Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of AMPHETAMINE. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopressin, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation.Central Nervous System Stimulants: A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here.Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.Amphetamine-Related Disorders: Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.Substance Abuse Detection: Detection of drugs that have been abused, overused, or misused, including legal and illegal drugs. Urine screening is the usual method of detection.N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.Dopamine: One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.Stereotyped Behavior: Relatively invariant mode of behavior elicited or determined by a particular situation; may be verbal, postural, or expressive.3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the LATERAL VENTRICLE, in the region of the OLFACTORY TUBERCLE, lying between the head of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE. It is part of the so-called VENTRAL STRIATUM, a composite structure considered part of the BASAL GANGLIA.Dopamine Agents: Any drugs that are used for their effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors: Drugs that block the transport of DOPAMINE into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS also inhibit dopamine uptake.Street Drugs: Drugs obtained and often manufactured illegally for the subjective effects they are said to produce. They are often distributed in urban areas, but are also available in suburban and rural areas, and tend to be grossly impure and may cause unexpected toxicity.Designer Drugs: Drugs designed and synthesized, often for illegal street use, by modification of existing drug structures (e.g., amphetamines). Of special interest are MPTP (a reverse ester of meperidine), MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine), and MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Many drugs act on the aminergic system, the physiologically active biogenic amines.Appetite Depressants: Agents that are used to suppress appetite.Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins: Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of dopaminergic neurons. They remove DOPAMINE from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS and are the target of DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITORS.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Corpus Striatum: Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.Hallucinogens: Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise.Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique: An immunoenzyme test for the presence of drugs and other substances in urine and blood. The test uses enzyme linked antibodies that react only with the particular drug for which the sample is being tested.Forensic Medicine: The application of medical knowledge to questions of law.Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors: Drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin.Dopamine Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors.Methyltyrosines: A group of compounds that are methyl derivatives of the amino acid TYROSINE.Neostriatum: The phylogenetically newer part of the CORPUS STRIATUM consisting of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and PUTAMEN. It is often called simply the striatum.Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.Phenmetrazine: A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.Dopamine Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. Dopamine receptor blockade is associated with NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME.Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266)Pyrazolones: Compounds with a five-membered heterocyclic ring with two nitrogens and a keto OXYGEN. Some are inhibitors of TNF-ALPHA production.Receptors, Dopamine D2: A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D2-class receptor genes contain INTRONS, and the receptors inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES.Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.Psychoses, Substance-Induced: Psychotic organic mental disorders resulting from the toxic effect of drugs and chemicals or other harmful substance.Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222)Conditioning, Operant: Learning situations in which the sequence responses of the subject are instrumental in producing reinforcement. When the correct response occurs, which involves the selection from among a repertoire of responses, the subject is immediately reinforced.Substance Withdrawal Syndrome: Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.Hyperkinesis: Excessive movement of muscles of the body as a whole, which may be associated with organic or psychological disorders.Ventral Tegmental Area: A region in the MESENCEPHALON which is dorsomedial to the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and ventral to the RED NUCLEUS. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of SCHIZOPHRENIA.Substance-Related Disorders: Disorders related to substance abuse.alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)Serotonin Agents: Drugs used for their effects on serotonergic systems. Among these are drugs that affect serotonin receptors, the life cycle of serotonin, and the survival of serotonergic neurons.Phenethylamines: A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta- aminoethylbenzene which is structurally and pharmacologically related to amphetamine. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.Receptors, Biogenic Amine: Cell surface proteins that bind biogenic amines with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells. Biogenic amine is a chemically imprecise term which, by convention, includes the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, the indoleamine serotonin, the imidazolamine histamine, and compounds closely related to each of these.Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.Self Administration: Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal.Adrenergic Agents: Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters.Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used as HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES, as ANESTHETICS, or as ANTICONVULSANTS.Rats, Long-Evans: An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.Chlorfenvinphos: An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.Hair: A filament-like structure consisting of a shaft which projects to the surface of the SKIN from a root which is softer than the shaft and lodges in the cavity of a HAIR FOLLICLE. It is found on most surfaces of the body.Psychotropic Drugs: A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents).Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay: Fluoroimmunoassay where detection of the hapten-antibody reaction is based on measurement of the increased polarization of fluorescence-labeled hapten when it is combined with antibody. The assay is very useful for the measurement of small haptenic antigens such as drugs at low concentrations.Startle Reaction: A complex involuntary response to an unexpected strong stimulus usually auditory in nature.Specific Gravity: The ratio of the density of a material to the density of some standard material, such as water or air, at a specified temperature.Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase. It is used in newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease. It may slow progression of the clinical disease and delay the requirement for levodopa therapy. It also may be given with levodopa upon onset of disability. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p385) The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.Injections, Intraperitoneal: Forceful administration into the peritoneal cavity of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the abdominal wall.Receptors, Dopamine D1: A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D1-class receptor genes lack INTRONS, and the receptors stimulate ADENYLYL CYCLASES.Receptors, Dopamine: Cell-surface proteins that bind dopamine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.Sympathomimetics: Drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters.Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems.Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids.Exploratory Behavior: The tendency to explore or investigate a novel environment. It is considered a motivation not clearly distinguishable from curiosity.Narcolepsy: A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)Conditioning (Psychology): A general term referring to the learning of some particular response.Conditioning, Classical: Learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.Stereoisomerism: The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: A chemically heterogeneous group of drugs that have in common the ability to block oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. (From Gilman, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p414)Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.Salicylamides: Amides of salicylic acid.Immunoassay: A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.Euphoria: An exaggerated feeling of physical and emotional well-being not consonant with apparent stimuli or events; usually of psychologic origin, but also seen in organic brain disease and toxic states.Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.Reinforcement Schedule: A schedule prescribing when the subject is to be reinforced or rewarded in terms of temporal interval in psychological experiments. The schedule may be continuous or intermittent.Catalepsy: A condition characterized by inactivity, decreased responsiveness to stimuli, and a tendency to maintain an immobile posture. The limbs tend to remain in whatever position they are placed (waxy flexibility). Catalepsy may be associated with PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA, CATATONIC), nervous system drug toxicity, and other conditions.Putamen: The largest and most lateral of the BASAL GANGLIA lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and the EXTERNAL CAPSULE. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the LENTIFORM NUCLEUS along with the GLOBUS PALLIDUS.Narcotics: Agents that induce NARCOSIS. Narcotics include agents that cause somnolence or induced sleep (STUPOR); natural or synthetic derivatives of OPIUM or MORPHINE or any substance that has such effects. They are potent inducers of ANALGESIA and OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS.Cocaine-Related Disorders: Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.Biogenic Amines: A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology.Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Yawning: An involuntary deep INHALATION with the MOUTH open, often accompanied by the act of stretching.Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins: Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of noradrenergic neurons. They remove NOREPINEPHRINE from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. It regulates signal amplitude and duration at noradrenergic synapses and is the target of ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS.Catha: A plant genus of the family CELASTRACEAE. The leafy stems of khat are chewed by some individuals for stimulating effect. Members contain ((+)-norpseudoephedrine), cathionine, cathedulin, cathinine & cathidine.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Extra-vesicular binding of noradrenaline and guanethidine in the adrenergic neurones of the rat heart: a proposed site of action of adrenergic neurone blocking agents. (1/1182)
1 The binding and efflux characteristics of [14C]-guanethidine and [3H]-noradrenaline were studied in heart slices from rats which were pretreated with reserpine and nialamide. 2 Binding of both compounds occurred at extra-vesicular sites within the adrenergic neurone. After a brief period of rapid washout, the efflux of [14C]-guanethidine and [3H]-noradrenaline proceeded at a steady rate. The efflux of both compounds appeared to occur from a single intraneuronal compartment. 3 (+)-Amphetamine accelerated the efflux of [14C]-noradrenaline; this effect was inhibited by desipramine. 4 Unlabelled guanethidine and amantadine also increased the efflux of labelled compounds. Cocaine in high concentrations increased slightly the efflux of [14C]-guanethidine but not that of [3H]-noradrenaline. 5 Heart slices labelled with [3H]-noradrenaline became refractory to successive exposures to releasing agents although an appreciable amount of labelled compound was still present in in these slices. 6 It is suggested that [14C]-guanethidine and [3H]-noradrenaline are bound at a common extravesicular site within the adrenergic neurone. Binding of guanethidine to the extra-vesicular site may be relevant to its pharmacological action, i.e., the blockade of adrenergic transmission. (+info)Acquisition of nicotine discrimination and discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in rats chronically exposed to caffeine. (2/1182)
Caffeine and nicotine are the main psychoactive ingredients of coffee and tobacco, with a high frequency of concurrent use in humans. This study examined the effects of chronic caffeine exposure on 1) rates of acquisition of a nicotine discrimination (0.1 or 0.4 mg/kg, s.c., training doses) and 2) the pharmacological characteristics of the established nicotine discrimination in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Once rats learned to lever-press reliably under a fixed ratio of 10 schedule for food pellets, they were randomly divided into two groups; 12 animals were maintained continuously on caffeine added to the drinking water (3 mg/ml) and another 12 control rats continued to drink tap water. In each group of water- and caffeine-drinking rats, there were six rats trained to discriminate 0.1 mg/kg of nicotine from saline and six rats trained to discriminate 0.4 mg/kg of nicotine from saline. Regardless of the training dose of nicotine, both water- and caffeine-drinking groups required a comparable number of training sessions to attain reliable stimulus control, although there was a trend for a slower acquisition in the caffeine-drinking group trained with 0.1 mg/kg of nicotine. Tests for generalization to different doses of nicotine revealed no significant differences in potency of nicotine between water- and caffeine-drinking groups. The nicotinic-receptor antagonist mecamylamine blocked the discriminative effects of 0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg nicotine with comparable potency and efficacy in water- and caffeine-drinking groups. There was a dose-related generalization to both the 0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg nicotine cue (maximum average of 51-83%) in water-drinking rats after i.p. treatment with d-amphetamine, cocaine, the selective dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR-12909, apomorphine, and the selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF-82958, but not in caffeine-drinking rats (0-22%). There was no generalization to the nicotine cues after i.p. treatment with caffeine or the selective D2 (NPA) and D3 (PD 128,907) dopamine-receptor agonists in water- and caffeine-drinking rats. The dopamine-release inhibitor CGS 10746B reduced the discriminative effects of 0.4 mg/kg nicotine in water-drinking rats, but not in caffeine-drinking rats. There was no evidence of development of tolerance or sensitization to nicotine's effects throughout the study. In conclusion, chronic caffeine exposure (average, 135 mg/kg/day) did not affect the rate of acquisition of the nicotine discrimination, but it did reduce the dopaminergic component of the nicotine-discriminative cue. The reduction of the dopaminergic component of the nicotine cue was permanent, as this effect was still evident after the caffeine solution was replaced with water in caffeine-drinking rats. That nicotine could reliably serve as a discriminative stimulus in the absence of the dopaminergic component of its discriminative cue may differentiate nicotine from "classical dopaminergic" drugs of abuse such as cocaine and amphetamine. (+info)N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication. (3/1182)
(+)- And (-)-amphetamine and methamphetamine were N-oxygenated by the cDNA expressed adult human flavin-containing monooxygenase form 3 (FMO3), their corresponding hydroxylamines. Two major polymorphic forms of human FMO3 were studied, and the results suggested preferential N-oxygenation by only one of the two enzymes. Chemically synthesized (+/-)-amphetamine hydroxylamine was also a substrate for the human FMO3 and it was converted to phenylpropanone oxime with a stereoselectivity ratio of trans/cis of 5:1. Human FMO3 also N-oxygenated methamphetamine to produce methamphetamine hydroxylamine. Methamphetamine hydroxylamine was also N-oxygenated by human FMO3, and the ultimate product observed was phenylpropanone. For amphetamine hydroxylamine, studies of the biochemical mechanism of product formation were consistent with the production of an N, N-dioxygenated intermediate that lead to phenylpropanone oxime. This was supported by the observation that alpha-deutero (+/-)-amphetamine hydroxylamine gave an inverse kinetic isotope effect on product formation in the presence of human FMO3. For methamphetamine, the data were consistent with a mechanism of human FMO3-mediated N,N-dioxygenation but the immediate product, a nitrone, rapidly hydrolyzed to phenylpropanone. The pharmacological activity of amphetamine hydroxylamine, phenylpropanone oxime, and methamphetamine hydroxylamine were examined for effects at the human dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters. Amphetamine hydroxylamine and methamphetamine hydroxylamine were apparent substrates for the human biogenic amine transporters but phenylpropanone oxime was not. Presumably, phenylpropanone oxime or nitrone formation from amphetamine and methamphetamine, respectively, represents a detoxication process. Because of the potential toxic nature of amphetamine hydroxylamine and methamphetamine hydroxylamine metabolites and the polymorphic nature of N-oxygenation, human FMO3-mediated metabolism of amphetamine or methamphetamine may have clinical consequences. (+info)The Ca2+ channel blockade changes the behavioral and biochemical effects of immobilization stress. (4/1182)
We investigated how the effects of chronic immobilization stress in rats are modified by Ca2+ channel blockade preceding restraint sessions. The application of nifedipine (5 mg/kg) shortly before each of seven daily 2 h restraint sessions prevented the development of sensitized response to amphetamine as well as the stress-induced elevation of the densities of L-type Ca2+ channel in the hippocampus and significantly reduced the elevation of the densities of [3H]nitrendipine binding sites in the cortex and D1 dopamine receptors in the limbic forebrain. Neither stress, nor nifedipine affected the density of alpha 1-adrenoceptors and D1 receptors in the cerebral cortex nor D2 dopamine receptors in the striatum. A single restraint session caused an elevation of blood corticosterone level that remained unaffected by nifedipine pretreatment, but the reduction of this response during the eighth session was significantly less expressed in nifedipine-treated rats. We conclude that L-type calcium channel blockade prevents development of several stress-induced adaptive responses. (+info)Necessary role for ventral tegmental area adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A in induction of behavioral sensitization to intraventral tegmental area amphetamine. (5/1182)
In the present study, we investigated the effects of selective activation or inhibition of ventral tegmental area (VTA) adenylate cyclase (AC) and protein kinase A (PKA) on long-term sensitization induced by repeated intra-VTA or peripheral amphetamine (AMPH). Selective inhibition of AC by SQ 22,536 (9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purin-6-amine; 100 nmol/side bilateral into VTA) had no effect on acute basal locomotion but attenuated the locomotor stimulation induced by acute i.p. AMPH (1.5 mg/kg). Coinjection of SQ 22,536 (100 nmol/side) fully blocked the sensitization induced by repeated intra-VTA AMPH (15 nmol/side) but had no detectable effect on the sensitization induced by repeated i. p. AMPH. Persistent activation of AC by intra-VTA cholera toxin (500 ng/side) modestly increased acute locomotion and induced a robust sensitization to i.p. AMPH challenge 10 days after the last of three repeated VTA microinjections. Selective inhibition of PKA by Rp-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate triethylamine (Rp-cAMPS; 25 nmol/side) had no effect on acute basal or AMPH-stimulated locomotion. Coinjection of Rp-cAMPS (25 nmol/side) fully blocked the sensitization induced by repeated intra-VTA AMPH but had no effect on sensitization induced by repeated i.p. AMPH. Intra-VTA microinjection of the selective PKA activator Sp-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate triethylamine (Sp-cAMPS; 25-100 nmol/side) dose-dependently stimulated acute locomotion and exerted synergistic effects on locomotor activity when coinfused into the VTA with AMPH but had no detectable effect on acute i.p. AMPH-induced locomotion. Repeated intra-VTA Sp-cAMPS did not induce sensitization to AMPH challenge but potentiated the sensitization induced by repeated i.p. AMPH. These results suggest that VTA cAMP signal transduction is necessary for the induction of persistent sensitization to intra-VTA amphetamine and that peripheral and intra-VTA AMPH may not induce behavioral sensitization by identical mechanisms. (+info)Modulation of amphetamine-stimulated [3H]dopamine release from rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells by sigma type 2 receptors. (6/1182)
An important regulatory mechanism of synaptic dopamine (DA) levels is activation of the dopamine transporter (DAT), which is a target for many drugs of abuse, including amphetamine (AMPH). sigma receptors are located in dopaminergic brain areas critical to reinforcement. We found previously that agonists at sigma2 receptors enhanced the AMPH-stimulated release of [3H]DA from slices of rat caudate-putamen. In the present study, we modeled this response in undifferentiated pheochromocytoma-12 (PC12) cells, which contain both the DAT and sigma2 receptors but not neural networks that can complicate investigation of individual neuronal mechanisms. We found that enhancement of AMPH-stimulated [3H]DA release by the sigma agonist (+)-pentazocine was blocked by sigma2 receptor antagonists. Additionally, the reduction in the effect of (+)-pentazocine by the inclusion of ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N', N'-tetraacetic acid led us to hypothesize that sigma2 receptor activation initiated a Ca2+-dependent process that resulted in enhancing the outward flow of DA via the DAT. The source of Ca2+ required for the enhancement of reverse transport did not appear to be via N- or L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, because it was not affected by nitrendipine or omega-conotoxin. However, two inhibitors of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II blocked enhancement in AMPH-stimulated release by (+)-pentazocine. Our findings suggest that sigma2 receptors are coupled to the DAT via a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II transduction system in PC12 cells, and that sigma2 receptor antagonists might be useful in the treatment of drug abuse by blocking elevation of DA levels via reversal of the DAT. (+info)Effects of atypical antipsychotic drug treatment on amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release in patients with psychotic disorders. (7/1182)
Clozapine, risperidone, and other new "atypical" antipsychotic agents are distinguished from traditional neuroleptic drugs by having clinical efficacy with either no or low levels of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Preclinical models have focused on striatal dopamine systems to account for their atypical profile. In this study, we examined the effects of clozapine and risperidone on amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release in patients with psychotic disorders. A novel 11C-raclopride/PET paradigm was used to derive estimates of amphetamine-induced changes in striatal synaptic dopamine concentrations and patients were scanned while antipsychotic drug-free and during chronic treatment with either clozapine or risperidone. We found that amphetamine produced significant reductions in striatal 11C-raclopride binding during the drug-free and antipsychotic drug treatment phases of the study which reflects enhanced dopamine release in both conditions. There were no significant differences in % 11C-raclopride changes between the two conditions indicating that these atypical agents do not effect amphetamine-related striatal dopamine release. The implications for these data for antipsychotic drug action are discussed. (+info)Review article: mechanisms and management of hepatotoxicity in ecstasy (MDMA) and amphetamine intoxications. (8/1182)
The social use of ecstasy (methylenedioxymethampheta-mine, MDMA) and amphetamines is widespread in the UK and Europe, and they are popularly considered as 'safe'. However, deaths have occurred and hepatotoxicity has featured in many cases of intoxication with amphetamine or its methylenedioxy analogues such as ecstasy. Recreational use of these drugs presents an important but often concealed cause of hepatitis or acute liver failure, particularly in young people. The patterns of liver damage and multiple putative mechanisms of injury are discussed. Recognition of the aetiological agent requires a high index of suspicion. Optimum management of the resultant liver damage, including the controversial role of liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure, is also discussed. (+info)... (DOEF), also known as dimethoxyfluoroethylamphetamine, is a lesser-known psychedelic ... Also indirect D2 agonists, such as dopamine reuptake inhibitors (cocaine, methylphenidate), releasing agents (amphetamine, ... 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethyl)amphetamine. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ... Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethyl)amphetamine&oldid=903372537" ...
However, amphetamines are on the official banned substances list; and can/do help swimming performance. CAS ruled on Mellouli's ... Mellouli has since admitted that he took the ADD medication Adderall, a stimulant and a form of amphetamine. (Already in June ... amphetamine... and other substances with similar chemical structure or similar biological effect(s). (p. 7) This passage ...
Since amphetamines are a stimulant, use of these drugs result in a state that resembles the manic phase of bipolar disorder and ... Amphetamines are used as a stimulant to trigger the central nervous system, increasing heart rate and blood pressure while ... "Amphetamine". drugs.com. Cerner Multum. April 12, 2009. Retrieved November 11, 2014. Keedle, Jayne (October 30, 2010). "ADHD ... and the use of amphetamines. Racing thoughts may be experienced as background or take over a person's consciousness. Thoughts, ...
Amphetamine refers to equal parts of the enantiomers, i.e., 50% levoamphetamine and 50% dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine is also ... Amphetamines-type stimulants are often used for their therapeutic effects. Physicians sometimes prescribe amphetamine to treat ... For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant ... "Amphetamine". DrugBank. University of Alberta. 7 January 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2013. "Amphetamine". National Library of ...
Amphetamine is similar in structure to dopamine and trace amines; as a consequence, it can enter the presynaptic neuron via DAT ... In addition, amphetamine and trace amines are substrates for the neuronal vesicular monoamine transporter, vesicular monoamine ... "Amphetamine". DrugBank. University of Alberta. 8 February 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2013. ,section= ignored (help) Eiden, Lee ... Studies have shown that, in certain brain regions, amphetamine and trace amines increase the concentrations of dopamine in the ...
ADZENYS XR-ODT (amphetamine extended-release orally disintegrating tablet) contains a 3 to 1 ratio of d- to l-amphetamine, a ... DYANAVEL XR contains d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine in a ratio of 3.2 to 1 ... The most common (≥2% in the DYANAVEL XR group ... The effects of amphetamine on the gastrointestinal tract are unpredictable. If intestinal activity is high, amphetamine may ... Amphetamine modulates the activity of most psychoactive drugs. In particular, amphetamine may decrease the effects of sedatives ...
The initial lineup of Selberg, Porfiris, Westberg, and J Bryan Bowden recorded the first single on Amphetamine Reptile records ... "AR073: The Heroine Sheiks". Amphetamine Reptile. Retrieved 2008-05-27. Official website The Heroine Sheiks at AllMusic The ... Amphetamine Reptile) "Heroine Sheiks" - (1999, Reptilian) "Best Enemies/Oucha" - (2002, Rubric) Live at The Ottobar - (2005, ...
The reference to Baby's penchant for "fog ... amphetamine and ... pearls" suggests Sedgwick or some similar debutante, ...
"Amphetamine analogs. II. Methylated phenethylamines". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 13 (1): 134-5. doi:10.1021/jm00295a034. ...
"Baby Amphetamine". Archived from the original on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2008. Dee, Johnny (1988) "It's Different ...
... that contains 2.5 mg/mL of amphetamine base.The amphetamine base contains dextro- to levo-amphetamine in a ratio of 3.2:1, ... DYANAVEL XR contains d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine in a ratio of 3.2 to 1 ... The most common (≥2% in the DYANAVEL XR group ... The effects of amphetamine on the gastrointestinal tract are unpredictable. If intestinal activity is high, amphetamine may ... Following oral administration, amphetamine appears in urine within 3 hours. Roughly 90% of ingested amphetamine is eliminated 3 ...
Richards JR, Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Lange RA, Olson KR, Horowitz BZ (May 2015). "Treatment of toxicity from amphetamines, ... Handly, Neal (December 16, 2016). "Toxicity, Amphetamine". Medscape. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. "Expert ...
Amphetamines have an effect on norepinephrine levels similar to that of cocaine in that they both increase NE levels in the ... Amphetamines cause a large accumulation of extracellular NE. High levels of NE in the brain account for most of the profound ... "Methamphetamine (And Amphetamine)". Retrieved 1 November 2011 Sulzer D, Chen TK, Lau YY, Kristensen H, Rayport S, Ewing A (May ... Amphetamine-like drugs are substrates for monoamine transporters, include NET, that cause a reversal in the direction of ...
Baby Amphetamine 14. Each Man Kills The Things He Loves Auto Da Fe 12" (1991) Wargasm (EP, 1992) Black Suburbia (LP, 1994, ...
Ross, S. B.; Ögren, S. O.; Renyi, A. L. (2009). "Substituted Amphetamine Derivatives. I. Effect on Uptake and Release of ... Ögren, S. O.; Ross, S. B. (2009). "Substituted Amphetamine Derivatives. II. Behavioural Effects in Mice Related to ... para-Chloroamphetamine (PCA), also known as 4-chloroamphetamine (4-CA), is a substituted amphetamine and monoamine releaser ... para-Chloromethamphetamine Substituted amphetamines 3,4-Dichloroamphetamine (DCA) 4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) 4- ...
... also amphetamines, cathinones, phentermines, etc.): 2-Hydroxyphenethylamine (2-OH-PEA) • 4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine (4-CAB) • ... Amphetamine (dextroamphetamine, levoamphetamine) • Amphetaminil • β-Methylphenethylamine (β-Me-PEA) • Benzodioxolylbutanamine ( ...
Amphetamines (class)[edit]. Main article: Substituted amphetamines. Substituted amphetamines are a class of compounds based ... Amphetamine[edit]. Main article: Amphetamine. Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the ... Amphetamines-type stimulants are often used for their therapeutic effects. Physicians sometimes prescribe amphetamine to treat ... For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant ...
... "substituted amphetamines" as they contain the amphetamine backbone but are substituted on the benzene ring. This gives rise to ... Amphetamines are a chemical class of stimulants, entactogens, hallucinogens, and other drugs. They feature a phenethylamine ... They feature a phenethylamine core with a methyl group attached to the alpha carbon resulting in amphetamine, along with ... A systematic review from 2014 noted that low doses of amphetamine also improve memory consolidation, in turn leading to ...
... including trace amounts of four amphetamines previously known only from laboratory synthesis: amphetamine, methamphetamine, ... "Acacias and Natural Amphetamine". Ask Dr. Shulgin Online. Center for Cognitive Liberty & Ethics. 2001-09-26. Chemistry of ...
Adderall is an amphetamine. An initial court hearing for a restraining order that would have allowed Mayfield to compete at ... indicate that the test was positive for amphetamines. Despite releasing this information, NASCAR has still not published a ...
Chronic exposure to amphetamine induces a unique transcription factor delta FosB, which plays an essential role in long-term ... Graybiel AM, Moratalla R, Robertson HA (September 1990). "Amphetamine and cocaine induce drug-specific activation of the c-fos ... Kanehisa Laboratories (10 October 2014). "Amphetamine - Homo sapiens (human)". KEGG Pathway. Retrieved 31 October 2014. Most ... Amphetamine achieves this elevation in extracellular levels of DA by promoting efflux from synaptic terminals. ... ...
Verweij, AM (1991). "Contamination of illegal amphetamine. Hydrastatinine as a contaminant in 3,4-(methylenedioxy) ...
However, zinc supplementation may reduce the minimum effective dose of amphetamine when it is used with amphetamine for the ... amphetamines and methylphenidate are used in low doses to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and in higher doses to ... "Amphetamines for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults". Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (6): CD007813. doi: ... More common (about 18%) is for frequent amphetamine users to report psychotic symptoms that are sub-clinical and that do not ...
Chronic exposure to amphetamine induces a unique transcription factor delta FosB, which plays an essential role in long-term ... AP-1 (transcription factor) In simplest terms, this means that when either amphetamine or sex is perceived as "more alluring or ... ROLE OF ΔFOSB IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS KEGG Pathway - human alcohol addiction KEGG Pathway - human amphetamine addiction KEGG ... McCowan TJ, Dhasarathy A, Carvelli L (February 2015). "The Epigenetic Mechanisms of Amphetamine". J. Addict. Prev. 2015 (Suppl ...
A systematic review from 2014 noted that low doses of amphetamine also improve memory consolidation, in turn leading to ... The present meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the magnitude of the effects of methylphenidate and amphetamine on ... Amphetamine pharmaceuticals (e.g., Adderall, dextroamphetamine, and lisdexamfetamine [an inactive prodrug]) - systematic ... Drugs used for this purpose include, as stated above, methylphenidate, amphetamines, atomoxetine, and desipramine. Linssen AM, ...
Is Phentermine An Amphetamine Or Narcotic? Is It Safe?. Oct 12, 2016James HariHealthComments Off on Is Phentermine An ... Is Phentermine An Amphetamine or Narcotic?. Phentermine has been classified as controlled substance as it is often been abused ... Phentermine is a stimulant and is considered to be closely linked to the amphetamines. It is commonly used as appetite ... The Phentermine is considered as narcotic and has same structure as that of amphetamine. It has the ability to decrease ...
In recent years a number of drugs have been manufactured and marketed to replace amphetamines as appetite suppressants. These ... They produce many of the effects of the amphetamines, but are generally less potent. Abuse patterns of some of them have not ... yet been established, but all are controlled because of the similarity of their effects to those of the amphetamines. ...
The trace amine para-tyramine is structurally and functionally related to the amphetamines and the biogenic amine ... Amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and metabolites of the catecholamine ... Furthermore, the discovery that amphetamines, including 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy"), are potent rTAR1 ... An extensive pharmacological survey revealed that psychostimulant and hallucinogenic amphetamines, numerous ergoline ...
Similar to an amphetamine, phentermine is a stimulant that acts as an appetite suppressant by affecting the central nervous ... People who are allergic to it or to those who are allergic to diet pills, amphetamines, stimulants, or cold medications ...
Amphetamine (Adderall). *Benzphetamine (Didrex, Regimex). *Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin XR, Focalin). *Dextroamphetamine ( ...
Is phentermine an amphetamine?. No, it is not. However, phentermine is similar to amphetamine in its chemical structure and ... Phentermine does possess similar biochemical properties to amphetamine and can illicit false-positives on urinalysis testing. ...
Amphetamine: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Before taking amphetamine,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to amphetamine, other stimulant medications ... If you or your child are taking amphetamine for ADHD, your doctor will probably start you on a low dose of amphetamine and ... Alcohol can make the side effects from amphetamine worse.. *you should know that amphetamine should be used as part of a total ...
Read reviews, compare customer ratings, see screenshots, and learn more about Amphetamine. Download Amphetamine for macOS 10.8 ... Amphetamine is 100% free (no ads, no in-app purchases).. After you launch Amphetamine, you must activate it by clicking on its ... Amphetamine is a little app that lives in your menu bar. With Amphetamine, you can effortlessly override your energy saver ... If you have previously written a review of Amphetamine, please consider updating it.. If youre brand new to Amphetamine and ...
Read reviews, compare customer ratings, see screenshots, and learn more about Amphetamine. Download Amphetamine for macOS 10.10 ... Amphetamine 4.0.5 is a small update to fix some minor issues before the Amphetamine 4.1 release. Amphetamine 4.1 will introduce ... Amphetamine 4.0.5 is a small update to fix some minor issues before the Amphetamine 4.1 release. Amphetamine 4.1 will introduce ... What Else Does Amphetamine Do? == Amphetamine is the most powerful and customizable keep-awake utility ever created for macOS. ...
... are stimulants that speed up brain and body functions. Find out how these drugs can affect you in this article for ... What Are Amphetamines?. Amphetamines are stimulants. They speed up functions in the brain and body. They come in pill, tablet, ... When amphetamines get into the body, they go to work on the central nervous system. Amphetamines affect a brain chemical called ... Avoiding Amphetamines. Unless amphetamines are in powder form, they can look like any other pill. Because people rarely call ...
you know how the viagra commercials say something like do not take viagra if you have a heart condition ? well, amphetamine ...
What to do if a friend Overdoses: You can't fatally Overdose on Amphetamines, it is possible if you inject it though, if ... Amphetamines AKA Speed: Street Names: Fet, Powder, White, Whizz, Fettle, Throttle and Base (and various other slang names that ... Amphetamineunknown. Amphetamines AKA Speed: Street Names: Fet, Powder, White, Whizz, Fettle, Throttle and Base (and various ... Amphetamineunknown. First developed and marketed in the 1930's as Benzedrine to fight narcolepsy, Amphetamines are now ...
... amphetamine-like compound in dietary supplements - yet federal regulators have issued no warnings to consumers ... Nine diet supplements contain amphetamine-like compound. Alison Young , USA TODAY Published 2:42 p.m. ET Nov. 18, 2013 ... For the second time in recent weeks, scientists have found a "non-natural" amphetamine-like compound in dietary supplements - ... Nine diet supplements contain amphetamine-like compound. For the second time in recent weeks, scientists report finding "non- ...
Amphetamine in the Tropics. Br Med J 1960; 2 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5212.1601 (Published 26 November 1960) Cite ...
Dextroamphetamine and Amphetamine: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Before taking dextroamphetamine and amphetamine,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to amphetamine, ... Store dextroamphetamine and amphetamine in a safe place so that no one else can take it accidentally or on purpose. Keep track ... Dextroamphetamine and amphetamine may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go ...
Amphetamine Salts come in the form of a capsule or tablet. Usually last 4-6 hours for 25 mg and usually needs to take 2 pills ... amphetamine saltsunknown. Used to treat ADHD as well as narcolepsy which is the act of falling asleep while in a relaxed state ... Amphetamine Salts come in the form of a capsule or tablet. Usually last 4-6 hours for 25 mg and usually needs to take 2 pills ... I just popped 200mg of amphetamine salts and I want to fly out of a 20 story window and fly while ready a boring physics book. ...
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Lyrics to Amphetamine by Peter Laughner: Take the guitar player for a ride / Never he is left bein satisfied / Thinks is all ... Amphetamine Lyrics Languages Arabic Deutsch Greek English Spanish French Italian Japanese Korean Netherlands Portuguese Russian ...
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethyl)amphetamine (DOEF), also known as dimethoxyfluoroethylamphetamine, is a lesser-known psychedelic ... Also indirect D2 agonists, such as dopamine reuptake inhibitors (cocaine, methylphenidate), releasing agents (amphetamine, ... 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethyl)amphetamine. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ... Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethyl)amphetamine&oldid=903372537" ...
Definition Amphetamines are a group of drugs that stimulate the central nervous system [1]. Some of the brand names of ... amphetamines sold in the United States [2] are Dexedrine, Biphetamine, Das, Dexampex, Ferndex, Oxydess II, Spancap No 1, ... Amphetamines World of Forensic Science COPYRIGHT 2005 Thomson Gale. Amphetamines. Amphetamines are a family of chemical ... Amphetamines. Amphetamines are a group of nervous system stimulants that includes amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and ...
Source Package amphetamine. *jessie (games): 0.8.10-19 Binary packages: amphetamine *stretch (games): 0.8.10-19 Binary packages ... Binary packages: amphetamine Other hits. Source Package amphetamine-data. *jessie (games): 0.8.7-15 Binary packages: ... You have searched for source packages that names contain amphetamine in all suites, all sections, and all architectures. Found ...
JNeurosci Print ISSN: 0270-6474 Online ISSN: 1529-2401. The ideas and opinions expressed in JNeurosci do not necessarily reflect those of SfN or the JNeurosci Editorial Board. Publication of an advertisement or other product mention in JNeurosci should not be construed as an endorsement of the manufacturers claims. SfN does not assume any responsibility for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to any use of any material contained in JNeurosci.. ...
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database ...
The term "amphetamines" also refers to a chemical class, but, unlike the class of substituted amphetamines, the "amphetamines" ... amphetamine sulfate, and amphetamine aspartate") is excessively long, this article exclusively refers to this amphetamine ... ADZENYS XR-ODT (amphetamine extended-release orally disintegrating tablet) contains a 3 to 1 ratio of d- to l-amphetamine, a ... Following amphetamine uptake at VMAT2, amphetamine induces the collapse of the vesicular pH gradient, which results in the ...
The Evekeo brand of amphetamine is used to treat ADHD and also narcolepsy. Evekeo is sometimes used to treat obesity in people ... Amphetamine is a stimulant medicine that is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ... What is the most important information I should know about amphetamine?. Amphetamine may be habit-forming. Tell your doctor if ... What is amphetamine?. Amphetamine is a stimulant medicine that is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD ...
DerivativesPsychostimulantNeurotransmittersIllicitDrugsInteract with amphetamineADHDCocaineAdderall XRDextroamphetamine and amphetamineHighly addictiveSymptomsAddictiveAddictionMedicationsEvekeoRacemicTabletsDosageSupports Retina displaysUnderlying amphetamine abuseTabletEuphoriaPharmacological effectsStop taking amphDose of amphetaminesAbuse of amphetaminesFound that amphetamineRitalinDrugAcuteHyperactivityStimulants amphetamineDepressionEphedrineCommonlyMedicationAlertnessREPTILE RECORDSDiscovered in 1887Release of dopamineStimulate the central nervoPatientsSide effectsDopamine releaseBehaviorObesityInsomniaTreatmentsMonoamineEffectsPsychologicallyOverdoseExposureTreatment
- An extensive pharmacological survey revealed that psychostimulant and hallucinogenic amphetamines, numerous ergoline derivatives, adrenergic ligands, and 3-methylated metabolites of the catecholamine neurotransmitters are also good agonists at the rat trace amine receptor 1 (rTAR1). (mdma.net)
- It is currently thought that the biological activities elicited by trace amines such as p-tyramine and the psychostimulant amphetamines are manifestations of their ability to inhibit the clearance of extracellular transmitter and/or stimulate the efflux of transmitter from intracellular stores. (mdma.net)
- T he trace amine para-tyramine is structurally and functionally related to the amphetamines and the biogenic amine neurotransmitters. (mdma.net)
- Phentermine does possess similar biochemical properties to amphetamine and can illicit false-positives on urinalysis testing. (phentermineclinics.net)
- Many study drugs are amphetamines. (kidshealth.org)
- Amphetamines are a group of drugs that stimulate the central nervous system . (encyclopedia.com)
- Amphetamines are commonly abused recreational drugs and are highly addictive. (encyclopedia.com)
- People who are taking amphetamines should not stop taking these drugs suddenly. (encyclopedia.com)
- Which drugs or supplements interact with amphetamine and dextroamphetamine? (medicinenet.com)
- use of amphetamine within 14 days of using MAO inhibitor drugs should be avoided. (medicinenet.com)
- Mothers taking amphetamines should refrain from nursing their infants because these drugs are excreted in human milk and can have undesirable effects on the child. (medicinenet.com)
- Specifically, we should pay much more attention to the past history and the present realities of the family of drugs known as the amphetamines, which have a good claim to be recognized as the distinctive crime problem of the Pacific Rim region. (psu.edu)
- This claim about the significance of amphetamines may sound strange given the very small scholarly or professional attention generally paid to these substances in comparison to other better-known drugs. (psu.edu)
- Originally widely used for legal purposes, amphetamine drugs acquired several distinct and quite respectable American markets, including among hard-pressed businessmen and blue collar workers (truckers and shift-workers), in schools and colleges, in sports, and among women seeking to lose weight (the following account is taken from Jenkins 1999). (psu.edu)
- Amphetamines were at least as widely abused than other better-known drugs. (psu.edu)
- A total of 529 drugs (3907 brand and generic names) are known to interact with amphetamine / dextroamphetamine . (drugs.com)
- No matter how a person takes amphetamines, these drugs hit with a fast high, making the user feel powerful, alert, and energized. (kidshealth.org)
- Even after users stop taking amphetamines, they may still have problems such as aggression, anxiety, and strong cravings for the drugs. (kidshealth.org)
- Amphetamines have been used since then in the development of a variety of drugs, most notably Adderall and Ritalin, which treat ADD and ADHD. (livescience.com)
- Amphetamine oral tablet is available as brand-name drugs. (healthline.com)
- The authors tested a number of drugs at various doses and found that in addition to L-DOPA-related treatments, drugs related to amphetamine were effective in ameliorating muscle rigidity, tremor, and impaired movement in these mice. (eurekalert.org)
- Drugs like amphetamine, which trigger dopamine release in the striatum, enhance locomotor activity. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Addiction to amphetamines and cocaine devastates lives, families and communities in Oregon and across the U.S. Our research pinpoints how these addictive drugs interfere with the dopamine transporter and normal signaling in the brain, bringing us closer to developing effective treatments for people who are addicted to cocaine and amphetamines," Eric Gouaux, a senior scientist at the university's Vollum Institute, said in a university news release. (medicinenet.com)
- Numerous drugs, including amphetamine, were detected in stream sites, with illicit drug levels highest in the most urban streams. (eurekalert.org)
- Amphetamines belongs to the Stimulants catergory because these drugs speed up the messages between the brain and the body. (prezi.com)
- The following drugs may interact with amphetamine. (wholehealthmd.com)
- The only randomized trials of amphetamine withdrawal agents have been of antidepressant drugs (amineptine and mirtazapine). (cochrane.org)
- But its latest incarnation actually represents something of a return to its roots: Before they became ADHD drugs, amphetamines, of course, were diet drugs. (motherjones.com)
- By the late '60s, at the peak of the drugs' use, an estimated 1 in 10 American women were consuming amphetamines. (motherjones.com)
- After numerous exposes on "Mother's Little Helper" and "speed freaks" in Ladies Home Journal and elsewhere-as well as a study finding that nearly half of the amphetamine users took the pills for nonmedical reasons-the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (the equivalent of today's Drug Enforcement Agency) stepped in. (motherjones.com)
- West Germany, Switzerland and Austria have withdrawn a series of slimming drugs, derived from amphetamines, after describing a link between them and disturbances in heart rhythm as "the most serious affair since the Thalidomide tragedy. (nymag.com)
- All of these drugs are chemical derivatives of amphetamine, and each possesses psychostimulant properties. (wisegeek.com)
- Unlike the other drugs in the amphetamine class, phentermine appears to have little abuse potential, primarily because the ingestion of it typically does not induce euphoria in the individual. (wisegeek.com)
- With the normal dopamine transporter, methylphenidate (Ritalin) blocks the ability of amphetamine (Adderall) to make the transporter run backward, yet both drugs are equally beneficial to patients with ADHD. (biopsychiatry.com)
- Amphetamine is in a class of drugs that mimic the hormone adrenaline, which is released in our bodies during times of stress. (allaboutcounseling.com)
- Myaddiction.com - From this website I learned that amphetamines are in a class of drugs that mimic adrenaline. (allaboutcounseling.com)
- Drugs.com - From this website I learned that amphetamines stimulate the central nervous system, and that they increase heart rate and blood pressure. (allaboutcounseling.com)
- AS A distinguished pharmacologist with experience in both the pharmaceutical industry and policy-making, Iversen uses his broad knowledge to good effect in this study of amphetamines, the third on psychoactive drugs that he has written for OUP. (newscientist.com)
- If/when the NFL and NFLPA finally reach an agreement on HGH testing, amphetamines could join MDMA and other recreational drugs under the substance-abuse policy. (nbcsports.com)
- These medicines may interact with amphetamine and cause a serious condition called serotonin syndrome. (rexhealth.com)
- Show all medications in the database that may interact with amphetamine / dextroamphetamine. (drugs.com)
- Citrus juices and caffeinated beverages and foods may interact with amphetamine. (wholehealthmd.com)
- Long-term amphetamine exposure at sufficiently high doses in some animal species is known to produce abnormal dopamine system development or nerve damage, but, in humans with ADHD, pharmaceutical amphetamines appear to improve brain development and nerve growth. (wikipedia.org)
- Reviews of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies suggest that long-term treatment with amphetamine decreases abnormalities in brain structure and function found in subjects with ADHD, and improves function in several parts of the brain, such as the right caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
- One review highlighted a nine-month randomized controlled trial of amphetamine treatment for ADHD in children that found an average increase of 4.5 IQ points, continued increases in attention, and continued decreases in disruptive behaviors and hyperactivity. (wikipedia.org)
- Amphetamine , dextroamphetamine , and mixed amphetamine salts increase effective use of dopamine and norepinephrine in parts of the brain that regulate attention and behavior in order to control symptoms associated with ADHD and improve functioning. (factbites.com)
- Reuters Health) - Children and young adults with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who are treated with the stimulants amphetamine or methylphenidate face a small but significant risk of developing psychosis, with amphetamine products twice as likely to spark at problem, researchers say. (reuters.com)
- Amphetamines are among the most commonly prescribed medications to manage ADHD, yet despite their addictive potential, we really don't know how safe or efficacious they are. (medscape.com)
- A team of investigators from the University of Alberta, Canada, have used standard Cochrane methodology to evaluate the safety and efficacy of amphetamines for ADHD in children and adolescents. (medscape.com)
- The researchers found that many of the trials were of poor quality, and while amphetamines did seem efficacious at reducing the core symptoms of ADHD in the short term, they were associated with a greater number of adverse events, such as decreased appetite, insomnia, abdominal pain, nausea, headaches, and anxiety. (medscape.com)
- The evidence confirms that amphetamines have an established role in the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents, but from a clinical perspective they should be part of a wider, individually customized biopsychosocial treatment plan. (medscape.com)
- Cite this: Efficacy and Safety of Amphetamines in ADHD - Medscape - Apr 14, 2016. (medscape.com)
- Amphetamine works in the treatment of ADHD by increasing attention and decreasing restlessness in children and adults who are overactive, cannot concentrate for very long, or are easily distracted and impulsive. (mayoclinic.org)
- Amphetamine, Dextroamphetamine Mixed Salts belongs to central nervous system stimulants class, prescribed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with counseling and special education. (medindia.net)
- An amphetamine, it was until this year marketed exclusively to treat ADHD. (motherjones.com)
- The combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine is used as part of a total treatment program for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (depression-guide.com)
- Data derived from the official clinical trials of dextroamphetamine indicate that the drug has a high level of efficacy for treating ADHD, in comparison with other forms of amphetamine. (wisegeek.com)
- The researchers propose that because the altered transporter runs backward and pushes dopamine out into the space between neurons -- like normal transporters do when amphetamine, or 'speed,' is present -- it alters dopamine signaling and contributes to the symptoms of ADHD. (biopsychiatry.com)
- Educate patients on the toxic effects of amphetamines and that amphetamines are not a safe alternative to cocaine use. (factbites.com)
- TUESDAY, May 12, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- A new study reveals how cocaine and amphetamines affect the brain, and researchers hope the findings will lead to new addiction treatments. (medicinenet.com)
- Currently, there are no approved drug therapies for amphetamine abuse, and people addicted to amphetamines and cocaine have a high relapse rate, the researchers said. (medicinenet.com)
- Amphetamines and cocaine block dopamine signaling by interfering with the functioning of the dopamine transporter, the researchers explained. (medicinenet.com)
- This groundbreaking research arms the pharmaceutical industry with specific information about targets for treatment, opening the door for new therapeutic approaches for blocking the effects of cocaine and amphetamine. (medicinenet.com)
- DAT can also bind amphetamine, cocaine, and other psychostimulants, which inhibit dopamine reuptake, and, in the case of amphetamine, also stimulate the release of dopamine through DAT. (innovations-report.com)
- In clinical practice, medications for cocaine withdrawal are commonly used to manage amphetamine withdrawal although the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of these two illicit substances are different. (cochrane.org)
- The purpose of this study is to evaluate results of d-amphetamine - cocaine (pharmacology) interaction study. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- This paper summarises data for the prevalence, correlates, and probable adverse health consequences of problem use of amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, and opioids. (idpc.net)
- An amphetamine overdose can be very dangerous, especially if the user has mixed amphetamines with other substances such as alcohol, cocaine or ecstasy . (allaboutcounseling.com)
- The combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine comes as an immediate-relase tablet (Adderall) and as an extended-release (long-acting) capsule (Adderall XR, Mydayis) to take by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
- Do not crush or chew the extended-release form of amphetamine-dextroamphetamine (Adderall XR). (depression-guide.com)
- The combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine can be habit-forming. (medlineplus.gov)
- Overusing dextroamphetamine and amphetamine may also cause serious heart problems or sudden death. (medlineplus.gov)
- Your doctor will probably not prescribe dextroamphetamine and amphetamine for you. (medlineplus.gov)
- You may develop severe depression and extreme tiredness if you suddenly stop taking dextroamphetamine and amphetamine after overusing it. (medlineplus.gov)
- Selling or giving away dextroamphetamine and amphetamine may harm others and is against the law. (medlineplus.gov)
- Store dextroamphetamine and amphetamine in a safe place so that no one else can take it accidentally or on purpose. (medlineplus.gov)
- Dextroamphetamine and amphetamine combination should not be taken in the late afternoon or evening because it may cause difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. (medlineplus.gov)
- Take dextroamphetamine and amphetamine exactly as directed. (medlineplus.gov)
- The combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine comes as a tablet to take by mouth. (depression-guide.com)
- Dextroamphetamine and amphetamine can be habit-forming. (depression-guide.com)
- Amphetamines are highly addictive and should be used only if alternative approaches have failed. (encyclopedia.com)
- Amphetamine is a highly addictive psychostimulant that promotes the release of the catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine. (mendeley.com)
- Field sampling was then followed up with an artificial stream experiment to determine how amphetamine - a biologically active, highly addictive, and widely used drug - affects stream life. (eurekalert.org)
- Amphetamines are highly addictive! (prezi.com)
- Since amphetamine is highly addictive, he will suffer strong cravings for the drug that bar his path back to sobriety. (narconon.ca)
- People whose bodies are used to taking lots of amphetamines might keep using them to avoid withdrawal symptoms. (kidshealth.org)
- Infants who are born to mothers dependent on amphetamines exhibit symptoms of withdrawal and have an increased risk of low birth weight. (medicinenet.com)
- Certain formulations of amphetamine, typically pseudoephedrine, are used in medications that treat cold symptoms , such as Sudafed, Franssen said. (livescience.com)
- Amphetamine may cause dizziness , blurred vision , or restlessness , and it may hide the symptoms of extreme tiredness. (factbites.com)
- Symptoms of amphetamine withdrawal during the initial days of abstinence from chronic amphetamine use can prompt individuals to return to regular drug use. (cochrane.org)
- No medications demonstrate significant effects over placebo in reducing symptoms of acute amphetamine withdrawal. (cochrane.org)
- To assess the effectiveness of pharmacological alone or in combination with psychosocial treatment for amphetamine withdrawals on discontinuation rates, global state, withdrawal symptoms, craving, and other outcomes. (cochrane.org)
- All randomised controlled and clinical trials evaluating pharmacological and or psychosocial treatments (alone or combined) for people with amphetamine withdrawal symptoms. (cochrane.org)
- The benefits of mirtazapine over placebo for reducing amphetamine withdrawal symptoms were not as clear. (cochrane.org)
- One study suggested that mirtazapine may reduce hyperarousal and anxiety symptoms associated with amphetamine withdrawal. (cochrane.org)
- A more recent study failed to find any benefit of mirtazapine over placebo on retention or on amphetamine withdrawal symptoms. (cochrane.org)
- The authors stress the amphetamine positive patients in the study likely comprised a combination of acutely intoxicated patients, patients in withdrawal, patients without residual symptoms and patients not using methamphetamines. (hawaii.edu)
- Amphetamines are very addictive stimulants. (kidshealth.org)
- Use caution when taking amphetamine if you've ever had substance addiction problems or a family history of addiction. (healthline.com)
- I dislike amphetamine in general because it causes addiction and can have very dangerous side effects like psychosis when used in the long term. (wisegeek.com)
- Seeking out a professional drug rehab center is the first step towards overcoming an amphetamine addiction. (allaboutcounseling.com)
- The good news is that he can be guided back to a recovery from amphetamine addiction . (narconon.ca)
- Amphetamine is in a class of medications called central nervous system stimulants. (medlineplus.gov)
- The interaction between over-the-counter cold medications with amphetamine, for instance, is particularly dangerous because this combination can significantly increase blood pressure. (encyclopedia.com)
- Patients receiving antihypertensive medications may experience loss of blood pressure control with amphetamine. (medicinenet.com)
- Amphetamines are a class of stimulants often included in cold medications. (livescience.com)
- Soon after Alles' discovery, pharmaceutical companies developed amphetamine medications for treating congestion and asthma, according to a review published in the American Journal of Public Health in 2008. (livescience.com)
- A 2015 clinical trial published in the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology reported that patients who took amphetamine medications experienced increased weight loss and motivation. (livescience.com)
- When taken properly, amphetamine-based medications can be safe and effective. (livescience.com)
- Amphetamine medications are taken by mouth, in the morning, with or without food, exactly as prescribed by your healthcare professional. (factbites.com)
- Amphetamine medications should be avoided in individuals who have a heart defect (structural abnormalities), uncontrolled high blood pressure , or a disorder of the heart or blood vessels. (factbites.com)
- Amphetamine/dextroamphetamine belongs to a class of medications often called stimulants. (colourlovers.com)
- In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of amphetamine medications in the treatment of conditions like attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. (eurekalert.org)
- Amphetamine (Evekeo, others) is also used for a limited period of time (a few weeks) along with a reduced calorie diet and an exercise plan for weight loss in obese people unable to lose weight. (medlineplus.gov)
- Amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is equal parts of the two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine, in their pure amine forms. (wikipedia.org)
- Amphetamine, as the racemic form, differs from dextroamphetamine in a number of ways. (nih.gov)
- Although 'amphetamine' is used as a descriptor of its own structural class, amphetamine properly refers to a racemic free base composed of equal parts of its two optical antipodes: levo-amphetamine and dextro-amphetamine. (drugbank.ca)
- The amphetamine business became a vast and profitable economic enterprise: by 1958, some eight billion pills and tablets were produced legally each year in the United States, in addition to the sizable illegal market, and to clandestine imports from Mexico, and by 1971, legal production had risen to twelve billion pills. (psu.edu)
- No information is available on the relationship of age to the effects of amphetamine tablets in geriatric patients. (mayoclinic.org)
- Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of amphetamine extended-release oral suspension and extended-release oral disintegrating tablets in the geriatric population. (mayoclinic.org)
- Eight billion amphetamine tablets are officially produced in the U.S. annually, enough to supply 40 doses to every man, woman and child. (nymag.com)
- What is the dosage for amphetamine and dextroamphetamine? (medicinenet.com)
- We need to prescribe amphetamines carefully, using the minimum effective dosage, and with drug holidays if possible. (medscape.com)
- Regardless of indication, amphetamine should be administered at the lowest effective dosage and dosage should be individually adjusted. (rxlist.com)
- Amphetamine supports Retina displays and OS X's dark mode. (apple.com)
- This localization of 'amphetamine reward' suggests that the nucleus accumbens contains a synaptic mechanism underlying amphetamine abuse and, perhaps, also natural reinforcement of behavior. (nih.gov)
- Each tablet, for oral administration contains 5 mg or 10 mg of amphetamine sulfate, USP. (nih.gov)
- Amphetamine comes in three forms: oral tablet, extended-release orally disintegrating tablet, and extended-release oral liquid. (healthline.com)
- Amphetamine is a prescription drug It comes as an oral tablet and extended-release orally disintegrating tablet, as well as an extended-release oral liquid. (healthline.com)
- Amphetamine oral tablet is not available as a generic drug. (healthline.com)
- Amphetamine oral tablet doesn't cause drowsiness, but it can cause other side effects. (healthline.com)
- A stereoisomer, pseudoephedrine (Pseudofed) is a popular cold tablet, also used in the manufacture of amphetamine. (healthy.net)
- At therapeutic doses, amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in desire for sex, increased wakefulness, and improved cognitive control. (wikipedia.org)
- Amphetamine really does give a sense of euphoria, especially at higher doses. (wisegeek.com)
- Amphetamines can produce euphoria, and so are manufactured for recreational use. (cochrane.org)
- Amphetamines produce increased alertness and a feeling of euphoria. (stlukesonline.org)
- Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu, although its pharmacological effects remained unknown until the 1930s. (wikipedia.org)
- Do not stop taking amphetamine without talking to your doctor, especially if you have overused the medication. (medlineplus.gov)
- if you suddenly stop taking amphetamine after overusing it. (medlineplus.gov)
- Using too large a dose of amphetamines at one time can cause an overdose. (kidshealth.org)
- The typical starting dose of amphetamines given to children with attention-deficit disorder over the age of six years is 5 mg per day. (encyclopedia.com)
- Long-term abuse of amphetamines may cause people to have hallucinations, hear voices, feel paranoid, and develop a psychosis that resembles schizophrenia. (kidshealth.org)
- You Should need to know these warnings before buy Adderall online, Misuse or abuse of amphetamines may possibly cause critical (maybe fatal) coronary heart and hypertension difficulties. (colourlovers.com)
- Early investigations of the properties of amphetamine focused on the peripheral effects and found that amphetamine was a sympathomimetic agent with bronchodilator properties. (factbites.com)
- To their surprise, the investigators also found that amphetamine blocks the leak of dopamine through variant transporter. (biopsychiatry.com)
- Because people rarely call them "amphetamines," it can help to be aware of other names for amphetamines, from brand names like Ritalin or Adderall to nicknames like Bennies or Black Mollies. (kidshealth.org)
- An amphetamine-based medication, such as Adderall or Ritalin, increases dopamine production in the connections between the prefrontal cortex and other locations in the brain, Franssen explained. (livescience.com)
- When this happens, amphetamine users develop a tolerance to the drug. (kidshealth.org)
- It is a prescription drug in many countries, and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use. (wikipedia.org)
- 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethyl)amphetamine ( DOEF ), also known as dimethoxyfluoroethylamphetamine , is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and member of the DOx class . (wikipedia.org)
- Individuals with a history of drug abuse, psychological agitation, or cardiovascular system disease should also not receive amphetamine therapy. (encyclopedia.com)
- Is amphetamine and dextroamphetamine available as a generic drug? (medicinenet.com)
- In reality, amphetamines have for over half a century been the basis of a very lively subculture that is overwhelmingly white, and concentrated in rural and suburban communities far removed from conventional stereotypes of drug-ridden neighborhoods. (psu.edu)
- NC)-Animals that have suffered a stroke recover faster and to a greater extent when they are treated with amphetamine, but it's unclear whether the drug will have the same effect in humans. (streetdirectory.com)
- Amphetamine may be habit-forming, and this medicine is a drug of abuse. (everydayhealth.com)
- Amphetamine is a drug I have a strange relationship with, at once a drug I have been intimate with but only at a distance, mediated by the bodies of others, a specific other, an other through whom I came to know the sexual and physiological effects of base only as that body on which, but never within which, amphetaminergic affects played themselves out. (libcom.org)
- NEW PORT RICHEY, Fla. (AP) - An autopsy report says retired star pitcher Roy Halladay had evidence of amphetamine, morphine and an insomnia drug in his system when he died in a small plane crash in Florida last year. (nydailynews.com)
- In communal enclaves like the East Village, amphetamine is already the No. 1 drug. (nymag.com)
- General practitioners rely increasingly on amphetamine to treat overweight and mildly depressed patients, as well as alcoholics and drug addicts. (nymag.com)
- A new report by UNODC ranks amphetamine-type stimulants as the world's second most widely used type of drug after cannabis. (idpc.net)
- When half the usual drug intake was given automatically, animals reduced their response rate by half, thus self-regulating the total amount of amphetamine they received. (nih.gov)
- One of the off-label uses for the drug is for treating obesity: Dextroamphetamine, like all types of amphetamine, is an appetite suppressant, which is helpful for individuals who have abnormally large appetites. (wisegeek.com)
- Overall, out of 16,018 patients, 15.1 percent of the drug-screened patients tested positive for amphetamines over the study period. (hawaii.edu)
- The limited usefulness of amphetamines (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ) should be weighed against possible risks inherent in use of the drug, such as those described below. (rxlist.com)
- Home Drug Testing Kit - From this website I learned what the long-term effects of amphetamine abuse are. (allaboutcounseling.com)
- Every kind of drug abuse creates damage, but the abuse of amphetamine may create some of the most serious effects. (narconon.ca)
- He (or she) will continue to abuse amphetamine until the drug runs out or until the body just crashes, unable to sustain any more activity. (narconon.ca)
- A person trying to get off his steady diet of amphetamine is going to experience very sharp cravings for the drug. (narconon.ca)
- So amphetamine is a performance enhancing drug. (nbcsports.com)
- The triad of hyperactivity, hyperpyrexia, and hypertension is characteristic of acute amphetamine overdosage. (factbites.com)
- 2005) Dopamine-independent locomotor actions of amphetamines in a novel acute mouse model of Parkinson's disease. (eurekalert.org)
- The diagnosis of acute amphetamine poisoning is made on the history of exposure or abuse, and the characteristic features of CNS and cardiovascular stimulation. (inchem.org)
- Amphetamine causes hyperactivity, paranoia and psychosis in normal subjects. (biopsychiatry.com)
- Its active ingredient, fenethylline, is metabolised by the body into the stimulants amphetamine and theophylline. (reuters.com)
- During World War II, amphetamines were used by the German military to keep their tank crews awake for long periods, and treat depression. (wikipedia.org)
- Amphetamine may cause unusual thoughts or behavior, especially if you have a history of depression, mental illness, or bipolar disorder. (rexhealth.com)
- Amphetamines became a cure-all for helping truckers to complete their long routes without falling asleep, for weight control, for helping athletes to perform better and train longer, and for treating mild depression . (factbites.com)
- Amphetamines can make people feel more alert, and are prescribed for problems like depression and attention deficit order. (cochrane.org)
- There are many different reasons a person might want to use amphetamines, some of them being to stay awake for hours on end, to have an all night study session, to partake in a long night of partying, to lose weight or even to treat depression. (allaboutcounseling.com)
- Advice needed with amphetamine / ephedrine withdrawal. (medhelp.org)
- Amphetamine diet pills are a supplement that is commonly used to help lose weight by reducing the levels of hunger throughout the day. (wisegeek.com)
- If you take too much amphetamine, you may continue to feel a need to take large amounts of the medication, and you may experience unusual changes in your behavior. (medlineplus.gov)
- Your doctor or pharmacist will give you the manufacturer's patient information sheet (Medication Guide) when you begin treatment with amphetamine and each time you refill your prescription. (medlineplus.gov)
- The effects of amphetamine can last up to 20 hours after the medication has last been taken. (encyclopedia.com)
- Patients taking amphetamines should always tell their physicians and dentists that they are using this medication. (encyclopedia.com)
- Patients should consult their physician before taking any over-the-counter medication while taking amphetamines. (encyclopedia.com)
- Amphetamine may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. (rexhealth.com)
- Read the Medication Manual before buy Adderall online and, if accessible, the Affected person Details Leaflet supplied by your pharmacist before you start using Amphetamine/Dextroamphetamine and each time you have a refill. (colourlovers.com)
- No medication is effective for treatment of amphetamine withdrawal. (cochrane.org)
- Amphetamine-positive patients spent more time per visit on average in the emergency department and were more likely to require medication and physical restraints, compared to amphetamine-negative patients. (hawaii.edu)
- By far the biggest speed-pusher in history was the armed services, which from the second world war through Vietnam distributed amphetamines lavishly to service people undertaking tasks requiring alertness and wakefulness: we are talking in terms of multi-billion pill quantities. (psu.edu)
- It has been shown that amphetamines can trigger release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine and cause sudden bursts in neurotransmission, leading to a feeling of alertness, increased muscular activity, and reduced fatigue. (eurekalert.org)
- Amphetamine activates nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord to increase motor activity and alertness and lessen drowsiness and fatigue. (wholehealthmd.com)
- The reason for this is that amphetamine diet pills will increase the heart rate, enhance performance and alertness, and produce the feelings of being on top of the world. (wisegeek.com)
- Daddy Has a Tail is the second Cows album overall and their first album on Amphetamine Reptile Records. (forcedexposure.com)
- CD reissue of alien guitarist Helios Creed's second solo album originally released on Amphetamine Reptile Records in 1989 and long out of print. (forcedexposure.com)
- Double CD compilation of the famous Amphetamine Reptile Records 7" series! (forcedexposure.com)
- Eric Robel's The Color of Noise (2015) is about the notorious midwest-based influential indie record label Amphetamine Reptile Records, home to punk, underground, noise, and sludge rock bands of note and the art movement that accompanied it. (nightflight.com)
- Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. (wikipedia.org)
- Amphetamine-induced release of dopamine in the midbrain inhibits the activity of dopamine neurons through activation of D2 dopamine autoreceptors. (mendeley.com)
- Amphetamine desensitizes the mGluR-mediated hyperpolarization through release of dopamine, activation of postsynaptic alpha1 adrenergic receptors, and suppression of InsP3-induced calcium release from internal stores. (mendeley.com)
- Through this mechanism, amphetamine may enhance phasic release of dopamine, which is important in the neural processing of reward. (mendeley.com)
- Amphetamines stimulate the central nervous system by increasing the amount of certain chemicals in the body. (allaboutcounseling.com)
- In addition, patients who have taken MAO inhibitors, a type of antidepressant, within the last 14 days should not receive amphetamines. (encyclopedia.com)
- Dr. Sandra Black and her team at the Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre are conducting tests to determine whether patients treated with amphetamine recover better from paralysis, sensory loss, language deficits and other effects of stroke. (streetdirectory.com)
- Whilst some patients show signs of toxicity at blood concentrations of 20 g/L, chronic abusers of amphetamine have been known to have blood concentration of up to 3000 g/L. (inchem.org)
- A pilot clinical trial exploring the benefit of d-amphetamine combined with physical therapy for stroke patients found no evidence that the regimen improved post-stroke motor recovery. (news-medical.net)
- Amphetamine is also used for weight reduction in obese patients. (mayoclinic.org)
- The rate of patients who tested positive for amphetamine was measured and broken down by year. (hawaii.edu)
- Amphetamines produce considerable side effects and are especially toxic in large quantities. (encyclopedia.com)
- What are the side effects of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine? (medicinenet.com)
- Amphetamine diet pills are very effective when it comes to weight loss, but many side effects accompany them when used. (wisegeek.com)
- The biochemical steps underlying amphetamine-induced dopamine release, however, are not well characterized. (innovations-report.com)
- Now, a team led by Jonathan Javitch and Aurelio Galli has identified a chemical modification of DAT that is essential for DAT-mediated dopamine release in the presence of amphetamine. (innovations-report.com)
- Long-term amphetamine use by children can affect behavior and growth. (wholehealthmd.com)
- There's some evidence that amphetamines may treat obesity by acting as appetite suppressants. (livescience.com)
- Phentermine, marketed as Adipex®, is an amphetamine treatment that has been approved by the FDA for treating obesity. (wisegeek.com)
- Amphetamines should be administered during waking hours and late evening doses should be avoided in order to avoid insomnia . (medicinenet.com)
- Few studies examined treatments for amphetamine withdrawal, although it is a common problem among amphetamine users. (cochrane.org)
- Amphetamine, through activation of a trace amine receptor, increases monoamine and excitatory neurotransmitter activity in the brain, with its most pronounced effects targeting the catecholamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. (wikipedia.org)
- By mimicking the structures of the catecholamine neurotransmitters, noradrenaline and dopamine, amphetamines modulate monoamine release, reuptake, and signalling within the brain. (drugbank.ca)
- Amphetamines are usually given orally and their effects can last for hours. (encyclopedia.com)
- Amphetamines produce their effects by altering chemicals that transmit nerve messages in the body. (encyclopedia.com)
- The "reinforcing" effects of substituted amphetamines were quickly discovered, and the misuse of substituted amphetamines had been noted as far back as 1936. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1929, Gordon Alles, a U.S. biochemist, discovered that amphetamine had physiological effects. (livescience.com)
- There is neither specific evidence which clearly establishes the mechanism whereby amphetamines produce mental and behavioral effects in children, nor conclusive evidence regarding how those effects relate to the condition of the central nervous system. (nih.gov)
- this may be important for understanding effects of amphetamine use during pregnancy. (factbites.com)
- We found that when artificial streams were exposed to amphetamine at a concentration similar to what we found in parts of the Gwynns Falls watershed, there were measurable and concerning effects to the base of the aquatic food web. (eurekalert.org)
- There are some serious long-term effects of amphetamine abuse including damage to nerve cells and brain cells containing serotonin, convulsions, paranoia, hallucinations, seizures, strokes, and psychosomatic disorders . (allaboutcounseling.com)
- Due to these stimulating effects a person can easily become addicted to amphetamines. (allaboutcounseling.com)
- The effects of amphetamine on the addict's personality are similarly harsh and harmful. (narconon.ca)
- Physically, the effects of heavy amphetamine abuse include chest pain, heart failure and convulsions. (narconon.ca)
- Amphetamines are very addicting both physically and psychologically, and can take a detrimental toll on a person's body. (allaboutcounseling.com)
- What to do if a friend Overdoses: You can't fatally Overdose on Amphetamines, it is possible if you inject it though, if your friend takes to much and complains about stomach upset theres nothing you can really do exept try to chill them out. (urbandictionary.com)
- Whatever the reason may be for taking amphetamines there is always a high risk of overdose . (allaboutcounseling.com)
- TheGoodDrugsGuide.com - From this website I learned about amphetamine overdoses and what the signs of an amphetamine overdose are. (allaboutcounseling.com)
- We were interested in revealing how amphetamine exposure influences the small plants and animals that play a large role in regulating the health of streams. (eurekalert.org)
- By the 1930s, amphetamine and some of its derivative compounds found use as decongestants in the symptomatic treatment of colds and also occasionally as psychoactive agents. (wikipedia.org)
- Resulting data showed no overall treatment-related difference in Fugl-Meyer Motor scores between baseline and 3-month post-stroke in the two test groups (18.65+2.27 points with d-amphetamine vs. 20.83+2.94 points with placebo). (news-medical.net)
- Take amphetamine as prescribed for the full treatment period, even if you begin to feel better before the scheduled end of therapy. (wholehealthmd.com)
- What Are the Different Types of Amphetamine Treatment? (wisegeek.com)
- dextroamphetamine is the most prescribed amphetamine treatment. (wisegeek.com)