Aminoisobutyric Acids
Amino Acids
Biological Transport
Biological Transport, Active
A novel domain of the inhibitory glycine receptor determining antagonist efficacies: further evidence for partial agonism resulting from self-inhibition. (1/351)
Different amino side chains in the N-terminal extracellular region of the inhibitory glycine receptor (GlyR) have been shown to be crucial for ligand recognition. Here we describe a novel domain of the GlyRalpha1 subunit that constitutes an important determinant of antagonist activity. The antagonists strychnine, nipecotic acid, and isobutyric acid displayed reduced potencies at recombinant GlyRs formed from alpha1 subunits, in which lysine 104, phenylalanine 108, or threonine 112 were replaced by alanine. Agonist affinities, in contrast, were slightly increased at these mutant receptors. Taurine and beta-aminoisobutyric acid, which are partial agonists at the wild-type GlyR, behaved as full agonists at the mutant GlyRs and failed to inhibit glycine-induced currents. This is consistent with apolar residues at positions 104, 108, and 112 of the alpha1 subunit reducing the antagonistic, but not the agonistic, binding of beta-amino acids. Our data support a model in which the partial agonism of beta-amino acids results from their self-inhibitory activity. (+info)Novel strategies for the design of receptor-selective vasopressin analogues: Aib-substitution and retro-inverso transformation. (2/351)
1. We determined the pharmacological profile of novel backbone-modified peptides designed as protease-resistant, selective analogues of AVP. Binding affinities of peptides were determined at both V1A and V2 subtypes of vasopressin receptor (VPR). Biological potencies of selected peptides were tested in pressor and antidiuretic bioassays. 2. Substitution of the achiral alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) at position 4 or 7 of AVP produced peptides that selectively bound the V2 VPR. Both [Aib4]AVP (140 IU mg-1) and [Aib7]AVP (36 IU mg-1) are selective antidiuretic agonists with little or no activity in uterotonic and pressor assays. 3. [Aib4] and [Aib7] derivatives of the linear V1A-selective antagonist [PhaaDTyr(Et)2Arg6Tyr(NH2)9]AVP bound selectively and with high affinity (Kd 0.51 and 4.1 nM respectively) to the V1A VPR. Bioassays confirmed that these peptides were potent antivasopressor agents (pA2 8.10 and 8.36 respectively). 4. A total retro-inverso strategy was used to prepare protease-resistant mimetics of both AVP and linear V1A-selective antagonists. Cyclic retro-inverso mimetics of AVP did not bind either V1A or V2 VPRs. In contrast, rationally designed retro-inverso mimetics of linear V1A-selective antagonists selectively bound the V1A VPR. 5. Our findings indicate novel methods to improve the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters of neurohypophysial hormone analogues which could be equally applicable to other peptide-receptor systems. (+info)Cloning and functional identification of a neuronal glutamine transporter. (3/351)
Glutamine is the preferred precursor for the neurotransmitter pool of glutamate, the major excitatory transmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. We have isolated a complementary DNA clone (designated GlnT) encoding a plasma membrane glutamine transporter from glutamatergic neurons in culture, and its properties have been examined using the T7 vaccinia system in fibroblasts. When GlnT is transfected into CV-1 cells, L-glutamine is the preferred substrate. Transport is Na(+)-dependent and inhibited by alpha-methylaminoisobutyric acid, a specific inhibitor of neutral amino acid transport system A. Kinetic analysis of glutamine uptake by GlnT is saturable, with a Michaelis constant (K(m)) of 489 +/- 88 microM at pH 7.4. Glutamine uptake mediated by GlnT is pH-sensitive with a 5-fold greater efficiency of uptake at pH 8.2 than at pH 6.6. Only the maximal velocity of transport increases without a significant change in K(m). The distribution of GlnT mRNA and protein in the central nervous system is widespread and is expressed on neurons that use glutamate as their neurotransmitter. In cultured cerebellar granule cells, GlnT is expressed only on neurons and is absent from astrocytes. GlnT expression increases concomitantly with the morphologic and functional differentiation of these cells in vitro, consistent with its role of supplying glutamatergic neurons with their neurotransmitter precursor. GlnT is the first member of the system A family of neutral amino acid transporters with 11 putative membrane-spanning domains and is a potential target to modulate presynaptic glutamatergic function. (+info)Effects of duration of positive-pressure ventilation on blood-brain barrier function in premature lambs. (4/351)
We have been studying the ontogeny of the blood-brain barrier function in ovine fetuses and lambs. During these studies, we have found that the duration of ventilation also influences blood-brain barrier permeability in premature lambs. Chronically instrumented hysterotomy-delivered surfactant-treated premature lambs were studied at 90% or 137 days of gestation (n = 9). Blood-brain barrier function was quantified with the blood-to-brain transfer constant K(i) to alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. Linear regression analysis was used to compare the K(i) values in the brain regions, as the dependent variable, to the duration of ventilation, as the independent variable. There were direct correlations (P < 0.05) between the K(i) values and the duration of ventilation [306 min (mean), 162-474 min (range)] in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, medulla, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, thalamus, pons, cervical spinal cord, and choroid plexus, but not in the pituitary gland. Ventilatory pressures and rates were established before the onset of the permeability studies. Calculated mean airway pressures [14 cmH(2)O (mean), 7-20 cmH(2)O (range)] from similarly studied premature lambs did not correlate with the duration of positive-pressure ventilation. We conclude that increases in the duration of positive-pressure ventilation predispose premature lambs to increases in regional blood-brain barrier permeability. These alterations in barrier function occur over relatively short time intervals (minutes to hours). In our study, these changes in permeability are most likely not attributable to changes in mean airway pressure. (+info)Studies on convulsants in the isolated frog spinal cord. I. Antagonism of amino acid responses. (5/351)
1. The isolated frog spinal cord was used to study the effects of picrotoxin, bicuculline, and strychnine on the responses of primary afferents to amino acids. Recording was by sucrose gap technique. 2. A series of neutral amino acids was found to depolarize primary afferents. Optimal activity was obtained by an amino acid whose carboxyl and amino groups were separated by a three-carbon chain length (i.e. GABA). Amino acids with shorter (i.e. beta-alanine, glycine) or longer (i.e. delta-aminovaleric acid, epsilon-aminocaproic acid) distances between the charged groups were less potent. Imidazoleacetic acid was the most potent depolarizing agent tested. 3. Picrotoxin and bicuculline antagonized the primary afferent depolarizations of a number of amino acids tested with equal specificity. Depolarizing responses to standard (10- minus 3 M) concentrations of beta-alanine and taurine were completely blocked by these convulsants, while depolarizations to 10- minus 3 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were only partially antagonized. Glycine responses were unaffected by these agentsk; Strychnine completely blocked beta-alanine and taurine depolarizations and incompletely antagonized several other neutral amino acids. GABA, glutamate, and glycine depolarizations were not affected. 5. These results suggest that there are at least three distinct populations of neutral amino acid receptors on primary afferent terminals: a GABA-like receptor, a taurine/beta-alanine receptor, and a glycine-like receptor. The strychnine resistance of the glycine responses indictaes that the primary afferent receptors for glycine differ from those on the somata of spinal neurones. (+info)Nucleocytoplasmic transport and distribution of an amino acid, in situ. (6/351)
Ultra-low temperature techniques (microdissection and autoradiography) were used to study the nucleocytoplasmic distribution and transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) in an amino acid-accumulating cell. In amphibiam oocytes incubated in AIB, the nuclear concentration of this non-metabolizable amino acid exceeds the cytoplasmic concentration by 45%, remaining constant both over time and variation in substrate concentration. The kinetics of uptake suggest that this nucleo-cytoplasmic asymmetry arises from solubility differences between the 2 compartments, and that the nuclear envelope plays a negligible role in amino acid transport. A solute exclusion model is offered to explain the nucleocytoplasmic asymmetry. (+info)Transport mechanisms of 3-[123I]iodo-alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine in a human glioma cell line: comparison with [3H]methyl]-L-methionine. (7/351)
The amino acid analog 3-[(123)I]iodo-alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine (IMT) is under clinical evaluation as a SPECT tracer of amino acid transport in brain tumors. This study investigated the carrier systems involved in IMT transport in human glioma cells in comparison with [3H-methyl]-L-methionine (3H-MET). METHODS: Human glioma cells, type 86HG-39, were cultured and incubated for 1 min at 37 degrees C with IMT and 3H-MET in the lag phase (1.2 d after seeding), exponential growth phase (3 d after seeding), and plateau phase (8 d after seeding). Experiments were performed in the presence and absence of Na+, during inhibition of system L amino acid transport by 2-aminobicyclo[2.2.1 ]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), and during inhibition of system A amino acid transport by 2-(methylamino)-isobutyric acid (MeAIB). RESULTS: IMT and 3H-MET uptake decreased by 55%-73% when the cells entered from the exponential growth phase into the plateau phase (P< 0.05; n = 3-11). Inhibition by BCH reduced uptake of IMT in the lag phase, exponential growth phase, and plateau phase by 90%-98% (P < 0.001; n = 3-6) and the uptake of 3H-MET by 73%-83% (P < 0.001; n = 3-11). In a Na+-free medium 3H-MET uptake was reduced by 23%-33% (P < 0.05; n = 3-11), whereas IMT uptake was not significantly different. MeAIB showed no significant effect on IMT or 3H-MET uptake in either phase. CONCLUSION: Transport of both IMT and 3H-MET depends on the proliferation rate of human glioma cells in vitro and is dominated by BCH-sensitive transport. These data indicate that system L is induced in rapidly proliferating glioma cells and is the main contributor to the uptake of both tracers. 3H-MET transport showed a minor Na+ dependency that was not attributable to system A. The similarity of transport mechanisms of both tracers emphasizes the clinical equivalence of IMT SPECT and (11)C-MET PET for the diagnostic evaluation of gliomas. (+info)Epidermal growth factor regulates amino acid transport in chick embryo hepatocytes via protein kinase C. (8/351)
System A-mediated amino acid transport, activation of different steps of signal transduction and involvement of different isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC) have been investigated in chick embryo hepatocytes after epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. EGF rapidly (10 min) increased the rate of aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) uptake in chick embryo hepatocytes freshly isolated on the 19th day of embryonic life, while no change was detectable at other embryonal stages. The growth factor stimulation was abolished by PKC and tyrosine kinase inhibitors and was mimicked by 4-phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, dimethyl-2 (PMA). EGF treatment did not modify the phosphorylation of the isoform of phospholipase C (PLC-), and inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and intracellular calcium levels, but it induced an increase in PKC activity. Our data show that EGF regulates amino acid uptake, via PKC and without PLC- activation, only in the last period of chick embryo hepatocyte development. The effects of growth factor on PKC activity suggest the involvement of PKC- and - isoforms in EGF modulation of amino acid transport. (+info)Aminoisobutyric acids are a type of compounds that contain an amino group (-NH2) and an isobutyric acid group. Isobutyric acid is a type of short-chain fatty acid with the chemical formula (CH3)2CHCO2H. Aminoisobutyric acids can be found in some natural sources, such as certain types of bacteria, and they can also be synthesized in the laboratory for use in research and other applications.
There are several different isomers of aminoisobutyric acid, depending on the position of the amino group relative to the carbon chain. The most common isomer is 2-aminoisobutyric acid, also known as 2-methylalanine or 2-methylpropionic acid. This compound is a naturally occurring amino acid that is found in some proteins and is used in research to study protein structure and function.
Other isomers of aminoisobutyric acid include 3-aminoisobutyric acid, which is also known as tert-leucine or 2-methylbutyric acid, and 4-aminoisobutyric acid, which is also known as neopentylamine or 2,2-dimethylpropionic acid. These compounds are less common than 2-aminoisobutyric acid and have different chemical properties and uses.
In general, aminoisobutyric acids are used in research to study a variety of biological processes, including protein folding, enzyme function, and cell signaling. They can also be used as building blocks for the synthesis of other chemicals and materials.
Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They consist of a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha carbon, which is bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a variable side chain (R group). The R group can be composed of various combinations of atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon, which determine the unique properties of each amino acid.
There are 20 standard amino acids that are encoded by the genetic code and incorporated into proteins during translation. These include:
1. Alanine (Ala)
2. Arginine (Arg)
3. Asparagine (Asn)
4. Aspartic acid (Asp)
5. Cysteine (Cys)
6. Glutamine (Gln)
7. Glutamic acid (Glu)
8. Glycine (Gly)
9. Histidine (His)
10. Isoleucine (Ile)
11. Leucine (Leu)
12. Lysine (Lys)
13. Methionine (Met)
14. Phenylalanine (Phe)
15. Proline (Pro)
16. Serine (Ser)
17. Threonine (Thr)
18. Tryptophan (Trp)
19. Tyrosine (Tyr)
20. Valine (Val)
Additionally, there are several non-standard or modified amino acids that can be incorporated into proteins through post-translational modifications, such as hydroxylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. These modifications expand the functional diversity of proteins and play crucial roles in various cellular processes.
Amino acids are essential for numerous biological functions, including protein synthesis, enzyme catalysis, neurotransmitter production, energy metabolism, and immune response regulation. Some amino acids can be synthesized by the human body (non-essential), while others must be obtained through dietary sources (essential).
Biological transport refers to the movement of molecules, ions, or solutes across biological membranes or through cells in living organisms. This process is essential for maintaining homeostasis, regulating cellular functions, and enabling communication between cells. There are two main types of biological transport: passive transport and active transport.
Passive transport does not require the input of energy and includes:
1. Diffusion: The random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
2. Osmosis: The diffusion of solvent molecules (usually water) across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
3. Facilitated diffusion: The assisted passage of polar or charged substances through protein channels or carriers in the cell membrane, which increases the rate of diffusion without consuming energy.
Active transport requires the input of energy (in the form of ATP) and includes:
1. Primary active transport: The direct use of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient, often driven by specific transport proteins called pumps.
2. Secondary active transport: The coupling of the movement of one substance down its electrochemical gradient with the uphill transport of another substance, mediated by a shared transport protein. This process is also known as co-transport or counter-transport.
Biological transport, active is the process by which cells use energy to move materials across their membranes from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This type of transport is facilitated by specialized proteins called transporters or pumps that are located in the cell membrane. These proteins undergo conformational changes to physically carry the molecules through the lipid bilayer of the membrane, often against their concentration gradient.
Active transport requires energy because it works against the natural tendency of molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, a process known as diffusion. Cells obtain this energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is produced through cellular respiration.
Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose and amino acids into cells, as well as the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters. The sodium-potassium pump, which helps maintain resting membrane potential in nerve and muscle cells, is a classic example of an active transporter.
In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."
1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.
2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.
3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.
4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).
Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.
Aminoisobutyric acid
2-Aminoisobutyric acid
3-Aminoisobutyric acid
Strecker amino acid synthesis
Branched-chain amino acid
EXPOSE
Amino acid
Beta-ureidopropionase
Amyloid
Aminomethyl propanol
Alamethicin
Pyrimidine metabolism
PPARGC1A
Peptaibol
Non-proteinogenic amino acids
Nucleic acid metabolism
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family, member A1
Halovir
Shock synthesis
Trichoderma longibrachiatum
Padmanabhan Balaram
Semaglutide
Trichoderma
Lantibiotics
UPB1
List of designer drugs
C4H9NO2
List of MeSH codes (D12.125)
List of MeSH codes (D02)
Γ-Aminobutyric acid
Aminoisobutyric acid - Wikipedia
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Amino Acid Silver Test
Amino acid28
- There are several types of methods used to determine the individual amino acid levels in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- An increased level of a particular amino acid shows that there is a problem with the body's ability to break down (metabolize) that amino acid. (medlineplus.gov)
- This amino acid has a similar structure to beta alanine and taurine, and is created naturally when you exercise. (priceplow.com)
- BAIBA (or β-aminoisobutyric acid ) is an "amino acid" generated during exercise. (priceplow.com)
- BAIBA, or β-aminoisobutyric acid , is an amino acid generated during exercise (an "exercise-induced muscle factor") that is not naturally found in the genetic code of any organism - it's formed when either thymine or valine are broken down. (priceplow.com)
- This means that BAIBA, while an amino acid, is not a building block for proteins but rather is used as a signaling molecule within the body. (priceplow.com)
- L-BAIBA is formed from the mitochondrial reactions of L-valine, a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), whereas D-BAIBA is formed from thymine metabolism. (priceplow.com)
- A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid. (nih.gov)
- The MassChrom® Amino Acid Analysis (AAA) assays in plasma/serum or urine offer a wide spectrum for your amino acid analysis. (chromsystems.com)
- Creatinine is also measured within the same run, which is used for the normalisation of the urinary amino acid concentrations. (chromsystems.com)
- Dr Rachel Carling, Scientific Director for Viapath, reports on a study that compares the current gold standard in quantitative amino acid analysis (AAA) - ion exchange chromatography (IEC) with LC-MS/MS. (chromsystems.com)
- Many details of structure, amino acid identity and orientation can control this screw sense, and sometimes the controlling factors can be quite subtle. (fieldofscience.com)
- In this case the Gly is in the center of a 20 amino acid peptide where all other residues are Aib. (fieldofscience.com)
- at pH 5.5, the amino acid analogue is taken up by a Na + -independent mechanism. (mssm.edu)
- It is an amino acid metabolite of L-valine, is triggered by the PGC-1α protein from exercising muscles.Known as an "exercise factor", increased levels of L-BAIBA are associated with many of exercise's numerous benefits. (naturalbodyinc.com)
- Amino acid transporters are ubiquitously expressed in the body. (turkupetcentre.net)
- In most types of cancer , amino acid transporters are up-regulated, thus providing a target for diagnostic PET radiopharmaceuticals and anticancer drugs. (turkupetcentre.net)
- Activity of amino acid transport can be assessed using radiopharmaceuticals that are transported normally but that cannot be metabolized or used in peptide synthesis. (turkupetcentre.net)
- Amino acid transporters are categorized into at least 17 distinct classes ( Bröer, 2008 ). (turkupetcentre.net)
- System A (alanine-preferring) amino acid transporters are important in regulation of cell growth. (turkupetcentre.net)
- Alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2 (ASCT2/SLC1A5) is a sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. (turkupetcentre.net)
- L-type amino acid transporters 1 and 2 (LAT1 and LAT2), the isoforms of system L (leucine-preferring), facilitate the diffusion of large (LAT1/SLC7A5) and smaller (LAT2) neutral amino acids across membranes. (turkupetcentre.net)
- L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is overexpressed in many cancer cells, and is associated with poor prognosis. (turkupetcentre.net)
- Isolated branched-chain amino acid intake and muscle protein synthesis in humans: a biochemical review. (healthmatters.io)
- Amino acid profile and metabolic syndrome in a male Mediterranean population: A cross-sectional study. (healthmatters.io)
- Jurgens P, Schwartau M, Doehn M. [Disorders of amino acid metabolism in a patient with identified thiamine deficiency]. (healthmatters.io)
- An amino acid that's effective also as a cleansing agent. (mamaschoice.my)
- SMARSCLE™ Beta-alanine, also known as 3-aminopropionic acid, is a non-essential, non-proteinogenic amino acid produced endogenously in the liver. (refinancedaily.com)
Alpha-aminoisobutyric acid2
- But this reporter group is nothing fancy and is simply a gycine installed in the middle of a long sequence of amino acids which consists of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid or Aib. (fieldofscience.com)
- The chemical constituents for most species include cordycepin (3′-de-oxyadenosine) and its derivatives, ergosterol, polysaccharides, a glycoprotein and peptides containing alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. (wingmingherbs.com)
Chemical compounds1
- Aminoisobutyric acid may refer to either of two isomeric chemical compounds: 2-Aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) 3-Aminoisobutyric acid This set index article lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name. (wikipedia.org)
Cystine2
- The Cystine/glutamate antiporter (system x C - ) is an active transporter for negatively charged amino acids, such as L-glutamate . (turkupetcentre.net)
- Random forest and generalized linear mixed model analyses identified significant (false discovery rate <0.05) associations of 24 h excretions of β-aminoisobutyric acid, cystine, citrulline, homocysteine and lysine with systolic blood pressure and cystine with diastolic blood pressure. (nih.gov)
Alanine3
- In two siblings with a complete DHP deficiency and a variable clinical presentation, a normal concentration of beta-alanine and strongly decreased levels of beta-aminoisobutyric acid were observed in plasma, urine and CSF. (nih.gov)
- They found that the production of α-amino acids, such as alanine, glycine, α-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid, and β-amino acids, such as β-alanine and β-aminoisobutyric acid, rose in the irradiated solutions as the total gamma-ray dose increased. (science20.com)
- Systems A and ASC mainly transport amino acids with short, polar, or linear side chains, such as L-alanine and L-serine. (turkupetcentre.net)
Metabolism7
- B-aminoisobutyric Acid Relates to Favorable Glucose Metabolism and Adi" by H Faiz, E M. Heiston et al. (wku.edu)
- Screening infants for increased levels of amino acids can help detect problems with metabolism. (medlineplus.gov)
- These observations suggest that the biotin administration ameliorates abnormal glucose metabolism in diabetic patients, presumably by enhancing the activity of the biotin-dependent enzyme, pyruvate carboxylase, with a subsequent promotion of glucose utilization for the entry into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (researchgate.net)
- BAJIB (b-amino-isobutyric acid) is an intermediate product of thymine metabolism that has appeared in human urine in a variety of perplexing circumstances Ule. (nih.gov)
- Unlike most amino acids, the initial step of BCAA metabolism does not take place in the liver. (healthmatters.io)
- Holecek M. Branched-chain amino acids in health and disease: metabolism, alterations in blood plasma, and as supplements. (healthmatters.io)
- Lipoic acid metabolism and mitochondrial redox regulation. (healthmatters.io)
Leucine4
- Branched Chain Amino Acids (Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine) Isoleucine, leucine and valine are the three branched chain amino acids (BCAAs). (healthmatters.io)
- The complete oxidation of valine yields succinyl CoA, and leucine and isoleucine produce acetyl CoA for use in the citric acid cycle. (healthmatters.io)
- Leucine is one of the few amino acids that is completely oxidized in the muscle for energy, generating more ATP molecules than glucose. (healthmatters.io)
- Additionally, leucine can be used to synthesize fatty acids in adipose tissue, and generates HMG CoA, an intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol. (healthmatters.io)
Metabolites2
- This assay allows the quantitative determination of 52 amino acids/metabolites by LC-MS/MS within 20 minutes. (chromsystems.com)
- Targeted chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis was performed in 24 h urine samples for 47 amino metabolites and 10 metabolites related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (nih.gov)
Glucose6
- When supplemented , it is pro-ketogenic and increases fatty acid oxidation in the liver while protecting against fat gain and improving glucose tolerance in mice. (priceplow.com)
- With human placental slices, however, only pharmacological (high) concentrations of ethanol impaired uptake of amino acids, and there are no data on glucose transport. (wustl.edu)
- In the present study, the effect of brief exposure to ethanol on human placental transport of model amino acids and glucose was studied by two techniques not previously jointly employed for this-the perfused human placental cotyledon and human placental vesicle systems. (wustl.edu)
- The nonmetabolizable amino acids, α‐aminoisobutyric (AIB) acid and cycloleucine (CLEU), as well as d‐glucose, and nonmetabolized glucose (3‐O‐methyl‐d‐glucose), were used as probes. (wustl.edu)
- We conclude that transport of amino acids and glucose by the human placenta is relatively resistant to the inhibitory effects of brief ethanol. (wustl.edu)
- Adiponectin is the hormone that helps to regulate glucose levels and fatty acid breakdown. (naturalbodyinc.com)
Essential amino3
- Because of this, consuming it will not contribute to the development of muscle mass like traditional essential amino acids (often used for recovery during or after a workout), but it may hold promise for fat-loss - and weight loss. (priceplow.com)
- Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential amino acids and must be obtained from the diet (mainly meat, grains, and dairy). (healthmatters.io)
- There is much published literature on the use of BCAAs for muscle protein synthesis, however it's been shown that BCAA supplementation alone does not enhance muscle protein synthesis better than the consumption of a complete, high quality food protein containing the full spectrum of essential amino acids. (healthmatters.io)
Fatty acids3
- During ketosis, fats are broken down into fatty acids, and free fatty acids are released and then converted into ketones through beta-oxidation by the liver. (dongadaily.com)
- Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), synthesized from fatty acids, is one of three ketone bodies and serves as an efficient and clean energy source for the body and brain. (dongadaily.com)
- Increases capacity to oxidize fatty acids: BHB can enhance the body's ability to use stored fat as an energy source. (dongadaily.com)
BAIBA2
- The two forms of BAIBA are also linked to two amino acids, thymine and valine . (priceplow.com)
- Incrediburn™, Beta-aminoisobutyric acid (L-BAIBA), which is Foregen's exclusive product with a unique technology process (patent ZL201810907170.6), is hailed as the "exercise factor"that can brown the white adipose tissue and amplify exercise performance. (refinancedaily.com)
Derivatives2
Proteins1
- Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
Synthesis3
- 1. Solution-phase parallel synthesis and screening of anti-tumor activities from fenbufen and ethacrynic acid libraries. (nih.gov)
- 2. Novel oxadiazole analogues derived from ethacrynic acid: design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships in inhibiting the activity of glutathione S-transferase P1-1 and cancer cell proliferation. (nih.gov)
- Normal tissues with high demand for amino acids for peptide synthesis may have high expression of LAT1, too. (turkupetcentre.net)
Specificity1
- The peptide is comprised exclusively of D-amino acids to enhance specificity towards Aβ 42 , in conjunction with a C-terminal disruption element to block the recruitment of Aβ 42 monomers on to fibrils. (portlandpress.com)
Concentrations1
- No major differences were observed for the concentrations of the beta-amino acids in plasma and urine between the symptomatic and asymptomatic sibling. (nih.gov)
Phenylalanine1
- LAT3 and LAT4 prefer phenylalanine over other neutral amino acids. (turkupetcentre.net)
Urine3
- The organic acid and mucopolysaccharide screening tests of the blood and urine are indicated to exclude mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses. (medscape.com)
- Or you opt to quantify 52 amino acids and creatinine in urine in one run. (chromsystems.com)
- Thiamin-responsive maplesyrup-urine disease: decreased affinity of the mutant branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase for alphaketoisovalerate and thiamin pyrophosphate. (healthmatters.io)
Valine1
- β-aminoisobutyric acid (β-AIB) is a metabolite of valine released during exercise. (healthmatters.io)
Substance1
- 15. Substance P analogs containing alpha,alpha-dialkylated amino acids with potent anticancer activity. (nih.gov)
Anticancer1
- 8. Bombesin analogs containing alpha-amino-isobutyric acid with potent anticancer activity. (nih.gov)
Serum2
- You can quantify 48 amino acids in plasma/serum. (chromsystems.com)
- Benefit from the flexibility of the Chromsystems assay in plasma/serum: You can either measure 48 amino acids within 20 minutes, or alternatively determine the PKU/MSUD panel within 9 minutes - the choice is yours. (chromsystems.com)
Deficiency2
Synthesize2
- Like the multiverse and other science fiction, without a plausible mechanism for that it is just a guess, but recent lab experiments showed that reactions between simple molecules, such as ammonia and formaldehyde, can synthesize amino acids and other macromolecules, but liquid water and heat are required. (science20.com)
- In previous lab experiments, Yoko Kebukawa and colleagues showed that reactions between simple molecules, such as ammonia and formaldehyde, can synthesize amino acids and other macromolecules, but liquid water and heat are required. (uncommondescent.com)
Beta-oxidation1
- betaAminoisobutyric acid induces browning of white fat and hepatic beta-oxidation and is inversely correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors. (healthmatters.io)
Tissues1
- BCAAs are transaminated into α-keto acids and used within the tissues or released into circulation. (healthmatters.io)
Reactions2
- They believe their study provides evidence that gamma ray-catalyzed reactions can produce amino acids, possibly contributing to the origin of life on Earth. (science20.com)
- Now, researchers reporting in ACS Central Science have experimentally shown that amino acids could have formed in these early meteorites from reactions driven by gamma rays produced inside the space rocks. (uncommondescent.com)
Liver2
- The liver and other organs can then further catabolize these α-keto acids. (healthmatters.io)
- Grüngreiff K. Branched amino acids and zinc in the nutrition of liver cirrhosis. (healthmatters.io)
Abnormal1
- Staining with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), methylene blue, and colloidal iron did not reveal abnormal mucopolysaccharides or other pathologic substances. (medscape.com)
Transport3
- The cholinergic agonist CCh had no effect on active AIB transport, although pharmacologic doses (lmM) of atropine, scopolamine and lidocaine reduced Na-gradient active transport of kappa-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB). (nih.gov)
- Prior studies in rodents, sheep, and subhuman primates have shown that ethanol, especially atter chronic exposure, inhibits the transport of amino acids by the placenta. (wustl.edu)
- These transporters are sodium-dependent active transporters, that is, able to transport amino acids against their concentration gradients. (turkupetcentre.net)
Amounts3
- Plasma amino acids is a screening test, usually done on infants that looks at the amounts of amino acids in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- High or low amounts of individual plasma amino acids must be considered with other information. (medlineplus.gov)
- and some argue that resulting debris may have included carbonaceous chondrites - a class of meteorite whose members contain significant amounts of water and small molecules, such as amino acids - and could have contributed to the evolution of life on Earth. (science20.com)
Levels2
- The test may also be used to look for decreased levels of amino acids in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- Increased or decreased levels of amino acids in the blood may occur with fevers, inadequate nutrition, and certain medical conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
Patients1
- 3e H. R. Nielsen, K. Nyholm, and K.-E. Sjoiln, "Relationship Between Urinary B-Aminoisobutyric Acid and Transfer RNA Turnover in Cancer Patients," Cancer Res. (nih.gov)