem in comparison to NDM-5. (bvsalud.org)

No resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones was observed, but resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was common. (medscape.com)

It is 100% resistance to Ampicillin and Erythromycin. (who.int)

The finding provides a new approach to treat leprosy and to overcome drug resistance of the mycobacteria . (bvsalud.org)
In Taiwan, the incidence of single-drug resistance, MDR, and XDR H influenzae from 2007 to 2018 were 21.5% (450/2091), 26.6% (557/2091), and 2.5% (52/2091), respectively. (medscape.com)
The report also includes a summary on the status of drug resistance for TB, HIV and malaria. (who.int)
are important etiological agents of diarrhea among under-five children and a high rate of drug resistance, including MDR, to the commonly used drugs was observed in our region. (scirp.org)
The high multi-drug resistance of MRSA in hospital environments in Ghana reinforces the need for the effective and routine cleaning of door handles in hospitals. (biomedcentral.com)
In 1996, NARMS was established to prospectively monitor the patterns of antimicrobial-drug resistance among human enteric pathogens, including nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates received at select public health laboratories in the United States ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Forty-six isolates (88.5%) were resistant to at least three classes of drugs (multi drug resistance) and these were tested for sensitivity to 20 stock bacteriophages. (mak.ac.ug)
Surviving cells of all isolates demonstrated multiple drug-resistance post exposure to UV radiation. (bvsalud.org)

The lowest rate of resistance was to kanamicin and nalidixic acid. (ejbiotechnology.info)

Misuse and overuse of antimicrobial medicines, lack of awareness of the magnitude of antimicrobial resistance, absence of robust antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems, and inadequate infection prevention and control programmes are among the main factors contributing to the growth of antimicrobial resistance globally. (who.int)
Low levels of awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance, and a lack of robust antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems to accurately measure the burden of resistance, hamper the capacity of countries to control the spread of antimicrobial resistance. (who.int)
The corresponding programs in Canada are the National Enteric Surveillance Program and the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Therefore, a stringent infection vigilance program comprising of routine sampling from the equipments and wards along with antimicrobial resistance surveillance and decontamination efforts must be instituted. (researchsquare.com)

Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica subsp. (dtu.dk)
We have studied the frequency of antimicrobial resistance and epidemiological relatedness among 473 isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp, enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) from human and veterinary sources. (dtu.dk)
Dive into the research topics of 'Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica subsp. (dtu.dk)
The US study used data from Laboratory-Based Enteric Disease Surveillance ( https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/reportspubs/surveillance.html ) and the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System ( https://www.cdc.gov/narms/index.html ). (cdc.gov)
Ackers ML , Puhr ND , Tauxe RV , Mintz ED . Laboratory-based surveillance of Salmonella serotype Typhi infections in the United States: antimicrobial resistance on the rise. (cdc.gov)
Among Salmonella serotypes, Typhimurium exhibits one of the highest prevalences of antimicrobial resistance ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)

Why do we need to address anti-microbial resistance on farms? (countryfolks.com)
So, yes, we really do have anti-microbial resistance in ag. (countryfolks.com)
Antimicrobial resistance is currently a very big global problem, initially reported in human patients but it has spread to the animal population, making it a very serious risk due to rampart difficult to treat microbial infections. (mak.ac.ug)

The objectives of this analysis were to determine the antimicrobial-resistance patterns seen among S . Typhimurium isolates received at CDC through the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) from 1997 through 1998 and describe the distribution of phage types, including DT104, among S . Typhimurium isolates with the most common resistance patterns. (cdc.gov)

Regarding the Gram-negative bacilli, isolates of Acinetobacter showed 100% resistance to ceftriaxone and ampicillin. (researchsquare.com)

One hundred percent of ETEC and Shigella isolates showed resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephalothin. (scirp.org)

Penicillins include amoxicillin and ampicillin and have the narrowest spectrum of activity. (aacc.org)

Isolates were delineated by resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems as well as the presence of AMR markers to determine clinically relevant AMR classes. (frontiersin.org)
The overall categorical agreement (CA) was 90% (Illumina) and 88% (ONT) across all antimicrobials, 96% for the prediction of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins for both platforms, and 94% (Illumina) and 91% (ONT) for the prediction of resistance to carbapenems. (frontiersin.org)

That's because there's building resistance in both those organisms. (countryfolks.com)
Although the mechanisms by which organisms in a particular country will be determined by a acquire resistance are often well understood, includ- number of factors, including the range of diseases ing the selective pressures arising from exposure to of public health significance, the organization of antimicrobials, the precise role of drug usage in healthcare services and the resources available. (who.int)

The primary mechanism of ampicillin resistance is by production of the TEM B-lactamase enzyme, mediated by a plasmid that contains a gene coding for this enzyme. (cdc.gov)
In November 2015, a report from China first described plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance caused by the mcr-1 gene. (cdc.gov)
Plasmid-linked resistance to inorganic salts in Staphylococcus aureus. (wikidata.org)

The resistance rate to ampicillin was 16.4%, and the percentage of beta-lactamase-producing isolates increased from 13.5% in 2007-2010 to 19% in 2011-2014. (medscape.com)
Another concerning finding from Japan is the prevalence of beta-lactamase-negative but ampicillin-resistant H influenzae isolates that are also macrolide resistant. (medscape.com)
GFP Beta-lactamase Ampicillin Resistance What is Transformation? (slideserve.com)

The majority of CoNS in this study were resistance to penicillins. (biomedcentral.com)

The factors responsible for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance include the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in the human health sector, as well as in the food production and animal sectors, and a lack of adequate infection prevention and control programmes to reduce the incidence of infections and the transmission of resistant pathogens. (who.int)
Multidrug resistance (MDR) (≥3 drugs) was observed among all ETEC and Shigella isolates, being the aminoglycosides the more effective drugs against these pathogens. (scirp.org)

or = 0.06 microgram/ml], followed by ampicillin (MIC50 of 0.25 microgram/ml), amoxycillin/clavulanate and cefuroxime (MIC50 of 0.5 microgram/ml), azithromycin (MIC50 of 2 micrograms/ml), cefaclor (MIC50 of 4 micrograms/ml), and clarithromycin (MIC50 of 8 micrograms/ml). (unboundmedicine.com)

Increased prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, treatment failure, and financial losses have been reported in dairy cows with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) clinical mastitis, however, studies on CoNS infections are limited in South Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
Conclusion This is the first study to describe bloodstream infections caused by ampicillin-resistant HLGR E. faecium and HLGR E. faecalis in Tanzania. (uib.no)
in absence of imunization against HiB, pneumococus nd influenza in india it is dificult to adopt these guidelines in developing countries as infections by pneumococus and Hib are frequent and amoxycilin resistance is rampant. (cdc.gov)

Also, high frequency of resistance for both ETEC and Shigella isolates was observed to nitrofurantoin (100%, 83.3%), respectively. (scirp.org)

In conclusion, while antimicrobial resistance was present in S. typhimurium isolated from humans and animals in Denmark, multiple resistance was most often acquired outside Denmark. (dtu.dk)

The highest levels of political support are needed for antimicrobial resistance prevention and control at the country level. (who.int)

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized by leading health organizations as one of the major threats to global health. (frontiersin.org)

Mechanism of mercuric chloride resistance in microorganisms. (wikidata.org)

The actual increase in the incidence of VRE in U.S. hospitals might be greater than reported because the fully automated methods used in many clinical laboratories cannot consistently detect vancomycin resistance, especially moderate vancomycin resistance (as manifested in the VanB phenotype) (9-11). (cdc.gov)

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In 1975-1976, a national survey of pediatric centers in the United States found the prevalence of ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae isolates from cultures of blood and CSF was 4.5% (1). (cdc.gov)

This report presents recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee for preventing and controlling the spread of vancomycin resistance, with a special focus on VRE. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy2

Organisms12

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs45

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes36

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science2

Pharmacodynamic comparisons of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro model of infection. (1/296)

Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis increases the incidence of gram-negative neonatal sepsis. (2/296)

Increase in incidence of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim in clinical isolates of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium with investigation of molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of resistance. (3/296)

Near absence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci but high carriage rates of quinolone-resistant ampicillin-resistant enterococci among hospitalized patients and nonhospitalized individuals in Sweden. (4/296)

Evaluation of the revised MicroScan dried overnight gram-positive identification panel to identify Enterococcus species. (5/296)

Normalization of array hybridization experiments in differential gene expression analysis. (6/296)

vanA and vanB incorporate into an endemic ampicillin-resistant vancomycin-sensitive Enterococcus faecium strain: effect on interpretation of clonality. (7/296)

Towards single-copy gene expression systems making gene cloning physiologically relevant: lambda InCh, a simple Escherichia coli plasmid-chromosome shuttle system. (8/296)

Ampicillin Resistance

Ampicillin

Penicillin Resistance

R Factors

Haemophilus influenzae

Enterococcus faecium

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Drug Resistance, Microbial

Microbial Sensitivity Tests

beta-Lactamases

Drug Resistance, Bacterial

Escherichia coli

Conjugation, Genetic

Penicillinase

DNA, Bacterial

Plasmids

Penicillins

Chloramphenicol Resistance

Penicillin-Binding Proteins

Extrachromosomal Inheritance

Drug Resistance

Tetracycline

Shigella sonnei

Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial

Haemophilus ducreyi

Transformation, Bacterial

Haemophilus Infections

Transformation, Genetic

Trimethoprim

Enterobacteriaceae

DNA Transposable Elements

Penicillin G

Muramoylpentapeptide Carboxypeptidase

Sulbactam

Peptidyl Transferases

Streptomycin

Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections

Serine-Type D-Ala-D-Ala Carboxypeptidase

Hexosyltransferases

Bacterial Proteins

Drug Resistance, Neoplasm

Mutation

Chromosomes, Bacterial

Drug Resistance, Multiple

Pivampicillin

Feces

DNA Restriction Enzymes

Genes, Bacterial

Recombination, Genetic

Base Sequence

DNA, Circular

Disease Resistance

Culture Media

Molecular Sequence Data

Vascular Resistance

Genes

Drug Resistance, Viral

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Cloning, Molecular

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Chloramphenicol

DNA, Recombinant

Gentamicins

Tetracycline Resistance

Enterococcus faecalis

beta-Lactam Resistance

Sulfamethoxazole

beta-Lactams

Cephalosporins

Genetic Vectors

Penicillanic Acid

Cloxacillin

Dysentery, Bacillary

Amoxicillin

Anti-Infective Agents

Plant Diseases

Shigella

Carbenicillin

Cephalexin

Kanamycin