A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.

Role of antioxidant defenses against ethanol-induced damage in cultured rat gastric epithelial cells. (1/160)

Reactive oxygen species appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in vivo. Because ingested ethanol diffuses into the gastric mucosa, targeting both epithelium and endothelium, in the present study we examined the possible protective effect of antioxidants on ethanol damage in gastric epithelial cells and endothelial cells in vitro. Cytotoxicity by ethanol was quantified by measuring 51Cr release. The effects of impairment of the glutathione redox cycle and of inhibition of cellular catalase were examined. The generation of superoxide was assessed by the reduction in cytochrome c. Ethanol caused a time- and dose-dependent increase in 51Cr release from epithelial cells. Incubation of cells with DL-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine, while reducing glutathione production, dose dependently enhanced ethanol-induced injury. 1,3-Bis(chloroethyl)-nitrosourea, while inhibiting glutathione reductase activity, also sensitized cells to ethanol. In contrast, the inhibition of catalase with 3-amino-1,2, 4-triazole did not alter the susceptibility of epithelial cells to ethanol. Ethanol induced damage to endothelial cells in a similar fashion. In endothelial cells, however, neither impairment of the glutathione cycle nor inhibition of catalase influenced ethanol-induced damage. Epithelial cells, when exposed to ethanol, increased superoxide production as a function of ethanol concentration, whereas endothelial cells did not. The glutathione redox cycle, but not cellular catalase, plays a critical role in protecting epithelial cells against ethanol damage, whereas neither antioxidant seems to play a role in protection of endothelial cells. The distinct difference in antioxidant protection against ethanol appears to depend on the capability of each cell to produce cytotoxic oxygen species in response to ethanol exposure.  (+info)

Reactive oxygen species participate in mdr1b mRNA and P-glycoprotein overexpression in primary rat hepatocyte cultures. (2/160)

P-glycoproteins encoded by multidrug resistance type 1 (mdr1) genes mediate ATP-dependent efflux of numerous lipophilic xenobiotics, including several anticancer drugs, from cells. Overexpression of mdr1-type transporters in tumour cells contributes to a multidrug resistance phenotype. Several factors shown to induce mdr1 overexpression (UV irradiation, epidermal growth factor, tumour necrosis factor alpha, doxorubicin) have been associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, primary rat hepatocyte cultures that exhibit time-dependent overexpression of the mdr1b gene were used as a model system to investigate whether ROS might participate in the regulation of intrinsic mdr1b overexpression. Addition of H2O2 to the culture medium resulted in a significant increase in mdrlb mRNA and P-glycoprotein after 3 days of culture, with maximal (approximately 2-fold) induction being observed with 0.5-1 mM H2O2. Furthermore, H2O2 led to activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, a nuclear enzyme activated by DNA strand breaks, indicating that ROS reached the nuclear compartment. Thus, extracellularly applied H2O2 elicited intracellular effects. Treatment of rat hepatocytes with the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (2-4 mM for 72 h or 10 mM for 1 h following the hepatocyte attachment period) also led to an up-regulation of mdrlb mRNA and P-glycoprotein expression. Conversely, antioxidants (1 mM ascorbate, 10 mM mannitol, 2% dimethyl sulphoxide, 10 mM N-acetylcysteine) markedly suppressed intrinsic mdr1b mRNA and P-glycoprotein overexpression. Intracellular steady-state levels of the mdrl substrate rhodamine 123, determined as parameter of mdr1-type transport activity, indicated that mdr1-dependent efflux was increased in hepatocytes pretreated with H2O2 or aminotriazole and decreased in antioxidant-treated cells. The induction of mdr1b mRNA and of functionally active mdr1-type P-glycoproteins by elevation in intracellular ROS levels and the repression of intrinsic mdrlb mRNA and P-glycoprotein overexpression by antioxidant compounds support the conclusion that the expression of the mdr1b P-glycoprotein is regulated in a redox-sensitive manner.  (+info)

Susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide and catalase activity of root nodule bacteria. (3/160)

The root nodule bacteria (free-living cells) tested had higher susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) than the other genera of aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria tested. The catalase activities tended to have a positive correlation with H2O2 resistance among all bacteria tested. Addition of a catalase inhibitor such as 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole increased the susceptibility to H2O2. These results suggest that the lower catalase activity brings about the higher susceptibility of root nodule bacteria to H2O2. Root nodule bacteria seemed to have two or three catalase isozymes during growth and their catalase activities were higher in log phase than in stationary phase, contrary to other genera of bacteria tested.  (+info)

A TATA-binding protein mutant defective for TFIID complex formation in vivo. (4/160)

Using an intragenic complementation screen, we have identified a temperature-sensitive TATA-binding protein (TBP) mutant (K151L, K156Y) that is defective for interaction with certain yeast TBP-associated factors (TAFs) at the restrictive temperature. The K151L,K156Y mutant appears to be functional for RNA polymerase I (Pol I) and Pol III transcription, and it is capable of supporting Gal4-activated and Gcn4-activated transcription by Pol II. However, transcription from certain TATA-containing and TATA-less Pol II promoters is reduced at the restrictive temperature. Immunoprecipitation analysis of extracts prepared after culturing cells at the restrictive temperature for 1 h indicates that the K151L,K156Y derivative is severely compromised in its ability to interact with TAF130, TAF90, TAF68/61, and TAF25 while remaining functional for interaction with TAF60 and TAF30. Thus, a TBP mutant that is compromised in its ability to form TFIID can support the response to Gcn4 but is defective for transcription from specific promoters in vivo.  (+info)

Generation of reactive oxygen species by human mesothelioma cells. (5/160)

Malignant mesothelioma cells contain elevated levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and are highly resistant to oxidants compared to non-malignant mesothelial cells. Since the level of cellular free radicals may be important for cell survival, we hypothesized that the increase of MnSOD in the mitochondria of mesothelioma cells may alter the free radical levels of these organelles. First, MnSOD activity was compared to the activities of two constitutive mitochondrial enzymes; MnSOD activity was 20 times higher in the mesothelioma cells than in the mesothelial cells, whereas the activities of citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase did not differ significantly in the two cell lines. This indicates that the activity of MnSOD per mitochondrion was increased in the mesothelioma cells. Superoxide production was assayed in the isolated mitochondria of these cells using lucigenin chemiluminescence. Mitochondrial superoxide levels were significantly lower (72%) in the mesothelioma cells compared to the mesothelial cells. Oxidant production in intact cells, assayed by fluorimetry using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein as a fluorescent probe, did not differ significantly between these cells. We conclude that mitochondrial superoxide levels are lower in mesothelioma cells compared to nonmalignant mesothelial cells, and that this difference may be explained by higher MnSOD activity in the mitochondria of these cells. Oxidant production was not different in these cells, which may be due to the previously observed increase in H2O2-scavenging mechanisms of mesothelioma cells.  (+info)

Arsenic trioxide selectively induces acute promyelocytic leukemia cell apoptosis via a hydrogen peroxide-dependent pathway. (6/160)

Low concentrations of As(2)O(3) (+info)

Role of megalin (gp330) in transcytosis of thyroglobulin by thyroid cells. A novel function in the control of thyroid hormone release. (7/160)

When thyroglobulin (Tg) is endocytosed by thyrocytes and transported to lysosomes, thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) are released. However, some internalized Tg is transcytosed intact into the bloodstream, thereby avoiding proteolytic cleavage. Here we show that megalin (gp330), a Tg receptor on thyroid cells, plays a role in Tg transcytosis. Following incubation with exogenous rat Tg at 37 degrees C, Fisher rat thyroid (FRTL-5) cells, a differentiated thyroid cell line, released T3 into the medium. However, when cells were incubated with Tg plus either of two megalin competitors, T3 release was increased, suggesting that Tg internalized by megalin bypassed the lysosomal pathway, possibly with release of undegraded Tg from cells. To assess this possibility, we performed experiments in which FRTL-5 cells were incubated with either unlabeled or (125)I-labeled Tg at 37 degrees C to allow internalization, treated with heparin to remove cell surface-bound Tg, and further incubated at 37 degrees C to allow Tg release. Intact 330-kDa Tg was released into the medium, and the amount released was markedly reduced by megalin competitors. To investigate whether Tg release resulted from transcytosis, we studied FRTL-5 cells cultured as polarized layers with tight junctions on permeable filters in the upper chamber of dual chambered devices. Following the addition of Tg to the upper chamber and incubation at 37 degrees C, intact 330-kDa Tg was found in fluids collected from the lower chamber. The amount recovered was markedly reduced by megalin competitors, indicating that megalin mediates Tg transcytosis. We also studied Tg transcytosis in vivo, using a rat model of goiter induced by aminotriazole, in which increased release of thyrotropin induces massive colloid endocytosis. This was associated with increased megalin expression on thyrocytes and increased serum Tg levels, with reduced serum T3 levels, supporting the conclusion that megalin mediates Tg transcytosis. Tg transcytosis is a novel function of megalin, which usually transports ligands to lysosomes. Megalin-mediated transcytosis may regulate the extent of thyroid hormone release.  (+info)

Salicylic acid mediated by the oxidative burst is a key molecule in local and systemic responses of cotton challenged by an avirulent race of Xanthomonas campestris pv malvacearum. (8/160)

We analyzed the production of reactive oxygen species, the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), and peroxidase activity during the incompatible interaction between cotyledons of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cv Reba B50/Xanthomonas campestris pv malvacearum (Xcm) race 18. SA was detected in petioles of cotyledons 6 h after infection and 24 h post inoculation in cotyledons and untreated leaves. The first peak of SA occurred 3 h after generation of superoxide (O(2)(.-)), and was inhibited by infiltration of catalase. Peroxidase activity and accumulation of SA increased in petioles of cotyledons and leaves following H(2)O(2) infiltration of cotyledons from 0.85 to 1 mM. Infiltration of 2 mM SA increased peroxidase activity in treated cotyledons and in the first leaves, but most of the infiltrated SA was rapidly conjugated within the cotyledons. When increasing concentrations of SA were infiltrated 2. 5 h post inoculation at the beginning of the oxidative burst, the activity of the apoplastic cationic O(2)(.-)-generating peroxidase decreased in a dose-dependent manner. We have shown that during the cotton hypersensitive response to Xcm, H(2)O(2) is required for local and systemic accumulation of SA, which may locally control the generation of O(2)(.-). Detaching cotyledons at intervals after inoculation demonstrated that the signal leading to systemic accumulation of SA was emitted around 3 h post inoculation, and was associated with the oxidative burst. SA produced 6 h post infection at HR sites was not the primary mobile signal diffusing systemically from infected cotyledons.  (+info)

Amitrole is a non-selective herbicide that is used to control broadleaf weeds and some annual grasses. Its chemical name is 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, and it works by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the production of certain aromatic amino acids in plants, which are essential for their growth and development.

Amitrole is absorbed through the leaves and roots of plants and can be applied either before or after weed emergence. It is commonly used in agricultural settings, as well as in non-crop areas such as industrial sites, railways, and roadsides.

While amitrole is generally considered safe for use around humans and animals when used according to label instructions, it can cause eye and skin irritation, and may be harmful if swallowed or inhaled. It is important to follow all safety precautions when handling and applying this herbicide.

As an herbicide, it is known as aminotriazole, amitrole or amitrol. Amitrol was included in a biocide ban proposed by the ... EXTOXNET - Herbicide fact sheet for amitrole NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0027". National Institute for ...
However, the incident did cause cranberry growers to cease using amitrole as an herbicide, as demanded by the farmers' largest ...
... amitrole MeSH D03.383.129.799.450 - fluconazole MeSH D03.383.129.799.500 - guanazole MeSH D03.383.129.799.550 - itraconazole ...
Amitrole Aminocarb (Matacil) Atrazine Dalapon Dicamba 2,4-D Fosamine ammonium Glyphosate (Vision) Hexazinone Mexacarbate ( ...
... ametryn amibuzin amicarbazone amidochlor amidosulfuron aminocyclopyrachlor aminopyralid amiprofos-methyl amiprophos amitrole ...
2-Amino-4-nitrophenol 2-Amino-5-nitrophenol 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol 2-Amino-5-nitrothiazole 11-Aminoundecanoic acid Amitrole ...
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice ...
Amitrole. 61-82-5. 1988. Ammonia. 7664-41-7. 1992 (rev). Ammonium chloride fume. 12125-02-9. 1988. ...
AMITROLE 61-82-5 *A176. aminotriazole; 3-aminotriazole; 2-amino-1,3,4-triazole; 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole ...
Amitrole. *o-Anisidine and its hydrochloride. *Antimony trioxide. *Azacitidine (5-Azacytidine, 5-AzaC) ...
Three of these studies evaluated only mouse liver tumors (amitrole, DDT, dieldrin), whereas the other three evaluated a large ... amitrole, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dieldrin, ethylene thiourea (ETU), diphenylhydantoin (DPH), polybrominated ... Amitrole. Mice (B6C3F1). Male. 500. Liver. 13. 5.1. 14. 30. Vesselinovitch 1983. ...
Amitrole ; Health risks ; Pesticide residues ; Path of pollutants ; Mutagenesis ; Triazole/amino ; Oncogenesis ; ...
As is mentioned in the note by the Secretariat on amitrole: notifications of final regulatory action (UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.15/4), ... As is mentioned in the note by the Secretariat on amitrole: notifications of final regulatory action (UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC.15/4), ... 1. Concludes that the notification of final regulatory action for amitrole submitted by the European Union meets the criteria ... the Secretariat has received two notifications of final regulatory action for amitrole that meet the requirements of Annex I to ...
Amitrole. *1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine. Genetic Toxicology. *Drosophila (109250) Completed *Citation: Woodruff RC, Mason JM, ...
As an herbicide, it is known as aminotriazole, amitrole or amitrol. Amitrol was included in a biocide ban proposed by the ... EXTOXNET - Herbicide fact sheet for amitrole NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0027". National Institute for ...
amitrole, and glyphosate 1. Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase ( HRAC Group 34 (Legacy F3). ... amitrole 1. Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase ( HRAC Group 34 (Legacy F3). 112. Lolium rigidum. Rigid Ryegrass. 316. ...
amitrole, and glyphosate 1. Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase ( HRAC Group 34 (Legacy F3). ... amitrole 1. Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase ( HRAC Group 34 (Legacy F3). 112. Lolium rigidum. Rigid Ryegrass. 316. ...
79, Amitrole  World Health Organization. Promotion of Chemical Safety Unit; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United ... Amitrole  World Health Organization. Promotion of Chemical Safety Unit; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United ... Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by exposure to amitrole, a herbicide with a very wide spectrum of ... Amitrole / published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour ...
amitrole, and glyphosate 1. Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase ( HRAC Group 34 (Legacy F3). ... amitrole 1. Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase ( HRAC Group 34 (Legacy F3). 112. Lolium rigidum. Rigid Ryegrass. 316. ...
amitrole 3. Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase ( HRAC Group 34 (Legacy F3). 130. Poa annua. Annual Bluegrass. 38. ...
An ampoule containing viable cells suspended in cryoprotectant.
amitrole 3. Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase ( HRAC Group 34 (Legacy F3). 130. Poa annua. Annual Bluegrass. 38. ...
Heap, I. The International Herbicide-Resistant Weed Database. Online. Sunday, October 1, 2023 . Available www.weedscience.org Copyright © 1993- 2023 WeedScience.org All rights reserved. Fair use of this material is encouraged. Proper citation is requested ...
amitrole, glufosinate-ammonium, and glyphosate 30. Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase ( HRAC ...
amitrole, glufosinate-ammonium, and glyphosate 30. Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase ( HRAC ...
... in systematic studies mutants are sensitive to cycloheximide and amitrole, and show reduced competitive fitness. Classical ...
Effects of amitrole on thyroid hormone-associated gene transcription in FRTL-5 cells].. Pan HM; Zhang LS; Wu DS. Nan Fang Yi Ke ...
Amitrole. *Amixetrine(Antispasmodic.). *Amlexanox(Antiallergic; antiasthmatic.). *Amlodipine(Antianginal; antihypertensive.). * ...
E. g Paraquat, diaquat, Amitrole, DSMA, DNBP.. Related Posts. Significance Of Radiation In Agriculture ...
Unscrambled words from the letters orientalism - Scrabble Word Finder. If you need help with your Scrabble or Words with Friends words, this is the place!
Amitrole,modify,28-APR-06,(null),(null) C44410,Nitrobenzene,modify,28-APR-06,(null),(null) C2516,Geldanamycin_Analogue,modify, ...
Amitrole. Alternative names: 3-amino-1,2,4- triazole, aminotriazole. CAS numbers: 61-82-5 ...
  • There is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of amitrole to experimental animals. (inchem.org)
  • Amitrole has been widely produced since the 1950s for use as a herbicide. (inchem.org)
  • As an herbicide, it is known as aminotriazole, amitrole or amitrol. (wikipedia.org)
  • EXTOXNET - Herbicide fact sheet for amitrole NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amitrole will not control dandelion in orchards, but glyphosate will. (massey.ac.nz)
  • Glyphosate-resistant (GR) giant ragweed can be controlled in soybean with glyphosate plus 2,4-D ester or amitrole applied preplant. (scirp.org)
  • Two cytogenetic studies of occupational exposure to a number of herbicides, including amitrole, were available. (inchem.org)
  • In a small cohort study of Swedish railroad workers who had sprayed herbicides, there was a statistically significant excess of all cancers among those exposed to both amitrole and chlorophenoxy herbicides, but not among those exposed mainly to amitrole. (inchem.org)
  • With its Paraquat and Amitrole actives, Guerilla provides rapid burndown control. (awvater.com.au)
  • By formulating both Paraquat and Amitrole at the right concentrations, the two modes of action are complementary in their effects. (awvater.com.au)
  • Basically, the internal plant metabolism of amitrole delays the direct action of paraquat. (awvater.com.au)
  • Additionally, in line with the procedures for banned or severely restricted chemicals (Article 5, Paragraphs 5 and 6) , the Committee reviewed notifications of final regulatory action on amitrole, decabromodiphenyl ether and nonylphenols and nonylphenol ethoxylates. (pic.int)
  • Amitrole is a probable human carcinogen, classified as weight-of-evidence Group B2 under the EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. (epa.gov)
  • The potency factor (F) for amitrole is estimated to be 3.30/(mg/kg/day), placing it in potency group 2 according to the CAG's methodology for evaluating potential carcinogens. (epa.gov)
  • Combining the weight-of-evidence group and the potency group, amitrole is assigned a 'MEDIUM' hazard ranking for the purposes of RQ adjustment. (epa.gov)
  • A European commission committee has voted to ban amitrole and isoproturon, and international governments are making varying decisions about the widely used pesticide glyphosate. (chemistryworld.com)
  • Under the 15 April vote by the commission's Plants, Animals, Food and Feed committee, member states will have until the end of September 2016 to withdraw existing authorisations of amitrole and isoproturon, and may grant a grace period of up to one year to use up existing stocks. (chemistryworld.com)
  • The withdrawal of amitrole and isoproturon was not driven by their potential endocrine disrupting properties, according to EU spokesman Enrico Brivio. (chemistryworld.com)
  • As an herbicide, it is known as aminotriazole, amitrole or amitrol. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, in line with the procedures for banned or severely restricted chemicals (Article 5, Paragraphs 5 and 6) , the Committee reviewed notifications of final regulatory action on amitrole, decabromodiphenyl ether and nonylphenols and nonylphenol ethoxylates. (pic.int)