AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and Drugs
Amphibian VenomsAmphibiansCrotalid VenomsBee VenomsVenomsCobra VenomsViper VenomsWasp VenomsElapid VenomsChytridiomycotaSpider VenomsScorpion VenomsArthropod VenomsAmphibian ProteinsRanidaeAnuraBothropsBufonidaeAntiveninsFish VenomsAnt VenomsElapidaeMollusk VenomsSnakesUrodelaBeesInsect Bites and StingsHepatitis, Infectious CaninePeptidesDog Diseases
Amphibian Venoms
Venoms produced by frogs, toads, salamanders, etc. The venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and contain cardiotoxic glycosides, cholinolytics, and a number of other bioactive materials, many of which have been characterized. The venoms have been used as arrow poisons and include bufogenin, bufotoxin, bufagin, bufotalin, histrionicotoxins, and pumiliotoxin.
Amphibians
VERTEBRATES belonging to the class amphibia such as frogs, toads, newts and salamanders that live in a semiaquatic environment.
Crotalid Venoms
Venoms from snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae or pit vipers, found mostly in the Americas. They include the rattlesnake, cottonmouth, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and American copperhead. Their venoms contain nontoxic proteins, cardio-, hemo-, cyto-, and neurotoxins, and many enzymes, especially phospholipases A. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
Bee Venoms
Venoms obtained from Apis mellifera (honey bee) and related species. They contain various enzymes, polypeptide toxins, and other substances, some of which are allergenic or immunogenic or both. These venoms were formerly used in rheumatism to stimulate the pituitary-adrenal system.
Venoms
Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator.
Cobra Venoms
Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.
Viper Venoms
Venoms from SNAKES of the viperid family. They tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. They contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins.
Wasp Venoms
Venoms produced by the wasp (Vespid) family of stinging insects, including hornets; the venoms contain enzymes, biogenic amines, histamine releasing factors, kinins, toxic polypeptides, etc., and are similar to bee venoms.
Elapid Venoms
Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
Chytridiomycota
A phylum of fungi that was formerly considered a subdivision of Phycomycetes. They are the only fungi that produce motile spores (zoospores) at some stage in their life cycle. Most are saprobes but they also include examples of plant, animal, and fungal pathogens.
Spider Venoms
Venoms of arthropods of the order Araneida of the ARACHNIDA. The venoms usually contain several protein fractions, including ENZYMES, hemolytic, neurolytic, and other TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL.
Scorpion Venoms
Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.
Arthropod Venoms
Venoms from animals of the phylum Arthropoda. Those most investigated are from scorpions and spiders of the class Arachnidae and from ant, bee, and wasp families of the Insecta order Hymenoptera. The venoms contain protein toxins, enzymes, and other bioactive substances and may be lethal to man.
Amphibian Proteins
Proteins obtained from species in the class of AMPHIBIANS.
Ranidae
The family of true frogs of the order Anura. The family occurs worldwide except in Antarctica.
Anura
An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.
Bothrops
A genus of poisonous snakes of the VIPERIDAE family. About 50 species are known and all are found in tropical America and southern South America. Bothrops atrox is the fer-de-lance and B. jararaca is the jararaca. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336)
Bufonidae
The family of true toads belonging to the order Anura. The genera include Bufo, Ansonia, Nectophrynoides, and Atelopus.
Antivenins
Antisera used to counteract poisoning by animal VENOMS, especially SNAKE VENOMS.
Fish Venoms
Venoms produced by FISHES, including SHARKS and sting rays, usually delivered by spines. They contain various substances, including very labile toxins that affect the HEART specifically and all MUSCLES generally.
Ant Venoms
Venoms from the superfamily Formicoidea, Ants. They may contain protein factors and toxins, histamine, enzymes, and alkaloids and are often allergenic or immunogenic.
Elapidae
A family of extremely venomous snakes, comprising coral snakes, cobras, mambas, kraits, and sea snakes. They are widely distributed, being found in the southern United States, South America, Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The elapids include three subfamilies: Elapinae, Hydrophiinae, and Lauticaudinae. Like the viperids, they have venom fangs in the front part of the upper jaw. The mambas of Africa are the most dangerous of all snakes by virtue of their size, speed, and highly toxic venom. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p329-33)
Mollusk Venoms
Venoms from mollusks, including CONUS and OCTOPUS species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerupin, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine.
Snakes
Limbless REPTILES of the suborder Serpentes.
Urodela
An order of the Amphibia class which includes salamanders and newts. They are characterized by usually having slim bodies and tails, four limbs of about equal size (except in Sirenidae), and a reduction in skull bones.
Bees
Insect members of the superfamily Apoidea, found almost everywhere, particularly on flowers. About 3500 species occur in North America. They differ from most WASPS in that their young are fed honey and pollen rather than animal food.
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.
Hepatitis, Infectious Canine
A contagious disease caused by canine adenovirus (ADENOVIRUSES, CANINE) infecting the LIVER, the EYE, the KIDNEY, and other organs in dogs, other canids, and bears. Symptoms include FEVER; EDEMA; VOMITING; and DIARRHEA.
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Dog Diseases
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.

Evidence that the lizard helospectin peptides are O-glycosylated. (1/55)

Six forms of helospectin (a vasoactive intestinal peptide analogue) were purified from the venom of the Heloderma horridum lizard. Their identification was performed by combining sequencing by automated Edman degradation and electrospray mass spectrometry analysis on the complete peptides and their tryptic fragments. The products resulting from the action of an O-glycosidase were also analysed. Two forms were identified as the previously named Hs1 and Hs2 of 38 and 37 amino-acid residues, respectively. Two forms corresponded to Hs1 and Hs2 O-glycosylated by a N-acetylhexosamine-hexose motif attached to the Ser32 residue. Two other forms were not completely characterized but might correspond to the O-glycosylated forms bearing a phosphate or a sulfate group. The glycosylation did not affect the capacity of the helospectins to recognize and to activate the human and the rat VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors.  (+info)

Positive and negative interference of the Chinese medicine Chan Su in serum digoxin measurement. Elimination of interference by using a monoclonal chemiluminescent digoxin assay or monitoring free digoxin concentration. (2/55)

An over-the-counter Chinese medicine, Chan Su, is used as a cardiotonic agent. We demonstrated significant digoxin-like immunoreactivity in various organic and aqueous extracts of Chan Su. For example, when a 20-microL aliquot of an aqueous extract of Chan Su powder (1 mg/mL) was added to a 2-mL aliquot of a drug-free serum, the observed digoxin-like immunoreactivity was 2.76 ng/mL (3.53 nmol/L) digoxin equivalent using the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA). The magnitude of interference was much lower (0.94 ng/mL [1.20 nmol/L]) with the microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA), and no interference was observed with the chemiluminescent assay (CLIA). We also observed a significant positive interference of the extract with the serum digoxin measurement using FPIA. In contrast, we observed a negative interference (falsely lowered digoxin concentration) of the extract in the serum digoxin measurement with the MEIA. The extract had no effect on the serum digoxin measurement with the CLIA. By taking advantage of the high protein binding of Chan Su and only 25% protein binding of digoxin, we further demonstrated that positive interference of Chan Su in the FPIA and negative interference of Chan Su in the MEIA of digoxin could be eliminated by monitoring the free digoxin concentration.  (+info)

Interactions between 3-(Trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[(125)I]iodophenyl)diazirine and tetracaine, phencyclidine, or histrionicotoxin in the Torpedo series nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ion channel. (3/55)

3-(Trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[(125)I]iodophenyl)diazirine ([(125)I]TID) and [(3)H]tetracaine, an aromatic amine, are noncompetitive antagonists (NCAs) of the Torpedo species nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), which have been shown by photoaffinity labeling to bind to a common site in the ion channel in the closed state. Although tetracaine and TID bind to the same site, the amine NCAs phencyclidine (PCP) and histrionicotoxin (HTX), which are also believed to bind within the ion channel, interact competitively with tetracaine but allosterically with TID. To better characterize drug interactions within the nAChR ion channel in the closed state, we identified the amino acids photoaffinity labeled by [(125)I]TID in the presence of tetracaine, PCP, or HTX. In the absence of other drugs, [(125)I]TID reacts with alphaLeu-251 (alphaM2-9) and alphaVal-255 (alphaM2-13) and the homologous residues in each of the other subunits. None of the NCAs shifted the sites of [(125)I]TID labeling to other residues within the ion channel. Tetracaine inhibited [(125)I]TID labeling of M2-9 and M2-13 without changing the relative(125)I incorporation at these positions, whereas PCP and HTX each altered the pattern of [(125)I]TID incorporation at M2-9 and M2-13. These results indicate that tetracaine and TID bind in a mutually exclusive manner to a common site in the closed channel that is spatially separated from the binding sites for PCP and HTX.  (+info)

The evolution of coloration and toxicity in the poison frog family (Dendrobatidae). (4/55)

The poison frogs (family Dendrobatidae) are terrestrial anuran amphibians displaying a wide range of coloration and toxicity. These frogs generally have been considered to be aposematic, but relatively little research has been carried out to test the predictions of this hypothesis. Here we use a comparative approach to test one prediction of the hypothesis of aposematism: that coloration will evolve in tandem with toxicity. Recently, we developed a phylogenetic hypothesis of the evolutionary relationships among representative species of poison frogs, using sequences from three regions of mitochondrial DNA. In our analysis, we use that DNA-based phylogeny and comparative analysis of independent contrasts to investigate the correlation between coloration and toxicity in the poison frog family (Dendrobatidae). Information on the toxicity of different species was obtained from the literature. Two different measures of the brightness and extent of coloration were used. (i) Twenty-four human observers were asked to rank different photos of each different species in the analysis in terms of contrast to a leaf-littered background. (ii) Color photos of each species were scanned into a computer and a computer program was used to obtain a measure of the contrast of the colors of each species relative to a leaf-littered background. Comparative analyses of the results were carried out with two different models of character evolution: gradual change, with branch lengths proportional to the amount of genetic change, and punctuational change, with all change being associated with speciation events. Comparative analysis using either method or model indicated a significant correlation between the evolution of toxicity and coloration across this family. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that coloration in this group is aposematic.  (+info)

Studies on toad venom (3): effect of metals on the quality of toad venom torrefied on a metal plate. (5/55)

To study the quality of toad venom dried on different metal plates by heating at 105 degrees C, each 20 g sample of fresh toad venom collected in Hei-Long-Jiang Province, China, was dried on (1) brass, (2) copper, (3) glass, (4) acrylic resins, (5) aluminum and (6) stainless-steel, respectively. Twelve bufadienolides, including bufalin and bufotalin, in each sample were then quantitatively analyzed by HPLC. The total levels of bufadienolides in 1000.0 mg of the dried samples were (1) > (2) > (3) > (4) > (5) > (6), varying from 303.44 mg to 420.72 mg. Besides, the color of dried venom became darker in the order of (2), (4), (6), (3), (1) and (5). Though (1) was not in good color, it was superior to the others in chemical quality. These results suggest that it is possible to dry toad venom in short period by heating it at a high temperature on a tray made of brass. This will be a better method for making high quality toad venom than the traditional method. Moreover, the removal of impurities in the fresh venom by the process of filtration through silk succeeded in raising the bufadienolides content significantly.  (+info)

Granular gland transcriptomes in stimulated amphibian skin secretions. (6/55)

Amphibian defensive skin secretions are complex, species-specific cocktails of biologically active molecules, including many uncharacterized peptides. The study of such secretions for novel peptide discovery is time-limited, as amphibians are in rapid global decline. While secretion proteome analysis is non-lethal, transcriptome analysis has until now required killing of specimens prior to skin dissection for cDNA library construction. Here we present the discovery that polyadenylated mRNAs encoding dermal granular gland peptides are present in defensive skin secretions, stabilized by endogenous nucleic acid-binding amphipathic peptides. Thus parallel secretory proteome and transcriptome analyses can be performed without killing the specimen in this model amphibian system--a finding that has important implications in conservation of biodiversity within this threatened vertebrate taxon and whose mechanistics may have broader implications in biomolecular science.  (+info)

Toad venom poisoning: resemblance to digoxin toxicity and therapeutic implications. (7/55)

A healthy man developed gastrointestinal symptoms after ingesting purported aphrodisiac pills. He had severe unrelenting bradycardia, hyperkalaemia, and acidosis. He rapidly developed severe life threatening cardiac arrhythmias and died after a few hours. He was found to have positive serum digoxin concentrations, although he was not taking digoxin. Toad venom poisoning is similar to digitalis toxicity and carries a high mortality. Cardiac glycoside poisoning can occur from ingestion of various plants and animal toxins, and the venom gland of cane toad (Bufo marinus) contains large quantities of cardiac glycosides. Toad venom, a constituent of an aphrodisiac, was considered responsible for the development of clinical manifestations and death in this patient. Digoxin specific Fab fragment has been reported to be beneficial in the treatment of toad venom poisoning. This report alerts physicians to the need to be aware of a new community toxic exposure, as prompt treatment with digoxin specific Fab fragment may be life saving. The treatment approach to patients with suspected toad venom poisoning is described.  (+info)

Skin secretion of Siphonops paulensis (Gymnophiona, Amphibia) forms voltage-dependent ionic channels in lipid membranes. (8/55)

The effect of the skin secretion of the amphibian Siphonops paulensis was investigated by monitoring the changes in conductance of an artificial planar lipid bilayer. Skin secretion was obtained by exposure of the animals to ether-saturated air, and then rinsing the animals with distilled water. Artificial lipid bilayers were obtained by spreading a solution of azolectin over an aperture of a Delrin cup inserted into a cut-away polyvinyl chloride block. In 9 of 12 experiments, the addition of the skin secretion to lipid bilayers displayed voltage-dependent channels with average unitary conductance of 258 +/- 41.67 pS, rather than nonspecific changes in bilayer conductance. These channels were not sensitive to 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or tetraethylammonium ion, but the experimental protocol used does not permit us to specify their characteristics.  (+info)

Plus itPlus it
3-(Trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[125I]iodophenyl)diazirine ([125I]TID) and [3H]tetracaine, an aromatic amine, are noncompetitive antagonists (NCAs) of theTorpedo species nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), which have been shown by photoaffinity labeling to bind to a common site in the ion channel in the closed state. Although tetracaine and TID bind to the same site, the amine NCAs phencyclidine (PCP) and histrionicotoxin (HTX), which are also believed to bind within the ion channel, interact competitively with tetracaine but allosterically with TID. To better characterize drug interactions within the nAChR ion channel in the closed state, we identified the amino acids photoaffinity labeled by [125I]TID in the presence of tetracaine, PCP, or HTX. In the absence of other drugs, [125I]TID reacts with αLeu-251 (αM2-9) and αVal-255 (αM2-13) and the homologous residues in each of the other subunits. None of the NCAs shifted the sites of [125I]TID labeling to other residues within the ion channel. ...
http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/59/6/1514
Histrionicotoxins - WikipediaHistrionicotoxins - Wikipedia
Since characterization, the development of synthetic pathways to histrionicotoxin has been of interest to research groups due to its unusual functionality. The Kishi group proposed the first total synthesis of the parent 283A in 1985 using 89, a previously synthesized lactam used for the synthesis of other variants.[8] Treatment with acetic anhydride yielded 133 in quantitative yield. The cyclic enol ether 134 was formed through oxidative cleavage promoting intramolecular addition followed by a basic deprotection and dehydration. Bromination followed by dehydrobromination in methanol was then found to give an epimeric mixture of unsaturated 135. Hydrolysis, reduction and acetylation yielded 136. Formation of a thiolactam followed by condensation with ethyl bromoacetate gave 137. Selective deprotection of the allylic alcohol followed by oxidation gave 138. A Wittig reaction then generated a chloroalkene, which, upon base-promoted elimination of HCl, gave a terminal alkyne, which was subsequently ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histrionicotoxin
Bufo gargarizans gargarizans - WikispeciesBufo gargarizans gargarizans - Wikispecies
Dubois, A. & R. Bour. 2010: The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768). Zootaxa, 2447: 1-52 ...
https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bufo_gargarizans_gargarizans
N-(L-ALKYL-2-PHENYLETHYL)-CARBOXAMIDE DERIVATIVES AND USE THEREOF AS FUNGICIDES - Patent applicationN-(L-ALKYL-2-PHENYLETHYL)-CARBOXAMIDE DERIVATIVES AND USE THEREOF AS FUNGICIDES - Patent application
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE Y Comp. No. R1 R2 R3 R4 R8a R8b R8c Y.001 H H H H 4-Cl H H Y.002 CH3 H H H 4-Cl H H Y.003 CH2CH3 H H H 4-Cl H H Y.004 (CH2)2CH3 H H H 4-Cl H H Y.005 CH(CH3)2 H H H 4-Cl H H Y.006 F H H H 4-Cl H H Y.007 H H CH3 H 4-Cl H H Y.008 H H CH2CH3 H 4-Cl H H Y.009 H H (CH2)2CH3 H 4-Cl H H Y.010 H H CH(CH3)2 H 4-Cl H H Y.011 H H F H 4-Cl H H Y.012 CH3 CH3 H H 4-Cl H H Y.013 CH2CH3 CH3 H H 4-Cl H H Y.014 (CH2)2CH3 CH3 H H 4-Cl H H Y.015 CH(CH3)2 CH3 H H 4-Cl H H Y.016 F CH3 H H 4-Cl H H Y.017 CH3 H CH3 H 4-Cl H H Y.018 CH2CH3 H CH3 H 4-Cl H H Y.019 (CH2)2CH3 H CH3 H 4-Cl H H Y.020 CH(CH3)2 H CH3 H 4-Cl H H Y.021 CH3 H F H 4-Cl H H Y.022 CH2CH3 H F H 4-Cl H H Y.023 H H CH3 CH3 4-Cl H H Y.024 H H CH2CH3 CH3 4-Cl H H Y.025 H H CH(CH3)2 CH3 4-Cl H H Y.026 H H CH3 F 4-Cl H H Y.027 H H CH2CH3 F 4-Cl H H Y.028 H H (CH2)2CH3 F 4-Cl H H Y.029 H H CH(CH3)2 F 4-Cl H H Y.030 H H F F 4-Cl H H Y.031 CH3 H CH3 F 4-Cl H H Y.032 CH3 H CH2CH3 F 4-Cl H H Y.033 CH3 H (CH2)2CH3 F 4-Cl H H Y.034 CH3 H ...
http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/app/20110207771
Lysozyme C precursor - Bufo gargarizans andrewsi (Andrews toad)Lysozyme C precursor - Bufo gargarizans andrewsi (Andrews toad)
Lysozymes have primarily a bacteriolytic function; those in tissues and body fluids are associated with the monocyte-macrophage system and enhance the activity of immunoagents. Has antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterium S.aureus and against the Gram-negative bacterium E.coli with a MIC of 1 uM and 8 uM respectively. No antifungal activity against C.albicans.
http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P85045
Taxonomy of the frogs of the genus Mannophryne (Amphibia, Anura, Dendrobatidae) | Open LibraryTaxonomy of the frogs of the genus Mannophryne (Amphibia, Anura, Dendrobatidae) | Open Library
Taxonomy of the frogs of the genus Mannophryne (Amphibia, Anura, Dendrobatidae) by Enrique La Marca; 1 edition; First published in 1994; Subjects: Mannophryne
https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16282288W/Taxonomy_of_the_frogs_of_the_genus_Mannophryne_
4. Birch Reduction - W X W X M R O H R O H W H H X H H W H H X H H H H X H H R O H M H H W H R L i N a K C O 2 H H 3 C O C H 3...4. Birch Reduction - W X W X M R O H R O H W H H X H H W H H X H H H H X H H R O H M H H W H R L i N a K C O 2 H H 3 C O C H 3...
View Test Prep - 4._Birch_Reduction from CHEM 215 at Harvard. W X W X M R O H R O H W H H X H H W H H X H H H H X H H R O H M H H W H ( R ) L i N a K C O 2 H H 3 C O C H 3 H 3 C N a , N H 3 , M e O H
https://www.coursehero.com/file/171143/4-Birch-Reduction/
Red Backed Poison Frog, Ranitomeya reticulata - RedorbitRed Backed Poison Frog, Ranitomeya reticulata - Redorbit
The Red backed Poison Frog (Ranitomeya reticulata) is a species of frog belonging to the family Dendrobatidae. Its an arboreal insectivorous species, and is the second most poisonous species in the genus, after R. variabilis. Like many species of small poisonous frogs native to South America, its grouped with the poison dart frogs, and is a moderately toxic species, containing poison that is capable of causing serious injury to humans, and death in animals such as chickens. This frog is native to Peru and Ecuador.. Its toxins are utilized as the frogs natural defense mechanisms, making them inedible to many, if not most, of the predators in its natural area. To advertise its poison and to further reduce the risk of injury, the red backed poison frog displays its brilliant warning colors, especially its red-orange back, for which it is named. Like all dendrobatids, it doesnt manufacture the poison itself, but rather is theorized to take the toxins from the ants, mites, and beetles on which it ...
http://www.redorbit.com/reference/red-backed-poison-frog-ranitomeya-reticulata/
AmphibiaWeb - Lyciasalamandra luschaniAmphibiaWeb - Lyciasalamandra luschani
Total length to 167 mm for males, up to 181 mm for females. Usually between 110 and 140 mm. Tail usually equal to or slightly shorter than snout-vent-length. Head is flat and somewhat longer than wide. 11-13 weakly defined costal grooves present at either side of the long, cylindrical body. There is a distinctive skin fold on the throat. Well-defined parotoid glands are present at the back of the head. Coloration in this species is highly variable and is subspecies specific. Currently, there are nine subspecies recognized, mainly on morphological grounds (see Comments section for a discussion on taxonomy). S. luschani helverseni: Only a few yellow spots on back, mainly concentrated middorsally. Back otherwise dark brown. Flanks are yellow. Parotoids are dark or with some yellow. Legs and tail are brown or black. Venter translucent, showing the internal organs. The underside of the tail is orange-yellow, the throat is yellowish-pink. S. luschani flavimembris: Back dark brown with very few, small ...
https://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Lyciasalamandra&where-species=luschani&rel-genus=equals&rel-species=equals
Poison Dart Frog VivariumPoison Dart Frog Vivarium
The brightly colored dart poison frogs of Central and South America broadcast a visual warning to predators: Do Not Eat! Many species in the frog family Dendrobatidae ooze poison through that spectacular skin as a defense against predators. 
https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/frogs-a-chorus-of-colors/poison-dart-frog-vivarium
Motherly poison frogs shed light on maternal brain | Stanford NewsMotherly poison frogs shed light on maternal brain | Stanford News
Stanford biologists are studying rare poison frogs as a way to answer a fundamental question: Is there more than one way to build a maternal brain?
https://news.stanford.edu/2019/11/21/motherly-poison-frogs-shed-light-maternal-brain/
DDoS From 4chan Hits MPAA and Anti-Piracy Website - SlashdotDDoS From 4chan Hits MPAA and Anti-Piracy Website - Slashdot
ACKyushu writes Say what you like about 4chan; when they want something done, it gets done. Following a call to arms yesterday, the masses inhabiting the anonymous 4chan boards have carried out a huge assault on a pair of anti-piracy enemies. The website of Aiplex Software, the anti-piracy outfit w...
https://yro.slashdot.org/story/10/09/18/2016207/DDoS-From-4chan-Hits-MPAA-and-Anti-Piracy-Website
Fresh Nudes Top 100Fresh Nudes Top 100
155chan.top is the third chan in the Triforce (180chan.info and 144chan.ws). What makes 155chan special is its new but very popular /hebe/ board where you can open any topic and posts are ...
http://freshnudes.supertop-100.com/index.php
Cuvee Josef *** Barrique - 2015 - Weingut Dominic Stern - H&H ShopCuvee Josef *** Barrique - 2015 - Weingut Dominic Stern - H&H Shop
Cuvee Josef *** Barrique - 2015 - Weingut Dominic Stern: Alkoholgehalt: 14,00 % Herkunft: Deutschland, Pfalz Farbe: Allergene: Dieser Wein kann Sulfite enthalten! Verkaufseinheit/Gebinde: 1 x 0.75 ...
https://www.h-h-shop.com/Internationale-Spezialitaeten/Weine-Deutschland/Cuvee-Josef-Barrique-2015-Weingut-Dominic-Stern::1269835.html
Granthraj Messages | H H Mahavishnu Goswami AmrtavaniGranthraj Messages | H H Mahavishnu Goswami Amrtavani
Everyone in the material world is full of thoughts about how to maintain his family, how to protect his wealth. We plan various ways to keep our wealth secure(in form of investments, property, when only Krsna knows if we are going to enjoy our hard labour in future or not), but all our attempts will soon wash out, when death grabs our life air ...
https://mahavishnugoswami.com/granthraj/200707
The results are in! - l h h lThe results are in! - l h h l
Today I got the results from my second year at university. Initially I was thrown when I saw the phrase at the top You have failed to complete Stage 2 but after reading the rest of the page, I understand better! In my coursework, I averaged a 2.1. In my exams I averaged a first! However,…
https://lhhl.org/2019/06/27/the-results-are-in/?replytocom=1
is bijective. Proof. Thisis bijective. Proof. This
is bijective. Proof. This proof has a computer part. Using gap, we made the observation that rk Pic(S ) H = 1 for every H ⊂ W(E 6 ) such that H 1 (H, Pic(S )) ∼ =/3. To verify the assertion, we will show injectivity. According to Lemma 3.17.i), it suffices to test this on the 3-Sylow subgroups of H and U t . But the 3-Sylow subgroup ∼ =/3×/3×/3is abelian. Thus, Lemma 3.17.ii) immediately implies the assertion. □ U (3) t 3.19. Corollary. ---- Let H ′ ⊆ H ⊆ U t be arbitrary. Then, for the restriction map res: H 1 (H, Pic(S )) −→ H 1 (H ′ , Pic(S )), there are the following limitations. i) If H 1 (H, Pic(S )) = 0 then H 1 (H ′ , Pic(S )) = 0. ii) If H 1 (H, Pic(S )) ∼ =/3and H 1 (H ′ , Pic(S )) ≠ 0 then res is an injection. iii) If H 1 (H, Pic(S )) ∼ =/3×/3then H 1 (H ′ , Pic(S )) ∼ =/3×/3or 0. In the former case, H ′ = H. In the latter case, H ′ = 0. Proof. We know from Remark 3.16.i) that both groups may be only 0,/3, or /3×/3. i) If H 1 (H ′ , Pic(S ...
https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/27559930/on-the-order-three-brauer-classes-for-cubic-surfaces/10
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Chan Su | definition of Chan Su by Medical dictionaryChan Su | definition of Chan Su by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of Chan Su in the Medical Dictionary? Chan Su explanation free. What is Chan Su? Meaning of Chan Su medical term. What does Chan Su mean?
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Chan+Su
Comparative Morphology and Histology of the Brain in Chinese Toad ( Bufo gargarizans ) and Chinese Fire-billed Newt ( Cynops...Comparative Morphology and Histology of the Brain in Chinese Toad ( Bufo gargarizans ) and Chinese Fire-billed Newt ( Cynops...
Diencephalon. In the front part of the diencephalon, ophthalmic tract is connected with hypothalamus abdomen (Fig. 3D). Posterior lateral ventricle gradually disappear, nerve cells that distribute in the thalamus are obvious (Fig.3E). We can clearly see the fornix which is located at the upper section of the diencephalon. Preoptic nucleus gradually expand (Fig. 3F), until the preoptic nucleus connects with the third ventricle (Fig. 3G). The ventral hypothalamus and the third ventricle gradually separated (Fig. 3H). The third ventricle reduced gradually and the fornix disappeared (Fig. 3I).. Mesencephalon. The optic lobes are bilaterally symmetrical, and in front of the midbrain, the head of caudate nucleus is visible (Fig. 3J). In the periventricular, cell layers are obvious, the optic lobe peripheral stained with HE is very shallow, very deep internal dyeing. In the midventricle, optic lobe is divided into two parts: the tectum and the tegmentum. Cell and fiber in the center of optic lobe are ...
https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022019000301172&lng=en&nrm=iso
Dendrobatidae in the Best of the Web DirectoryDendrobatidae in the Best of the Web Directory
Research it at Best of the Web. Hand selected websites about Dendrobatidae. Free. Your guide to scientific knowledge, including the disciplines of animal husbandry,biologicalobservations, experimental investigations of ourselves, the planet, and the universe.
https://botw.org/top/Science/Biology/Plants_and_Animals/Animalia/Chordata/Amphibia/Anura/Dendrobatidae/
Comment. Oribatida and poison frogs | Biology LettersComment. Oribatida and poison frogs | Biology Letters
A recent publication in Biology Letters added a new family, Eleutherodacytlidae, to the list of frogs known to possess defensive, toxic alkaloids in their skin-the so-called poison frogs [1]. The alkaloids have attracted much attention since they are not synthesized by frogs de novo, but rather are obtained from dietary sources and subsequently sequestered in the frogs skin [2]. These cleptotoxins comprise several pumiliotoxins and other lipid-soluble alkaloids that are known or suspected to be present in the frogs prey, which includes ants, beetles, millipedes and, most notably, oribatid mites [2,3]. Four lineages of phylogenetically unrelated poison frogs that sequester prey alkaloids were previously recognized (Dendrobatidae, Mantellidae, Bufonidae and Myobatrachidae), and the abovementioned miniaturized eleutherodactylid frogs from Cuba [1] represent a fifth.. As with dendrobatids [2], oribatid mites were suspected to be the major dietary source for alkaloids in eleutherodactylid ...
http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/4/555
NEW GUANIDINE DERIVATIVES IN CINNAMIC SERIES - Patent applicationNEW GUANIDINE DERIVATIVES IN CINNAMIC SERIES - Patent application
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Compounds of formula (I) R R1 R2 R3 R4 29 H OCH3 OH H H 30 H OCH3 OH H H 31 H OCH3 OH H H 32 H OCH3 OH H H 33 H OCH3 OH H H 34 H OCH3 OH H H 35 H OCH3 OH H H 36 H OCH3 OH H H 37 H H H H H 38 H R1 + R2 form H H a group OCH2O 39 H NO2 H H H 40 OCH3 H H H H 41 H OCH3 H H H 42 H OH H H H 43 OC2H5 H H H H 44 OCH3 H H OCH3 H 45 OC2H5 H H H H 46 OCH3 H H OCH3 H 47 OC2H5 H H H H 48 OCH3 H H OCH3 H ...
http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/app/20130165507
why frogs matter | Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Projectwhy frogs matter | Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project
Were slowly learning to breed members of this amphibian family decimated by the chytrid fungal disease, said Roberto Ibañez, Panamanian staff scientist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) and in-country director of the Panama Amphibian Conservation and Rescue (PARC) project. Thats buying us time to understand what kind of chemicals they produce, but its likely that animals in their natural habitats produce an even wider range of compounds.. 15 of 47 frog and toad species used in traditional medicine belong to the family Bufonidae. For millennia, secretions from their skin and from glands near their ears called parotid glands, as well as from their bones and muscle tissues have been used as remedies for infections, bites, cancer, heart disorders, hemorrhages, allergies, inflammation, pain and even AIDS.. Toxins of two common Asian toad species, Bufo gargarizans and Duttaphrynus melanostictus, produce the anticancer remedies known as Chan Su and Senso in China and Japan, ...
https://amphibianrescue.org/category/why-frogs-matter/
Analysis and Prediction of some Histone-derived Antimicrobial Peptides from Toads Duttaphrynus melanostictus and Phyrinoidis...Analysis and Prediction of some Histone-derived Antimicrobial Peptides from Toads Duttaphrynus melanostictus and Phyrinoidis...
Antimicrobial peptides in skin secretions of toads are promising methods to combat a wide spectrum of bacteria. Histone H2A is a type of DNA-binding protein that acts as a precursor for several antimicrobial peptides. In toads (family Bufonidae) buforin I and buforin II are examples of antimicrobial peptides that derived from histone H2A. This study investigated the genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis and in silico prediction of antimicrobial peptides derived from histone H2A of Duttaphrynus melanostictus and Phyrinoidis asper, which were collected from Bogor Agricultural Universitys campus area. A new set of primers (Buf_fwd and Buf_rev) were designed by using PrimerBLAST, to amplify 393 nucleotides of the histone H2A gene that codes 131 amino acids. Haplotype diversity of both species are very low. Phylogenetic analysis shows the sample D. melanostictus and P. asper are separated to each other in two different clades. Several short predicted peptides from histone H2A show a potential ...
http://kimiaunipa.blogspot.com/2016/05/analysis-and-prediction-of-some-histone.html
Skin Chemistry: Poison frogs upgrade toxins from preySkin Chemistry: Poison frogs upgrade toxins from prey
For the first time, scientists have found a poisonous frog that takes up a toxin from its prey and then tweaks the chemical to make it a more deadly weapon. At least three species of the 4-to-5-centimeter-long Dendrobates frogs of the New World tropics modify an alkaloid to create one thats about five times as poisonous, according to a team led by John W. Daly of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) in Bethesda, Md. The souped-up poison, one of a class called pumiliotoxins, ends up as a protective agent in the frogs skin, the researchers report in an upcoming Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Its an important thing, showing how chemistry connects the life of one organism to another, comments chemical ecologist Jerrold Meinwald of Cornell University. Although scientists have found that some creatures other than frogs customize a basic toxin for various purposes, I dont know of any other examples of improving a defensive weapon, ...
http://www.anapsid.org/dendrobtoxins.html
Katak berbisa pembunuh!! Toad Cane/Katak laut - Zikri HusainiKatak berbisa pembunuh!! Toad Cane/Katak laut - Zikri Husaini
Cane Toads remaja (ketika saiz sedang-sedang) kebanyakannya dari pengkelasan amfibia dengan kering kulit berketuat. Kepalanya yang kurus dan atas mata mereka yang bertemu di atas hidung. Sentiasa dalam keadaan duduk tegak dan berpindah hop(lompat) jarak yang pendek. Manakala bagi saiz dewasa, Cane Toads mempunyai bengkak-bengkak besar parotoid kelenjar-kelenjar pada setiap bahu di belakang gegendang telinga.. Ciri khas fizikal. (warna) Mempunyai warna kelabu, kekuning-kuningan, coklat zaitun atau coklat kemerah-merahan, dan perut mereka pucat dengan gelap belak. Manakala yang sudah dewasa bersaiz lebih kurang dalam 10-15 cm panjangnya. Bagi betina di Queensland ialah 24 cm panjang dan anggaran berat dalam 1.3 kg. Kebiasaannya jantina jantan lebih kecil dari yang betinanya.. Manakala Cane Toads yang masih muda (kecil) mempunyai ciri satu kulit yang gelap rata dengan tompok-tompok lebih gelap dan bar-bar , dan tidak ada ketara parotoid kelenjar-kelenjar. Mereka boleh dibezakan dari beberapa ...
https://zikrihusaini.com/katak-berbisa-pembunuh-toad-canekatak-laut/?replytocom=13252
Katak berbisa pembunuh!! Toad Cane/Katak laut - Zikri HusainiKatak berbisa pembunuh!! Toad Cane/Katak laut - Zikri Husaini
Cane Toads remaja (ketika saiz sedang-sedang) kebanyakannya dari pengkelasan amfibia dengan kering kulit berketuat. Kepalanya yang kurus dan atas mata mereka yang bertemu di atas hidung. Sentiasa dalam keadaan duduk tegak dan berpindah hop(lompat) jarak yang pendek. Manakala bagi saiz dewasa, Cane Toads mempunyai bengkak-bengkak besar parotoid kelenjar-kelenjar pada setiap bahu di belakang gegendang telinga.. Ciri khas fizikal. (warna) Mempunyai warna kelabu, kekuning-kuningan, coklat zaitun atau coklat kemerah-merahan, dan perut mereka pucat dengan gelap belak. Manakala yang sudah dewasa bersaiz lebih kurang dalam 10-15 cm panjangnya. Bagi betina di Queensland ialah 24 cm panjang dan anggaran berat dalam 1.3 kg. Kebiasaannya jantina jantan lebih kecil dari yang betinanya.. Manakala Cane Toads yang masih muda (kecil) mempunyai ciri satu kulit yang gelap rata dengan tompok-tompok lebih gelap dan bar-bar , dan tidak ada ketara parotoid kelenjar-kelenjar. Mereka boleh dibezakan dari beberapa ...
https://zikrihusaini.com/katak-berbisa-pembunuh-toad-canekatak-laut/?replytocom=13184
Bœ̆ng Bêk Chan / Boeng Bek Chan, Kâmpóng Chhnăng, Cambodia, AsiaBœ̆ng Bêk Chan / Boeng Bek Chan, Kâmpóng Chhnăng, Cambodia, Asia
Bœ̆ng Bêk Chan local information and maps. Bœ̆ng Bêk Chan is a lake in Kâmpóng Chhnăng, Cambodia, Asia. Boeng Bek Chan is also known as Beng Bek Chan.
http://travelingluck.com/Asia/Cambodia/K%C3%A2mp%C3%B3ng+Chhn%C4%83ng/_1831783_B%C5%93%CC%86ng+B%C3%AAk+Chan.html
Re: [asterisk-dev] Viva Chan Sip, may it rest in peaceRe: [asterisk-dev] Viva Chan Sip, may it rest in peace
Ive been deliberately waiting to weigh in on this discussion - , however, my thoughts are as follows: , , 1.) Marking a module as deprecated is *not* the same thing as moving , it out of the code base. It simply means that there is no maintainer, , and something better exists in the code base to move to. , , 2.) Code areas marked as deprecated usually dont have a fixed sunset , point where the code is actually removed, which is what I think Dan , might have been pushing for. , , 3.) In order to move forward with any sort of deprecation process, in , my mind we need to ensure that chan_pjsip has considerable, if not , complete, feature parity with chan_sip. , , 4.) I also feel like the plan to make chan_pjsip capable of reading , sip.conf and perhaps even the chan_sip realtime tables a necessary , prerequisite for code removal, and perhaps even marking of the module , as deprecated. , , 5.) I think talk of pulling chan_sip completely out right now is , premature and probably freaking a lot of ...
https://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg43159.html
NeobatrachiaNeobatrachia
Ranoids are a large and very diverse group. In a sense they are a radiation equivalent to the hyloids (=bufonoids). (Realize however that there is little evidence for hyloid monophyly, whereas there are data supporting ranoid monophyly, depending on the inclusion of Dendrobatidae.) Ranoids however are firmisternal, meaning that the left and right epicoracoid cartilages of the shoulder girdle are fused. In contrast, the hyloids are mostly arciferal, meaning that the cartilages overlap, and are not fused. Ranoids can be viewed as the Old World counterpart of the hylids, bufonids, and leptodactylids. Ranidae are analogous to Leptodactylidae in being a diverse, paraphyletic group of non-treefrog forms, but with their center of diversity in Africa and Southeast Asia, with a minor radiation of the genus Rana in the New World. Rhacophoridae and Hyperoliidae are the Old World ranoid treefrog types, analogous to hylids in Central and South America. Microhylids are perhaps the firmisternal ...
http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Neobatrachia
chan thar batching plantchan thar batching plant
Khine Myat Thar: 55: Khine Thant Kyaw: 56: Khine Zin Thet: 57: Khit Pyo Phyu: 58: Khit Ta Yar Sein Wah: 59: Khoon Cho Nyein Chan: 60: Khu Khu: 61: Khun Cho Nyein Chan: 62: Khwar Nee: 63: Kin Wun Min Gyi: 64: Klash Chan Dar: 65: Ko (University) 66: Ko Arkar (S/W and H/W) 67: Ko Jay: 68: Ko Ko (Set Mhu Tet Ka Tho) 69: Ko Ko Gyi: 70: Ko Ko Latt .... Learn More ...
https://www.zpzd.pl/04-Sun/chan-thar-batching-plant.html
3D model of Audiencia in Palacio Tschudi - Chan Chan - CyArk - Google Arts & Culture3D model of Audiencia in Palacio Tschudi - Chan Chan - CyArk - Google Arts & Culture
Built to receive offerings the audiencias at Chan Chan show fine craftsmanship. The mud has been shaped to represent marine animals like pelicans and fish.
https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/3d-model-of-audiencia-in-palacio-tschudi-chan-chan-cyark/cgFCZY86Vp9JMw
Chan Zuckerberg Initiative announces $3 billion investment to cure diseaseChan Zuckerberg Initiative announces $3 billion investment to cure disease
The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative just announced a new program informally called Chan Zuckerberg Science to invest $3 billion over the next decade to help cure, prevent, or manage all disease. The money comes from the $45 billion organization Mark Zuckerberg and his wife Priscilla Chan started last year to advance human potential and equality. The project will bring together teams of scientists and engineers
https://lifeboat.com/blog/2016/09/chan-zuckerberg-initiative-announces-3-billion-investment-to-cure-disease
Immunomodulatory effects of cinobufagin isolated from Chan Su on activation and cytokines secretion of immunocyte in vitro. |...Immunomodulatory effects of cinobufagin isolated from Chan Su on activation and cytokines secretion of immunocyte in vitro. |...
Sigma-Aldrich offers abstracts and full-text articles by [Xiao-Liang Wang, Guang-Hou Zhao, Jin Zhang, Qi-Yun Shi, Wei-Xiao Guo, Xiu-Li Tian, Jia-Zhang Qiu, Li-Zi Yin, Xu-Ming Deng, Yu Song].
https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/21534035
Jack Chan | Gold EagleJack Chan | Gold Eagle
Jack Chan is the editor of Simply Profits, established in 2006. Chan bought his first mining stock, Hoko Exploration, in 1979, and has been active in the markets for the past 37 years. Technical analysis has helped him filter out the noise and focus on the when, and leave the why to the fundamental analysts. His proprietary trading models have enabled him to identify the
https://www.gold-eagle.com/authors/jack-chan?page=5
Google hires 4chan founder for his expertise in online communitGoogle hires 4chan founder for his expertise in online communit
The creator of 4chan just became a Googler.4chan is a message board where users can post anonymously, with the most recent posts appearing above the rest.
https://www.pocket-lint.com/apps/news/google/136975-google-hires-4chan-founder-for-his-expertise-in-online-communities
Evolutionary.org Hardcore #114 - Jackie Chan Steroid Cycle | Anabolex ForumsEvolutionary.org Hardcore #114 - Jackie Chan Steroid Cycle | Anabolex Forums
Evolutionary.org Hardcore #114 - Jackie Chan Steroid Cycle https://www.evolutionary.org/evolutionary-org-hardcore-114-jackie-chan-steroid-cycle/
https://anabolex.com/community/threads/evolutionary-org-hardcore-114-%E2%80%93-jackie-chan-steroid-cycle.1931/
PATCH] test: fix box/push.test sporadic hangPATCH] test: fix box/push.test sporadic hang
This patch fixes the following test failure: , --- box/push.result Thu Jan 24 13:10:04 2019 , +++ var/001_box/push.result Thu Jan 24 13:13:08 2019 , @@ -536,17 +536,3 @@ , --- , ... , chan_disconnected:get() , ---- , -- true , -... , -chan_push:put(true) , ---- , -- true , -... , -chan_push:get() , ---- , -- Session is closed , -... , -box.schema.func.drop(do_long_and_push) , ---- , -... The problem occurs because the main fiber may close the connection before do_long_and_push sets the session.on_disconnect trigger, in which case chan_disconnected:get() will never return. Fix this by setting the trigger in the main fiber and adding another channel to wait for do_long_and_push function to start. Also, dont forget to clear the trigger once the test is complete. Fixes commit 43af2de2b129 (session: outdate a session of a closed connection). Closes #3947 --- https://github.com/tarantool/tarantool/issues/3947 https://github.com/tarantool/tarantool/commits/dv/test-fixes test/box/push.result , 15 ...
https://lists.tarantool.org/pipermail/tarantool-patches/2019-February/002363.html
SBA 3 Mock Flashcards by Aniyra J Chan | BrainscapeSBA 3 Mock Flashcards by Aniyra J Chan | Brainscape
Study SBA 3 Mock flashcards from Aniyra J Chan's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. ✓ Learn faster with spaced repetition.
https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/sba-3-mock-10032864/packs/17738018
Download Epic Win For Anonymous: How 4Chan\\\s Army Conquered The WebDownload Epic Win For Anonymous: How 4Chan\\\s Army Conquered The Web
download Epic Win for Anonymous: How 4chan\s interest: Inorganic approach of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Bolton SJ, McNulty CA, Thomas RJ, Hewitt constituent, Wardlaw AJ. culture of and active pages to Senior items on human frames.
http://cdmw.de/stammbaum/book/download-Epic-Win-for-Anonymous%3A-How-4chan%27s-Army-Conquered-the-Web.php
SAVANNAH CHANSAVANNAH CHAN
By Wayne Chan Northwest Asian Weekly In about 10 days, our oldest son Tyler is heading off to college. Maybe I need to provide a little background. Tyler is indeed our eldest child, but since he is a triplet, hes only older by about three minutes because he came out first. Whether he was born […]. ...
https://nwasianweekly.com/tag/savannah-chan/
Shih-Huang Chan - Fingerprint - National Cheng Kung UniversityShih-Huang Chan - Fingerprint - National Cheng Kung University
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics where Shih-Huang Chan is active. These topic labels come from the works of this person. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
https://researchoutput.ncku.edu.tw/en/persons/shih-huang-chan/fingerprints/
Super Milk Chan Flash | HuluSuper Milk Chan Flash | Hulu
Super Milk Chan Flash is currently unavailable to stream on-demand, but may be available on Hulu with Live TV depending on regional availability. Try Live TV for free.
https://www.hulu.com/super-milk-chan-flash
Chan: Wits and Chiefs agree to play ball | News24Chan: Wits and Chiefs agree to play ball | News24
AFTER a frantic Friday night of discussion, Bafana Bafana won their battle against Kaizer Chiefs and Wits and both PSL clubs have agreed to release their combined nine players for this months African Nations Championship (Chan), which begins in Cape Town on Saturday...
https://www.news24.com/Archives/Witness/Chan-Wits-and-Chiefs-agree-to-play-ball-20150430
SECRET CHAN FOREST GATE OF MAHABODHI - SUNYATA 机禅林门 大菩提太虚SECRET CHAN FOREST GATE OF MAHABODHI - SUNYATA 机禅林门 大菩提太虚
Mahabohi Sunyatas Buddha Dharma site of Original Chan and Dao in ENGLISH. More than just a web page, it teaches and explores the Dharma and rejects the modern isms that make the original methods ineffective. También hay enseñanzas disponibles en español sobre el Buddha Dharma para principiantes.
https://sites.google.com/site/mahabodhienglish/
Chan, A.<...Chan, A.<...
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics where Andrew Chan is active. These topic labels come from the works of this person. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/andrew-chan
Jackiechan - britannia awards in laJackiechan - britannia awards in la
Jackie Chan • 7.dubna 1954 Jackie se narodil jako Chan Kong Sang. Jeho rodiče byly zaměstnáni. Chan Kong-sang SBS MBE PMW (Chinese: 陳 港 生; born 7 April 1954), known
https://nerozumimanebo.com/jackie-chan-4817010l04746ikivfe
病理學科 - 研究成果 - 國立成功大學病理學科 - 研究成果 - 國立成功大學
Li, T. N., Wu, Y. J., Tsai, H. W., Sun, C. P., Wu, Y. H., Wu, H. L., Pei, Y. N., Lu, K. Y., Yen, T. T. C., Chang, C. W., Chan, H. L., Tao, M. H., Liou, J. Y., Chang, M. D. T., Su, I. J. & Wang, L. H. C., 2018 八月, 於 : Journal of Pathology. 245, 4, p. 502-513 12 p.. 研究成果: Article ...
https://researchoutput.ncku.edu.tw/zh/organisations/department-of-pathology/publications/?ordering=type&descending=true&page=5
Dr Kenneth Chan | Specialist Care for your LungsDr Kenneth Chan | Specialist Care for your Lungs
Respiratory Medical Associates Layanan Spesialis Bagi Paru-Paru Anda Respiratory Medical Associates merupakan suatu klinik spesialis yang mendiagnosa dan merawat kelainan paru. Kelainan ini dapat berupa batuk yang tak kunjung sembuh, bercak pada dada pada pemeriksaan X-ray hingga infeksi paru seperti bronkitis,
https://www.respmed-associates.sg/id/
an/ - Ultimare Horse General Post entire pictures of ho - Animals & Nature - 4chanan/ - Ultimare Horse General Post entire pictures of ho - Animals & Nature - 4chan
Ultimare Horse General Post entire pictures of horse ITT and ask questions and receive questionable ... - /an/ - Animals & Nature is 4chans imageboard for posting pictures of animals, pets, and nature.
http://boards.4chan.org/an/thread/2542018/ultimare-horse-general
How one site beat back botnets, spammers and the 4chan party van - Ars Technica OpenForumHow one site beat back botnets, spammers and the 4chan party van - Ars Technica OpenForum
After all. In a recent report bittorrent traffic is down in the US, while going up in Europe (yet overall bandwidth usage in the US has stayed relatively the same). That bespeaks of heavy US torrenters moving to VPN/seedboxes with exit nodes in EU nations. So, why not target VPN providers? After all, this guy did elude to other VPN services being attacked in similar fashion ...
https://arstechnica.com/civis/viewtopic.php?p=25670121
Copy of download free prezi template by Charlotte Chan on PreziCopy of download free prezi template by Charlotte Chan on Prezi
Do you really want to delete this prezi? Neither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again. DeleteCancel ...
https://prezi.com/j8zt5encjkbg/copy-of-download-free-prezi-template/
d/ - im having a hard time finding many pics of this, s - Hentai/Alternative - 4chand/ - im having a hard time finding many pics of this, s - Hentai/Alternative - 4chan
im having a hard time finding many pics of this, so post whatever you have - /d/ - Hentai/Alternative is 4chans imageboard for alternative hentai images.
http://boards.4chan.org/d/thread/7786903
4JYA | Genus4JYA | Genus
chains in the Genus database with same CATH superfamily 4JI2 Q; 4MZ9 A; 1TXY A; 1PH3 A; 4C2M H; 4LF4 L; 4C3H H; 1HJP A; 5ELN A; 3HOY G; 3ULL A; 1UE1 A; 1E7Z A; 2VQF L; 4JG2 A; 1IYJ B; 1BBU A; 3AEV A; 3S14 H; 3VDY A; 5C0X J; 1HNZ Q; 1CSQ A; 4JBJ A; 2A1A A; 3HKZ G; 4IFD G; 3EIV A; 4LWC A; 2E2H H; 1QUQ B; 2ZM6 Q; 2JEB I; 3I4M G; 3M4P A; 5LMN Q; 4A3G H; 5LMU Q; 1E1O A; 1PH9 A; 1N36 Q; 4DV5 L; 4LF6 L; 1TWC H; 1MJC A; 2UXB Q; 1LUZ A; 4JI8 Q; 2D0O A; 2LSS A; 2MO1 A; 3K81 C; 4JV5 L; 3S1M H; 1L1O C; 4JI5 Q; 1V9P A; 4A76 A; 4Y52 H; 4L5R C; 1XNR Q; 4TVA B; 4OXP A; 4HJ8 A; 3HOY H; 4NXN L; 4A3D G; 2V1C C; 3CF5 A; 1P16 A; 2CKZ B; 1C7Y A; 3GTG H; 1UE7 A; 2WAQ G; 3UDG A; 4QQB X; 1XTD A; 2I5L X; 4UP7 A; 1Q7Y C; 1HNX L; 4JI6 L; 1YVC A; 1B7Y B; 2WP8 J; 4A3I H; 2R93 H; 2AWN A; 2OTJ A; 3OTO Q; 1W2B A; 1GD7 A; 5C44 G; 1HZC A; 4QY7 A; 1PH2 A; 3CQZ H; 1EUJ A; 2VQE L; 1WFQ A; 2E8G A; 3CPF A; 5IYD G; 1PH4 A; 2JA5 H; 2Z6K A; 1BBW A; 2K5V A; 3H0G G; 3FP9 A; 5IE8 A; 1L0W A; 3KF6 A; 3PIO A; 5C4X H; 2VZA A; 3H15 A; 1HR0 W; ...
https://genus.fuw.edu.pl/view/4JYA/Q/
HSK东西词典: 化合价HSK东西词典: 化合价
哈 Hā/hā/hǎ, abbr. for 哈薩克斯坦,哈萨克斯坦[Hā sà kè sī tǎn], Kazakhstan/abbr. for 哈爾濱,哈尔滨[Hā ěr bīn ...
https://hskhsk.pythonanywhere.com/cidian?expand=yes&q=%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E4%BB%B7
iDNES.cz - DiskuseiDNES.cz - Diskuse
Poslat na n j arm du t kood nc a kolonu pandur , chalupu zbourat a d dka zav t na 150 let. Je extr mn spole ensky nebezpe n !!! V echny papou ky na cel m sv t zlikvidovat a p b h napsat do u ebnic.. Ty vynalo en pen ze za to rozhodn stoj !!!. To je opravdu nesl chan .. Bo e a pape i, chra n s p ed t mito hrozn mi narkotiky, men ...
https://zpravy.idnes.cz/diskuse.aspx?iddiskuse=A110628_114345_olomouc-zpravy_stk
Change What Can Be Tabbed To in Firefox - SiafooChange What Can Be Tabbed To in Firefox - Siafoo
Is your Firefox not allowing you to tab between all form fields or all elements? Or would you rather it didnt allow you to? The solution is to chan
http://www.siafoo.net/article/55
Still going strong / One challenge after another | ProQRStill going strong / One challenge after another | ProQR
There are currently around 160 people working at ProQR, but that wasnt always the case. When Hee Lam Chan joined in 2013, she was only employee number six. As a result, she has seen the company grow and develop.
https://www.proqr.com/blogs/still-going-strong-one-challenge-after-another
1991 Porsche 911 Carrera 4 Leichtbau | conceptcarz.com1991 Porsche 911 Carrera 4 Leichtbau | conceptcarz.com
Porsche unveiled the Type 964 version of the 911 in 1988 and it came with several considerable technological upgrades over its predecessor. The list of chan...
https://www.conceptcarz.com/z30426/porsche-911-carrera-4-leichtbau.aspx
SHOUTOUT HTX INTERVIEWSHOUTOUT HTX INTERVIEW
Stoked to talk about a rough year and talk about the last 10 years on the road. https://shoutouthtx.com/meet-rich-russell-songwriter-and-band-leader-of-...
https://thelonesomeheroes.com/blogs/news/posts/shoutout-htx-interview
SkinSkin
ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5. Toledo, R.C. (1995). "Cutaneous granular glands and amphibian venoms". Comparative Biochemistry and ... In amphibians, the mucus cells are gathered together to form sac-like glands. Most living amphibians also possess granular ... Amphibian skin is not a strong barrier, especially regarding the passage of chemicals via skin and is often subject to osmosis ... Amphibians possess two types of glands, mucous and granular (serous). Both of these glands are part of the integument and thus ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin
Colorado River toadColorado River toad
ISBN 978-0-8143-3267-2. "'Toad Smoking' Uses Venom From Angry Amphibian to Get High". FOX News. Kansas City. 3 December 2007. ... 2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297: 1-370. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006 ... Accessed on May 6, 2007 "Missionary for Toad Venom Is Facing Charges". The New York Times. 20 February 1994. "Couple Avoid Jail ... 7: 91-4. Brubacher JR, Ravikumar PR, Bania T, Heller MB, Hoffman RS (1996). "Treatment of toad venom poisoning with digoxin- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_toad
Eastern hognose snakeEastern hognose snake
These teeth inject a mild amphibian-specific venom into prey. Bitten humans who are allergic to the saliva have been known to ... Northeast amphibian and reptile species of regional responsibility and conservation concern. Northeast Partners in Amphibian ... Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide. Simon and Schuster. New York. 160 pp. ( ... The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf. New York. 744 pp. Smith, H.M., and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_hognose_snake
CaecilianCaecilian
"Morphological Evidence for an Oral Venom System in Caecilian Amphibians". iScience. 23 (7): 101234. doi:10.1016/j.isci. ... "New amphibian family found in India". CBC News. Associated Press. 21 February 2012. San Mauro, D.; Gower, D. J.; Oommen, O. V ... They sometimes use the name Apoda to refer to the total group, that is, all caecilians and caecilian-like amphibians that are ... They mostly live hidden in the ground and in stream substrates, making them the least familiar order of amphibians. All modern ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caecilian
Siphonops annulatusSiphonops annulatus
"Scientists Discover New Species of Amphibians with Snake-Like Venom Glands". www.news18.com. Retrieved 2020-07-04. Jared, ... Retrieved 6 July 2013.old-form url Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Siphonops annulatus (Mikan, 1820)". Amphibian Species of the World ... "Siphonops annulatus". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: ... Amphibia: Gymnophiona)". Biology Letters. 4 (4): 358-61. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0217. PMC 2610157. PMID 18547909. Data related ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siphonops_annulatus
Marie PhisalixMarie Phisalix
Phisalix began to work on snake venom antidotes, and won a prize for her doctoral research on reptile and amphibian venoms. She ... She studied the blood and tissue of lower vertebrates and their venom and anti-venom. She showed that the production of venom, ... She studied the comparative anatomy of the organs that create venom as well as the pathology of their delivery. She became ... Marie Félicie Phisalix (née Picot) (20 November, 1861 - January 18, 1946) was a French scientist who researched snake venom and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Phisalix
HerpetologyHerpetology
Some toxins and venoms produced by reptiles and amphibians are useful in human medicine. Currently, some snake venom has been ... of amphibians and reptiles. That is, they chose to use amphibians or reptiles as model organisms for specific questions in ... HerpMapper is a database of reptile and amphibian sightings Amphibian and Reptile Atlas of Peninsular California, San Diego ... in which he grouped reptiles and amphibians together in the same class. There are over 6700 species of amphibians and over 9000 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpetology
List of MeSH codes (D20)List of MeSH codes (D20)
... amphibian venoms MeSH D20.888.033.112 - batrachotoxins MeSH D20.888.033.137 - bombesin MeSH D20.888.033.163 - bufotenin MeSH ... wasp venoms MeSH D20.888.230 - cnidarian venoms MeSH D20.888.370 - fish venoms MeSH D20.888.590 - mollusk venoms MeSH D20.888. ... ant venoms MeSH D20.888.065.115 - bee venoms MeSH D20.888.065.115.060 - apamin MeSH D20.888.065.115.580 - melitten MeSH D20.888 ... viper venoms MeSH D20.888.850.960.200 - crotalid venoms MeSH D20.888.850.960.200.050 - ancrod MeSH D20.888.850.960.200.105 - ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D20)
PeptidePeptide
... amphibian/skin peptides, venom peptides, cancer/anticancer peptides, vaccine peptides, immune/inflammatory peptides, brain ... More exotic manipulations do occur, such as racemization of L-amino acids to D-amino acids in platypus venom. Nonribosomal ... July 2002). "D-Amino acid residue in the C-type natriuretic peptide from the venom of the mammal, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide
Bothrops jararacussuBothrops jararacussu
They have large fangs with 2.5 cm, and can inject a lot of venom. They usually feed on amphibians and rodents. They are ... The venom contains cytotoxins, hemotoxins and myotoxins, one study with 29 bites of jararacussu in the state of São Paulo, ... "LD50 and venom yields , snakedatabase.org". snakedatabase.org. Retrieved 2020-03-12. Pereira, I. C.; Barbosa, A. M.; Salvador, ... Two myotoxins with PLA2 structure, BthTX-I and BthTX-II were isolated from the venom of B. jararacussu, BthTX-I induces various ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararacussu
PeptidePeptide
... amphibian/skin peptides, venom peptides, cancer/anticancer peptides, vaccine peptides , immune/inflammatory peptides, brain ... July 2002). "D-Amino acid residue in the C-type natriuretic peptide from the venom of the mammal, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, the ... such as racemization of L-amino acids to D-amino acids in platypus venom.[8] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptone
VenomVenom
Among amphibians, some salamanders can extrude sharp venom-tipped ribs. Two frog species in Brazil have tiny spines around the ... Venom is a type of poison, especially one secreted by an animal. Venom has evolved in a wide variety of animals, both predators ... Snake venom may have originated with duplication of genes that had been expressed in the salivary glands of ancestors. Venom is ... Venoms cause their biological effects via the toxins that they contain; some venoms are complex mixtures of toxins of differing ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom
Snake venomSnake venom
2002). Firefly Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Toronto, Canada: Firefly Books Ltd. pp. 202-203. ISBN 978-1-55297-613-5 ... The boomslang's venom is the most potent of all rear-fanged snakes in the world based on LD50. Although its venom may be more ... Cytotoxic venom has a localized action at the site of the bite. The effect of the venom of proteroglyphous snakes (sea snakes, ... Rapid venom evolution can also be explained by the arms race between venom-targeted molecules in resistant predators, such as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_venom
BufotoxinBufotoxin
They occur in the parotoid glands, skin and venom of many toads (genus Bufo) and other amphibians, and in some plants and ... the final dried venom is usually brown, with a chunk or flake form. Toad‐venom poisoning is rare but can kill. It can occur ... The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (ChP) considers the two species valid sources of toad venom (Chinese: 蟾酥; ... The extract is obtained by squeezing the parotoid glands of caught, washed toads for a white venom and drying; ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotoxin
Berg adderBerg adder
Presumably, the neurotoxic venom is an adaptation to the prey, which largely comprise rock lizards and small amphibians. It ... The venom is not powerful enough for the dose injected at a single strike to kill an adult human, and no records of human ... The berg adder is unusual among Bitis species in that its venom is predominantly neurotoxic, so much so that the effects of the ... Such as the effects of the venom are, they take effect quickly. Symptoms of the bite have been compared to alcohol intoxication ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg_adder
Venomous mammalVenomous mammal
There are only a few species of venomous amphibians; certain salamandrid salamanders can extrude sharp venom-tipped ribs. ... doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[541:tcmati]2.0.co;2. Shrew handbook Shrew venom Northern short-tailed shrew venom Platypus venom ... the venom apparatus, which delivers the venom by injection during a bite or sting. The venom apparatus in this definition ... The absence of venom spurs in non-Mammaliaformes cynodonts suggests that venom was an ancient mammalian synapomorphy and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venomous_mammal
Common garter snakeCommon garter snake
Venom[edit]. Tetrodotoxin effects in garter snakes. The saliva of a common garter snake may be toxic to amphibians and other ... 1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin ... Stebbins RC (2003). A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston ... The diet of T. sirtalis consists mainly of amphibians and earthworms, but also fish, small birds, and rodents. Common garter ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Garter_Snake
HypsiglenaHypsiglena
The diet of night snakes consists primarily of lizards, but they will also consume smaller snakes, and amphibians. The venom of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsiglena
SamandarinSamandarin
Salamander venom has been shown to be toxic to mammals, birds, fishes, and even other amphibians. It has also been suggested ... He also found that the salamander could be poisoned by its own venom if it entered the salamander's bloodstream. Samandarin was ... Daly, John W.; Spande, Thomas F.; Garraffo, H. Martin (2005). "Alkaloids from Amphibian Skin: A Tabulation of over Eight- ... Samandaridine Habermehl, G. (1971). Bucherl, W.; Buckley, E. (eds.). Venomous Animals and Their Venoms, Vol II. New York: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samandarin
Poisonous amphibianPoisonous amphibian
... and two species of frogs with venom-tipped bone spurs on their skulls, amphibians are not known to actively inject venom. An ... Poisonous amphibians are amphibians that produce toxins to defend themselves from predators. Most toxic amphibians are ... "Venomous Amphibians (Page 1) - Reptiles (Including Dinosaurs) and Amphibians - Ask a Biologist Q&A". Askabiologist.org.uk. ... These amphibians usually sequester toxins from animals and plants on which they feed, commonly from poisonous insects or ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisonous_amphibian
Milk snakeMilk snake
Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (CAAR). "The Most Common Myths About Coral Snakes , The Venom Interviews". ... Red on black venom lack" or "Red touches black, it's a friend of Jack. Red touches yellow, it's bad for a fellow." Due to the ... amphibians, and invertebrates. They are nocturnal hunters and are often found resting during the day in old barns and under ... Amphibians and Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. doi:10.3998/mpub.8158052. ISBN ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_snake
Naja annulataNaja annulata
It may also prey on frogs, toads, and other amphibians. The venom of this species is not well studied, but it is believed that ... Cation exchange chromatography resolved four lethal peaks from N. a. annulata venom and six lethal peaks from N. christyi venom ... The venoms of these little-known elapids have some of the lowest intraperitoneal LD50 values of any African Naja species ... Venoms of the water cobras were assayed for lethality, proteolytic activity and protein content. Naja annulata annulata and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_annulata
Vipera ammodytesVipera ammodytes
Humans respond rapidly to this venom, as do mice and birds. Lizards are less affected, while amphibians may even survive a bite ... "Snake venom protein C activators". In: Tu, A., editor. Reptile venoms and Toxins. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 265-79. Mertens ... Studies of snake venom on blood coagulation. Part I: The thromboserpentin (thrombin-like) enzyme in the venoms. Thromb. Res. 2 ... Vipera ammodytes venom is used in the production of antivenin for the bite of other European vipers and the snake is farmed for ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipera_ammodytes
MeerkatMeerkat
... amphibians, arthropods (such as scorpions, to whose venom they are immune), reptiles, small birds (such as the southern ... Primarily insectivorous, meerkats feed heavily on beetles and lepidopterans, though they also include amphibians, arthropods, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerkat
Philodryas nattereriPhilodryas nattereri
It feeds on a wide variety of prey, including birds, mammals, lizards, amphibians, lizard eggs and even other snakes. The venom ... Studies with rats have shown that venom from this species is capable of causing bleeding in different organs and morphological ... P. nattereri is opisthoglyphous; due to this dentition, it has difficulty injecting venom into large prey. Philodryas nattereri ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philodryas_nattereri
Nelsons milksnakeNelson's milksnake
It has a natural tolerance to the venoms of many native snakes. The snake has 13 to 18 red rings and commonly has a dark- ... They will eat birds, small rodents, lizards, amphibians, and other snakes, including venomous species. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson's_milksnake
Legendary salamander in popular cultureLegendary salamander in popular culture
In the Star Wars novel The New Rebellion by Kristine Kathryn Rusch, there are a group of fire-breathing alien amphibians known ... swamps and estuaries and can vomit a fiery venom. In the tabletop space opera wargame Warhammer 40,000, the Salamanders are a ... In the tabletop fantasy wargame Warhammer Fantasy Battle, a salamander is a giant, predatory amphibian that inhabits jungles, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_salamander_in_popular_culture
CinchonismCinchonism
amphibian venom *Batrachotoxin. *Bombesin. *Bufotenin. *Physalaemin. *birds / quail *Coturnism. *snake venom *Alpha- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchonism
EbolaEbola
"J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 20 (1): 44. doi:10.1186/1678-9199-20-44. PMC 4197285. PMID 25320574.. ... Between 1976 and 1998, in 30,000 mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and arthropods sampled from regions of EBOV outbreaks, no ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease
ReptileReptile
... which use venom to attack. The venom is modified saliva, delivered through fangs from a venom gland.[124][125] Some non- ... included all reptiles and amphibians in class "III - Amphibia" in his Systema Naturæ.[10] The terms "reptile" and "amphibian" ... Further information: Venom and Evolution of snake venom. Camouflage does not always fool a predator. When caught out, snake ... "Amphibia". Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.). 1878.. *^ Laurenti, J.N. (1768): Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile
Atheris hispidaAtheris hispida
Venom[edit]. Not much is known about their venom except that it is mainly neurotoxic. Besides the neurotoxins, they also carry ... Until recently, their venom has often been regarded as less toxic than that of many other species, perhaps because bites are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy_bush_viper
Ring-necked snake - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaRing-necked snake - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Stebbins RC (2003). A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition. The Peterson Field ... which is using their venom.[7] Ring-necked snakes usually don't try to hurt bigger animals. Instead of biting bigger animals, ... Stejneger L, Barbour T (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard ...
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringneck_snake
BradykininBradykinin
... was detected in the blood plasma of animals after the addition of venom extracted from the Bothrops jararaca ( ... Sérgio Henrique Ferreira, discovered a bradykinin-potentiating factor (BPF) in the bothropic venom, which increases powerfully ... from the effect of snake venom on intestinal smooth muscle, which was noted to slowly contract.[citation needed] ... has led to a new understanding of many physiological and pathological phenomena including circulatory shock induced by venoms ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin
PlatypusPlatypus
Weimann, Anya (4 July 2007) Evolution of platypus venom revealed. Cosmos. *^ de Plater, G.M.; Milburn, P.J.; Martin, R.L. (2001 ... amphibians, and fish. More than 80% of the platypus's genes are common to the other mammals whose genomes have been sequenced.[ ... It is one of the few species of venomous mammals, as the male platypus has a spur on the hind foot that delivers a venom ... "The venom of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)". Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 13 September ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck-billed_Platypus
PeptidePeptide
... amphibian/skin peptides, venom peptides, cancer/anticancer peptides, vaccine peptides , immune/inflammatory peptides, brain ... July 2002). "D-Amino acid residue in the C-type natriuretic peptide from the venom of the mammal, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, the ... such as racemization of L-amino acids to D-amino acids in platypus venom.[8] ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypeptide
Evolution of mammalsEvolution of mammals
This allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land, while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water (a few amphibians, ... All non-mammalian tetrapods use this system including amphibians, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs (including ... Snake venom. Tempo and modes. *Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism. *Micromutation/Macromutation. *Uniformitarianism ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals
CrotalusCrotalus
VenomEdit. Two main hemotoxic effects are caused by rattlesnake venom. First, zinc-containing metalloproteases act upon ... Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, ... In: Bucherl W, Buckley E (1971). Venomous animals and their venoms, vol. 2. Venomous vertebrates. New York: Academic Press. ... Hati, Rathanath (1999). "Snake Venom Hemorrhagins". Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 29 (1): 1-19. doi:10.1080/10408449991349168 ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotalus
MillipedeMillipede
... s are preyed on by a wide range of animals, including various reptiles, amphibians, birds, mammals, and insects.[5] ... Primarily detritivores, some herbivores, few carnivores; no venom Primarily carnivores with claws modified into venomous fangs ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millipede
Agkistrodon contortrixAgkistrodon contortrix
Venom[edit]. Although venomous, these snakes are generally not aggressive and bites are rarely fatal.[citation needed] ... Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico with comments regarding ... when stepped on or agitated and inject a relatively small amount of venom, if any at all. "Dry bites" involving no venom are ... Amphibians and Reptiles of Sonora, Chihuahua, and Coahuil, Mexico. CONABIO, Mexico D. F. 668 pp. ISBN 978-607-8328-27-7 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agkistrodon_contortrix
Evolution of nervous systemsEvolution of nervous systems
In amphibians[edit]. Evolution of innate behaviors[edit]. Main article: Caridoid escape reaction § Evolution of the tail flip ... Snake venom. Tempo and modes. *Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism. *Micromutation/Macromutation. *Uniformitarianism ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems
Fish finFish fin
Fish are the ancestors of all mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians.[60] In particular, terrestrial tetrapods (four-legged ... reef stonefish have spines in their dorsal fins that inject venom, anglerfish use the first spine of their dorsal fin like a ... These fins evolved into legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates, amphibians. They also possess two dorsal fins with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudal_peduncle
2010 in paleontology2010 in paleontology
AmphibiansEdit. Newly named amphibiansEdit. Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images ... Mitchell, Jonathan S.; Heckert, Andrew B. & Sues, Hans-Dieter (2010). "Grooves to tubes: evolution of the venom delivery system ... "A new trematopid amphibian (Temnospondyli: Dissorophoidea) from the Upper Pennsylvanian of western Pennsylvania: earliest ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_paleontology
Fish physiologyFish physiology
Bee venom and acetic acid injected into the lips resulted in fish rocking their bodies and rubbing their lips along the sides ... Amphibians have a three-chambered heart. Jaws allow fish to eat a wide variety of food, including plants and other organisms. ... In amphibians and most reptiles, a double circulatory system is used, but the heart is not always completely separated into two ... Some amphibians retain the external larval gills in adulthood, the complex internal gill system as seen in fish apparently ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_physiology
Russells viperRussell's viper
Venom[edit]. The quantity of venom produced by individual specimens of D. russelii is considerable. Reported venom yields for ... a b c d e f g h Daniels JC (2002). Book of Indian Reptiles and Amphibians. USA: Oxford University Press. 252 pp. ISBN 0-19- ... This test is often referred to as dilute Russell's viper venom time (dRVVT). The coagulant in the venom directly activates ... Dimitrov GD, Kankonkar RC (February 1968). "Fractionation of Vipera russelli venom by gel filtration. I. Venom composition and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell
SnakeSnake
... venoms are complex mixtures of proteins, and are stored in venom glands at the back of the head.[60] In all venomous ... Behler, John L.; King, F. Wayne (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of North America. New York: ... Cobras, vipers, and closely related species use venom to immobilize, injure or kill their prey. The venom is modified saliva, ... Almost all snake venom contains hyaluronidase, an enzyme that ensures rapid diffusion of the venom.[17]:243 ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake
PredationPredation
Venom[edit]. Further information: Venom and Evolution of snake venom. Many smaller predators such as the box jellyfish use ... amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) have lower relative rates of sugar to amino acid transport than either herbivores or ... venom to subdue their prey,[86] and venom can also aid in digestion (as is the case for rattlesnakes and some spiders).[87][88] ... However, when the prey is capable of killing the predator (as can a coral snake with its venom), there is no opportunity for ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator
Small-scaled burrowing aspSmall-scaled burrowing asp
... the venom of Atractaspis microlepidota appears to be related to the venom of the elapids, rather than the venom of Viperidae, ... Gower, David J.; Rasmussen, Jens B.; Loader, Simon P.; Wilkinson, Mark (2004). "The caecilian amphibian Scolecomorphus kirkii ... which is unlike viperid venom.[7] The antigenic properties of the venom appear to be related to the venom of Elapidae.[7] The ... Venom/Envenomation[edit]. The majority of research pertaining to Atractaspis microlepidota is about their venom, because they ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-scaled_burrowing_asp
TickTick
"In Meier, Jürg; White, Julian (eds.). Handbook of Clinical toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons. 236. CRC Press. pp. 177-189 ... and amphibians.[16] Ticks of domestic animals cause considerable harm to livestock by transmission of many species of pathogen ... "Ticks Infesting Amphibians and Reptiles in Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária. ... and sometimes reptiles and amphibians. Ticks had evolved by the Cretaceous period, the most common form of fossilisation being ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick
ಹಾವು ಕಡಿತ - ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಹಾವು ಕಡಿತ - ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ
With the species and size of target held constant, the duration of venom flow, maximum venom flow rate and total venom volume ... "Snake Venom Detection Kit: Detection and Identification of Snake Venom" (PDF). CSL Limited. 2007. Archived from the original ( ... Russell, Findlay E. (1980). "Snake Venom Poisoning in the United States". Annual Review of Medicine. 31: 247-59. doi:10.1146/ ... Gold BS, Wingert WA (1994). "Snake venom poisoning in the United States: a review of therapeutic practice". South. Med. J. 87 ( ...
https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ಹಾವು_ಕಡಿತ
Botulinum toxinBotulinum toxin
While botulinum toxin is generally considered safe in a clinical setting, there can be serious side effects from its use. The use of botulinum toxin A in cerebral palsy children is safe in the upper and lower limb muscles.[5][6] Most commonly, botulinum toxin can be injected into the wrong muscle group or with time spread from the injection site, causing temporary paralysis of unintended muscles. Side effects from cosmetic use generally result from unintended paralysis of facial muscles. These include partial facial paralysis, muscle weakness, and trouble swallowing. Side effects are not limited to direct paralysis however, and can also include headaches, flu-like symptoms, and allergic reactions.[41] Just as cosmetic treatments only last a number of months, paralysis side-effects can have the same durations.[citation needed] At least in some cases, these effects are reported to dissipate in the weeks after treatment.[citation needed] Bruising at the site of injection is not a side effect of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum
CnidariaCnidaria
Nematocysts inject venom into prey, and usually have barbs to keep them embedded in the victims. Most species have nematocysts. ... A tough capsule, the cnida, which houses the thread, its payload and a mixture of chemicals that may include venom or adhesives ... Spirocysts do not penetrate the victim or inject venom, but entangle it by means of small sticky hairs on the thread. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria
Cardiotoxin IIICardiotoxin III
It is an example of a group of snake cardio/cytotoxins (InterPro: IPR003572), which are made up of shorter snake venom three- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotoxin_III
HistrionicotoxinsHistrionicotoxins
... histrionicotoxins are not manufactured by the amphibians, but absorbed from insects in their diet and stored in glands in their ... "The chemistry of poisons in amphibian skin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histrionicotoxin
PoisoningPoisoning
... by a toxic substance or venom of an animal.[1] ... amphibian venom *Batrachotoxin. *Bombesin. *Bufotenin. * ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoning
Crotalus scutulatusCrotalus scutulatus
Venom differencesEdit. Based on median LD50 values in lab mice, venom A from subspecies A Mojave rattlesnakes is more than ten ... A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Co. ... Unique venom characteristicsEdit. All rattlesnake venoms are complex cocktails of enzymes and other proteins that vary greatly ... The rattlesnakes and their venom yield and lethal toxicity. In: Tu, A. (ed) Rattlesnake Venoms, Their Actions and Treatment. ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotalus_scutulatus
List of sequenced animal genomesList of sequenced animal genomes
"The king cobra genome reveals dynamic gene evolution and adaptation in the snake venom system". Proceedings of the National ... Amphibians[edit]. *Ambystoma mexicanum, axolotl (2018)[46]. *Xenopus tropicalis, western clawed frog (2010)[47] ... "Spider genomes provide insight into composition and evolution of venom and silk". Nature Communications. 5: 3765. doi:10.1038/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes
Reptiles and Amphibians | Healthy Pets, Healthy People | CDCReptiles and Amphibians | Healthy Pets, Healthy People | CDC
Venoms are a defense that reptiles and amphibians use to protect themselves from any potential dangers or harm in their ... Reptile and amphibian venoms CDC does not recommend keeping venomous animals as pets or in household settings. ... Venoms are very toxic and can have severe and life-threatening effects. Vials of anti-venom, used to treat some bites, can cost ... Before choosing a pet reptile or amphibian. *Reptiles and amphibians might not be right for your family because of their risk ...
https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/pets/reptiles.html
Snake-Like Venom Glands Discovered Along the Teeth of Amphibians - FocusTechnicaSnake-Like Venom Glands Discovered Along the Teeth of Amphibians - FocusTechnica
More from AmphibiansMore posts in Amphibians ». *. Fangtastic: They May Not Be Snakes, but These Amphibians Have a Venomous ... Snake-Like Venom Glands Discovered Along the Teeth of Amphibians. By Crystal Jones on July 3, 2020 ... Reference: "Morphological Evidence for an Oral Venom System in Caecilian Amphibians" by Pedro Luiz Mailho-Fontana, Marta Maria ... Caecilians are limbless amphibians that, to the untrained eye, can be easily mistaken for snakes. Though caecilians are only ...
https://www.focustechnica.com/snake-like-venom-glands-discovered-along-the-teeth-of-amphibians/
skinskin
"Cutaneous granular glands and amphibian venoms - ScienceDirect". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology. ... Amphibians[edit]. See also: amphibians. Overview[edit]. Amphibians possess two types of glands, mucous and granular (serous). ... In amphibians, the mucus cells are gathered together to form sac-like glands. Most living amphibians also possess granular ... Structure in Fish, Amphibians, Birds, and Reptiles[edit]. Fish[edit]. See also: Fish scales ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin
New algorithm can generate melodies imitating a given style of music | Daily Mail OnlineNew algorithm can generate melodies imitating a given style of music | Daily Mail Online
Worm-like creature first known amphibian to produce venom from mouth. * * 1 shares ...
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/video/sciencetech/video-1497121/New-algorithm-generate-melodies-imitating-given-style-music.html
CutaneousCutaneous
Toledo, R.C. (1995). "Cutaneous granular glands and amphibian venoms". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: ... Amphibians[edit]. See also: amphibians Overview[edit]. Amphibians possess two types of glands, mucous and granular (serous). ... In amphibians, the mucus cells are gathered together to form sac-like glands. Most living amphibians also possess granular ... Structure in Fish, Amphibians, Birds, and Reptiles[edit]. Fish[edit]. See also: Fish scales ...
http://www.let.rug.nl/~gosse/termpedia2/termpedia.php?language=dutch_general&density=7&link_color=000000&termpedia_system=perl_db&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCutaneous
Biochemical Analyses of Proteins from Duttaphrynus melanostictus ( Bufo melanostictus) Skin Secretion: Soluble Protein...Biochemical Analyses of Proteins from Duttaphrynus melanostictus ( Bufo melanostictus) Skin Secretion: Soluble Protein...
Toledo RC, Jared C (1995) Cutaneous granular glands and amphibian venoms. Comp Biochem Physiol 111:1-29CrossRefGoogle Scholar ... J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 21:25CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar ... Kemparaju K, Girish KS (2006) Snake venom hyaluronidase: a therapeutic target. Cell Biochem Funct 24:7-12CrossRefPubMedGoogle ... Brodie ED (2009) Toxins and venoms. Curr Biol 19:R931-R935CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10930-018-9780-z
Wild bushfires break out near Newcastle airport | Daily Mail OnlineWild bushfires break out near Newcastle airport | Daily Mail Online
Worm-like creature first known amphibian to produce venom from mouth. * * 1 shares ...
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/video/news/video-1607058/Wild-bushfires-break-near-Newcastle-airport.html
Five Adorable Animals That Can Kill You [Video]Five Adorable Animals That Can Kill You [Video]
Snake-Like Venom Glands Discovered Along the Teeth of Amphibians Biology Scientists Cracked the Case of Why Octopuses of the ... Duck-billed platypus have venom glands connected to a spur on each of their hind legs. Yep, a spur - it kinda looks like a ... The box jellys venom is stored and released by microscopic capsules in its tentacles called nematocysts, but chemists still ... The most dangerous of the box jellies, which lives here, produces a potent, fast-acting venom that it uses for defense and to ...
https://scitechdaily.com/five-adorable-animals-that-can-kill-you-video/
UK Immune Cell Therapy Biotech Founded with €40M Series A | Australian Biotech Company NewsUK Immune Cell Therapy Biotech Founded with €40M Series A | Australian Biotech Company News
Fangtastic: researchers report amphibians with snake-like dental glands. BioChannel - July 3, 2020. ... Fangtastic: researchers report amphibians with snake-like dental glands. July 3, 2020. ...
https://www.biotechnews.com.au/2019/05/20/uk-immune-cell-therapy-biotech-founded-with-e40m-series-a/
This Biotech Makes Food for Space Missions Using Bacteria | Australian Biotech Company NewsThis Biotech Makes Food for Space Missions Using Bacteria | Australian Biotech Company News
Fangtastic: researchers report amphibians with snake-like dental glands. BioChannel - July 3, 2020. ... Fangtastic: researchers report amphibians with snake-like dental glands. July 3, 2020. ...
https://www.biotechnews.com.au/2019/07/26/this-biotech-makes-food-for-space-missions-using-bacteria/
White Dwarf News | SciTechDailyWhite Dwarf News | SciTechDaily
Snake-Like Venom Glands Discovered Along the Teeth of Amphibians July 3, 2020 ...
https://scitechdaily.com/tag/white-dwarf/
New dynamic computer model gains greater insight into earthquake cyclesNew dynamic computer model gains greater insight into earthquake cycles
Venom glands similar to those of snakes are found for first time in amphibians. 3 hours ago ...
https://phys.org/news/2012-05-dynamic-gains-greater-insight-earthquake.html?deviceType=mobile
Channeling corporate cash and asset reserves into job creationChanneling corporate cash and asset reserves into job creation
Venom glands similar to those of snakes are found for first time in amphibians. 3 hours ago ...
https://phys.org/news/2011-12-channeling-corporate-cash-asset-reserves.html?deviceType=mobile
Sequential assessment of prey through the use of multiple sensory cues by an eavesdropping bat | SpringerLinkSequential assessment of prey through the use of multiple sensory cues by an eavesdropping bat | SpringerLink
Toledo RC, Jared C (1995) Cutaneous granular glands and amphibian venoms. Comp Biochem Physiol A 111:1-29 ... Ibáñez R, Rand AS, Jaramillo C (1999) The amphibians of Barro Colorado Nature Monument, Soberania National Park and adjacent ... Chen KK, Kovarikova A (1967) Pharmacology and toxicology of toad venom. J Pharm Sci 56:1535-1541 ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-012-0920-6?error=cookies_not_supported&error=cookies_not_supported&error=cookies_not_supported&code=ca1fdadd-9764-4d83-832a-2e3dc5208863&code=311ebe10-ddaa-4627-8d8f-18cf8f88ad24&code=255462dc-be53-48ae-9c6c-65607f5d4d31
Can Platypus Milk Combat Antibiotic Resistance? | Care2 CausesCan Platypus Milk Combat Antibiotic Resistance? | Care2 Causes
And it secretes a dangerous venom, but it is not an amphibian or reptile. The platypus is, to put it mildly, an unusual case of ...
https://www.care2.com/causes/can-platypus-milk-combat-antibiotic-resistance.html
Venom - WikipediaVenom - Wikipedia
Among amphibians, some salamanders can extrude sharp venom-tipped ribs. Two frog species in Brazil have tiny spines around the ... Venom is a type of poison, especially one secreted by an animal. Venom has evolved in a wide variety of animals, both predators ... Snake venom may have originated with duplication of genes that had been expressed in the salivary glands of ancestors. Venom is ... Venoms cause their biological effects via the toxins that they contain; some venoms are complex mixtures of toxins of differing ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom
Geoscience Research Institute | Cnidarian Venom Evolution: Nothing New Under the SunGeoscience Research Institute | Cnidarian Venom Evolution: Nothing New Under the Sun
Cnidarians appeared to have more diverse venoms than amphibians and fish; about the same diversity as insects, gastropods, and ... The appearance and diversification of venoms seems to be repeatable but simultaneously limited in scope. It may be that venoms ... venom, and compares the diversity and evolution of cnidarian venom to other venomous animals (e.g., snakes and arachnids). The ... In summary, if venoms evolved after the Fall, then they appear to have done so many times independently. However, the types of ...
https://grisda.org/cnidarian-venom-evolution-nothing-new-under-the-sun
Biosynthesis of Peptides in Honeybee Venom Glands and Frog Skin: Structure and Multi-Step Activation of Precursors | Springer...Biosynthesis of Peptides in Honeybee Venom Glands and Frog Skin: Structure and Multi-Step Activation of Precursors | Springer...
Frog Skin Venom Gland Signal Peptidase Skin Secretion Amphibian Skin These keywords were added by machine and not by the ... In our laboratory, the biosynthesis of peptides in honeybee venom glands and, more recently, in amphibian skin has been ... Nygård O., Westermann P. (1983) Biosynthesis of Peptides in Honeybee Venom Glands and Frog Skin: Structure and Multi-Step ... Biosynthesis of Peptides in Honeybee Venom Glands and Frog Skin: Structure and Multi-Step Activation of Precursors. ...
https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-5310-5_7
Midday naps have been found to help lower blood pressure • Earth.comMidday naps have been found to help lower blood pressure • Earth.com
Oral venom glands found in amphibians for the first time Experts at Utah State University are describing the discovery of... ...
https://www.earth.com/news/midday-naps-lower-blood-pressure/
California introduces legislation to limit agricultural greenhouse gases • Earth.comCalifornia introduces legislation to limit agricultural greenhouse gases • Earth.com
Oral venom glands found in amphibians for the first time Experts at Utah State University are describing the discovery of... ...
https://www.earth.com/news/california-limits-agricultural-greenhouse-gases/
Search UQ News - UQ News - The University of Queensland, AustraliaSearch UQ News - UQ News - The University of Queensland, Australia
Not only is it frowned upon to kill cane toads inhumanely, but the amphibians venom could be worth a bucket-load. ... Developing therapeutic peptides from scorpion venom Canadian health and wellness company PreveCeutical Medical Inc. (PMI) has ...
http://www.uq.edu.au/news/search?orderby=date&search_api_views_fulltext=Harendra%20Parekh
Cane toads potentially lucrative export in cancer fight - UQ News - The University of Queensland, AustraliaCane toads potentially lucrative export in cancer fight - UQ News - The University of Queensland, Australia
Not only is it frowned upon to kill cane toads inhumanely, but the amphibians venom could be worth a bucket-load. ... "The Australian cane toad is very similar to the Asiatic toad, whose venom has been used in Chinese medicine for thousands of ... "However, before we can take it to market, we need to improve the venoms solubility (ability to dissolve) − which we are well ... who is exploring how cane toad venom can be used to fight cancer. ...
https://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2015/03/cane-toads-potentially-lucrative-export-cancer-fight
Matelijat )|( Reptiili )|( Matelija )|( Reptiilit )|( Reptiles )|( Reptile )|( Reptilia ) ) - books - Terkko NavigatorMatelijat )|( Reptiili )|( Matelija )|( Reptiilit )|( Reptiles )|( Reptile )|( Reptilia ) ) - books - Terkko Navigator
Morphological Evidence for an Oral Venom System in Caecilian Amphibians.. 8 days ago ... Herpetological osteopathology : annotated bibliography of amphibians and reptiles. Amphibians, Bones, Herpetology, Reptiles, ... Scientists seek urgent action on impacts of climate change on reptiles and amphibians ...
https://www.terkko.helsinki.fi/-/-/search/0/reptiles/
Complex Mixtures - Phenotypes | CTDComplex Mixtures - Phenotypes | CTD
Amphibian Venoms negative regulation of cell death Amphibian Venoms results in increased negative regulation of cell death. 1: ... Amphibian Venoms regulation of the force of skeletal muscle contraction Amphibian Venoms affects regulation of the force of ... Amphibian Venoms negative regulation of sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity Amphibian Venoms results in increased ... Amphibian Venoms regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by neural stimulation via neuromuscular junction Amphibian Venoms ...
http://ctd.mdibl.org/detail.go?type=chem&acc=D045424&view=phenotype
Snake BitesSnake Bites
Not all snake venom acts the same. The most important thing for snake bite treatment is to remain calm and GO TO THE HOSPITAL ... Snake Venom and Bites. Not all snake venom acts the same. The most important thing for snake bite treatment is to remain calm ... Amphibians. Looking for exotic amphibians? Reptile Gardens is a Black Hills attraction near Rapid City, SD that houses the ... Apply ice to slow the spread of venom.. DO NOT. "Electrocute" the bitten area to neutralize the venom.. These are all instances ...
http://www.reptilegardens.com/animals/snakes/snake-bites
DiseasesDiseases
Reptiles & Amphibians. Venoms and Anitvenoms - University of Melboune Australia Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Rocky Mountain ... Association of Reptiles & Amphibian Veterinarians Infectious Disease Interest Groups - Ohio State University Veterinary ...
http://icwdm.org/pages/Diseases.aspx
CLASS AMPHIBIACLASS AMPHIBIA
venom glands - poisonous or toxic substances. * hedonic glands - male head or chin - pheromonally stimulates female to clasp ... CLASS AMPHIBIA. Amphibia refers to "double life", or life in water and on land Includes the salamanders, frogs, toads, and ... Generalized amphibian integument * earliest amphibians probably covered with scales - still apparent in some cacaelians ... where living amphibians evolved is not clear - modern (living) amphibians appeared in Triassic ...
https://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/AMPHIBIA.html
Peptide - WikipediaPeptide - Wikipedia
... amphibian/skin peptides, venom peptides, cancer/anticancer peptides, vaccine peptides , immune/inflammatory peptides, brain ... July 2002). "D-Amino acid residue in the C-type natriuretic peptide from the venom of the mammal, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, the ... such as racemization of L-amino acids to D-amino acids in platypus venom.[8] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptone
News - Estación Biológica de DoñanaNews - Estación Biológica de Doñana
In the lab, when a juvenile amphibian came in contact with L. humile the ants reacted quickly to spray pygidial?gland venom ... Content with tag amphibians . Print High potential of Argentine ant to harm amphibian juveniles ... Content with tag amphibians . High potential of Argentine ant to harm amphibian juveniles ... Iberian amphibians occupy higher mountain areas compared to the last century extinctions. Amphibians are one of the most ...
http://www.ebd.csic.es/en/actualidad?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_OmBO7zTTTBko&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-3&p_p_col_count=2&p_r_p_564233524_tag=amphibians&_101_INSTANCE_OmBO7zTTTBko_languageId=en_GB
Reptiles and amphibiansFrogsSpeciesPreySalamandersToxinsNeurotoxicLizardsToxinPeptidesGlandFangsVertebratesAnimal VenomsCaeciliansToadsMammalsToad venomVertebrateCLASS AMPHIBIAToxicityPotent venomEvolutionaryBirdsAntimicrobialInject venomCnidarian venomsRattlesnakeScorpion venomPlethora of bioactiveSnake venom metalloproteinasesPoisonAmount of venomGranularNewtsBiologicallyCold-bloodedComponents in their venomSpider venom2020ElapidAbstractExtinctionsHemotoxic venomSlow the spread of venomPopulationsProteinsBioactiveFrogBiteHumansConservationCapable of produCreaturesProduce venomLizardFoundPoisonsSpecimensLissamphibiaSkinTerrestrialCaudataPlatypus
Reptiles and amphibians19
  • . Salmonella is normally in the digestive tract of healthy reptiles and amphibians, but it can cause infections in people who have contact with reptiles, amphibians, and their environments, including the water from terrariums or aquariums where they live. (cdc.gov)
  • Salmonella is the most common disease associated with reptiles and amphibians that can cause human illness. (cdc.gov)
  • See information about Salmonella and other diseases linked to reptiles and amphibians below. (cdc.gov)
  • Salmonella spreads to people and animals through contaminated food or contact with the stools of certain animals, including reptiles and amphibians. (cdc.gov)
  • can be found in healthy reptiles and amphibians and doesn't usually make them sick. (cdc.gov)
  • Healthy reptiles and amphibians can carry Salmonella and other germs that can make people sick. (cdc.gov)
  • You can keep yourself healthy around your pet reptiles and amphibians. (cdc.gov)
  • Reptiles and amphibians can carry germs that can make people sick, even when they appear healthy and clean. (cdc.gov)
  • Always wash your hands thoroughly after handling reptiles and amphibians, and anything in the area where they live or roam such as their habitats, food, or equipment. (cdc.gov)
  • Herpetology is the study of reptiles and amphibians and you can learn more about herpetology with this great course. (acsedu.com)
  • Type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in U.S. national museum. (ssarherps.org)
  • Herpetology is the study of some of the planet's most fascinating creatures - reptiles and amphibians. (thebhs.org)
  • Keeping pet reptiles and amphibians in the UK is now as popular as keeping cats and dogs. (thebhs.org)
  • Though they often go unnoticed or are misunderstood, reptiles and amphibians are vital to the balance of our fragile ecosystems-and some of them are in pretty big trouble. (njskylands.com)
  • Reptiles and amphibians, also known as "herps", have been around since the time of the dinosaurs. (njskylands.com)
  • A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. (utah.gov)
  • Reptile and Amphibian Ecology International is a conservation and research organization striving to discover, document, and preserve the rich diversity of living reptiles and amphibians. (pbs.org)
  • The aim is to document reptiles and amphibians throughout the region to reveal how species have responded to habitat changes. (abc.net.au)
  • I was there in past to talk about a project that I run called the Reptiles and Amphibians of Southern California Project and some of the recent successes we've had in documenting species here in southern California that had never been reported here before, so non-native species that hadn't been known for the state or for particular counties before. (abc.net.au)
Frogs7
  • Insects feast on amorous tungara frogs by eavesdropping on their amphibian love songs. (the-scientist.com)
  • From the Amazonian rainforest to your local park, you'll find frogs and other amphibians everywhere. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Breeding Pacman Frogs: Habitat, food & breeding cycles, What are amphibians? (cut-up.net)
  • Neither snakes nor worms, caecilians are serpent-like amphibians related to frogs and salamanders. (cut-up.net)
  • Arachnids and insects in general, as well as some other invertebrates, are preyed upon by anuran amphibians (toads, frogs and tree frogs). (fapesp.br)
  • In fact, there are substantially more venomous/poisonous reptiles such as snakes and lizards, or amphibians such as toads and frogs, or fish such as the stingray and lionfish. (hubpages.com)
  • In addition, amphibians exhibit many unique features, such as very diverse body plans and limb types between frogs, salamanders and caecilians, or a wide range of genome sizes between and within the three orders. (vub.be)
Species53
  • The phospholipase A2 protein is uncommon in non-venomous species, but we do find it in the venom of bees, wasps, and many kinds of reptiles," says Mailho-Fontana. (focustechnica.com)
  • The venom of most viper species contains phospholipase and trypsin-like serine proteases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many caterpillars have defensive venom glands associated with specialized bristles on the body, known as urticating hairs, which can be lethal to humans (e.g., that of the Lonomia moth), although the venom's strength varies depending on the species. (wikipedia.org)
  • At least one ant species (Polyrhachis dives) has been shown to use venom topically for the sterilisation of pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Invasive species have major impacts on biodiversity and are one of the primary causes of amphibian decline and extinction. (csic.es)
  • The mechanisms of toxicity in juvenile amphibians were examined by quantifying the toxin in amphibian tissues, searching for histological damages, and calculating toxic doses for each amphibian species. (csic.es)
  • To determine the potential scope of the threat to amphibians, global databases were used to estimate the number, ranges, and conservation status of terrestrial amphibian species with ranges that overlap those of L. humile . (csic.es)
  • Toxic dose for amphibian was species dependent. (csic.es)
  • Worldwide, an estimated 817 terrestrial amphibian species overlap in range with L. humile , and 6.2% of them are classified as threatened. (csic.es)
  • Genome size varies enormously from one species to another, and amphibians are the group of vertebrates where genome size varies the most. (csic.es)
  • We analyzed survey data of amphibian species from around the globe to determine whether closely related species respond similarly to habitat conversion. (pnas.org)
  • We find that species that persist in converted habitats tend to come from the same clades within the amphibian tree of life and that by favoring these widely distributed clades, habitat conversion leads to nonrandom extirpations and loss of evolutionary history. (pnas.org)
  • We analyzed data from 48 studies, comprising 438 species on five continents, to understand how taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of amphibian assemblages shifts in response to habitat conversion. (pnas.org)
  • We found that evolutionary history explains the majority of variation in species' responses to habitat conversion, with specific clades scattered across the amphibian tree of life being favored by human land uses. (pnas.org)
  • Habitat conversion led to an average loss of 139 million years of amphibian evolutionary history within assemblages, high species and lineage turnover at landscape scales, and phylogenetic homogenization at the global scale (despite minimal taxonomic homogenization). (pnas.org)
  • Snake venom research has focused on front-fanged venomous snakes because of the high incidence of human morbidity and mortality from envenomations and larger venom yields of these species, while venoms from rear-fanged snakes have been largely neglected. (frontiersin.org)
  • Specialized three-finger toxins that target select prey taxa have evolved in some RFS venoms, and this prey capture strategy has appeared in multiple RFS species, from Old World Boiga to New World Spilotes and Oxybelis . (frontiersin.org)
  • Critically evaluate the threats facing amphibian and reptile species and understand some ways in which they can be countered. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • Herpetology as a scientific study and as a hobby can have positive impacts on the conservation of threatened reptile and amphibian species. (acsedu.com)
  • Look closely, though, and you'll find there are many species of frog and amphibian here on Earth that are as captivating as any dinosaur. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Other species have come and gone as reptile and amphibians have evolved, but the current wave of global extinctions has researchers concerned. (njskylands.com)
  • With almost one quarter of reptile species and over one third of amphibian species threatened with extinction globally, we are seeing the equivalent of tens of thousands of years' worth of extinctions in just this past century. (njskylands.com)
  • Here in northwest New Jersey, there are numerous at-risk reptile and amphibian species, but also many opportunities to conserve them. (njskylands.com)
  • Truth be told, timber rattlesnakes and northern copperheads, New Jersey's only venomous snake species, don't want to waste precious venom on something they can't eat. (njskylands.com)
  • The diet of this species consists of small mammals, birds, lizards, and occasionally amphibians. (utah.gov)
  • Its heat-sensitive pits, venom and camouflage make the Massasauga a very effective predator of small mammals, this species' primary prey. (ontarionature.org)
  • While we deal with amphibians and reptiles here at SSAR, natural history observations are missing for predation, diet, and behavior of lots of species of invertebrates and vertebrates. (ssarherps.org)
  • Improving our capacity for amphibian immunological research will require selection of an appropriate Bd-susceptible model species, the development of taxon-specific affinity reagents and cell lines for functional assays, and the application of a suite of conventional and emerging immunological methods. (frontiersin.org)
  • Two decades have passed since the discovery and characterization of the devastating amphibian skin disease, chytridiomycosis, caused by two unusual fungal species that likely originated in Asia ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • 350 amphibian species and has had a dramatic worldwide impact on amphibian biodiversity, having caused the decline and possible extinction of greater than 200 species ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • There is a global database of antivenoms maintained by the World Health Organization, but it's based on what is known about each species of snake," explains Bryan, who heads the Venom Evolution Lab at the University of Queensland (UQ). (australiangeographic.com.au)
  • Prey-selective venoms and toxins have been documented across only a few species of snakes. (mdpi.com)
  • In order to test more species for prey specificity of their venom, we used an innovative taxonomically flexible, high-throughput biolayer interferometry approach to ascertain the relative binding of 29 α-neurotoxic venoms from African and Asian elapid representatives (26 Naja spp. (mdpi.com)
  • Our results also suggest that since the α-neurotoxic prey targeting does not always account for the full dietary breadth of a species, other toxin classes with a different pathophysiological function likely play an equally important role in prey immobilisation of the crude venom depending on the prey type envenomated. (mdpi.com)
  • Included are over 800 color photographs, depicting the different species of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and fish, while also offering over 600 range maps to show their territory. (indiebound.org)
  • Thus amphibians typically start out as larvae living in water, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. (dbpedia.org)
  • Most species of venomous animals use their venom primarily for subduing and killing prey. (arizona.edu)
  • Some species do have powerful venoms that may be life threatening. (arizona.edu)
  • The amount of venom, the location of the bite or sting, the species of animal, and even the geographical origin of the animals that have given the bite all may play a role in the severity of the bite. (arizona.edu)
  • First, a PCR survey for Hox genes involved in limb development was conducted in two species of the three amphibian orders, which confirmed the presence of four clusters in all amphibians. (vub.be)
  • All but a few amphibian TIL protein-encoding genes form a single clade, together with trypsin inhibitors from Bombina frog species. (vub.be)
  • Advertisement calls of three anuran species ( Amphibia ) from the Cerrado, Central Brazil. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • The European pond turtle is a protected species of Slovak fauna, listed among the amphibia and reptiles of Slovakia that are critically endangered.There are several reasons for its decline, mainly unfavourable climate factors, disruption of natural biotopes, human activities and competition with other species for habitat and food. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • It is the only venomous snake species in Ontario, and although its venom is potent, this is a small snake with small fangs and a limited amount of venom. (kotegyesulet.hu)
  • Also described were the different methods of not only obtaining these toxins, but the various methods of delivery used by a wide range of reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates as well as the select few mammal and bird species which use venoms or poison to their advantage. (reaseheath.ac.uk)
  • He presented a method of visualising the effect the venom has on a species population numbers with an highly detailed equation that takes into account many different factors affecting survival. (reaseheath.ac.uk)
  • He then finished on the point that the majority of species that have either developed venom are those most prone to being in population decline due to the intense energy output in order to develop these venoms. (reaseheath.ac.uk)
  • It is injected by unique fangs during a bite , and some species are also able to spit their venom. (orange.com)
  • Inter- and intra-species variation in venom chemical composition is geographical and ontogenic. (orange.com)
  • Amino acid oxidase also triggers some other enzymes and is responsible for the yellow colour of the venom of some species. (orange.com)
  • Snake venoms generally show sequence and quantitative variation within and between species, but some rattlesnakes have undergone exceptionally rapid, dramatic shifts in the composition, lethality, and pharmacological effects of their venoms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Such shifts have occurred within species, most notably in Mojave ( Crotalus scutulatus ), South American ( C. durissus ), and timber ( C. horridus ) rattlesnakes, resulting in some populations with extremely potent, neurotoxic venoms without the hemorrhagic effects typical of rattlesnake bites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results represent the first complete, sequence-based comparison between the venoms of closely related snake species and reveal in unprecedented detail the rapid evolution of snake venoms. (biomedcentral.com)
Prey23
  • Venom has evolved in a wide variety of animals, both predators and prey, and both vertebrates and invertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Venoms adapt to their environment and victims and accordingly evolve to become maximally efficient on a predator's particular prey (particularly the precise ion channels within the prey). (wikipedia.org)
  • Bees synthesize and employ an acidic venom (apitoxin) to cause pain in those that they sting to defend their hives and food stores, whereas wasps use a chemically different alkaline venom designed to paralyze prey, so it can be stored alive in the food chambers of their young. (wikipedia.org)
  • Though this same protein superfamily is commonly found in the venoms of elapid (front-fanged) snakes, no elapid 3FTxs appear to show prey-specific toxicity (with the exception of perhaps Micrurus ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Neofunctionalization of Spilotes sulphureus 3FTx genes has even resulted in the evolution within a single venom of 3FTxs selectively neurotoxic to different prey taxa (mammals or lizards), allowing this non-constricting RFS to take larger mammalian prey. (frontiersin.org)
  • Rear-fanged snake venoms are therefore of considerable research interest due to the evolutionary novelties they contain, providing insights into the evolution of snake venom proteins and potential predator-prey coevolution in a broader phylogenetic context. (frontiersin.org)
  • Some young pit vipers begin life feeding on reptile and amphibian prey, and have neurotoxic components in their venom, which becomes more haemotoxic as the snake matures to prey upon homeothermic animals. (wildmed.com)
  • Copperheads have fangs that release a hemolytic venom, a venom that causes the breakdown of red blood cells, used to subdue prey. (si.edu)
  • Prey are subdued by injecting venom through large hollow fangs at the front of the upper jaw. (utah.gov)
  • Then I learn that there are also mammals that are able to deliver venom to kill prey or to defend themselves - several in fact! (hubpages.com)
  • This venomous snake injects prey with venom then waits for it to succumb before eating it. (illinois.gov)
  • The results also suggest that crude venom that shows prey selectivity is likely driven by the proportions of prey-specific α-neurotoxins with differential selectivity within the crude venom. (mdpi.com)
  • The snails produce a potent venom to paralyze their prey. (owlcation.com)
  • Cone snails use their venom to catch their prey. (owlcation.com)
  • The speed and the venom injected into the prey are essential in order for the snail to obtain food. (owlcation.com)
  • The venom is injected into the prey, immobilizing it. (owlcation.com)
  • This deadly snake has no venom, but kills by coiling around its prey and squeezing its powerful muscles to asphyxiate it. (ehow.co.uk)
  • Coral snakes have a pair of short fangs that they use to emit venom with a neurotoxic poison which paralyses their prey, arresting their respiratory system and killing within seconds. (ehow.co.uk)
  • They inject a paralysing venom from their fangs and then secrete a digestive enzyme that turns their prey into a liquid that they can suck up. (ehow.co.uk)
  • Figure 1: The massasauga rattlesnake is characterized by its blotching This is called a dry bite and allows the snake to save its venom for real prey. (kotegyesulet.hu)
  • To make doubly sure the prey can't escape, the silk is laced with venom from the spitter's venom glands. (wildlifearticles.co.uk)
  • Snake venom is a highly modified saliva [1] containing zootoxins that facilitate the immobilization and digestion of prey , and defense against threats. (orange.com)
  • Some snake venoms carry fasciculins , like the mambas ( Dendroaspis ), which inhibit cholinesterase to make the prey lose muscle control. (orange.com)
Salamanders2
  • Among amphibians, some salamanders can extrude sharp venom-tipped ribs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Salamanders are a group of amphibians that share the characteristics of a long body, a tail and short limbs. (cut-up.net)
Toxins10
  • However, the toxins in many venoms have potential to treat a wide range of diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • some venoms are complex mixtures of toxins of differing types. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scientists haven't figured out all the toxins in duck-billed platypus venom, but we do know that some increase signaling in neurons that tell your brain you're feeling pain. (scitechdaily.com)
  • But modern researchers now use scientific methods to study animal toxins, and they have discovered that the thousands of venom types on planet earth may help cure or control many human ailments from chronic pain to life-threatening bleeding to cancer and Parkinson's disease. (dcmp.org)
  • The large number of 3FTx protein sequences available, together with a growing database of RFS venom 3FTxs, make possible predictions concerning structure-function relationships among these toxins and the basis of selective toxicity of specific RFS venom 3FTxs. (frontiersin.org)
  • And that means so much more than just determining what toxins make up the venoms of the world's venomous creatures. (australiangeographic.com.au)
  • The aim of this project was to explore the potential application of spider venom toxins in the development of novel insecticides for the control of insecticide-resistant pests. (edu.au)
  • We designed a protocol to screen and characterise insect-selective toxins from the venom of the Australian funnel-web spider Atrax robustus. (edu.au)
  • Among hundreds, even thousands of proteins found in venom, there are toxins, neurotoxins in particular, as well as nontoxic proteins (which also have pharmacological properties), and many enzymes, especially hydrolytic ones. (orange.com)
  • The two broad classes of toxins found in snake venoms are neurotoxins (mostly found in elapids) and hemotoxins (mostly found in viperids). (orange.com)
Neurotoxic3
  • In general, RFS venoms share many toxin families with front-fanged snakes, and venoms generally are either a neurotoxic three-finger toxin (3FTx)-dominated venom or an enzymatic metalloproteinase-dominated venom. (frontiersin.org)
  • The use of this innovative and taxonomically flexible diverse assay in functional venom testing can be key in attempting to understanding the evolution and ecology of α-neurotoxic snake venoms, as well as opening up biochemical and pharmacological avenues to explore other venom effects. (mdpi.com)
  • However, exceptions occur - the venom of the black-necked spitting cobra ( Naja nigricollis ), an elapid, consists mainly of cytotoxins , while that of the Mojave rattlesnake ( Crotalus scutulatus ), a viperid, is primarily neurotoxic. (orange.com)
Lizards1
  • It eats birds, lizards, amphibians and other snakes. (ehow.co.uk)
Toxin5
  • Dowell NL, Giorgianni MW, Kassner VA, Selegue JE, Sanchez EE, Carroll SB (2016) The deep origin and recent loss of venom toxin genes in rattlesnakes. (springer.com)
  • Among the major classes of toxin in venoms are: Necrotoxins, which cause necrosis (i.e., death) in the cells they encounter. (wikipedia.org)
  • TIL protein-encoding genes on the other hand exist only in amphibians and are thought to play a role in host defense, either as toxin, or as part of the innate immune system. (vub.be)
  • Relative to the toxin transcription of C. adamanteus , which consisted primarily of snake-venom metalloproteinases, C-type lectins, snake-venom serine proteinases, and myotoxin-A, the toxin transcription of C. horridus was far simpler in composition and consisted almost entirely of snake-venom serine proteinases, phospholipases A 2 , and bradykinin-potentiating and C-type natriuretic peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found that the difference in venom properties resulted from major changes in expression levels of toxin gene families, differential gene-family expansion and loss, changes in which paralogs within gene families were expressed at high levels, and higher nonsynonymous substitution rates in the toxin genes relative to nontoxins. (biomedcentral.com)
Peptides7
  • Duda TF, Vanhoye D, Nicolas P (2002) Roles of diversifying selection and coordinated evolution in the evolution of amphibian antimicrobial peptides. (springer.com)
  • Myotoxins, which damage muscles by binding to a receptor, are small, basic peptides found in snake (such as rattlesnake) and lizard venoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • In our laboratory, the biosynthesis of peptides in honeybee venom glands and, more recently, in amphibian skin has been investigated and the types of translational and post-translational reactions involved in the liberation of these peptides from larger precursors are described in this communication. (springer.com)
  • Venoms constitute plethora of bioactive components, particularly peptides, enzymes, and other chemical entities, which exhibit a large array of anticancer and anti-pathogenic activities. (blogspot.com)
  • They confirmed that the venom peptides produced were biologically active and resembled the components of venom from live snakes. (faunaclassifieds.com)
  • The overriding aim of the work described in this thesis was to isolate and pharmacologically characterise novel bioactive peptides from mygalomorph spider venom, particularly those with insect-selective toxicity or actions on gastrointestinal motility. (edu.au)
  • Additionally, the project also aimed to explore possible pharmacological effects of spider venom peptides on gastrointestinal motility, due to recent leads on the discovery of polypeptides that identified from the skin secretions of amphibian and snake venom exhibiting prokinetic actions. (edu.au)
Gland8
  • Perhaps caecilians represent a more primitive form of venom gland evolution. (focustechnica.com)
  • In the lab, when a juvenile amphibian came in contact with L. humile the ants reacted quickly to spray pygidial?gland venom onto the juveniles. (csic.es)
  • Front-fanged snakes have tubular fangs positioned anteriorly in the upper jaw and a venom apparatus that includes an encapsulated reservoir with compressor glandulae (Viperidae) or adductor externus superficialis (Elapidae) muscles inserted directly onto the venom gland capsule ( Kochva, 1962 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • This is a field that does not exist, so they thought it was interesting to study the most iconic reptilian organ, the snake venom gland,' he says. (faunaclassifieds.com)
  • In fact, he says, the venom gland organoids grew so fast that in just one week, they were able to break them apart and re-plate them, generating hundreds of plates within two months. (faunaclassifieds.com)
  • The researchers were able to identify at least four distinct types of cells within the venom gland organoids. (faunaclassifieds.com)
  • It has a hollow channel that contains venom transferred from a gland. (owlcation.com)
  • To better understand the evolutionary changes that resulted in the potent venom of a population of C. horridus from northern Florida, we sequenced the venom-gland transcriptome of an animal from this population for comparison with the previously described transcriptome of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( C. adamanteus ), a congener with a more typical rattlesnake venom. (biomedcentral.com)
Fangs9
  • Large snakes have longer fangs with larger hollow spaces allowing for deeper penetration and more venom flow. (wildmed.com)
  • In general, adult venomous snakes, with their longer fangs and larger amounts of venom to inject are going to deliver more dangerous bites than their young. (wildmed.com)
  • Even just-hatched copperheads have fully functional fangs capable of injecting venom that is just as toxic as an adult's venom. (si.edu)
  • Even newborn copperheads have fully functional fangs capable of injecting venom that is just as toxic as an adult's venom. (si.edu)
  • Venom is usually delivered through fangs, such as those that are possessed by a snake or spider. (hubpages.com)
  • Its long fangs and the amount of venom it is able to deliver means this this is one of the most dangerous snakes in America. (kotegyesulet.hu)
  • However, veterinarians who have treated dogs with snake bite have noted that the dogs … Once the hollow fangs penetrate the skin, venom travels from the glands, on either side of the head, through the fangs and into the victim's subcutaneous tissues, muscles or blood vessels. (kotegyesulet.hu)
  • On the other hand, venom has to be injected into the target (think fangs and stingers). (mentalfloss.com)
  • The glands have large alveoli in which the synthesized venom is stored before being conveyed by a duct to the base of channeled or tubular fangs through which it is ejected. (orange.com)
Vertebrates5
  • Venom is much more common among other vertebrates. (hubpages.com)
  • Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia. (dbpedia.org)
  • Moreover, not every gene that was expected based on the Hox complement of other vertebrates was recovered, suggesting that lineage-specific losses occurred in amphibians. (vub.be)
  • At least one regulatory element present in other vertebrates was lost in amphibians. (vub.be)
  • In vertebrates, this domain is present in large, structural, multi-domain proteins, but the TIL protein architecture only exists in amphibians. (vub.be)
Animal Venoms2
  • This review highlights the panorama of bioactive components of animal venoms divulging the anticancer, anti-tubercular, and anti-HIV activities. (blogspot.com)
  • In a nutshell, this context discloses the decisive role of animal venoms as alternative natural resources to combat these deadly diseases of 21st century, and propounding the plausible development of new therapeutic drugs in the present era. (blogspot.com)
Caecilians3
  • Caecilians are limbless amphibians that, to the untrained eye, can be easily mistaken for snakes. (focustechnica.com)
  • Though caecilians are only distantly related to their reptilian cousins, researchers in a study appearing today (July 3, 2020) in the journal iScience describe specialized glands found along the teeth of the ringed caecilian (Siphonops annulatus), which have the same biological origin and possibly similar function to the venom glands of snakes. (focustechnica.com)
  • If further research can confirm that the glands contain venom, caecilians may represent the oldest land-dwelling vertebrate animal with oral venom glands. (focustechnica.com)
Toads1
  • Not only is it frowned upon to kill cane toads inhumanely, but the amphibian's venom could be worth a bucket-load. (edu.au)
Mammals1
  • Like the Massasauga, the Timber Rattlesnake feeds on small mammals, reptiles, amphibians and even birds. (kotegyesulet.hu)
Toad venom3
  • Chen KK, Kovarikova A (1967) Pharmacology and toxicology of toad venom. (springer.com)
  • That's the message from The University of Queensland School of Pharmacy's Dr Harendra Parekh , who is exploring how cane toad venom can be used to fight cancer. (edu.au)
  • Ingestion of Bufo toad venom and eggs by humans has resulted in several reported cases of poisoning, some of which resulted in death. (drugbank.ca)
Vertebrate1
  • In the vertebrate evolutionary tree, amphibians occupy an essential position as ancient tetrapods. (vub.be)
CLASS AMPHIBIA1
  • Do you take me for an animal of the class amphibia , and that I can play with my lungs as a blacksmith does with his bellows? (thefreedictionary.com)
Toxicity4
  • The body temperature, even mood, of a particular snake in addition to the toxicity and quantity of venom delivered by that snake can all make a very big difference in the outcome of the bite. (reptilegardens.com)
  • Interestingly, studies have also shown that the toxicity of the venom in a particular snake can vary a small amount from season to season and even day to day. (reptilegardens.com)
  • An additional, unique form of toxicity with the spitting cobras found in the Philippines (equatorial, northern and southeastern Philippine cobras) occurs when venom is spit into the eyes. (factsanddetails.com)
  • This protocol involved chromatographic fractionation of the venom followed by screening of individual components on chick biventer cervicis neuromuscular preparation and an acute toxicity assay in house crickets (Acheta domestica). (edu.au)
Potent venom2
  • There have been studies [I know of one involving Crotalus atrox] that have suggested that neonates may have slightly more potent venom, mg for mg. (wildmed.com)
  • Once falsely thought to have potent venom (the origin of the venomous daddy longlegs myth), it's actually their lengthy legs which are key to their success. (wildlifearticles.co.uk)
Evolutionary5
  • If future work can verify the secretions are toxic, caecilian oral glands could indicate an early evolutionary design of oral venom organs. (focustechnica.com)
  • The purpose and aim of this module is to impart on the students an understanding of the diversity of amphibians and reptiles, their role in the conceptual advancement of ecology and evolutionary biology, and the regulatory physiological processes, speciation and reproductive biology of these animals, as well as their conservation and other inter-relationships with humanity and the evolution of venomous reptiles. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • Evaluate the evolutionary and ecological significance of amphibians and reptiles, and describe some major evolutionary trends within each group. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • Each in a different way, both gene families have contributed to the evolutionary diversification of amphibians. (vub.be)
  • These massive alterations in the genetics of the venom phenotype emphasize the evolutionary lability and flexibility of this ecologically critical trait. (biomedcentral.com)
Birds1
  • Skin of a different nature exists in amphibians , reptiles , and birds . (wikipedia.org)
Antimicrobial4
  • In other cases like Parischnogaster striatula, the venom is applied all over their body as an antimicrobial protection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other studies have also shown that amphibians synthesize and secrete a range of chemicals with antimicrobial properties. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The first amphibian skin antimicrobial peptide (AMP) to be identified was named bombinin, reflecting its origin from the skin of the European yellow-bellied toad ( Bombina variegata ). (hindawi.com)
  • AMPs were first reported from amphibian skin by Csordás and Michl in 1970, when they described the peptide bombinin, a 24-residue antimicrobial and haemolytic peptide from the skin of the European yellow-bellied toad, Bombina variegata [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Inject venom3
  • along with scorpions and stinging insects, which inject venom with a sting. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has been determined, however, that some 20% of snakebites to humans are "dry" bites, thus suggesting that snakes do selectively inject venom. (wildmed.com)
  • Although there may have been a bite, the rattlesnake does not always inject venom. (kotegyesulet.hu)
Cnidarian venoms2
  • Despite being well known for their venomous sting, many cnidarian venoms have never been studied, including from entire clades. (grisda.org)
  • The composition of cnidarian venoms remains incompletely elucidated. (scielo.br)
Rattlesnake1
  • These venom-less bites, called dry-bites, occur in about 25 percent (and possibly as high as 50 percent) of all rattlesnake bites. (kotegyesulet.hu)
Scorpion venom1
  • Thus, we studied the predatory behaviour of this toad against the yellow scorpion and evaluated the resistance of the amphibian to scorpion venom. (fapesp.br)
Plethora of bioactive1
  • Amphibian skin secretions contain a plethora of bioactive compounds, many of which are understood to act to deter ingestion by predators. (ulster.ac.uk)
Snake venom metalloproteinases2
  • New venom protein superfamilies in RFS venoms include matrix metalloproteinases, distinct from but closely related to snake venom metalloproteinases, veficolins, and acid lipases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Crotalus horridus lacked significant expression of the hemorrhagic snake-venom metalloproteinases and C-type lectins. (biomedcentral.com)
Poison2
  • Venom is a type of poison, especially one secreted by an animal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Remember, venom = active, poison = passive. (arizona.edu)
Amount of venom1
  • It is almost impossible cut deep enough, quickly enough, or to suck hard enough to pull an adequate amount of venom out to make a difference. (reptilegardens.com)
Granular1
  • Toledo RC, Jared C (1995) Cutaneous granular glands and amphibian venoms. (springer.com)
Newts1
  • However, it was not known where TTX in newts and other amphibians comes from. (elifesciences.org)
Biologically4
  • However, due to the usual methodological conditions, biologically active proteins are not successfully retrieved by this technique, resulting in a low rate of protein identification reported for the viscous amphibian skin secretion. (springer.com)
  • Biologically, venom is distinguished from other poisons in that unlike ingested poisons, venom is delivered in a bite, sting, or similar action. (wikipedia.org)
  • Shaw is Professor in Drug Discovery at Queen's School of Pharmacy, where he specializes in finding and classifying naturally occurring, biologically active agents, most notably those found in the venom of amphibians all over the world. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Biologically active substances from amphibians: preliminary studies on anurans from twenty-one genera of Thailand," Toxicon , vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 805-815, 2004. (hindawi.com)
Cold-blooded2
  • They're also cold-blooded, like amphibians. (cut-up.net)
  • Being ectothermic (the more technical term for "cold-blooded") and having skin that is permeable to the exchange of air, water, and even some nutrients, places amphibians in a unique position to "feel" the effects of a degrading habitat from pollution, vegetation changes, and altered temperature and hydrology. (njskylands.com)
Components in their venom1
Spider venom2
  • Spider Venom for Dark Spots? (skininc.com)
  • Argiope lobata spider venom proved to be the most active. (skininc.com)
20202
  • Reference: "Morphological Evidence for an Oral Venom System in Caecilian Amphibians" by Pedro Luiz Mailho-Fontana, Marta Maria Antoniazzi, Cesar Alexandre, Daniel Carvalho Pimenta, Juliana Mozer Sciani, Edmund D. Brodie Jr. and Carlos Jared, 3 July 2020, iScience . (focustechnica.com)
  • informacion[at]ebd.csic.es: Álvarez-Blanco et al (2020) Effects of the Argentine ant venom on terrestrial amphibians. (csic.es)
Elapid1
  • [2] Enzymes ( molecular weight 13-150 KDa) make up 80-90% of viperid and 25-70% of elapid venoms, including digestive hydrolases, L-amino acid oxidase, phospholipases, thrombin-like pro-coagulant, and kallikrein-like serine proteases and metalloproteinases (hemorrhagins), which damage vascular endothelium. (orange.com)
Abstract1
  • According to the article abstract, the venoms were screened for their capacity to inhibit mushroom tyrosinase using (l-DOPA) as substrate. (skininc.com)
Extinctions1
  • The fungal skin disease, chytridiomycosis (caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans ), has caused amphibian declines and extinctions globally since its emergence. (frontiersin.org)
Hemotoxic venom2
  • others have an effect on the tissue and blood with a hemotoxic venom. (reptilegardens.com)
  • They have hemotoxic venom, according to herpetologist Jeff Beane, collections manager of amphibians and reptiles at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences. (thefreedictionary.com)
Slow the spread of venom2
  • Apply ice to slow the spread of venom. (reptilegardens.com)
  • Nitric oxide cream on the site of a snake bite can slow the spread of venom in the victim's blood supply. (infopet.co.uk)
Populations2
  • Chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is considered one of the most important causes for the decline of amphibian populations worldwide. (csic.es)
  • Get more information about the effects of climate change on amphibian and reptile populations in this article by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Climate Change Resource Center. (pbs.org)
Proteins6
  • Snake Venom is modified saliva, a combination of many different proteins and enzymes. (reptilegardens.com)
  • Because of the limited complexity of these venoms, they represent a more tractable source to inform about the biological roles of specific venom proteins that are found in the venoms of this rich diversity of snakes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Its venom is rich in proteins such as phospholipases A 2 , desintegrins, metalloproteases, serinoproteases, L-amino acid oxidases and others (Rodrigues et al. (scielo.br)
  • These genes encode a protein domain that is also found in serine protease inhibitors, venom and anticoagulant proteins of (blood-feeding) arthropods and nematodes. (vub.be)
  • Venoms contain more than 20 different compounds, mostly proteins and polypeptides. (orange.com)
  • [2] Some of the proteins in snake venom have very specific effects on various biological functions including blood coagulation, blood pressure regulation, and transmission of the nervous or muscular impulses, and have been developed for use as pharmacological or diagnostic tools, and even useful drugs. (orange.com)
Bioactive1
  • The venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and contain cardiotoxic glycosides, cholinolytics, and a number of other bioactive materials, many of which have been characterized. (bvsalud.org)
Frog4
  • This project focus on the evaluation of the therapeutic potential of Brazilian frog venoms and snake venoms on Leishmaniasis and Chagas´ Disease. (fapesp.br)
  • The project will study the in vitro efficacy of 10 crude frog venoms and 2 snake venoms against different parasite stages. (fapesp.br)
  • Snakes and crocodiles because snakes and crocodiles are both reptiles but a frog is an amphibian. (cut-up.net)
  • Scientists had been aware of Greening's frog earlier, but they didn't know the predator-less amphibian was venomous. (mentalfloss.com)
Bite9
  • Snakes have complete control over how much venom they inject anytime they bite. (reptilegardens.com)
  • So one could get a "dry" bite, with no venom in it whatsoever. (reptilegardens.com)
  • The bite of most pit vipers is called " hemotoxic ," meaning that its venom disrupts the integrity of blood vessels. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • After a bite, they measured the venom in the water within the latex glove and, when used, on the denim glove. (wildmed.com)
  • After mixing this venom with saliva, the loris will try to bite its attacker to deliver a very painful bite. (hubpages.com)
  • I recently consulted on a bite in Brazil, of somebody who kept a pet cobra illegally, and one veteran researcher asked, 'What's this cobra's venom likely to do? (australiangeographic.com.au)
  • Venom is injected via a bite or sting. (arizona.edu)
  • Spiders bite to deliver their venom. (arizona.edu)
  • It can grow up to 7 ½ feet (2.9m) long and its venomous bite contains twice as much venom needed to kill a human. (ehow.co.uk)
Humans6
  • These cuties found here have venom that can be lethal, but there are no recorded cases of them killing humans. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Most people think of venom as something to be avoided at all costs since some animals use it to kill other animals or humans. (dcmp.org)
  • Venomous snakes and their venoms have instilled both fear and fascination in humans, and they have especially inspired the interest of scientists over the years as unparalleled examples of trophic adaptation. (frontiersin.org)
  • They argue that larger snakes hold back venom against humans because we are not food for them. (wildmed.com)
  • However, his venom only works on amphibians, so it has no effect on humans. (priweb.org)
  • and "Is the venom virulent enough to cause any serious effects on humans? (arizona.edu)
Conservation1
  • Despite current knowledge gaps, immunological research remains a promising avenue for amphibian conservation management. (frontiersin.org)
Capable of produ1
  • On January 23 in the journal Cell, researchers are reporting that they have created organoids of the venom glands of the Cape coral snake (Aspidelaps lubricus cowlesi) and that these glands are capable of producing venom. (faunaclassifieds.com)
Creatures3
  • Amphibians are creatures of change by nature. (bbc.co.uk)
  • In this article, we define "amphibian", we look at the characteristics of amphibians, and we share examples of amphibian creatures. (cut-up.net)
  • But if you study venom, you need to go into some wild places and confront a lot of deadly creatures to collect the material that's fundamental to your research. (australiangeographic.com.au)
Produce venom1
  • Other insects, such as true bugs and many ants, also produce venom. (wikipedia.org)
Lizard1
  • Aspidelaps scutatus , Elapsoidea boulengeri, and four locales of Ophiophagus hannah ) to the alpha-1 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor orthosteric (active) site for amphibian, lizard, snake, bird, and rodent targets. (mdpi.com)
Found5
  • This marks the first time glands of this kind have been found in an amphibian. (focustechnica.com)
  • Cytotoxins, which kill individual cells, are found in the apitoxin of honey bees and the venom of black widow spiders. (wikipedia.org)
  • Found in the Americas, these snakes are particularly dangerous due to the hemotoxic nature of their venom, which destroys tissue, affects organs and leads to coagulopathy (disrupted blood clotting). (thefreedictionary.com)
  • They found that the amounts of venom measured were consistently and significantly greater from the larger (greater than 66 cm in length) versus the smaller (less than 55cm) snakes. (wildmed.com)
  • In my own testing using live mice, I found that drop per drop younger snakes venom is more potent. (wildmed.com)
Poisons1
  • The talk described many of different varieties of venoms and poisons that are out there in the wild. (reaseheath.ac.uk)
Specimens1
  • Using equal amounts of crotalus adamanteus venom that death was substantially quicker using venom from younger specimens. (wildmed.com)
Lissamphibia1
Skin9
  • The poisonous skin glands of the ringed caecilian form from the epidermis, but these oral glands develop from the dental tissue, and this is the same developmental origin we find in the venom glands of reptiles," says Mailho-Fontana. (focustechnica.com)
  • Amphibian skin is not a strong barrier, especially regarding the passage of chemicals via skin and is often subject to osmosis and diffusive forces. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amphibian skin plays key roles in everyday survival and their ability to exploit a wide range of habitats and ecological conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we describe an ion-exchange batch processing sample preparation technique that allows viscous or adhesive materials (as some amphibian skin secretions) to be further processed by classical liquid chromatography approaches. (springer.com)
  • Bradykinins in particular are constitutively expressed in many amphibian skin secretions, mediating a variety of effects including hyperalgesia and contraction of gastric smooth muscle. (ulster.ac.uk)
  • However, amphibians have moist skin with no fur or scales. (cut-up.net)
  • Amphibians don't have scales, they have smooth skin. (cut-up.net)
  • In fact, the largest cohort of AMP structures currently known is from amphibian skin sources, despite their presence in many other life forms, including plants [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Based on their primary structures and/or secondary structural characteristics, AMPs isolated from amphibian skin can be classified into three broad groups [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Terrestrial1
  • Levels of ant aggression toward 3 native terrestrial amphibians were estimated by challenging juveniles in field ant trails and in lab ant foraging arenas. (csic.es)
Caudata1
  • 1993: Life history of the European plethodontid salamander Speleomantes ambrosii ( Amphibia , Caudata). (thefreedictionary.com)
Platypus4
  • The duck-billed platypus is another venom-producing mammal, but doesn't get much attention because you probably won't ever see one. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Duck-billed platypus have venom glands connected to a spur on each of their hind legs. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The platypus wraps its hind legs around its victim, driving in its sharp spurs, and releases venom, temporarily paralyzing another male platypus in the wild. (scitechdaily.com)
  • [7] More exotic manipulations do occur, such as racemization of L-amino acids to D-amino acids in platypus venom . (wikipedia.org)
Skin
Skin (en.wikipedia.org)
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Search UQ News - UQ News - The University of Queensland, Australia
Search UQ News - UQ News - The University of Queensland, Australia (uq.edu.au)
Matelijat )|( Reptiili )|( Matelija )|( Reptiilit )|( Reptiles )|( Reptile )|( Reptilia ) ) - books - Terkko Navigator
Matelijat )|( Reptiili )|( Matelija )|( Reptiilit )|( Reptiles )|( Reptile )|( Reptilia ) ) - books - Terkko Navigator (terkko.helsinki.fi)
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