Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.
Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.
A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.
A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.
A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.
Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.
A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; vulvovaginal candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL), and thrush (see CANDIDIASIS, ORAL). (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Cyclic hexapeptides of proline-ornithine-threonine-proline-threonine-serine. The cyclization with a single non-peptide bond can lead them to be incorrectly called DEPSIPEPTIDES, but the echinocandins lack ester links. Antifungal activity is via inhibition of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase production of BETA-GLUCANS.
Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.
Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order Mucorales (e.g., Absidia, Mucor, Rhizopus etc.) There are many clinical types associated with infection of the central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an opportunistic infection in patients with a chronic debilitating disease, particularly uncontrolled diabetes, or who are receiving immunosuppressive agents. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
Substances that are destructive to protozoans.
A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).
A species of imperfect fungi from which the antibiotic fumigatin is obtained. Its spores may cause respiratory infection in birds and mammals.
A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.
Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.
Pulmonary diseases caused by fungal infections, usually through hematogenous spread.
Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.
The ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antifungal agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation.
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)
A nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. Members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis.
Compounds consisting of a short peptide chain conjugated with an acyl chain.
Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.
A steroid of interest both because its biosynthesis in FUNGI is a target of ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS, notably AZOLES, and because when it is present in SKIN of animals, ULTRAVIOLET RAYS break a bond to result in ERGOCALCIFEROL.
An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.
A species of the fungus CRYPTOCOCCUS. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella neoformans.
Forms to which substances are incorporated to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are used in drug-delivery systems such as the controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity. Carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers.
Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.
Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.
A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES, a common saprophyte and facultative parasite of mature fruits and vegetables. It may cause cerebral mycoses in diabetes and cutaneous infection in severely burned patients.
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
Infection resulting from inhalation or ingestion of spores of the fungus of the genus HISTOPLASMA, species H. capsulatum. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the midwestern United States. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
An order of zygomycetous fungi, usually saprophytic, causing damage to food in storage, but which may cause respiratory infection or MUCORMYCOSIS in persons suffering from other debilitating diseases.
Hydrocarbons with more than one double bond. They are a reduced form of POLYYNES.
Amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically.
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.
N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.
A mitosporic fungal genus previously called Monosporium. Teleomorphs include PSEUDALLESCHERIA.
Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients.
A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.
A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.
A mitosporic fungal genus causing opportunistic infections, endocarditis, fungemia, a hypersensitivity pneumonitis (see TRICHOSPORONOSIS) and white PIEDRA.
MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.
A genus of zygomycetous fungi, family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES, which sometimes causes infection in humans.
Five membered rings containing a NITROGEN atom.
A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.
Meningitis caused by fungal agents which may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.
Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other.
The ability of fungi to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance phenotype may be attributed to multiple gene mutations.
Emulsions of fats or lipids used primarily in parenteral feeding.
A species of MITOSPORIC FUNGI commonly found on the body surface. It causes opportunistic infections especially in immunocompromised patients.
Chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS or diagnostic use.
A species of MITOSPORIC FUNGI that is a major cause of SEPTICEMIA and disseminated CANDIDIASIS, especially in patients with LYMPHOMA; LEUKEMIA; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is also found as part of the normal human mucocutaneous flora.
A mitosporic fungal genus occasionally causing human diseases such as pulmonary infections, mycotic keratitis, endocarditis, and opportunistic infections. Its teleomorph is BYSSOCHLAMYS.
A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.
A species of imperfect fungi which grows on peanuts and other plants and produces the carcinogenic substance aflatoxin. It is also used in the production of the antibiotic flavicin.
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.
A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium.
A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL). The sandfly genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are the vectors.
A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.
A mitosporic Onygenales fungal genus causing HISTOPLASMOSIS in humans and animals. Its single species is Histoplasma capsulatum which has two varieties: H. capsulatum var. capsulatum and H. capsulatum var. duboisii. Its teleomorph is AJELLOMYCES capsulatus.
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.
Lung infections with the invasive forms of ASPERGILLUS, usually after surgery, transplantation, prolonged NEUTROPENIA or treatment with high-doses of CORTICOSTEROIDS. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis can progress to CHRONIC NECROTIZING PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS or hematogenous spread to other organs.
A mitosporic fungal genus which causes COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.
Ascomycetous fungi, family Microascaceae, order Microascales, commonly found in the soil. They are causative agents of mycetoma, maduromycosis, and other infections in humans.
A large and heterogenous group of fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state. Many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group.
Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
A species of the fungus CRYPTOCOCCUS. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella bacillispora.
The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING.
Infections of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges by single celled organisms of the former subkingdom known as protozoa. The central nervous system may be the primary or secondary site of protozoal infection. These diseases may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.
The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Infections of the respiratory tract with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS. Infections may result in allergic reaction (ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS), colonization in pulmonary cavities as fungus balls (MYCETOMA), or lead to invasion of the lung parenchyma (INVASIVE PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS).
Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.
Steroids with a hydroxyl group at C-3 and most of the skeleton of cholestane. Additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain. (IUPAC Steroid Nomenclature, 1987)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.
Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.
A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).
A species of parasitic protozoa having both an ameboid and flagellate stage in its life cycle. Infection with this pathogen produces PRIMARY AMEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Phenomena and pharmaceutics of compounds that inhibit the function of agonists (DRUG AGONISM) and inverse agonists (DRUG INVERSE AGONISM) for a specific receptor. On their own, antagonists produce no effect by themselves to a receptor, and are said to have neither intrinsic activity nor efficacy.
Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.
Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (AEROSOLS) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions.
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.
An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.
A genus of achlorophyllic algae in the family Chlorellaceae, and closely related to CHLORELLA. It is found in decayed matter; WATER; SEWAGE; and SOIL; and produces cutaneous and disseminated infections in various VERTEBRATES including humans.
The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.
Any technique by which an unknown color is evaluated in terms of standard colors. The technique may be visual, photoelectric, or indirect by means of spectrophotometry. It is used in chemistry and physics. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of fungi, and MYCOSES.
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)

Lung weight parallels disease severity in experimental coccidioidomycosis. (1/2502)

Evidence provided by histopathological study of lesions is a valuable adjunct for evaluating chemotherapeutic efficacy in experimental animal models, In addition, this should be correlated with a measure of disease severity in the same animal. The latter could be obtained by homogenization of infected organs and quantitative enumeration of viable cells of the etiological agent, but this would preclude histopathological studies in the same animal. Progression of disease in pulmonary infection is associated with replacement of air space by fluid, cells, and cellular debris. Therefore, an increase in lung weight should reflect severity of disease. Results with the murine model of coccidioidomycosis demonstrate that increasing lung weight parallels the increasing census of fungus cells in the lungs of both treated and nontreated infected mice. This was supported with evidence obtained from microscopic studies of lesions indicating that specific chemotherapy limited spread of the infection and inhibited multiplication of the fungus in the lung. Therefore, lung weight can be used as a measure of disease severity in the murine model of coccidioidomycosis.  (+info)

U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of AmBisome (liposomal amphotericin B) for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. (2/2502)

In August 1997, AmBisome (liposomal amphotericin B, Nexstar, San Dimas, CA) was the first drug approved for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The growing recognition of emerging and reemerging infections warrants that safe and effective agents to treat such infections be readily available in the United States. The following discussion of the data submitted in support of the New Drug Application for AmBisome for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis shows the breadth of data from clinical trials that can be appropriate to support approval for drugs to treat tropical diseases.  (+info)

Early mycological treatment failure in AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. (3/2502)

Cryptococcal meningitis causes significant morbidity and mortality in persons with AIDS. Of 236 AIDS patients treated with amphotericin B plus flucytosine, 29 (12%) died within 2 weeks and 62 (26%) died before 10 weeks. Just 129 (55%) of 236 patients were alive with negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures at 10 weeks. Multivariate analyses identified that titer of cryptococcal antigen in CSF, serum albumin level, and CD4 cell count, together with dose of amphotericin B, had the strongest joint association with failure to achieve negative CSF cultures by day 14. Among patients with similar CSF cryptococcal antigen titers, CD4 cell counts, and serum albumin levels, the odds of failure at week 10 for those without negative CSF cultures by day 14 was five times that for those with negative CSF cultures by day 14 (odds ratio, 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-10.9). Prognosis is dismal for patients with AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis. Multivariate analyses identified three components that, along with initial treatment, have the strongest joint association with early outcome. Clearly, more effective initial therapy and patient management strategies that address immune function and nutritional status are needed to improve outcomes of this disease.  (+info)

Systemic candidiasis with candida vasculitis due to Candida kruzei in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia. (4/2502)

Candida kruzei-related systemic infections are increasing in frequency, particularly in patients receiving prophylaxis with antifungal triazoles. A Caucasian male with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia (AML M1) developed severe and persistent fever associated with a micropustular eruption scattered over the trunk and limbs during induction chemotherapy. Blood cultures grew Candida kruzei, and biopsies of the skin lesions revealed a candida vasculitis. He responded to high doses of liposomal amphotericin B and was discharged well from hospital.  (+info)

In vitro and in vivo activities of NS-718, a new lipid nanosphere incorporating amphotericin B, against Aspergillus fumigatus. (5/2502)

We evaluated the in vitro and in vivo potencies of a new lipid nanosphere that incorporates amphotericin B (AmB), NS-718, against Aspergillus fumigatus. The in vitro activity of NS-718 (the MIC at which 90% of strains are inhibited [MIC90], 0.25 microgram/ml) against 18 isolates of A. fumigatus was similar to that of deoxycholate AmB (D-AmB; Fungizone; MIC90, 0.25 microgram/ml), but NS-718 was more potent than liposomal AmB (L-AmB; AmBi-some; MIC90, 1.0 microgram/ml). The in vivo efficacy of NS-718 in a rat model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was compared with those of D-AmB and L-AmB. A low dose (1 mg/kg of body weight) of L-AmB was ineffective (survival rate, 0%), although equivalent doses of D-AmB and NS-718 were more effective (survival rate, 17%). However, a higher dose of NS-718 (3 mg/kg) was more effective (survival rate, 100%) than equivalent doses of D-AmB and L-AmB (survival rate, 0%). To explain these differences, pharmacokinetic studies showed higher concentrations of AmB in the plasma of rats treated with NS-718 than in the plasma of those treated with D-AmB. Our results suggest that NS-718, a new preparation of AmB, is a promising antifungal agent with activity against pulmonary aspergillosis.  (+info)

Effect of fasting on temporal variation in the nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B in rats. (6/2502)

Evidence for temporal variation in the nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B was recently reported in experimental animals. The role of food in these variations was determined by studying the effect of a short fasting period on the temporal variation in the renal toxicity of amphotericin B. Twenty-eight normally fed and 28 fasted female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Food was available ad libitum to the fed rats, while the fasted animals were fasted 12 h before and 24 h after amphotericin B injection to minimize stress for the animals. Water was available ad libitum to both groups of rats, which were maintained on a 14-h light, 10-h dark regimen (light on at 0600 h). Renal toxicity was determined by comparing the levels of excretion of renal enzyme and the serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels at the time of the maximal (0700 h) or the minimal (1900 h) nephrotoxicity after the intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of dextrose (5%; control group) or amphotericin B (50 mg/kg of body weight; treated group) to the rats. The nephrotoxicities obtained after amphotericin B administration at both times of day were compared to the nephrotoxicities observed for time-matched controls. In fed animals, the 24-h urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase was significantly higher when amphotericin B was injected at 0700 and 1900 h. The excretion of these two enzymes was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in fasting rats, and this effect was larger at 0700 h (P < 0.05) than at 1900 h. The serum creatinine level was also significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fed animals treated at 0700 h than in fed animals treated at 1900 h. Fasting reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the increase in the serum creatinine level, and this effect was larger in the animals treated at 0700 h. Similar data were obtained for BUN levels. Amphotericin B accumulation was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the renal cortexes of fed rats than in those of fasted animals, but there was no difference according to the time of injection. These results demonstrated that fasting reduces the nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B and that food availability is of crucial importance in the temporal variation in the renal toxicity of amphotericin B in rats.  (+info)

Amphotericin B- and fluconazole-resistant Candida spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, and other newly emerging pathogenic fungi are susceptible to basic antifungal peptides. (7/2502)

The present study shows that a number of basic antifungal peptides, including human salivary histatin 5, a designed histatin analog designated dhvar4, and a peptide from frog skin, PGLa, are active against amphotericin B-resistant Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Aspergillus fumigatus strains and against a fluconazole-resistant Candida glabrata isolate.  (+info)

In-vitro activity of voriconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B against filamentous fungi. (8/2502)

The in-vitro fungistatic and fungicidal activities of voriconazole were compared with those of itraconazole and amphotericin B. MICs for 110 isolates belonging to 11 species of filamentous fungi were determined by a broth microdilution adaptation of the method recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) of the three antifungal agents were also determined. The MIC ranges of the three compounds were comparable for Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladophialophora bantiana and Exophiala dermatitidis. Voriconazole and itraconazole were more active than amphotericin B against Fonsecaea pedrosoi, but the two azole agents were less active against Sporothrix schenckii. Voriconazole was more active than itraconazole or amphotericin B against Scedosporium apiospermum, but less active than the other two agents against two mucoraceous moulds, Absidia corymbifera and Rhizopus arrhizus. Voriconazole and amphotericin B were more active than itraconazole against Fusarium solani. With the exception of S. apiospermum, all the moulds tested had MLC50 values of < or =2 mg/L and MLC90 values of < or =4 mg/L against amphotericin B. Voriconazole and itraconazole showed fungicidal effects against five of the 1 1 moulds tested (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, C. bantiana, E. dermatitidis and F. pedrosoi) with MLC90 values of < or =2 mg/L. In addition, voriconazole was fungicidal for Phialophora parasitica. Our results suggest that voriconazole could be effective against a wide range of mould infections in humans.  (+info)

The most common types of mycoses include:

1. Ringworm: This is a common fungal infection that causes a ring-shaped rash on the skin. It can affect any part of the body, including the arms, legs, torso, and face.
2. Athlete's foot: This is a common fungal infection that affects the feet, causing itching, redness, and cracking of the skin.
3. Jock itch: This is a fungal infection that affects the groin area and inner thighs, causing itching, redness, and cracking of the skin.
4. Candidiasis: This is a fungal infection caused by Candida, a type of yeast. It can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth, throat, and vagina.
5. Aspergillosis: This is a serious fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, sinuses, and brain.

Symptoms of mycoses can vary depending on the type of infection and the severity of the infection. Common symptoms include itching, redness, swelling, and cracking of the skin. Treatment for mycoses usually involves antifungal medications, which can be applied topically or taken orally. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Preventive measures for mycoses include practicing good hygiene, avoiding sharing personal items such as towels and clothing, and using antifungal medications as prescribed by a healthcare professional. Early diagnosis and treatment of mycoses can help prevent complications and reduce the risk of transmission to others.

Types of candidiasis:

1. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC): a common infection that affects the vagina and vulva; symptoms include itching, burning, and abnormal discharge.
2. Oral thrush (OT): an infection that affects the mouth, often seen in infants and people with weakened immune systems; symptoms include white patches on the tongue and inside the cheeks.
3. Invasive candidiasis (IC): a severe infection that can spread throughout the body, often seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy; symptoms include fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
4. Candidal balanitis: an infection of the foreskin and glans of the penis; symptoms include redness, swelling, and pain.
5. Diaper rash: a common skin infection that affects infants who wear diapers; symptoms include redness, swelling, and irritability.

Causes and risk factors:

1. Overgrowth of Candida fungus due to an imbalance of the normal flora.
2. Use of antibiotics or steroids that can disrupt the balance of the body's natural flora.
3. Weakened immune system, such as in people with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy.
4. Poor hygiene and sanitation.
5. Diabetes mellitus.
6. Pregnancy.
7. Obesity.

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination and medical history.
2. Microscopic examination of a scraping or biopsy specimen.
3. Cultures of skin, blood, or other body fluids.
4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other molecular diagnostic techniques to detect the presence of the fungus.

Treatment:

1. Topical antifungal medications, such as clotrimazole, miconazole, or terbinafine, applied directly to the affected area.
2. Oral antifungal medications, such as fluconazole or itraconazole, for more severe infections or those that do not respond to topical treatment.
3. Antibiotics if there is a secondary bacterial infection.
4. Supportive care, such as pain management and wound care.
5. Proper hygiene and sanitation practices.
6. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous antifungal medications and close monitoring.

Prevention:

1. Practice good hygiene and sanitation.
2. Avoid sharing personal items, such as towels or clothing.
3. Wash hands before touching the affected area.
4. Keep the affected area clean and dry.
5. Use of antifungal powders or sprays on the affected area.
6. Avoid using harsh soaps or cleansers that can irritate the skin.
7. Wear shoes in public areas to prevent exposure to fungal spores.
8. Avoid sharing bathing or showering facilities with others.
9. Dry thoroughly after bathing or swimming.
10. Use of antifungal medications as a prophylactic measure in high-risk individuals, such as those with weakened immune systems.

It's important to note that the best treatment and prevention strategies will depend on the specific type of fungus causing the infection, as well as the severity and location of the infection. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The symptoms of aspergillosis depend on the location and severity of the infection. In the lungs, it may cause coughing, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. In the sinuses, it can cause headaches, facial pain, and nasal congestion. In the brain, it can cause seizures, confusion, and weakness.

Aspergillosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans, along with a biopsy to confirm the presence of Aspergillus fungi.

Treatment of aspergillosis depends on the severity and location of the infection. In mild cases, treatment may involve antifungal medications and supportive care such as oxygen therapy and pain management. In severe cases, treatment may require hospitalization and intravenous antifungal medications.

Preventive measures for aspergillosis include avoiding exposure to dusty or damp environments, managing chronic conditions such as asthma and COPD, and taking antifungal medications as prescribed.

Aspergillosis can be a serious condition, especially in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with cancer, HIV/AIDS, or taking immunosuppressive drugs. In severe cases, aspergillosis can lead to life-threatening complications such as respiratory failure, sepsis, and organ damage.

In conclusion, aspergillosis is a common fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, and it can be serious and potentially life-threatening, especially in people with weakened immune systems. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Mucormycosis is a relatively rare disease, but it can be severe and potentially life-threatening. The symptoms of mucormycosis can vary depending on the location of the infection, but they may include fever, fatigue, pain, swelling, and redness at the site of the infection.

Mucormycosis is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the infected tissue and antifungal medications. In severe cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary.

Prevention of mucormycosis involves avoiding exposure to fungal spores, keeping wounds clean and dry, and seeking medical attention if signs of infection are present. People with weakened immune systems, such as those with cancer, HIV/AIDS, or taking immunosuppressive medications, are at higher risk for developing mucormycosis and should take extra precautions to avoid exposure to fungal spores.

In conclusion, mucormycosis is a rare but potentially serious fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body. It is important to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of mucormycosis, and to seek medical attention promptly if suspected. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for mucormycosis is generally good.

Types of fungal lung diseases include:

1. Aspergillosis: This is an infection caused by the fungus Aspergillus, which is commonly found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with cancer, HIV/AIDS, or taking immunosuppressive drugs.
2. Cryptococcosis: This is an infection caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, which is found in soil and decaying wood. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs.
3. Histoplasmosis: This is an infection caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which is found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs.
4. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): This is an infection caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii, which is found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs.
5. Sporotrichosis: This is an infection caused by the fungus Sporothrix schenckii, which is found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs.

Symptoms of fungal lung diseases can include:

* Cough
* Fever
* Chest pain
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue

Diagnosis of fungal lung diseases is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and fungal cultures. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications and may also include supportive care to manage symptoms.

Prevention of fungal lung diseases includes:

1. Avoiding exposure to fungal spores by wearing protective clothing and gear when working with soil or decaying organic matter.
2. Maintaining good indoor air quality by using ventilation systems and reducing humidity.
3. Reducing the risk of infection by avoiding close contact with people who are at high risk of developing fungal lung diseases, such as those with weakened immune systems.
4. Avoiding smoking and other tobacco products, which can increase the risk of developing fungal lung diseases.
5. Managing underlying medical conditions, such as HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs, to reduce the risk of developing fungal lung diseases.

A type of meningitis caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, which can be found in soil and decaying organic matter. The fungus is more common in areas with warm climates and poor air quality. It can cause a variety of symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, and mental confusion.

It is most commonly seen in people who have compromised immune systems (such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive medications), and the elderly. It can be diagnosed by analyzing a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for the presence of the fungus or its antigens, or through imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications and supportive care to manage symptoms.

The symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis can vary depending on the severity of the infection, but may include:

* Fever
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
* Enlargement of the liver and spleen
* Pain in the abdomen
* Anemia
* Low blood platelet count
* Low white blood cell count

If left untreated, visceral leishmaniasis can be fatal. Treatment is typically with antiparasitic drugs, such as miltefosine or amphotericin B, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

It is important to note that visceral leishmaniasis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, and prompt medical attention is necessary for effective treatment and management.

The symptoms of cryptococcosis vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. In lung infections, patients may experience fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. In CNS infections, patients may experience headaches, confusion, seizures, and loss of coordination. Skin infections can cause skin lesions, and eye infections can cause vision problems.

Cryptococcosis is diagnosed by culturing the fungus from body fluids or tissue samples. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B or fluconazole, which may be given intravenously or orally, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be required to remove infected tissue or repair damaged organs.

Preventive measures for cryptococcosis include avoiding exposure to fungal spores, practicing good hygiene, and maintaining a healthy immune system. For individuals with HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral therapy can help reduce the risk of developing cryptococcosis.

Overall, while rare, cryptococcosis is a serious opportunistic infection that can affect individuals with compromised immune systems. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

1. Zygomycosis is a rare and opportunistic fungal infection caused by members of the order Ophiostomatales, which primarily affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues, but can also disseminate to other organs and cause severe systemic disease.
2. Zygomycosis is a type of deep mycosis that is characterized by the presence of broad, flat pseudohyphae and/or thick-walled spherules in the infected tissue, typically seen on histopathological examination.
3. Zygomycosis is an invasive fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, soft tissues, bones, and organs, and is often associated with underlying conditions such as diabetes, immunodeficiency, or malignancy.
4. Zygomycosis is a rare and aggressive fungal infection that can cause significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent progression of the disease.

Symptoms of fungemia may include fever, chills, night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss. Diagnosis is typically made by drawing blood cultures and performing microbiological tests to identify the presence of fungal organisms in the blood. Treatment typically involves administration of antifungal medications, which can be given intravenously or orally. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the condition.

In some cases, fungemia can lead to complications such as sepsis, organ failure, and death. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent these outcomes.

Here are 10 key points to remember about histoplasmosis:

1) Histoplasmosis is a fungal disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.
2) It primarily affects the lungs and can disseminate to other organs.
3) Inhalation of spores from contaminated soil or bird droppings leads to infection.
4) Symptoms range from mild to severe, including fever, cough, chest pain, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
5) Diagnosis is based on clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies.
6) Treatment is primarily supportive, with antifungal medications for severe cases.
7) Prevention includes avoiding exposure to contaminated environments and wearing protective clothing during cleanup or construction activities.
8) Histoplasmosis has a global distribution and is found in many parts of the United States.
9) It is an important occupational hazard for workers involved in construction, mining, and agriculture.
10) In severe cases, histoplasmosis can lead to chronic lung disease, heart problems, and meningitis.

Symptoms of neutropenia may include recurring infections, fever, fatigue, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes. The diagnosis is typically made through a blood test that measures the number of neutrophils in the blood.

Treatment options for neutropenia depend on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, supportive care to manage symptoms, and in severe cases, bone marrow transplantation or granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy to increase neutrophil production.

The most common types of CNS fungal infections include:

1. Meningitis: An inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, caused by fungi such as Candida, Aspergillus, or Cryptococcus.
2. Encephalitis: An inflammation of the brain tissue itself, caused by fungi such as Histoplasma or Coccidioides.
3. Abscesses: Pocket of pus that form in the brain or spinal cord, caused by bacteria or fungi.
4. Opportunistic infections: Infections that occur in people with compromised immune systems, such as HIV/AIDS patients or those taking immunosuppressive drugs after an organ transplant.

CNS fungal infections can cause a wide range of symptoms, including headache, fever, confusion, seizures, and loss of coordination. They are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans.

Treatment of CNS fungal infections usually involves the use of antifungal medications, which can be administered intravenously or orally. The choice of treatment depends on the severity and location of the infection, as well as the patient's overall health status. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to drain abscesses or relieve pressure on the brain.

Prevention of CNS fungal infections is important for individuals at risk, such as those with compromised immune systems or underlying medical conditions. This includes taking antifungal medications prophylactically, avoiding exposure to fungal spores, and practicing good hygiene.

Overall, CNS fungal infections are serious and potentially life-threatening conditions that require prompt diagnosis and treatment. With appropriate management, many patients can recover fully, but delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to poor outcomes.

The symptoms of coccidioidomycosis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the individual's immune response. Some people may experience mild symptoms, such as fever, cough, and fatigue, while others may develop more severe symptoms, including pneumonia, meningitis, and bone or skin infections. Skin lesions and rashes are also common.

Diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment may involve antifungal medications and supportive care to manage symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention is key in avoiding coccidioidomycosis, which includes avoiding areas with high concentrations of the fungus, using respiratory protection when working in areas where the fungus is present, and taking antifungal medications prophylactically for those who are at high risk.

Prognosis for coccidioidomycosis is generally good for those with mild infections, but can be poor for those with severe infections or underlying conditions such as HIV/AIDS or cancer. Long-term effects of the infection can include lung scarring and joint damage.

The fungus is found in soil and water and is typically contracted through the inhalation of contaminated dust or the ingestion of contaminated food or water. The symptoms of blastomycosis can vary depending on the severity of the infection, but may include:

* Fever
* Cough
* Shortness of breath
* Skin lesions
* Joint pain
* Swollen lymph nodes

In severe cases, blastomycosis can lead to life-threatening complications such as respiratory failure, cardiovascular problems, and meningitis.

Diagnosis of blastomycosis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, which can be effective in resolving symptoms and preventing complications. However, the disease can be challenging to diagnose and treat, and long-term follow-up is often necessary to ensure that the infection has been fully cleared.

Preventive measures for blastomycosis include avoiding contact with contaminated soil and water, wearing protective clothing and equipment when working outdoors in areas where the fungus is prevalent, and taking antifungal medications as prescribed by a healthcare provider. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing severe complications and improving outcomes for patients with blastomycosis.

A type of meningitis caused by a fungal infection. Fungal meningitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can occur when fungi enter the bloodstream and spread to the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meninges).

The most common types of fungi that cause fungal meningitis are Aspergillus, Candida, and Cryptococcus. These fungi can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and contaminated food. People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs, are at a higher risk of developing fungal meningitis.

Symptoms of fungal meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, and confusion. If left untreated, fungal meningitis can lead to serious complications such as brain damage, hearing loss, and seizures. Treatment typically involves the use of antifungal medications, and in severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or relieve pressure on the brain.

Preventive measures for fungal meningitis include avoiding exposure to fungal sources, practicing good hygiene, and taking antifungal medications as prescribed by a healthcare professional. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical in preventing serious complications and improving outcomes for patients with fungal meningitis.

The symptoms of mycetoma can vary depending on the type of pathogen causing the infection, but they typically include:

* Swelling and redness of the affected area
* Pain or tenderness to the touch
* Skin thickening and hardening
* Ulceration and discharge of pus
* Fever and malaise

Mycetoma can be difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms can be similar to those of other skin conditions. However, a biopsy of the affected tissue can help to confirm the diagnosis by revealing the presence of granulomas and the pathogen responsible for the infection.

Treatment of mycetoma typically involves antibiotics or antifungal medications, which can help to clear the infection and reduce symptoms. In severe cases, surgical debridement of the affected tissue may be necessary to remove the infected area.

Prevention of mycetoma is challenging, as it is often caused by environmental factors such as soil and water contamination. However, maintaining good wound care and hygiene practices can help to reduce the risk of infection. Early diagnosis and treatment can also help to prevent the spread of the infection and reduce the risk of complications.

Overall, mycetoma is a chronic and debilitating condition that can have a significant impact on quality of life. While it can be challenging to diagnose and treat, early detection and appropriate management can help to improve outcomes for patients affected by this condition.

Examples of OIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): A type of pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii, which is commonly found in the lungs of individuals with HIV/AIDS.
2. Cryptococcosis: A fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, which can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, central nervous system, and skin.
3. Aspergillosis: A fungal infection caused by Aspergillus fungi, which can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, sinuses, and brain.
4. Histoplasmosis: A fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, which is commonly found in the soil and can cause respiratory and digestive problems.
5. Candidiasis: A fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, which can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mouth, throat, and vagina.
6. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can affect various parts of the body, including the brain, eyes, and lymph nodes.
7. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
8. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV): A viral infection that can cause various types of cancer, including Kaposi's sarcoma, which is more common in individuals with compromised immunity.

The diagnosis and treatment of OIs depend on the specific type of infection and its severity. Treatment may involve antibiotics, antifungals, or other medications, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. It is important for individuals with HIV/AIDS to receive prompt and appropriate treatment for OIs to help prevent the progression of their disease and improve their quality of life.

Also found in: Medical, Encyclopedia.

Examples from the web for 'dermatomycoses'

Some common types of dermatomycoses include athlete's foot and jock itch.

Scientific American, 25 Mar. 2019.

Topical antifungal medications are effective against most types of dermatomycoses.

Britannica.com: encyclopedia article about dermatomycoses.

This condition is caused by a type of fungus that affects the skin, known as dermatomycoses.

Mayo Clinic, 01 Mar. 2020.

There are several types of fungal eye infections, including:

1. Aspergillosis: This is a common type of fungal infection that affects the eye. It is caused by the fungus Aspergillus and can occur in people with weakened immune systems or pre-existing eye conditions.
2. Candidemia: This is another common type of fungal infection that affects the eye. It is caused by the fungus Candida and can occur in people with weakened immune systems or pre-existing eye conditions.
3. Cryptococcosis: This is a rare type of fungal infection that affects the eye. It is caused by the fungus Cryptococcus and can occur in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS.
4. Histoplasmosis: This is a rare type of fungal infection that affects the eye. It is caused by the fungus Histoplasma and can occur in people who have been exposed to the fungus in soil or bird droppings.
5. Blastomycosis: This is a rare type of fungal infection that affects the eye. It is caused by the fungus Blastomyces and can occur in people who have been exposed to the fungus in soil or water.

Fungal eye infections can cause a range of symptoms, including redness, discharge, pain, and vision loss. Treatment typically involves antifungal medication and may also include surgery to remove any infected tissue. In severe cases, fungal eye infections can lead to blindness if left untreated.

Prevention measures for fungal eye infections include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly and avoiding close contact with people who have the infection. People with weakened immune systems should also avoid exposure to fungi by avoiding outdoor activities during peak fungal growth seasons and wearing protective clothing when working or playing in areas where fungi are likely to be present.

Overall, fungal eye infections are uncommon but can be serious conditions that require prompt medical attention. If you suspect you may have a fungal eye infection, it is important to seek medical care as soon as possible to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

In IPA, the Aspergillus fungus invades the lungs and can cause inflammation, bleeding, and scarring. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. If left untreated, IPA can lead to respiratory failure and death.

IPA is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and bronchoscopy, as well as through laboratory tests that detect the presence of Aspergillus antigens or DNA in the body.

Treatment of IPA typically involves antifungal medications, such as voriconazole or caspofungin, which are given intravenously for several weeks. In severe cases, hospitalization and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation, may be necessary.

Prevention of IPA is challenging, but efforts to reduce the risk include avoiding exposure to Aspergillus spores, managing underlying conditions that weaken the immune system, and promptly treating any respiratory infections that occur. Early detection and treatment of IPA can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications and death.

1. Sudden, brief episodes of shivering or trembling, often accompanied by feelings of coldness or a raised temperature. Chills can be a symptom of infection, inflammation, or other medical conditions.
2. A feeling of intense coldness or shivering that is not related to an actual drop in body temperature. This type of chill can be caused by emotional factors, such as anxiety or fear, or by certain medications.
3. A sudden, brief episode of trembling or shaking, often accompanied by feelings of nervousness or apprehension. Chills can be a symptom of neurological conditions, such as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis.
4. In medicine, chills can also refer to a type of seizure that is characterized by shivering or trembling movements. These types of seizures are often seen in people with epilepsy.
5. Chills can also be a symptom of withdrawal from certain substances, such as alcohol or drugs.
6. In some cases, chills can be a symptom of a more serious underlying medical condition, such as a severe infection, inflammatory disorder, or blood disorder. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience persistent or severe chills, especially if they are accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, pain, or difficulty breathing.
7. Chills can also be a side effect of certain medications, such as antidepressants or antipsychotics.
8. Some people may experience chills as a result of exposure to cold temperatures or changes in weather. This is usually not a cause for concern and can be treated with warm clothing, blankets, or other forms of heat therapy.

In general, chills are a symptom that can have many different causes, and it is important to seek medical attention if they persist or worsen over time.

Types of Central Nervous System Protozoal Infections:

1. Toxoplasmosis: This is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which can affect the CNS and cause a range of symptoms including headache, fever, and neurological problems.
2. Cryptococcosis: This is an infection caused by the fungus-like protozoan Cryptococcus neoformans, which can infect the CNS and cause meningitis or brain abscesses.
3. Microsporidiosis: This is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Microsporidia, which can affect the CNS and cause a range of symptoms including headache, fever, and neurological problems.
4. Babesiosis: This is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Babesia, which can infect the CNS and cause a range of symptoms including headache, fever, and neurological problems.
5. Leishmaniasis: This is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania, which can affect the CNS and cause a range of symptoms including headache, fever, and neurological problems.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Poor sanitation and hygiene
2. Contact with infected animals or contaminated food and water
3. Weakened immune system due to HIV/AIDS or cancer treatment
4. Traveling to areas where the infection is common
5. Pregnancy

Symptoms:

1. Headache
2. Fever
3. Confusion
4. Seizures
5. Weakness or paralysis
6. Vision problems
7. Speech difficulties
8. Swelling of the brain

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination and medical history
2. Laboratory tests such as blood smears, PCR, and ELISA
3. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans
4. Lumbar puncture to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for testing

Treatment:

1. Antiparasitic drugs such as pentavalent antimonials, chloroquine, and quinine
2. Supportive care such as antibiotics for secondary infections, and management of fever and pain
3. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications

Prevention:

1. Avoiding contact with infected animals or contaminated food and water
2. Proper sanitation and hygiene practices
3. Use of insecticides and protective clothing when traveling to areas where the infection is common
4. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities to reduce mosquito breeding sites
5. Vaccination against the disease, which is not currently available but being developed.

Pulmonary aspergillosis is a type of fungal infection that affects the lungs and is caused by the fungus Aspergillus. It can occur in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with cancer, HIV/AIDS, or taking immunosuppressive drugs following an organ transplant.

The symptoms of pulmonary aspergillosis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and may include:

* Coughing up blood or mucus
* Chest pain or tightness
* Fever
* Shortness of breath
* Chills
* Weight loss

In severe cases, pulmonary aspergillosis can lead to respiratory failure, which can be life-threatening.

Pulmonary aspergillosis is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and fungal cultures. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy and other respiratory support.

Prevention is key in avoiding pulmonary aspergillosis, especially for individuals with weakened immune systems. This includes avoiding exposure to fungal spores, managing underlying health conditions, and taking antifungal medications as prescribed. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes for those affected by this condition.

Symptoms of endocarditis may include fever, fatigue, joint pain, and swelling in the legs and feet. In some cases, the condition can lead to serious complications, such as heart valve damage, stroke, or death.

Treatment for endocarditis typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart tissue. Preventive measures include good dental hygiene, avoiding risky behaviors such as injecting drugs, and keeping wounds clean and covered.

Endocarditis is a serious condition that can have long-term consequences if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and ensure the best possible outcome for patients.

The main cause of ABPA is exposure to airborne spores of the fungus Aspergillus, which are commonly found in soil and decaying organic matter. Individuals with a pre-existing allergic condition may be more susceptible to developing an allergic reaction to these spores, leading to inflammation and damage to the airways.

Diagnosis of ABPA typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and bronchoscopy with biopsy. Treatment for ABPA typically involves corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and antifungal medications to treat any underlying infection. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy and other supportive care.

Prevention of ABPA includes avoiding exposure to known allergens and maintaining good respiratory hygiene. This can involve regularly cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and objects, using HEPA filters in air purifiers, and wearing a mask when working with or around potentially contaminated materials.

Prognosis for ABPA is generally good if treated promptly and effectively, but untreated cases can lead to serious complications such as respiratory failure and other organ damage. With proper management and prevention strategies in place, individuals with ABPA can lead active and fulfilling lives.

Examples of AROIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): a type of pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii.
2. Tuberculosis (TB): a bacterial infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or other organs.
3. Toxoplasmosis: an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii that can affect the brain, eyes, and other organs.
4. Cryptococcosis: a fungal infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or skin.
5. Histoplasmosis: a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum that can affect the lungs, skin, and other organs.
6. Aspergillosis: a fungal infection caused by Aspergillus species that can affect the lungs, sinuses, and other organs.
7. Candidiasis: a fungal infection caused by Candida species that can affect the mouth, throat, vagina, or skin.
8. Kaposi's sarcoma: a type of cancer that is caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and can affect the skin and lymph nodes.
9. Wasting syndrome: a condition characterized by weight loss, fatigue, and diarrhea.
10. Opportunistic infections that can affect the gastrointestinal tract, such as cryptosporidiosis and isosporiasis.

AROIs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with HIV/AIDS, and they can be prevented or treated with antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, and other interventions.

There are different types of fever, including:

1. Pyrexia: This is the medical term for fever. It is used to describe a body temperature that is above normal, usually above 38°C (100.4°F).
2. Hyperthermia: This is a more severe form of fever, where the body temperature rises significantly above normal levels.
3. Febrile seizure: This is a seizure that occurs in children who have a high fever.
4. Remittent fever: This is a type of fever that comes and goes over a period of time.
5. Intermittent fever: This is a type of fever that recurs at regular intervals.
6. Chronic fever: This is a type of fever that persists for an extended period of time, often more than 3 weeks.

The symptoms of fever can vary depending on the underlying cause, but common symptoms include:

* Elevated body temperature
* Chills
* Sweating
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite

In some cases, fever can be a sign of a serious underlying condition, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis. It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone in your care has a fever, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as difficulty breathing, confusion, or chest pain.

Treatment for fever depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen may be prescribed to help reduce the fever. It is important to follow the recommended dosage instructions carefully and to consult with a healthcare professional before giving medication to children.

In addition to medication, there are other ways to help manage fever symptoms at home. These include:

* Drinking plenty of fluids to stay hydrated
* Taking cool baths or using a cool compress to reduce body temperature
* Resting and avoiding strenuous activities
* Using over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen, to help manage headache and muscle aches.

Preventive measures for fever include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Staying up to date on vaccinations, which can help prevent certain infections that can cause fever.

This condition can be caused by various factors such as genetic mutations, infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications. In severe cases, agranulocytosis can lead to life-threatening infections that require prompt medical treatment.

Some of the common symptoms of agranulocytosis include fever, chills, sore throat, fatigue, and recurring infections. Diagnosis is typically made through blood tests that measure the number and function of white blood cells, including granulocytes. Treatment options for agranulocytosis depend on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, and immunoglobulin replacement therapy in severe cases.

The symptoms of meningoencephalitis can vary depending on the cause, but common signs include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. The disease can progress rapidly and can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood cultures and PCR), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment options depend on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prognosis for meningoencephalitis depends on the severity of the disease and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. In general, the prognosis is better for patients who receive prompt medical attention and have a mild form of the disease. However, the disease can be severe and potentially life-threatening, especially in young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems.

Symptoms of meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, nausea and vomiting, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, it can lead to seizures, brain damage, and even death.

There are several types of meningitis, including:

1. Viral meningitis: This is the most common form of the infection and is usually caused by enteroviruses or herpesviruses. It is typically less severe than bacterial meningitis and resolves on its own with supportive care.
2. Bacterial meningitis: This is a more serious form of the infection and can be caused by a variety of bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. It requires prompt antibiotic treatment to prevent long-term complications and death.
3. Fungal meningitis: This type of meningitis is more common in people with weakened immune systems and is caused by fungi that are commonly found in the environment. It can be treated with antifungal medications.
4. Parasitic meningitis: This type of meningitis is rare and is caused by parasites that are typically found in tropical regions. It can be treated with antiparasitic medications.

Diagnosis of meningitis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood cultures, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, may be used to rule out other conditions and to evaluate the extent of brain damage.

Treatment of meningitis depends on the cause of the infection and may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, antifungal medications, or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Supportive care may include intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and pain management. In severe cases, meningitis may require hospitalization in an intensive care unit (ICU) and may result in long-term consequences such as hearing loss, learning disabilities, or cognitive impairment.

Prevention of meningitis includes vaccination against the bacteria or viruses that can cause the infection, good hygiene practices, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick. Vaccines are available for certain types of meningitis, such as the meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). Good hygiene practices include washing hands frequently, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding sharing food, drinks, or personal items.

In conclusion, meningitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection that can affect people of all ages. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term consequences and improve outcomes. Prevention includes vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.



Two amphotericins, amphotericin A and amphotericin B, are known, but only B is used clinically, because it is significantly ... Amphotericin A is almost identical to amphotericin B (having a C=C double bond between the 27th and 28th carbons), but has ... This is amphotericin B's primary effect as an antifungal agent. It has been found that the amphotericin B/ergosterol ... Amphotericin B deoxycholate (ABD) is administered intravenously. As the original formulation of amphotericin, it is often ...
Amphotericin B functions by binding to sterols in the cell membrane of fungi leading to change in membrane permeability ... Amphotericin B, a drug primarily used for treatment of patients with progressive and potentially life threatening fungal ... "Amphotericin B". Drugs.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017. (CS1: long volume value, CS1: Julian-Gregorian uncertainty, Articles ...
Such drugs include other aminoglycosides; the antiviral acyclovir; the antifungal amphotericin B; the antibiotics bacitracin, ...
nov., an amphotericin-producing actinomycete isolated from the head of an ant (Camponotus japonicus Mayr)". International ... Streptomyces amphotericinicus produces amphotericin. List of Streptomyces species Parte, A.C. "Streptomyces". LPSN. " ...
Amphotericin B is another option. Among individuals being treated in intensive care units, the mortality rate is about 30-50% ... A number of weeks of intravenous amphotericin B may be used as an alternative. In certain groups at very high risk, antifungal ... Oral or intravenous fluconazole, itraconazole, or amphotericin B may be used if these do not work. A number of topical ... treatment with amphotericin B may be necessary. Vaginal yeast infections are typically treated with topical antifungal agents. ...
Amphotericin B has been replaced by safer agents in most circumstances, but is still used, despite its side effects, for life- ... Amphotericin B, an antifungal drug, targets ergosterol. It binds physically to ergosterol within the membrane, thus creating a ... Ellis D (February 2002). "Amphotericin B: spectrum and resistance". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 49 Suppl 1: 7-10 ...
Another antimicrobial drug amphotericin B is also commonly used. Liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) has been a drug of choice in ... Further, amphotericin B has severe adverse effects. Its acute effects includes nausea, vomiting, rigors, fever, hypertension or ... Laniado-Laborín, Rafael; Cabrales-Vargas, Maria Noemí (2009). "Amphotericin B: side effects and toxicity". Revista ...
Liposomal amphotericin B, a lipid formulation of amphotericin B, was developed in India. Pharmacological and preclinical tests ... Conventional amphotericin B was developed in the 1950s and for many decades it was the only antifungal agent available for the ... Liposomal Amphotericin-b was used as the primary treatment in the Mucormycosis epidemic of 2021 in India. During the COVID-19 ... The drug Liposomal Amphotericin-b, used to treat the Indian Mucormycosis epidemic of 2021 was developed and patented in India ...
May 2007). "Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: a randomized trial comparing a high- ... "Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 347 (6 ... Other drugs used, such as amphotericin B, caspofungin (in combination therapy only), flucytosine (in combination therapy only ... The current medical treatments for aggressive invasive aspergillosis include voriconazole and liposomal amphotericin B in ...
Torrado, J. J.; Espada, R.; Ballesteros, M. P.; Torrado-Santiago, S. (2008). "Amphotericin B Formulations and Drug Targeting". ... antifungal therapy through administering Amphotericin B (AMB) proved ineffective. AMB is a common and leading antibiotic ...
Treatment with amphotericin B has been reported. Cattle can be affected by protothecal enteritis and mastitis. Protothecal ...
Treatment with amphotericin B has been reported. Scientists have been researching new ways to fight protozoan infections, ... Only FDA approved for visceral leishmaniasis is amphotericin B and oral miltefosine for cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis ...
Amphotericin B is nephrotoxic when given intravenously. As a polyene's hydrophobic chain is shortened, its sterol binding ... Baginski M, Czub J (June 2009). "Amphotericin B and its new derivatives - mode of action". Current Drug Metabolism. 10 (5): 459 ... However, at therapeutic doses, some amphotericin B may bind to animal membrane cholesterol, increasing the risk of human ... Amphotericin B Candicidin Filipin - 35 carbons, binds to cholesterol (toxic) Hamycin Natamycin - 33 carbons, binds well to ...
Treatment usually involves amphotericin B and surgery. Although B. ranarum is found around the world, the disease ... Treatment usually involves itraconazole or amphotericin B, combined with surgical debridement. Bowel involvement may be better ...
Amphotericin B, nystatin, and natamycin are examples of polyene antimycotics. They are a subgroup of macrolides. Their chemical ... Khan N, Rawlings B, Caffrey P (Jan 26, 2011). "A labile point in mutant amphotericin polyketide synthases". Biotechnol. Lett. ... "Amphotericin forms an extramembranous and fungicidal sterol sponge". Nature Chemical Biology. 10 (5): 400-406. doi:10.1038/ ...
Lipid formulations of amphotericin B are usually recommended instead of amphotericin B deoxycholate because of a better adverse ... Amphotericin B This antifungal medication is delivered intravenously. Many patients, however, cannot tolerate Amphotericin B ... Amphotericin B can be used for severe infection during pregnancy. For children with disseminated or severe disease, ... Newer triazoles Several studies have shown that posaconazole has in vitro activity similar to that of amphotericin B and ...
Antibiotics may be used to treat bacterial superinfections.[citation needed] Amphotericin B has also been used. Photodynamic ... treatment with a combination of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine". Br. J. Dermatol. 152 (3): 560-4. doi:10.1111/j.1365- ... "Extensive chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi successfully treated with a combination of amphotericin B and ...
Treatment includes amphotericin B, posaconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole. The majority of the cases of infection are ...
... is susceptible to amphotericin B and flucytosine. Rhodotorula can also cause infections in animals. There have been ...
For CNS infections, amphotericin B is administered intrathecally. Currently, only four agents are licensed for intrathecal ...
Amphotericin B therapy was administered but symptoms persisted. Within two months of transplant, the patient experienced a ... There is concern about amphotericin B resistance in S. candida. The anamorph was first documented, unintentionally, by ... and amphotericin B to treat the fungal infection. Subsequent identification of S. candida as the cause of disease prompted ... and exhibited high resistance to amphotericin B in vitro. In 1989, the species responsible for the disseminated infection was ...
Its ability to potentiate the effects of the antifungal amphotericin B in culture were later found to be non-specific. European ... Richie DL, Ghannoum MA, Isham N, Thompson KV, Ryder NS (2012). "Nonspecific effect of Mycograb on amphotericin B MIC". ... in combination with amphotericin B. The European Medicines Agency has twice refused to grant marketing authorization for ...
Treatment usually includes amphotericin B. It can be fatal. The disseminated type is more prevalent in South Africa, ... Treatment is usually with amphotericin B. Emmonsiosis can be fatal. The disseminated type is more prevalent in South Africa, ...
Wasan, Kishor M.; Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel (July 22, 1998). "The Development of Liposomal Amphotericin B: An Historical ... August 2009). "Highly Effective Oral Amphotericin B Formulation against Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis". The Journal of ...
Amphotericin B deoxycholate is the most common treatment antifungal agent used to treat Candida infections. Topical antifungal ... Micafungin, compared to amphotericin B, it is more efficient. Anidulafungin results are similar to Caspofungin and Micafungin. ... For invasive disease, treatments include amphotericin B, echinocandins, or extended-spectrum triazole antifungals. In the ...
Chunn CJ, Starr PR, Gilbert DN (August 1977). "Neutrophil toxicity of amphotericin B". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. ...
McCurdy DK, Frederic M, Elkinton JR (1968). "Renal tubular acidosis due to amphotericin B". N. Engl. J. Med. 278 (3): 124-30. ... Toxins, including ifosfamide (more commonly causing pRTA than dRTA), lithium carbonate and amphotericin B. Chronic urinary ...
Once mucormycosis is suspected, amphotericin B at an initial dose of 1 mg is initially given slowly over 10-15 minutes into a ... One treatment was a daily injection for eight weeks of anti-fungal intravenous injection of amphotericin B which was in short ... The injection could be standard amphotericin B deoxycholate or the liposomal form. The liposomal form cost more but it was ... Treatment is generally with amphotericin B and surgical debridement. Preventive measures include wearing a face mask in dusty ...
August 2002). "Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis". The New England Journal of ...
Amphotericin B may also be used to reduce fungal load. In the mouse study, both drugs decreased the amount of hyphae in ... Amphotericin B is the most potent antifungal drug available to treat mucormycosis. When given intravenously in the deoxycholate ... For this reason, it is often replaced with liposomal amphotericin B, a lipid-based formulation with fewer adverse side effects ... and anti-fungal therapy with drugs such as posaconazole and amphotericin B. Members of the order Mucorales generally infect ...
... type is the antifungal agent amphotericin B, which binds to a specific molecule (ergosterol) found in fungal cells. This ... Other articles where amphotericin B is discussed: drug: Membrane lipids: … ... Polyenes, such as amphotericin B and nystatin, are macrolide antibiotics made up of alternating conjugated double bonds. The ... is with the antifungal drugs amphotericin B and flucytosine. Survival rates of non-HIV-infected patients who are treated with ...
Amphotericin B Injection: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... You may receive amphotericin B injection in a hospital or you may use the medication at home. If you will be using amphotericin ... Before receiving amphotericin B injection,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to amphotericin B, any other ... Amphotericin B injection is used to treat serious and potentially life-threatening fungal infections. Amphotericin B injection ...
FDA Has Granted Orphan Drug Designation To The First Amphotericin B Inhalation Powder To Prevent Pulmonary Fungal Infections In ... Nektar Therapeutics Announces That U.S. FDA Has Granted Orphan Drug Designation To The First Amphotericin B Inhalation Powder ... has granted orphan drug designation to the first amphotericin B inhalation powder for prevention of pulmonary fungal infections ...
... the renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate response to amphotericin B did not differ from that of amphotericin B ... Effect of aminophylline on amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in the dog.. J F Gerkens, H T Heidemann, E K Jackson and R A Branch ... Effect of aminophylline on amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in the dog.. J F Gerkens, H T Heidemann, E K Jackson and R A Branch ... Effect of aminophylline on amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in the dog.. J F Gerkens, H T Heidemann, E K Jackson and R A Branch ...
Pharmacokinetics, excretion, and mass balance of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) and amphotericin B deoxycholate in humans ... Pharmacokinetics, excretion, and mass balance of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) and amphotericin B deoxycholate in humans ... Case Report: Treatment of Widespread Nodular Post kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis with Extended-Dose Liposomal Amphotericin B in ...
Liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB), alone or in combination with other drugs, has been extensively studied as VL treatment, but ...
... amphotericin B liposomal), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & ... amphotericin B liposome intravenous AMPHOTERICIN/LIPID COMPLEX - INJECTION (AM-foe-TER-i-sin/LIP-id) COMMON BRAND NAME(S): ... encoded search term (amphotericin B liposomal (AmBisome)) and amphotericin B liposomal (AmBisome) What to Read Next on Medscape ... The CDC recommends considering a switch to liposomal amphotericin B if unresponsive to amphotericin B deoxycholate ...
Lipsosomal amphotericin B: a review of its properties, function, and use for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Res Rep Trop ... Amphotericin B is an antifungal agent and second-line treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis and ... Keywords: nano, liposomal, amphotericin B, cutaneous, leishmaniasis, Glucantime, Iran. Citation: Khamesipour A; Mohammadi A; ... Minodier P, Retornaz K, Horelt A, Garnier J-M. Liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in ...
Amphotericin B answers are found in the Johns Hopkins ABX Guide powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, ... "Amphotericin B." Johns Hopkins ABX Guide, The Johns Hopkins University, 2020. Johns Hopkins Guides, www.hopkinsguides.com/ ... hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540019/all/Amphotericin_B. Dzintars K, Pham PA. Amphotericin B. Johns Hopkins ABX Guide. ... Amphotericin B [Internet]. In: Johns Hopkins ABX Guide. The Johns Hopkins University; 2020. [cited 2023 June 02]. Available ...
Successful medical treatment of cutaneous aspergillosis in a premature infant using liposomal amphotericin B, voriconazole and ... Successful medical treatment of cutaneous aspergillosis in a premature infant using liposomal amphotericin B, voriconazole and ... the successful treatment of cutaneous aspergillosis in an extremely low-birth-weight preterm infant with liposomal amphotericin ...
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keywords = "Amphotericin, Clinical outcome, Cryptococcal meningitis, HIV",. author = "Rolfes, {Melissa A.} and Joshua Rhein and ... Amphotericin-based combination antifungal therapy reduces mortality from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated ... Amphotericin-based combination antifungal therapy reduces mortality from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated ... Amphotericin-based combination antifungal therapy reduces mortality from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated ...
Generic Amphotericin B) online price- Injection- [email protected] ... FAQ about Amfocare (Amphotericin B)/ FUNGIZONE Generic Amphotericin B:. Q. Is Amfocare (Amphotericin B)/ FUNGIZONE Generic ... Generic Amphotericin B, Generic Amphotericin B Cost / Price, Generic Amphotericin B Cost / Price in India / Bangladesh, Generic ... Amfocare (Amphotericin B) manufactured by BPRL Pharma in India.. Amphotericin B is given by injection into a vein by a health ...
Amphotericin B is the only antifungal medication in pregnancy category B that is effective against P brasiliensis. All of the ... Amphotericin B. Reserve this drug for severe cases of paracoccidioidomycosis that are refractory to other forms of therapy. ...
Amphotericin B was given intraperitoneally at 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg/day, while flucytosine was given at 100 or 250 mg/kg/day orally ... The combination of amphotericin B at 0.5 mg/kg/day and flucytosine at 250 mg/kg/day was significantly more effective than ... For the flucytosine-resistant isolate, the combination of amphotericin B at 0.5 mg/kg/day with flucytosine at 100 mg/kg/day was ... Survival obtained after the combination of amphotericin B at 0.5 mg/kg/day and flucytosine at 250 mg/kg/day increased compared ...
Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion: an effective drug for the treatment of mucormycosis in China. ... Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion: an effective drug for the treatment of mucormycosis i ... and investigate the efficacy and safety of Amphotericin B Colloidal Dispersion (ABCD) in treating mucormycosis. Methods:. In ...
Buy High Purity Veterinary Drug Amphotericin B Powder 1397-89-3 Antifungal Pharmaceutical Raw Powder directly with low price ... High Purity Veterinary Drug Amphotericin B Powder 1397-89-3 Antifungal Pharmaceutical Raw Powder offered by China manufacturer ... Learn more something about Amphotericin B chemicals can know does Amphotericin B chemical harm and how to use Amphotericin B ... Learn more something about Amphotericin B chemicals can know does Amphotericin B chemical harm and how to use Amphotericin B ...
Additional 19,420 Vials Of Amphotericin- B Allocated To States And UTs. AdminJune 30, 2021. 3 Less than a minute ... Union Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers D.V Sadananda Gowda announced that the additional 19,420 vials of Amphotericin- B ... Besides this, 23680 vials of Amphotericin- B were allocated across country on 21st May. ...
Keywords: Mucormycosis; amphotericin B; combination therapy; echinocandins; invasive filamentous fungal infections; outcome. ... Significantly more patients received amphotericin-echinocandin combination therapy in E2 (31% vs. 5%, P = 0.01); however, 90- ... a comparison of eras immediately before and after the availability of voriconazole and echinocandin-amphotericin combination ...
Although liposomal amphotericin B is preferred for induction, he was treated with deoxycholate amphotericin B despite poor ... Although liposomal amphotericin B is preferred for induction, he was treated with deoxycholate amphotericin B despite poor ... Although liposomal amphotericin B is preferred for induction, he was treated with deoxycholate amphotericin B despite poor ... Although liposomal amphotericin B is preferred for induction, he was treated with deoxycholate amphotericin B despite poor ...
Test less toxic and/or oral formulations of amphotericin B in trials − Develop a modified slow-release flucytosine for less ... survival further Adding flucytosine to a fluconazole induction regimen improves survival even more WHO standard of amphotericin ...
Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: Analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases. Clinical Infectious ... Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: Analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases. / Walsh, Thomas J.; ... Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections : Analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases. In: Clinical ... title = "Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: Analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases", ...
Dive into the research topics of A comparative study of the post-antifungal effect (PAFE) of amphotericin B, triazoles and ... A comparative study of the post-antifungal effect (PAFE) of amphotericin B, triazoles and echinocandins on Aspergillus ...
... enhances the cytotoxic effects of amphotericin B. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ... enhances the cytotoxic effects of amphotericin B. ...
Wild-type MIC distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for amphotericin B, flucytosine, and itraconazole and Candida spp ... Wild-type MIC distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for amphotericin B, flucytosine, and itraconazole and Candida spp ...
A. fumigatus was treated with the antimicrobials, triclosan and liposomal amphotericin-B (L-AMB), in single and combined ... quorum quenching role as a single agent and synergy with liposomal amphotericin-B. World Journal of Microbiology and ... quorum quenching role as a single agent and synergy with liposomal amphotericin-B. Tamimi, R., Kyazze, G. and Keshavarz, T. ... of-triclosan-on-aspergillus-fumigatus-quorum-quenching-role-as-a-single-agent-and-synergy-with-liposomal-amphotericin-b ...
Amphotericin B. •. Indomethacin: Acute water intoxication has been reported with concomitant use of indomethacin. •. Increase ...
  • Liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB), alone or in combination with other drugs, has been extensively studied as VL treatment, but data on routine field use are limited, and several challenges to patients' access to this life-saving drug remain. (msfaccess.org)
  • Successful medical treatment of cutaneous aspergillosis in a premature infant using liposomal amphotericin B, voriconazole and micafungin. (duke.edu)
  • We report the successful treatment of cutaneous aspergillosis in an extremely low-birth-weight preterm infant with liposomal amphotericin B, voriconazole and micafungin, and provide pharmacokinetic profiles for voriconazole and micafungin. (duke.edu)
  • Although liposomal amphotericin B is preferred for induction, he was treated with deoxycholate amphotericin B despite poor kidney function because of financial constraints. (manipal.edu)
  • A. fumigatus was treated with the antimicrobials, triclosan and liposomal amphotericin-B (L-AMB), in single and combined supplementation. (westminster.ac.uk)
  • Departmental news, Geneva - The World Health Organization (WHO) and Gilead Sciences have signed a new agreement for the donation of 304,700 vials of AmBisome (liposomal amphotericin B for injection), for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in countries most impacted by the disease, extending their previous agreement to 2025. (who.int)
  • type is the antifungal agent amphotericin B, which binds to a specific molecule (ergosterol) found in fungal cells. (britannica.com)
  • Amphotericin B injection is used to treat serious and potentially life-threatening fungal infections. (medlineplus.gov)
  • SAN CARLOS, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Feb. 14, 2006--Nektar Therapeutics (Nasdaq:NKTR) announced today the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted orphan drug designation to the first amphotericin B inhalation powder for prevention of pulmonary fungal infections in patients at risk for aspergillosis due to immunosuppressive therapy. (biospace.com)
  • However, 40%-50% of individuals have positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fungal cultures at completion of 2 weeks of amphotericin induction therapy. (umn.edu)
  • Amfocare ( Amphotericin B ), generic FUNGIZONE is a prescription medicine used to treat fungal infections . (com.bd)
  • Thus, the efficacy of amphotericin B and flucytosine in combination was investigated by mortality and fungal burden studies in a murine model of disseminated cryptococcosis using two clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans, one susceptible and one resistant (i.e., 64 microg/ml) to flucytosine. (pasteur.fr)
  • The combination of amphotericin B at 0.5 mg/kg/day and flucytosine at 250 mg/kg/day was significantly more effective than monotherapies for reducing fungal burden in brain, spleen, and lungs after infection by the flucytosine-susceptible isolate and in brain and spleen for the flucytosine-resistant isolate. (pasteur.fr)
  • For the flucytosine-resistant isolate, the combination of amphotericin B at 0.5 mg/kg/day with flucytosine at 100 mg/kg/day was significantly better than monotherapies for reducing the fungal burden in the brain. (pasteur.fr)
  • Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal agent against a wide variety of fungal pathogens. (whmulei.com)
  • Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used for serious fungal infections and leishmaniasis. (whmulei.com)
  • The safety and antifungal efficacy of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) were evaluated in 556 cases of invasive fungal infection treated through an open-label, single-patient, emergency-use study of patients who were refractory to or intolerant of conventional antifungal therapy. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • is with the antifungal drugs amphotericin B and flucytosine. (britannica.com)
  • treatment of superficial mycoses, and amphotericin B and flucytosine have been used in treating subcutaneous and systemic mycoses. (britannica.com)
  • Amphotericin B was given intraperitoneally at 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg/day, while flucytosine was given at 100 or 250 mg/kg/day orally. (pasteur.fr)
  • Survival obtained after the combination of amphotericin B at 0.5 mg/kg/day and flucytosine at 250 mg/kg/day increased compared to that obtained with monotherapies for both isolates, but the difference was statistically significant only for the flucytosine-susceptible isolate. (pasteur.fr)
  • This study demonstrates the beneficial effect of the addition of flucytosine to amphotericin B against experimental disseminated cryptococcal infection even when the C. neoformans isolate is resistant to flucytosine. (pasteur.fr)
  • Wild-type MIC distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for amphotericin B, flucytosine, and itraconazole and Candida spp. (jmilabs.com)
  • Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion: an effective drug for the treatment of mucormycosis in China. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hence, the study aimed to summarize the characteristics of mucormycosis in patients with hematological malignancies , and investigate the efficacy and safety of Amphotericin B Colloidal Dispersion (ABCD) in treating mucormycosis . (bvsalud.org)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Pretreatment with an ethanolic extract of Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Antrodia camphorata) enhances the cytotoxic effects of amphotericin B'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • local injection of the antibiotic amphotericin B. Extensive disease may require long-term therapy with an oral antifungal drug. (britannica.com)
  • Amphotericin B injection can cause serious side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Talk to your doctor about the risks of receiving amphotericin B injection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Amphotericin B injection is in a class of medications called antifungals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Amphotericin B injection comes as a solid powder cake to be made into a solution and then injected intravenously (into a vein) by a nurse or a doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Amphotericin B injection is usually infused (injected slowly) intravenously over a period of 2 to 6 hours once daily. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You may experience a reaction while you receive a dose of amphotericin B injection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You may receive amphotericin B injection in a hospital or you may use the medication at home. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you will be using amphotericin B injection at home, your healthcare provider will show you how to infuse the medication. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ask your healthcare provider what to do if you have any problems infusing amphotericin B injection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you still have symptoms of infection after you finish amphotericin B injection, tell your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to amphotericin B, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in amphotericin B injection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you become pregnant while receiving amphotericin B injection, call your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Do not breastfeed while receiving amphotericin B injection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • if you are having surgery, including dental surgery, tell the doctor or dentist that you are receiving amphotericin B injection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Amphotericin B is given by injection into a vein by a health care professional. (com.bd)
  • El mapa de evidencia de la Leishmaniasis Visceral (LV) presenta gráficamente la evidencia científica disponible para la prevención y control, tratamiento, diagnóstico y pronóstico de la LV, con el fin de identificar brechas en el conocimiento y prioridades para futuras investigaciones. (bvsalud.org)
  • Los hallazgos se relacionaron con LV (en general), LV humana, leishmaniasis visceral canina o efectos adversos. (bvsalud.org)
  • Amphotericin B is the only antifungal medication in pregnancy category B that is effective against P brasiliensis . (medscape.com)
  • Amphotericin-based combination antifungal therapy reduces mortality from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated cryptococcal meningitis. (umn.edu)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals with cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda and South Africa received amphotericin (0.7-1.0 mg/kg per day) plus fluconazole (800 mg/day) for 2 weeks, followed by "enhanced consolidation" therapy with fluconazole 800 mg/day for at least 3 weeks or until cultures were sterile, and then 400 mg/day for 8 weeks. (umn.edu)
  • Union Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers D.V Sadananda Gowda announced that the additional 19,420 vials of Amphotericin- B have been allocated to all States/UTs and Central Institutions on 24th May, 2021. (indianpsu.com)
  • Besides this, 23680 vials of Amphotericin- B were allocated across country on 21st May. (indianpsu.com)
  • The polyene antibiotic, amphotericin B, causes an acute reduction in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The purpose of this research was to determine Aspergillus fumigatus conidial viability and its biofilm formation upon treatment with triclosan and amphotericin-B loaded liposomes. (westminster.ac.uk)
  • We conclude that aminophylline inhibits the renal response to amphotericin B. The possible clinical relevance of these observations are discussed. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Topical nanoliposomes containing 0.4% amphotericin B (Lip-AmB 0.4%) have shown promising safety results in preclinical and phase 1 clinical trials in healthy volunteers. (who.int)
  • He was treated for 12 days with intravenous amphotericin, during which his clinical condition significantly improved. (manipal.edu)
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that the renal vascular response to amphotericin B can be blocked by aminophylline. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Toward this end, the effect of aminophylline on the renal response to amphotericin B in sodium-depleted dogs was examined. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In dogs not treated with aminophylline, amphotericin B (0.5 mg/kg infused i.v. over 20 min) significantly reduced renal blood flow and glomerular filtration by 49.9 +/- 12.6 ml/min (mean +/- S.E.M.) and 23.4 +/- 2.4 ml/min, respectively at 140 min after the amphotericin B infusion. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In dogs treated with an intrarenal aminophylline infusion (5 mg/min), the renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate response to amphotericin B did not differ from that of amphotericin B vehicle. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Minimum quantity order of Amfocare ( Amphotericin B ) depends on client/ patients demand. (com.bd)
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  • So, we can assure that clients/ patients will get the Amfocare ( Amphotericin B ) without no hassle in-sha-Allah. (com.bd)
  • Effect of aminophylline on amphotericin B nephrotoxicity in the dog. (aspetjournals.org)
  • We can supply Amfocare ( Amphotericin B ) worldwide. (com.bd)
  • Direct examina- was switched to amphotericin B (1 mg/kg/d) after 3 weeks tion of a skin biopsy specimen showed large, lemon-shaped because local symptoms persisted. (cdc.gov)