Such mixtures of amphoteric electrolytes or buffers that provide a continuous range of pH in an electric field; used for separating proteins by their isoelectric points, i.e., by isoelectric focusing.
Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.

Adenosine-5'-O-phosphorylated and adenosine-5'-O-phosphorothioylated polyols as strong inhibitors of (symmetrical) and (asymmetrical) dinucleoside tetraphosphatases. (1/14)

Dinucleoside 5',5"'- P (1), P ( n )-polyphosphates, and particularly the diadenosine compounds, have been implicated in extracellular purinergic signalling and in various intracellular processes, including DNA metabolism, tumour suppression and stress responses. If permitted to accumulate, they may also be toxic. One approach to understanding their function is through the various specific degradative enzymes that regulate their levels. Eight adenosine-5'- O -phosphorylated polyols (derivatives of glycerol, erythritol and pentaerythritol) and 11 adenosine-5'- O -phosphorothioylated polyols (derivatives of glycerol, erythritol, pentaerythritol, butanediol and pentanediol) have been tested as inhibitors of specific diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) hydrolases. Of these two groups of novel nucleotides, the adenosine-5'- O -phosphorothioylated polyols were generally stronger inhibitors than their adenosine-5'- O -phosphorylated counterparts. 1,4-Di(adenosine-5'- O -phosphorothio) erythritol appeared to be the strongest inhibitor of ( asymmetrical ) Ap(4)A hydrolases (EC 3.6.1.17) from both lupin and human, with K (i) values of 0.15 microM and 1.5 microM respectively. Of eight adenosine-5'- O -phosphorylated polyols, 1,4-di(adenosine-5'- O -phospho) erythritol was the only compound that inhibited the lupin enzyme. Two derivatives of pentaerythritol, di(adenosine-5'- O -phosphorothio)-di(phosphorothio) pentaerythritol and tri(adenosine-5'- O -phosphorothio)-phosphorothio-pentaerythritol, proved to be the strongest inhibitors of the prokaryotic ( symmetrical ) Ap(4)A hydrolase (EC 3.6.1.41) so far reported. The estimated K (i) values were 0.04 microM and 0.08 microM respectively. All of these inhibitors were competitive with respect to Ap(4)A. These new selectively acting Ap(4)A analogues should prove to be valuable tools for further studies of Ap(4)A function and of the enzymes involved in its metabolism.  (+info)

Efficient solubilization buffers for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of acidic and basic proteins extracted from wheat seeds. (2/14)

Plant tissues are made up of a broad range of proteins with a variety of properties. After extraction, solubilization of a diverse range of plant proteins for efficient proteomic analysis using two-dimensional electrophoresis is a challenging process. We tested the efficiency of 12 solubilization buffers in dissolving acidic and basic proteins extracted from mature seeds of wheat. The buffer containing two chaotropes (urea and thiourea), two detergents (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethyl-ammonio]-1-propane-sulfonate and N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propane-sulfonate), two reducing agents (dithiothreitol and tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride) and two types of carrier ampholytes (BioLyte pH 4-6 and pH 3-10) solubilized the most acidic proteins in the pH range between 4 and 7. The buffer made up of urea, thiourea, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethyl-ammonio]-1-propane-sulfonate, DeStreak reagent (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden) and immobilized pH gradient buffer, pH 6-11 (Amersham Biosciences) solubilized the most basic proteins in the pH range between 6 and 11. These two buffers produced two-dimensional gels with high resolution, superior quality and maximum number of detectable protein (1425 acidic protein and 897 basic protein) spots.  (+info)

Commercial ampholytes used for isoelectric focusing may interfere with bioactivity based purification of antimicrobial peptides. (3/14)

BioRad's Rotofor system has been frequently used for the purification of proteins and smaller peptides such as bacteriocins. In this study, we report that some commercially available ampholytes used with the Rotofor isoelectric focusing system possess antimicrobial activity, which may interfere with the purification of bacteriocins and bacteriocin-like substances.  (+info)

Infection with Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus t034. (4/14)

 (+info)

Effect of synthetic carrier ampholytes on saturation of human serum transferrin. (5/14)

We have investigated the effect in solution of synthetic carrier ampholytes on the saturation of human serum transferrin. By spectrophotometric titrations of human serum transferrin with various Fe3+-carrier ampholyte solutions, we demonstrated that under these conditions carrier ampholytes behave as typical chelators, their binding curves being very similar to that obtained with disodium nitrilotriacetate. On performing titration experiments at three different pH values, carrier ampholytes act like nitrilotriacetate at pH 7.5, but the former are more effective iron donors at pH 8.4 and worse iron donors at pH 5.2. Spectrophotometric titrations of isolated C-terminal and N-terminal fragments obtained from human serum transferrin by thermolysin cleavage show no differences between them, and no differences with respect to the whole protein except that they contain half the number of binding sites. In order to determine a site-specificity of iron in the presence of ampholytes, the classical urea/polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis technique was adopted. Under saturating conditions carrier ampholyte solutions act mostly on the C-terminal site, whereas desaturating agents remove iron preferentially from the N-terminal site. Our findings support the hypothesis that Ampholine may chelate Fe3+ as well as many other compounds.  (+info)

Resolution of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum by isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients. (6/14)

This new method for fractionation of serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes is based on isoelectric focusing on a mixed-type polyacrylamide support containing an immobilized pH gradient with a superimposed carrier-ampholyte gradient. All known forms of alkaline phosphatase are separated in an Immobiline pH 3.5-6.0 gradient, the sample being applied into pockets cast on a pH 8.0 plateau. Sharp zymogram bands are obtained by substituting alkaline-stable 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl phosphate and tetrazolium salts for the standard 1- and 2-naphthyl phosphate-diazonium salt combinations. After hydrolysis of the phosphate group by the alkaline phosphatase the indoxyl moieties reduce tetrazolium salts to nearly insoluble and nondiffusible formazan precipitates. Normal sera show an array of about 10 isobands isoelectric between pH 3.9 and pH 4.79. In Paget's disease, two sharp isobands with pls of 4.97 and 5.09 are seen. Placental alkaline phosphatase overlaps with the higher pl bands of normal serum; however, upon heat destruction of the latter, it shows four sharp bands with the following pl's: 4.59, 4.62, 4.67 and 4.73.  (+info)

Charge microheterogeneity of the major capsid protein of polyoma virus. (7/14)

The behavior in isoelectric focusing of the major capsid polypeptide VPI of several strains of polyoma virus was studied. Two previously recognized phenomena were reexamined, namely, (i) the separation of the VP1 polypeptide into multiple subspecies differing only slightly from each other in apparent isoelectric point and (ii) strain differences in the overall apparent net charge of the family of VP1 subspecies. It was found that the pattern of subspecies was reproducible when focusing was initiated from either the basic or acidic region of the gel, keeping the ampholyte mixture constant. However, individual subspecies were unstable, and labeled polypeptide could be shifted dramatically by either refocusing of separated subspecies or by altering the concentration of ampholytes. These findings suggest that protein-protein and protein-ampholyte interactions play an important role in the generation of this charge heterogeneity. The basis for the overall charge difference between the VP1 of 3049 virus and several other strains (lpD, lpS, ts59, and A2) was studied, using recombinant viruses constructed of specific sequences derived from 3049 and lpD genomes. The portion of the VP1 polypeptide carrying the altered charge could be mapped to the body of the molecule 3' to the HindIII site at 45.0 map units (3,918 base pairs). This clearly segregates the VP1 charge phenotype from the cyc phenotype of 3049 in which capsid proteins are overproduced and accumulate in the cytoplasm of infected cells.  (+info)

pH-dependent aggregation and electrofocusing of poliovirus. (8/14)

Following isoelectric focusing, poliovirus can be detected at two pH values. The acidic form consists of poliovirus aggregates and the neutral form of single virions.  (+info)

Browse our electrophoresis products: carrier ampholytes, electrophoresis chamber, power supply, acrylamide gel support sheets and seed purity testing kits.
* found in: Pharmalyte, Pharmalyte, narrow range pH 4.2-4.9 Pharmalyte, narrow range pH 4.2-4.9 Pharmalyte carrier ampholytes, prepared by the co..
Method of producing electrical layer capacitors with glow-polymerizate layers as dielectrics, including a support surface, which includes initially forming a synthetic carrier strip having a substantially rectangular cross-section as well as given parts not to be coated with glow-polymerizate and a surface to be covered with glow-polymerizate, applying metal coating layers and glow-polymerizate layers offset from each other on the carrier strip forming contact strips on two mutually opposing edges of the carrier strip, the contact strips having within the extent thereof at least two metal layers lying directly on each other, and covering the given parts of the carrier strip not to be coated with at least one screen during the manufacture of the glow-polymerizate layers, wherein the improvement includes forming the recesses on areas of the carrier strip bordering the contact strips and not coated with glow-polymerizate, pressing the carrier strip against the support surface with holding devices
Isoelectric Focusing (IEF) can be described as an ingenious process for simultaneous concentration and separation of proteins. IEF employs a pH gradient formed by small amphoteric molecules (called ampholytes) to resolve proteins according to their different pI values (pI = isoelectric point). IEF is an end point method - when the electrophoretic run is completed proteins will appear as separate, sharp zones, in the order of their isoelectric points.. For IEF, SERVA offers a comprehensive product line: ...
Browse Sigma-Aldrichs Peptide Analysis and Characterization to find products in Amino Acid Analysis, Ampholytes, Crystallization Reagents, Crystallization and Renaturation Screening Kit Components
Learn more about adenosine-5-diphosphate-disodium-salt-adp-disodium-salt. We enable science by offering product choice, services, process excellence and our people make it happen.
Learn more about adenosine-5-o-3-thiotriphosphate-tetralithium-salt. We enable science by offering product choice, services, process excellence and our people make it happen.
Brown, R.K., Caspers, M.L., Lull, J.M., Vinogradov, S.N., Felgenhauer, K. and Nekic, M. (1977). Carrier Ampholyte Distribution in Isoelectric Focusing. J. Chromatogr. 131, 223-232.. Brown, R.K., Caspers, M.L. and Vinogradov, S.N. (1977). Carrier Ampholyte Distribution. In Electrofocusing and Isotachophoresis (Radola, B.J. and Graesslin, D. Eds.) Walter DeGrutyer and Co., Berlin-New York, pp 87-96.. Caspers, M.L., Posey, Y. and Brown, R.K. (1977). Separator Isoelectric Focusing - An Improved Method of Protein Analysis and Purification. Anal. Biochem. 79, 166-180.. Caspers, M.L. and Chrambach, A. (1977). Natural pH Gradients Formed by Amino Acids: Ampholyte Distribution, Time Course, Use in Electrofocusing of Protein, Relation to pH Gradients in Isotachophoresis, Separator Effects. Anal. Biochem. 81, 23-39.. Caspers, M.L. and Siegel, G.J. (1980). Inhibition by Lead of Human Erythrocyte (Na+ + K+)-Adenosine Triphosphatase Associated with Binding of 210Pb to Membrane Fragments. Biochim. et. Biophy. ...
ampholyte answers are found in the Tabers Medical Dictionary powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android, and Web.
Such mixtures of amphoteric Electrolytes or Buffers that provide a continuous range of pH in an electric field; used for separating Proteins by their Isoelectric Points, i.e., by Isoelectric Focusing ...
Introduction: The whole delivery process of nucleic acids is very challenging. Appropriate carrier systems are needed, which show extracellular stability and intracellular disassembly. Viruses have developed various strategies to meet these requirements, as they are optimized by biological evolution to transfer genetic information into host cells. Taking viruses as models, smart synthetic carriers can be designed, mimicking the efficient delivery process of viral infection. These synthetic viruses are pre-programmed and respond to little differences in their microenvironment, caused by either exogenous or endogenous stimuli. Areas covered: This review deals with polymer-based, bioresponsive nanosystems (polyplexes) for the delivery of nucleic acids. Strategies utilizing pH-responsiveness, redox-responsiveness as well as sensitivity towards enzymes will be described more in detail. Systems, which respond to other endogenous triggers (i.e. reactive oxygen species, adenosine triphosphate, ...
Among the key variations between conventional skin care and natural or organic skin care isnt the active ingredients for example eco-friendly tea or vitamin c, which excluding water could make as much as about 5% associated with a product, rather it lies using the base ingredients. In natural skin care, the bottom ingredients are frequently a mixture of vegetable oils and butters or waxes as opposed to the synthetic ingredients frequently present in conventional skin care. Using base oils has enormous benefit for that skin. Rather to be an inert (non-active) synthetic carrier for that ingredients, base oils contain nutrients for example vitamins, minerals and efas that support and nourish the skin. Id go to date regarding count base oils as ingredients in skin care. So, actually, in natural products as much as 95% associated with a product includes a supportive active impact on the skin. Compared, the synthetic base ingredients in conventional skin care by enlarge, lack significant ...
Goal of the project is to design novel approaches strengthening tolerance towards autoantigens by induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs). For this, modifications of autoantigen-derived peptides are being developed: Peptides coupled to either synthetic carriers or to ligands triggering tolerogenic responses are tested in vitro and in autoimmune models. In addition, the project searches for novel drug candidates able to induce stable Tregs. To improve efficacy of tolerogenic treatments in established disease, combination therapies deleting/inactivating effector cells followed by tolerogenic vaccination will be applied. ...
Craig Duvall, associate professor of biomedical engineering, put the effectiveness of a specialized ribonucleic acid hitchhiking on the human protein albumin up against jetPEI nanoparticles, the mostly widely used synthetic carrier for the task of tumor gene silencing.. His findings, reached with Samantha Sarett, a recent biomedical engineering Ph.D. graduate, are published today(Monday, July 24) in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.. Albumin is Trojan horse. Ribonucleic acids can control the behavior of cancer cells, but they require a carrier to get them to the target. Duvalls team made a simple modification to a small-interfering ribonucleic acid molecule, called siRNA-L2, allowing it to rapidly load into an albumin pocket typically reserved to ferry fatty acids around the body.. They found that the siRNA-L2, using albumin as its carrier, has no apparent dose-limiting toxicity, a significant problem for synthetic nanoparticles. That means a higher dose of the anti-cancer ...
Charge-Exchange Plasma Contamination on SMART-1: First Measurements and Model Verification Publication date: 12 July 2004 Authors: Tajmar, M., et al. Year: 2004 .... description
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At least 75 percent of all hydraulic systems fail due to contaminated or aging hydraulic fluid.1 Contamination causes aging/degradation of fluids and hydraulic systems failure for numerous...
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Another option is to simulate fit and unfit. To do this the central bank gathers data from at least 10,000 circulated banknotes, and the tool uses this data to calculate the unfit rate based on current sorting thresholds. The customer is then able to explore various threshold scenarios for which the BPS® Eco-Comparator simulates the new unfit rate: How many banknotes would be destroyed if less contamination on the front were acceptable? This enables the central bank to model how many banknotes it wants to replace.. Where adjusting sorting thresholds used to be a matter of gut instinct, the BPS® Eco-Comparator is a decisive step towards fact-based decision-making. And its a methodology that pays off quickly too: If the cost of producing a banknote is €0.10, and the processing volume of a BPS® is around 500,000 banknotes per day, 1% less shredding results in savings of around €100,000 per machine per year.. ...
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An interesting question and one that long needs answering. Thus far I have found a dearth of negative research on the topic. In 2005 the American Meat Inst
Presented by Alex Henri MD How prone are UAs to contamination, can we identify contamination on a UA, and does contamination matter? How common is contamination?
Targets Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination on hides of live animals. For product inquires or to place an order, email Intralytix at [email protected] or call 1-877-ITXPHAGE (489-7424) and select option 1. ...
The chromatographic behaviour of recombinant human tumour necrosis factor beta (rhTNF-β) (pI ~9.0) during cation-exchange chromatography at pH 7.5 is investigated. Without prior treatment of the Escherichia coli cell extract with polyethyleneimine (PEI), very little rhTNF-β was bound to the column. However, upon addition of 5% PEI (100 μl ml-1) to the cell lysate, rhTNF-β was shown to bind to cation-exchange columns normally. TNF-β was readily precipitated from the clarified cell extract by 20% ammonium sulphate, but only ca. 25% of this precipitate could be re-solubilized for further purification. However, when 5% PEI was included in the solubilization buffer, the balance of the rhTNF-β could be recovered. It is proposed that charge interaction between rhTNF-β and nucleic acids in the cell extract is responsible for both of these anomalous phenomena, and that PEI (a cationic polyelectrolyte) was able to disrupt this interaction by displacing rhTNF-β from the charge complex ...
In this work, we present a step‐by‐step workflow for the fabrication of 2D hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) nanopores which are then used to sense holo‐human serum transferrin (hSTf) protein at pH ∼8 under applied voltages ranging from +100 mV to +800 mV. 2D nanopores are often used for DNA, however, there is a great void in the literature for single‐molecule protein sensing and this, to the best of ...
In this work, we present a step‐by‐step workflow for the fabrication of 2D hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) nanopores which are then used to sense holo‐human serum transferrin (hSTf) protein at pH ∼8 under applied voltages ranging from +100 mV to +800 mV. 2D nanopores are often used for DNA, however, there is a great void in the literature for single‐molecule protein sensing and this, to the best of ...
1B3E: X-ray crystallography and mass spectroscopy reveal that the N-lobe of human transferrin expressed in Pichia pastoris is folded correctly but is glycosylated on serine-32.
Finding mice or rodents inside your home can really be disturbing. Most of us will feel repulsed just by the sight of them. Having a single rodent inside a home can be dangerous because they have the ability to produce more than 60,000 droppings and 150 liters of urine. Imagine the risk of contamination by a single rodent, especially when it is not eliminated right away. The presence of rodents can bring about a spread of disease, contamination on foods and produce, and the damage to structures and equipment.. It is not safe to have these rodents in and around the house since they have the ability to feed on different types of foods while carrying different infectious diseases. One of the most dangerous diseases these rodents can pass is leptospirosis, which can be spread through their urine. Rodents also have the ability to spread and populate in just a matter of weeks. With the different complications these pests can bring, homeowners are always suggested to be cautious against them, and ...
Adenosine-5-triphosphate - adenozynotrifosforan (ATP), nukleotyd adenionowy (składa się z adenozyny i trzech grup fosforanowych. ATP jest wielofunkcyjnym nu...
Daniel called the police so that we could file a report and I called my OB to see if we should be concerned. Thankfully the lap part of my seat belt did not tighten and the chest part compressed mostly to the left and above my belly. I was feeling fine with just a bit of tenderness where the seat belt had tightened, so my doctor and I agreed that I didnt need to go to the hospital. HOWEVER if I started to experience contractions or bleeding, I needed to call her immediately. Our other concern was that if I did have any problems, I was about an hour from the hospital - not really enough time for any type of worse-case scenario. ...
The complexation of Cm(iii) with human serum transferrin was investigated in a pH range from 3.5 to 11.0 using time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). At pH [greater-than-or-equal] 7.4 Cm(iii) is incorporated at the Fe(iii) binding site of transferrin whereas at lower pH a partially bound Cm(iii) transferrin species is formed. At physiological temperature (310 K) at pH 7.4{,} about 70% of the partially bound and 30% of the incorporated Cm(iii) transferrin species are present in solution. The Cm(iii) results obtained by TRLFS are in very good agreement with Am(iii) EXAFS results{,} confirming the incorporation of Am(iii) at the Fe(iii) binding site at pH 8.5 ...
Nucleotide sequence of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C.: The nucleotide sequence of the gene speC, encoding streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C (SPE
When it comes to milk, preventing bacterial contamination on dairy equipment is key. Researchers in Israel developed a biological coating to prevent biofilm formation and keep their moo-juice fresh and clean.. ...
Autovaletdirect specialises in the removal of particulate contamination on single or groups of vehicles from industrial emission or construction site overspray.
Learn all about what the P stands for in FODMAP! Polyols, also known as sugar alcohols can cause bloating and gas in people who have IBS. Learn more here.
  • The carrier ampholytes are included in the stock solution when multiple Immobiline DryStrip gels of the same pH range are to be used. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Pharmalyte ® carrier ampholytes, prepared by the co-polymerization of glycine, glycylglycine, amines, and epichlorohydrin, are available in five broad-range and four narrow-range pH intervals. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Pharmalyte ® carrier ampholytes form an extremely stable linear pH gradient and exhibit even conductivity across the gel. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • IPG Buffer or Pharmalyte ® (carrier ampholyte mixtures) improves separations, particularly with high sample loads. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • IPG Buffers are carrier ampholyte mixtures specially formulated not to interfere with silver staining following 2-D electrophoresis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Carrier ampholyte mixtures enhance protein solubility and produce more uniform conductivity across the pH gradient without disturbing IEF or affecting the shape of the gradient. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Each interval contains numerous ampholytes with a high buffering capacity per pH unit. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The location of immobilization of the boundary between anolyte and most acidic carrier ampholyte is dependent on EOF, i.e. capillary material and anolyte. (nih.gov)
  • IPG Buffer or Pharmalyte ® (carrier ampholyte mixtures) improves separations, particularly with high sample loads. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Carrier ampholyte mixtures enhance protein solubility and produce more uniform conductivity across the pH gradient without disturbing IEF or affecting the shape of the gradient. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • IPG Buffers are carrier ampholyte mixtures specially formulated not to interfere with silver staining following 2-D electrophoresis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Silver staining may require a prolonged fixing step to wash out carrier ampholyte that may cause staining background near the ion front of the second-dimension gel. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • In this paper, we are evaluating the strategy of sorting peptides/proteins based on the charge to mass without resorting to ampholytes and/or isoelectric focusing, using a single- and two-step free-flow zone electrophoresis. (nih.gov)
  • PAGE (Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis), is an analytical method used to separate components of a protein mixture based on their size. (airportdriver.info)
  • With this device, we demonstrated a separation of positive and negative peptides and proteins at a given pH in standard buffer systems and validated the sorting result with LC/MS. Furthermore, we coupled two sorting steps via off-chip titration and isolated peptides within specific pI ranges from sample mixtures, where the pI range was simply set by the pH values of the buffer solutions. (nih.gov)
  • Again, ampholyte mixtures of a variety of pI ranges are commercially available. (bitesizebio.com)
  • An ampholyte is simply a water-soluble molecule that can act both as an acid and a base depending on pH (just like an amino acid! (bitesizebio.com)
  • 4 µl of the Cy2 solution is added to the internal standard protein mixture, which contains 12.5 µg protein from each sample. (expasy.org)
  • An IEF sample is usually mixed with a solution of carrier ampholytes to assist migration. (bitesizebio.com)
  • The carrier ampholytes are included in the stock solution when multiple Immobiline DryStrip gels of the same pH range are to be used. (sigmaaldrich.com)