Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.
A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.
A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.
Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.
An oligosaccharide antibiotic produced by various STREPTOMYCES.
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis.
Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.
The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).
An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.
A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.
A class of enzymes that inactivate aminocyclitol-aminoglycoside antibiotics (AMINOGLYCOSIDES) by regiospecific PHOSPHORYLATION of the 3' and/or 5' hydroxyl.
A complex of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius.
The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.
Four-membered cyclic AMIDES, best known for the PENICILLINS based on a bicyclo-thiazolidine, as well as the CEPHALOSPORINS based on a bicyclo-thiazine, and including monocyclic MONOBACTAMS. The BETA-LACTAMASES hydrolyze the beta lactam ring, accounting for BETA-LACTAM RESISTANCE of infective bacteria.
Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1.
Gram-negative rods isolated from human urine and feces.
Aminoglycoside produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is used as an anthelmintic against swine infections by large roundworms, nodular worms, and whipworms.
A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)
A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.
Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.
A water-soluble aminoglycosidic antibiotic complex isolated from fermentation filtrates of Bacillus circulans. Two components (A and B) have been separated from the complex. Both are active against many gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria.
The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.
Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.
Cyclic peptide antibiotic similar to VIOMYCIN. It is produced by Streptomyces capreolus.
Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.
Conditions that impair the transmission of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways.
A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus ACREMONIUM. They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens and the human intestinal tract. Most strains are nonhemolytic.
Gram-negative, non-motile, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature and associated with urinary and respiratory infections in humans.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
An amino acid-specifying codon that has been converted to a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR) by mutation. Its occurance is abnormal causing premature termination of protein translation and results in production of truncated and non-functional proteins. A nonsense mutation is one that converts an amino acid-specific codon to a stop codon.
A strongly basic peptide, antibiotic complex from several strains of Streptomyces. It is allergenic and toxic to kidneys and the labyrinth. Viomycin is used in tuberculosis as several different salts and in combination with other agents.
A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS, it is now recognized as a separate genus.
A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.
Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
A group of QUINOLONES with at least one fluorine atom and a piperazinyl group.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, water, food, and clinical specimens. It is a prominent opportunistic pathogen for hospitalized patients.
Closely congeneric derivatives of the polycyclic naphthacenecarboxamide. (Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1117)
An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.
Infections with bacteria of the genus SERRATIA.
A mixture of polymyxins B1 and B2, obtained from Bacillus polymyxa strains. They are basic polypeptides of about eight amino acids and have cationic detergent action on cell membranes. Polymyxin B is used for infections with gram-negative organisms, but may be neurotoxic and nephrotoxic.
A layer of stratified EPITHELIUM forming the endolymphatic border of the cochlear duct at the lateral wall of the cochlea. Stria vascularis contains primarily three cell types (marginal, intermediate, and basal), and capillaries. The marginal cells directly facing the ENDOLYMPH are important in producing ion gradients and endochoclear potential.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.
A plant species of the Salvia genus known as a spice and medicinal plant.
The small subunit of eubacterial RIBOSOMES. It is composed of the 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA and about 23 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS.
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.
A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.
A class of plasmids that transfer antibiotic resistance from one bacterium to another by conjugation.
Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.
DNA elements that include the component genes and insertion site for a site-specific recombination system that enables them to capture mobile gene cassettes.
A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.
Cyclic AMIDES formed from aminocarboxylic acids by the elimination of water. Lactims are the enol forms of lactams.
Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.
A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
Mentha is a genus of the mint family (LAMIACEAE). It is known for species having characteristic flavor and aroma.
Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from CEPHALORIDINE and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients.
Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.
A group of beta-lactam antibiotics in which the sulfur atom in the thiazolidine ring of the penicillin molecule is replaced by a carbon atom. THIENAMYCINS are a subgroup of carbapenems which have a sulfur atom as the first constituent of the side chain.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria, commonly found in the clinical laboratory, and frequently resistant to common antibiotics.
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.
Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.
Enzymes that catalyze the S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation of ribonucleotide bases within a transfer RNA molecule. EC 2.1.1.
Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.
A genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family MORAXELLACEAE, found in soil and water and of uncertain pathogenicity.
Any codon that signals the termination of genetic translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). PEPTIDE TERMINATION FACTORS bind to the stop codon and trigger the hydrolysis of the aminoacyl bond connecting the completed polypeptide to the tRNA. Terminator codons do not specify amino acids.
Aquatic vertebrate sensory system in fish and amphibians. It is composed of sense organs (canal organs and pit organs) containing neuromasts (MECHANORECEPTORS) that detect water displacement caused by moving objects.
A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.
A class of enzymes that transfers nucleotidyl residues. EC 2.7.7.
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.
Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.
Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of the beta-lactam antibiotics. Mechanisms responsible for beta-lactam resistance may be degradation of antibiotics by BETA-LACTAMASES, failure of antibiotics to penetrate, or low-affinity binding of antibiotics to targets.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed especially against Pseudomonas infections.
Simultaneous resistance to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is frequently isolated from clinical specimens. Its most common site of infection is the urinary tract.
Gram-negative gas-producing rods found in feces of humans and other animals, sewage, soil, water, and dairy products.
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
A genus of gram-positive bacteria that forms a branched mycelium. It commonly occurs as a saprophytic form in soil and aquatic environments.
Usually high-molecular-weight, straight-chain primary alcohols, but can also range from as few as 4 carbons, derived from natural fats and oils, including lauryl, stearyl, oleyl, and linoleyl alcohols. They are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, detergents, plastics, and lube oils and in textile manufacture. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.
Basic lipopeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter.
Agents which are destructive to amebae, especially the parasitic species causing AMEBIASIS in man and animal.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Sensory cells in the organ of Corti, characterized by their apical stereocilia (hair-like projections). The inner and outer hair cells, as defined by their proximity to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), change morphologically along the COCHLEA. Towards the cochlear apex, the length of hair cell bodies and their apical STEREOCILIA increase, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound.
A species of STENOTROPHOMONAS, formerly called Xanthomonas maltophilia, which reduces nitrate. It is a cause of hospital-acquired ocular and lung infections, especially in those patients with cystic fibrosis and those who are immunosuppressed.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms arrange singly, in pairs, or short chains. This genus is commonly found in the intestinal tract and is an opportunistic pathogen that can give rise to bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract and several other types of human infection.
QUINOLONES containing a 4-oxo (a carbonyl in the para position to the nitrogen). They inhibit the A subunit of DNA GYRASE and are used as antimicrobials. Second generation 4-quinolones are also substituted with a 1-piperazinyl group at the 7-position and a fluorine at the 6-position.
A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.
Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the natural environment (soil, water, and plant surfaces) or as an opportunistic human pathogen.
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
A method where a culturing surface inoculated with microbe is exposed to small disks containing known amounts of a chemical agent resulting in a zone of inhibition (usually in millimeters) of growth of the microbe corresponding to the susceptibility of the strain to the agent.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
A cephalosporin antibiotic.

Selective inhibition of the bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis by the new types of liposidomycins. (1/2111)

We examined the inhibitory activity against bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis, mammalian glycoprotein biosynthesis and growth of BALB/3T3 cells of four different types of liposidomycins which have the structure with or without sulfate and/or 3-methylglutaric acid moieties. Liposidomycins inhibited peptidoglycan biosynthesis about 30 to 500 times more effectively than tunicamycin, whereas liposidomycins inhibited mammalian glycoprotein biosynthesis about 30 to 300 times less effectively than tunicamycin. When the cytotoxic effect of liposidomycins and tunicamycin on the growth of mammalian cells were compared, liposidomycins did not show toxicity against BALB/3T3 cell at 25 microg/ml, though tunicamycin inhibited cell growth by 50% at 0.05 microg/ml. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that liposidomycins are selective antibiotics showing highly specific inhibition toward bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis.  (+info)

RecA-Mediated gene conversion and aminoglycoside resistance in strains heterozygous for rRNA. (2/2111)

Clinical resistance to aminoglycosides in general is due to enzymatic drug modification. Mutational alterations of the small ribosomal subunit rRNA have recently been found to mediate acquired resistance in bacterial pathogens in vivo. In this study we investigated the effect of 16S rRNA heterozygosity (wild-type [wt] and mutant [mut] operons at position 1408 [1408wt/1408mut]) on aminoglycoside resistance. Using an integrative vector, we introduced a single copy of a mutated rRNA operon (1408 A-->G) into Mycobacterium smegmatis, which carries two chromosomal wild-type rRNA operons; the resultant transformants exhibited an aminoglycoside-sensitive phenotype. In contrast, introduction of the mutated rRNA operon into an M. smegmatis rrnB knockout strain carrying a single functional chromosomal wild-type rRNA operon resulted in aminoglycoside-resistant transformants. Subsequent analysis by DNA sequencing and RNase protection assays unexpectedly demonstrated a homozygous mutant genotype, rRNAmut/rRNAmut, in the resistant transformants. To investigate whether RecA-mediated gene conversion was responsible for the aminoglycoside-resistant phenotype in the rRNAwt/rRNAmut strains, recA mutant strains were generated by allelic exchange techniques. Transformation of the recA rrnB M. smegmatis mutant strains with an integrative vector expressing a mutated rRNA operon (Escherichia coli position 1408 A-->G) resulted in transformants with an aminoglycoside-sensitive phenotype. Subsequent analysis showed stable heterozygosity at 16S rRNA position 1408 with a single wild-type allele and a single resistant allele. These results demonstrate that rRNA-mediated mutational resistance to aminoglycosides is recessive.  (+info)

Optimizing aminoglycoside therapy for nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria. (3/2111)

Nosocomial pneumonia is a notable cause of morbidity and mortality and leads to increases in lengths of hospital stays and institutional expenditures. Aminoglycosides are used to treat patients with these infections, but few data on the doses and schedules required to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes exist. We analyzed aminoglycoside treatment data for 78 patients with nosocomial pneumonia to determine if optimization of aminoglycoside pharmacodynamic parameters results in a more rapid therapeutic response (defined by outcome and days to leukocyte count resolution and temperature resolution). Cox proportional hazards, Classification and Regression Tree (CART), and logistic regression analyses were applied to the data. By all analyses, the first measured maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax)/MIC predicted days to temperature resolution and the second measured Cmax/MIC predicted days to leukocyte count resolution. For days to temperature resolution and leukocyte count resolution, CART analyses produced breakpoints, with an 89% success rate at 7 days of therapy for a Cmax/MIC of > 4.7 and an 86% success rate at 7 days of therapy for a Cmax/MIC of > 4.5, respectively. Logistic regression analyses predicted a 90% probability of temperature resolution and leukocyte count resolution by day 7 if a Cmax/MIC of > or = 10 is achieved within the first 48 h of aminoglycoside therapy. Aggressive aminoglycoside dosing immediately followed by individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring would ensure that Cmax/MIC targets are achieved early in therapy. This would increase the probability of a rapid therapeutic response for pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria and potentially decreasing durations of parenteral antibiotic therapy, lengths of hospitalization, and institutional expenditures, a situation in which both the patient and the institution benefit.  (+info)

Efficacy of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone in treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis strains highly resistant to aminoglycosides. (4/2111)

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the in vitro possibilities of ampicillin-ceftriaxone combinations for 10 Enterococcus faecalis strains with high-level resistance to aminoglycosides (HLRAg) and to assess the efficacy of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone, both administered with humanlike pharmacokinetics, for the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to HLRAg E. faecalis. A reduction of 1 to 4 dilutions in MICs of ampicillin was obtained when ampicillin was combined with a fixed subinhibitory ceftriaxone concentration of 4 micrograms/ml. This potentiating effect was also observed by the double disk method with all 10 strains. Time-kill studies performed with 1 and 2 micrograms of ampicillin alone per ml or in combination with 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 micrograms of ceftriaxone per ml showed a > or = 2 log10 reduction in CFU per milliliter with respect to ampicillin alone and to the initial inoculum for all 10 E. faecalis strains studied. This effect was obtained for seven strains with the combination of 2 micrograms of ampicillin per ml plus 10 micrograms of ceftriaxone per ml and for six strains with 5 micrograms of ceftriaxone per ml. Animals with catheter-induced endocarditis were infected intravenously with 10(8) CFU of E. faecalis V48 or 10(5) CFU of E. faecalis V45 and were treated for 3 days with humanlike pharmacokinetics of 2 g of ampicillin every 4 h, alone or combined with 2 g of ceftriaxone every 12 h. The levels in serum and the pharmacokinetic parameters of the humanlike pharmacokinetics of ampicillin or ceftriaxone in rabbits were similar to those found in humans treated with 2 g of ampicillin or ceftriaxone intravenously. Results of the therapy for experimental endocarditis caused by E. faecalis V48 or V45 showed that the residual bacterial titers in aortic valve vegetations were significantly lower in the animals treated with the combinations of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone than in those treated with ampicillin alone (P < 0.001). The combination of ampicillin and ceftriaxone showed in vitro and in vivo synergism against HLRAg E. faecalis.  (+info)

Arginine-aminoglycoside conjugates that bind to HIV transactivation responsive element RNA in vitro. (5/2111)

HIV gene expression is crucially dependent on binding of the viral Tat protein to the transactivation RNA response element. A number of synthetic Tat-transactivation responsive element interaction inhibitors of peptide/peptoid nature were described as potential antiviral drug prototypes. We present a new class of peptidomimetic inhibitors, conjugates of L-arginine with aminoglycosides. Using a gel-shift assay and affinity chromatography on an L-arginine column we found that these compounds bind specifically to the transactivation responsive element RNA in vitro with Kd values in the range of 20-400 nM, which is comparable to the Kd of native Tat bound to the transactivation responsive element (10-12 nM). Confocal microscopy studies demonstrated that fluorescein-labelled conjugate penetrates into live cells. High affinity to the transactivation responsive element, low toxicity, and relative simplicity of synthesis make these compounds attractive candidates for antiviral drug design.  (+info)

The therapeutic monitoring of antimicrobial agents. (6/2111)

AIMS: To review the basis and optimal use of therapeutic drug monitoring of antimicrobial agents. METHODS: Antimicrobial agents for which a reasonable case exists for therapeutic drug monitoring were reviewed under the following headings: pharmacokinetics, why monitor, therapeutic range, individualisation of therapy, sampling times, methods of analysis, interpretative problems and cost-effectiveness of monitoring. RESULTS: There is a strong historical case for monitoring aminoglycosides. The recent move to once-daily dosing means that criteria for therapeutic drug monitoring need to be redefined. Vancomycin has been monitored routinely but many questions remain about the most appropriate approach to this. A case can be made for monitoring teicoplanin, flucytosine and itraconazole in certain circumstances. CONCLUSIONS: The approach to monitoring aminoglycosides needs to be redefined in the light of once-daily dosing. It is premature to suggest that less stringent monitoring is necessary as toxicity remains a problem with these drugs. The ideal method of monitoring vancomycin remains to be defined although a reasonable case exists for measuring trough concentrations, mainly to ensure efficacy. Teicoplanin is monitored occasionally to ensure efficacy while flucytosine is monitored occasionally to avoid high concentrations associated with toxicity. Itraconazole has various pharmacokinetic problems and monitoring has been suggested to ensure that adequate concentrations are achieved.  (+info)

Recovery of the vestibulocolic reflex after aminoglycoside ototoxicity in domestic chickens. (7/2111)

Avian auditory and vestibular hair cells regenerate after damage by ototoxic drugs, but until recently there was little evidence that regenerated vestibular hair cells function normally. In an earlier study we showed that the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) is eliminated with aminoglycoside antibiotic treatment and recovers as hair cells regenerate. The VOR, which stabilizes the eye in the head, is an open-loop system that is thought to depend largely on regularly firing afferents. Recovery of the VOR is highly correlated with the regeneration of type I hair cells. In contrast, the vestibulocolic reflex (VCR), which stabilizes the head in space, is a closed-loop, negative-feedback system that seems to depend more on irregularly firing afferent input and is thought to be subserved by different circuitry than the VOR. We examined whether this different reflex also of vestibular origin would show similar recovery after hair cell regeneration. Lesions of the vestibular hair cells of 10-day-old chicks were created by a 5-day course of streptomycin sulfate. One day after completion of streptomycin treatment there was no measurable VCR gain, and total hair cell density was approximately 35% of that in untreated, age-matched controls. At 2 wk postlesion there was significant recovery of the VCR; at this time two subjects showed VCR gains within the range of control chicks. At 3 wk postlesion all subjects showed VCR gains and phase shifts within the normal range. These data show that the VCR recovers before the VOR. Unlike VOR gain, recovering VCR gain correlates equally well with the density of regenerating type I and type II vestibular hair cells, except at high frequencies. Several factors other than hair cell regeneration, such as length of stereocilia, reafferentation of hair cells, and compensation involving central neural pathways, may be involved in behavioral recovery. Our data suggest that one or more of these factors differentially affect the recovery of these two vestibular reflexes.  (+info)

Antibiotic penetrance of ascitic fluid in dogs. (8/2111)

Antibiotic concentrations in ascitic fluid after parenteral therapy may be important in the treatment of peritonitis. We have created ascites in dogs by partial ligation of the inferior vena cava. Ascitic fluid volume was measured at the time each antibiotic was administered. Nine antibiotics were studied in the same three dogs. Antibiotic concentration in ascitic fluid was found to vary inversely with ascites volume. Percentage of penetration (ratio of ascites peak to serum peak x100) ranged from 5.8 to 65% among the drugs studied. Only metronidazole showed a statistically significant higher percentage of penetration than other antimicrobials. Concentrations in ascitic fluid after single doses of cephalothin (15 mg/kg) and the aminoglycosides (2 mg/kg, gentamicin and tobramycin; 7.5 mg/kg, amikacin and kanamycin) did not exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration of many gram-negative rods and may justify the use of higher than usual initial parenteral doses, or possibly initial intraperitoneal administration in seriously ill patients.  (+info)

TY - JOUR. T1 - Aminoglycoside-Induced Hair Cell Death of Inner Ear Organs Causes Functional Deficits in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio). AU - Uribe, Phillip M.. AU - Sun, Huifang. AU - Wang, Kevin. AU - Asuncion, James D.. AU - Wang, Qi. AU - Chen, Chien Wei. AU - Steyger, Peter S.. AU - Smith, Michael E.. AU - Matsui, Jonathan I.. PY - 2013/3/22. Y1 - 2013/3/22. N2 - Aminoglycoside antibiotics, like gentamicin, kill inner ear sensory hair cells in a variety of species including chickens, mice, and humans. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been used to study hair cell cytotoxicity in the lateral line organs of larval and adult animals. Little is known about whether aminoglycosides kill the hair cells within the inner ear of adult zebrafish. We report here the ototoxic effects of gentamicin on hair cells in the saccule, the putative hearing organ, and utricle of zebrafish. First, adult zebrafish received a single 30 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of fluorescently-tagged gentamicin (GTTR) to ...
The three classes of enzymes which inactivate aminoglycosides and lead to bacterial resistance are reviewed. DNA hybridization studies have shown that different genes can encode aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes with identical resistance profiles. Comparisons of the amino acid sequences of 49 aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes have revealed new insights into the evolution and relatedness of these proteins. A preliminary assessment of the amino acids which may be important in binding aminoglycosides was obtained from these data and from the results of mutational analysis of several of the genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Recent studies have demonstrated that aminoglycoside resistance can emerge as a result of alterations in the regulation of normally quiescent cellular genes or as a result of acquiring genes which may have originated from aminoglycoside-producing organisms or from other resistant organisms. Dissemination of these genes is aided by a variety of genetic elements ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Acquisition of 16S rRNA methylase gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AU - Yokoyama, Keiko. AU - Doi, Yohei. AU - Yamane, Kunikazu. AU - Kurokawa, Hiroshi. AU - Shibata, Naohiro. AU - Shibayama, Keigo. AU - Yagi, Tetsuya. AU - Kato, Haru. AU - Arakawa, Yoshichika. PY - 2003/12/6. Y1 - 2003/12/6. N2 - Background: Bacteria develop resistance to aminoglycosides by producing aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes such as acetyltransferase, phosphorylase, and adenyltransferase. These enzymes, however, cannot confer consistent resistance to various aminoglycosides because of their substrate specificity. Notwithstanding, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain AR-2 showing high-level resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration ,1024 mg/L) to various aminoglycosides was isolated clinically. We aimed to clone and characterise the genetic determinant of this resistance. Methods: We used conventional methods for DNA manipulation, susceptibility testing, and gene analyses to clone and characterise the ...
TY - CONF. T1 - The Role of Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin in Elderly AML Patients in Complete Remission. AU - Siragusa, Sergio. PY - 2007. Y1 - 2007. N2 - The majority of patients (pts) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are diagnosed in their 6th and 7th decade of life. AML in elderly pts is associated with poor response to conventional chemotherapy and limited long-term survival, reflecting a higher incidence multidrug resistance mechanisms, a low bone marrow reserve which may prevent/delay the recovery of hematopoiesis after treatment, and the occurrence of co-morbidities. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) is an immunoconjugate with a humanized anti-CD33 that after internalization, releases a cytotoxic drug, calicheamicin; ≥80% of AML pts have myeloid blast cells that express the CD33 surface antigen. GO as a single agent has low antileukemic activity (Sievers et al, J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3244-54). However, GO is being used at lower doses in combined chemotherapy regimens as induction or postremission ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Diversity of high-level aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms among Gram-negative nosocomial pathogens in Brazil. AU - Ballaben, Anelise S.. AU - Andrade, Leonardo N.. AU - Galetti, Renata. AU - Ferreira, Joseane C.. AU - McElheny, Christi L.. AU - Mettus, Roberta T.. AU - da Silva, Paulo. AU - de Oliveira Garcia, Doroti. AU - Darini, Ana Lucia C.. AU - Doib, Yohei. PY - 2018/11. Y1 - 2018/11. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85055604011&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85055604011&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1128/AAC.01550-18. DO - 10.1128/AAC.01550-18. M3 - Letter. C2 - 30150471. AN - SCOPUS:85055604011. VL - 62. JO - Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. JF - Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. SN - 0066-4804. IS - 11. M1 - e01550-18. ER - ...
Agarwal, J., Kalyan, R. and Singh, M. (2009) High-Level Aminoglycoside Resistance and Beta-Lactamase Production in Enterococci at a Tertiary Care Hospital in India. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 62, 158-159.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:. I. To test whether outcomes of patients of age 60 or older with previously untreated non-M3 acute myeloid leukemia treated with azacitidine plus gemtuzumab ozogamicin are sufficient to warrant phase III investigation.. II. To estimate the frequency and severity of toxicities of this regimen in the good- and poor-risk groups of patients.. III. To investigate in a preliminary manner the disease-free survival of patients who achieve complete remission and receive post-remission therapy on this study.. IV. To investigate in a preliminary manner the cytogenetic response rates of patients treated with this regimen.. V. To investigate in a preliminary manner the effects of cytogenetic abnormalities, promoter and global methylation changes, and multidrug resistance on overall survival and response to azacitidine plus gemtuzumab ozogamicin therapy.. OUTLINE: Patients are stratified according to risk status (good [60-69 years of age OR Zubrod performance status [PS] 0-1] vs poor [,= ...
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:. I. To test whether outcomes of patients of age 60 or older with previously untreated non-M3 acute myeloid leukemia treated with azacitidine plus gemtuzumab ozogamicin are sufficient to warrant phase III investigation.. II. To estimate the frequency and severity of toxicities of this regimen in the good- and poor-risk groups of patients.. III. To investigate in a preliminary manner the disease-free survival of patients who achieve complete remission and receive post-remission therapy on this study.. IV. To investigate in a preliminary manner the cytogenetic response rates of patients treated with this regimen.. V. To investigate in a preliminary manner the effects of cytogenetic abnormalities, promoter and global methylation changes, and multidrug resistance on overall survival and response to azacitidine plus gemtuzumab ozogamicin therapy.. OUTLINE: Patients are stratified according to risk status (good [60-69 years of age OR Zubrod performance status [PS] 0-1] vs poor [,= ...
2. 19 Aminoglycoside Antibiotics 34. Li, X. , L. Zhang, G. A. McKay, and K. Poole. 2003. Role of the acetyltransferase AAC(6p)-Iz modifying enzyme in aminoglycoside resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51:803-811. 35. , M. Tod, Y. Cohen, and O. Petitjean. 1995. Aminoglycosides. Med. Clin. N. Am. 79:761-87. 36. , T. A. Smith, R. J. Zheng, P. Nordmann, and J. S. Blanchard. 2003. Aminoglycoside resistance resulting from tight drug binding to an altered aminoglycoside acetyltransferase. 1999. Semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotics: development and enzymatic modifications. J. Infect. Chemother. 5:1-9. Kotra, L. , J. Haddad, and S. Mobashery. 2000. Aminoglycosides perspectives on mechanisms of action and resistance and strategies to counter resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:3249-3256. 2. 19 Aminoglycoside Antibiotics 34. Li, X. , L. Zhang, G. A. McKay, and K. Poole. 2003. Role of the acetyltransferase AAC(6p)-Iz modifying enzyme in aminoglycoside ...
National guidelines are needed for the management of paediatric febrile neutropenia (FN), according to the Australian Predicting Infectious ComplicatioNs in Children with Cancer (PICNICC) study group. The call follows a study of aminoglycoside use in children with febrile neutropenia which challenges the empiric use of this class of antibiotics and the variation in hospital-and state-based .... ...
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Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of t-RNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Aminoglycosides are useful primarily in infections involving aerobic, Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter. In addition, some mycobacteria, including the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, are susceptible to aminoglycosides. Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria can also be treated with aminoglycosides, but other types of antibiotics are more potent and less damaging to the host. In the past the aminoglycosides have been used in conjunction with penicillin-related antibiotics in streptococcal infections for their synergistic effects, particularly in endocarditis. Aminoglycosides are mostly ineffective against anaerobic bacteria, fungi and viruses ...
Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of t-RNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Aminoglycosides are useful primarily in infections involving aerobic, Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter. In addition, some mycobacteria, including the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, are susceptible to aminoglycosides. Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria can also be treated with aminoglycosides, but other types of antibiotics are more potent and less damaging to the host. In the past the aminoglycosides have been used in conjunction with penicillin-related antibiotics in streptococcal infections for their synergistic effects, particularly in endocarditis. Aminoglycosides are mostly ineffective against anaerobic bacteria, fungi and viruses ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Correlation of pharmacokinetic indices with therapeutic outcome in patients receiving aminoglycosides. AU - Deziel-Evans, L. M.. AU - Murphy, J. E.. AU - Job, M. L.. PY - 1986/1/1. Y1 - 1986/1/1. N2 - The influence of five pharmacokinetic indices on therapeutic response was retrospectively studied in 45 adult patients treated with aminoglycosides for bacterial infections. Subjects were treated for a minimum of five days, had culture and sensitivity reports, and had at least one set of steady-state peak and trough serum aminoglycoside concentrations. Serum drug concentrations were determined by enzyme-multiplied immunoassay or by fluorescence polarization assay. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the drugs were determined by microdilution assays. Cure was determined by negative cultures or absence of clinical evidence of infection. Values for five pharmacokinetic indices were determined for each patient: (1) ratio of steady-state peak serum concentration to MIC ...
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin was withdrawn from the market after being evaluated in combination with chemotherapy in the frontline treatment of patients aged 18 to 60 years with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). More-recent randomised trials demonstrate that low doses of gemtuzumab added to cytarabine and anthracycline-based chemotherapy benefit patients with better-risk AML. This article was first published [more]
Since the introduction into clinical practice of the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics, a number of other antimicrobial agents with improved safety profile have entered the market. Studies have failed to demonstrate the superiority of aminoglycoside-containing regimens in a number of infection settings. This has raised doubts regarding the actual clinical utility of aminoglycosides. However, the recent emergence of infections due to Gram-negative bacterial strains with advanced patterns of antimicrobial resistance has prompted physicians to reconsider these old antibacterial agents. This revived interest in the use of aminoglycosides has brought back to light the debate on the two major issues related to these compounds, namely the spectrum of antimicrobial susceptibility and toxicity. Although some of the aminoglycosides retain activity against the majority of Gram-negative clinical bacterial isolates in many parts of the world, the relatively frequent occurrence of nephrotoxicity and ...
Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious pathogen which often causes nosocomial and community attained infections. These infections steadily increased after evolving the resistance due to indecorous practice of antibiotics and now become a serious health issue. Ouabain is a Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor that leads to increase the heart contraction in patients with congestive heart failure. In the present study, in vitro antimicrobial effect of ouabain together with aminoglycosides was determined against clinical and non-clinical S. aureus strains. Using checkerboard, Gentamycin uptake and biofilm assays, we analysed he interactions of ouabain with aminoglycosides. Ouabain induced the staphylocidal potency of aminoglycosides by remarkably reducing the MIC of gentamycin (GEN) by 16 (0.25 μg/mL), 8 folds (0.5 μg/mL) amikacin (AMK); and 16 folds (1.0 μg/mL) with kanamycin (KAN), compared to their individual doses. OBN severely reduced cell viability within 60 min with GEN (1 μg/mL), KAN (2 μg/mL) and 90 min with
Bacterial infections are common in the neonates and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Sixty percent of preterm infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units received at least one antibiotic during the first week of life. Penicillins, aminoglycosides and cephalosporins comprised 53, 43 and 16%, respectively. Kinetic parameters such as the half-life (t1/2), clearance (Cl), and volume of distribution (Vd) change with development, so the kinetics of penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides need to be studied in order to optimise therapy with these drugs. The aim of this study is to review the pharmacokinetics of penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides in the neonate in a single article in order to provide a critical analysis of the literature and thus provide a useful tool in the hands of physicians. The bibliographic search was performed electronically using PubMed, as the search engine, until February 2nd, 2010. Medline search terms were as follows: pharmacokinetics AND
The primary objectives are a) to establish the maximum tolerated dose of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in combination with cytarabine and b) to assess the safet
Prospective, multicenter, uncontrolled cohort study to analyze the efficacy of a risk adapted treatment strategy, including gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) d
The effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics on cellular functions of the LLC-PK1 kidney epithelial cell line were studied as a model system for aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity. The treatment with aminoglycoside antibiotics for 3 days caused a decrease in the dome number in the confluent LLC-PK1 cells and an increase in the floating cells in the culture medium. The inhibition of dome formation was dose-dependent and the rank-order of the degree of inhibition was compatible with the rank-order of in vivo nephrotoxicity. Aminoglycosides also decreased the intracellular content of cyclic AMP, with a correlation between the alteration of dome formation and cyclic AMP content. The specific activities of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (marker for lysosomes), aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase (marker for apical membranes) and (Na++K+)-adenosine triphosphatase (marker for basolateral membranes) in the homogenate were decreased by gentamicin treatment. Lysosomal and apical membrane enzymes released ...
Aminoglycosides are highly potent, antibiotics with several properties for the treatment of life-threatening infections. Aminoglycosides have concentration
The tirandamycins are a small group of natural products that contain a bicyclic ketal system and a tetramic acid moiety, the latter of which is found in different natural products from a variety of sources and which is characterized by a 2,4-pyrrolidinedione ring system. Members of this structural family have shown a wide range of biological activities like in antiparasitic, antifungal and anti-HIV evaluations, and furthermore, have shown potential usefulness because of their potent antibacterial properties. Streptolydigin, an analogue of the tirandamycins, is known to function as an antibacterial agent through inhibiting the chain initiation and elongation steps RNA polymerase transcription. The structural diversity in the tirandamycin family originates from the different oxidation patterns observed in the bicycic ketal system, and these modifications are determinant features for the bioactivity associated with these molecules. In the first study that looked at the gene cluster for tirandamycin ...
Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Joel Jimenez Ms. R. Bolton October 30 2014 Aminoglycosides Antibiotic In my research paper I will be talking about the important of...
Hepatotoxicity, Including Veno-occlusive Liver Disease (VOD). Inform patients that liver problems, including severe, life-threatening, or fatal VOD may develop during MYLOTARG treatment. Prior to receiving MYLOTARG, inform patients who previously received, or will receive an HSCT that they may be at increased risk for developing VOD. Inform patients that the risk of developing VOD after an allogeneic HSCT is increased after receiving treatment with MYLOTARG. Inform patients that signs or symptoms of liver toxicity, including rapid weight gain, right upper quadrant pain and tenderness, hepatomegaly, and ascites should be monitored regularly during treatment, but these symptoms may not identify all patients at risk or prevent the complications of liver toxicity. Inform patients that liver problems may require dosing interruption or permanent discontinuation of MYLOTARG [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].. ...
A quick and simple procedure is presented for the extraction of aminoglycoside antibiotics from bovine meat and milk. A single operator can easily analyze 20 samples per day.
DISCUSSION. Although the ototoxic effects of aminoglycosides were first described in the 1940s, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Hearing damage associated with aminoglycoside use can include permanent hearing loss and tinnitus secondary to the degradation of sensorineural hair cells of the cochlea and/or vestibule. Damage to cochlear hair cells is thought to be mediated by oxidative stress, starting at the base where high-frequency sounds are decoded and advancing to the apex6,8,13,14,15. In the present study, we identified hearing complaints after aminoglycoside use in 27% of medical records analyzed, similar to what has been described in the literature (27.8%)11. Higher frequencies of TB and hearing complaints among male subjects in our study were also consistent with previous reports. This finding may be related to the increased tendency for ototoxicity risk factor exposure in men compared to women4,11,13.. In this study, we examined the relationship between hearing complaints and ...
A clinical isolate of (SP#5) that showed decreased susceptibility to evernimicin (MIC, 1. The incorporation of isoleucine demonstrated a linear response towards the dose degree of evernimicin. The incorporation of various other classes of tagged substrates was very much or unaffected postponed, indicating these had been secondary results. Everninomicins certainly are a course of oligosaccharide antibiotics isolated from (31). One particular substance, evernimicin (SCH 27899) (10, 11, 12) happens to be undergoing evaluation being a healing agent. Its been shown to possess powerful activity against many gram-positive bacterias, including emerging issue organisms such as for example vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant staphylococci, and penicillin-resistant pneumococci (16). Actually, there have been no staphylococcal, enterococcal, and pneumococcal isolates that shown level of resistance to evernimicin in either the analysis by Jones and Barrett (16) or a more-recent ...
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This phase II trial studies the how well fractionated gemtuzumab ozogamicin works in treating measurable residual disease in participants with acute myeloid leukemia. Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, such as gemtuzumab ozogamicin, may help the bodys immune system attack the cancer, and may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. ...
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a term used to represent a heterogeneous group of diseases resulting from a malignant change in the haematopoietic stem cells. In the USA, the overall incidence rate and the death rate are 3.6 and 2.8 per 100 000 people per year, respectively. The incidence increases with age, with 40% of cases occurring in adults aged below 60 years and more than 50% in patients aged 60 years and above. Overall, the 5-year survival rate for adults is 23.4%.1 Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 35%-40% of adult patients aged 60 years or younger and 5%-15% among patients older than 60 years of age.2 Mortality in patients with AML can result from treatment-related causes, relapse or primary refractoriness. The mortality rate is approximately 50% in patients aged 60 years or younger and about 80% in patients aged 60 years and above.3 4. Prognostic factors can be subdivided into two categories: patient-associated factors and disease-related factors. Patient-associated factors, ...
Creative Proteomics can provide you with aminoglycosides residue testing service in accordance with local laws, regulations and customer requirements.
Aminoglycosides are mainly distributed in the extracellular fluid, so when they are given to neonates who have a large amount of extracellular fluid, their distribution is increased. In our data, the volume of distribution (Vd) of Arbekacin in the neonates was twice that of the adults, 0.54 l/kg. Therefore, the dose per weight of aminoglycosides to the neonates should be increased more than to the adults. In the renal function of the neonates, differentiation of the nephron is completed within 36 weeks after conception, but it is functionally immature ...
Specifically dimethylates two adjacent adenosines in the loop of a conserved hairpin near the 3-end of 16S rRNA in the 30S particle. Its inactivation leads to kasugamycin resistance ...
Specifically dimethylates two adjacent adenosines in the loop of a conserved hairpin near the 3-end of 16S rRNA in the 30S particle. Its inactivation leads to kasugamycin resistance ...
Penicillins and aminoglycosides are frequently employed in combination to enhance bacterial kill. The combination is effective because penicillins disrupt the cell wall and thereby facilitate access of aminoglycosides to their site of action. ...
Telavancins sales have been dismal at about $4.5 million for the 3rd quarter 2011. One could argue that this is not surprising since it is really, just another IV only Gram-positive only antibiotic that failed to study or prove superiority to any of the other drugs out there. The EU approval for HAP also just arrived in mid-2011. Further, the trials compared telavancin to vancomycin whereas many feel that, certainly for HAP, linezolid is a superior drug. Given the risks of telavancin, it is obviously hard to make the argument that physicians should adopt this new therapy. One wonders what Astellas was thinking when they made the deal to begin with. Although, Astellas clearly left themselves an out. They apparently were not responsible for any of the development costs, and only paid $65 million upfront in 2005. Additional milestone payments were also part of the agreement going up to an additional $156 million. Astellas was responsible for ex-US regulatory filings and for all commercialization ...
Methods for determining proteins and protein-bound compounds comprising enzymatic modification - diagram, schematic, and image 04 ...
4AQY: Dissociation of Antibacterial Activity and Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity in the 4-Monosubstituted 2-Deoxystreptamine Apramycin.
3,4-α-Epoxyneamine and its related aminoglycosidic antibiotic derivatives containing 3,4-α-epoxyneamine moiety in the molecule thereof are now provided, which may be in the form of their amino-protected and partially hydroxyl-protected product and which are useful as intermediates for use in the synthetic production of therapeutically valuable 3-deoxy derivatives of aminoglycosidic antibiotics.
The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.
The global systemic antibiotics market was respected at $39.6 billion in 2013 and is expected to reach $41.2 billion by 2020, at a CAGR of 0.8%. Antibiotics present in the marketplace such as aminoglycoside antibiotics and it covers about 79% of the global demand. Furthermore, the other antibiotics such as penicillin have 8%, tetracycline 4%, erythromycin 7%, streptomycin 1% and chloramphenicol has 1 % market ...
CAS Number: 25389-94-0 , Description: approx. 800 micrograms per mgCell culture testedKanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic and isused as a selective agent for the incorporation of the NPT II (APH3) gene in plant ...
Advances that open new avenues in developing aminoglycosideantibiotics During the last twenty years, there have been numerous advances inthe understanding of the chemistry, biochemistry, and recognitionof aminoglycosides.
The Food and Drug Administration said Monday Pfizer Inc. is withdrawing its cancer drug Mylotarg from the U.S. market after a clinical study showed the drug wasnt effective and had...
Exposure to aminoglycoside antibiotics can lead to the generation of toxic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear that have been implicated in hearing and balance disorders. Better understanding of the origin of aminoglycoside-induced ROS could focus the development of therapies aimed at preventing this event. In this work, we used the zebrafish lateral line system to monitor the dynamic behavior of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic oxidation occurring within the same dying hair cell following exposure to aminoglycosides. The increased oxidation observed in both mitochondria and cytoplasm of dying hair cells was highly correlated with mitochondrial calcium uptake. Application of the mitochondrial uniporter inhibitor Ru360 reduced mitochondrial and cytoplasmic oxidation, suggesting that mitochondrial calcium drives ROS generation during aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death. Furthermore, targeting mitochondria with free radical scavengers conferred ...
Background & objective: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) is an important nosocomial pathogen which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in high-risk populations. Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) methylation are two important mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycosides. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of 16S rRNA methylase (armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, and rmtD), and the AME genes [aac(6′)-Ib, aac(3)-I, ant(3′′)-I, aph(3′)-I and aac(6)-Id], among clinical isolates of A. baumannii in Tehran, Iran. Methods: Between November 2015 to July 2016, a total of 110 clinical strains of A. baumannii were isolated from patients in two teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The presence of genes encoding the AMEs and16S rRNA methylases responsible for resis-tance was investigated by
TY - JOUR. T1 - Selective inactivation of aminoglycosides by newer beta-lactam antibiotics. AU - Jorgensen, J. H.. AU - Crawford, S. A.. PY - 1982/1/1. Y1 - 1982/1/1. N2 - Combinations of aminoglycoside and beta-lactam antibiotics may act synergistically against certain microorganisms. However, aminoglycosides have been shown to interact chemically with certain beta-lactam antibiotics resulting in diminished activity of the aminoglycoside. Two beta-lactam antiotics, moxalactam and cefotaxime, as well as several other beta-lactams in current use, were studied for possible inactivation of gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin. Aqueous mixtures of each of the three aminoglycosides plus a beta-lactam antibiotic (moxalactam, cefotaxime, cephalothin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin or penicillin) were prepared in ratios of 10:1 and 50:1 (beta-lactam: aminoglycoside). Gentamicin and tobramycin were markedly inactivated by carbenicillin and ticarcillin, and to a lesser degree by penicillin (only at the 50:1 ...
Unexpected. If there is a term that sums up life it could very well be: unexpected. Life is full of unexpected moments. Some of these moments can be full of unexpected blessings while others may be full of unexpected obstacles. However, sometimes the unexpected can be both an obstacle and blessing at the same time; you just need someone to help you see both sides. The Greenwood Genetic Center is a place that helps shed some light on the ...
The aminoglycoside phosphotransferases (APHs) are responsible for the bacterial inactivation of many clinically useful aminoglycoside antibiotics. We report the characterization of an enterococcal enzyme, APH(3)-IIIa, which inactivates a broad spectrum of aminoglycosides by ATP-dependent O-phosphorylation. Overproduction of APH(3)-IIIa has permitted the isolation of 30-40 mg of pure protein/(L of cell culture). Purified APH(3)-IIIa is a mixture of monomer and dimer which is slowly converted to dimer only over time. Dimer could be dissociated into monomer by incubation with 2-mercaptoethanol, suggesting that dimerization is mediated by formation of disulfide bond(s). Both monomer and dimer show Km values in the low micromolar range for good substrates such as kanamycin and neomycin, and kcat values of 1-4 s-1. All aminoglycosides show substrate inhibition except amikacin and kanamycin B. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations indicates a positive correlation between antibiotic activity and
Hepatotoxicity, including life-threatening and sometimes fatal hepatic VOD events, have been reported in patients receiving MYLOTARG as a single agent or as part of a combination chemotherapy regimen [see Adverse Reactions (6)].. In ALFA-0701, VOD events were reported in 6/131 (5%) adult patients during or following treatment with MYLOTARG, or following later hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The median time from the MYLOTARG dose to onset of VOD was 9 days (range: 2-298 days), with 5 events occurring within 28 days of any dose of MYLOTARG and 1 event occurring greater than 28 days after the last dose of MYLOTARG. Three of the 6 VOD events were fatal. VOD was also reported in 2 patients in the control arm of ALFA-0701 after receiving MYLOTARG as a therapy for relapsed AML.. In MyloFrance-1 (MYLOTARG 3 mg/m2 on Days 1, 4 and 7), VOD events were reported in none of the 57 patients during or following treatment, or following HSCT after completion of MYLOTARG treatment.. In AAML0531, ...
Summary The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the aacA-aphD, aphA3 and aadC genes, encoding the aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes AAC(6′)-APH(2′), APH(3′)III and ANT(4′ 4
Looking for online definition of fidaxomicin in the Medical Dictionary? fidaxomicin explanation free. What is fidaxomicin? Meaning of fidaxomicin medical term. What does fidaxomicin mean?
Amikacin sulfate, a active ingredient of samu AMIKACIN injection, is a semi-synthetic aminoglycosides antibiotics derived from Kanamycin. Amikacin, like other aminoglycoside antibiotics, is a bactericidal agent that exerts its action at the level of bacterial ribosome. Amikacin has been shown to be effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and many aminoglycoside-resistant strains due to its ability to resist degradation by aminoglycoside inactivating enzymes known to affect Gentamicin, Tobramycin and Kanamycin. Amikacin is a broad spectrum bactericidal antibiotic agent well absorbed following intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection and rapidly transmitted to skin and soft tissue, so it maintains a high therapeutic blood level. Amikacin has few side effects such as nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity ...
The US Food and Drug Administration recently approved gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) for the treatment of patients 60 years of age and older who are in first relapse with CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are not considered 1
Stress stimuli can lead to remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and subsequent alteration of cell adhesion and permeation as well as cell functions and cell fate. We investigated redox-dependent Rho GTPase-linked pathways controlling the actin cytoskeleton in the inner ear of the CBA mouse, by using aminoglycoside antibiotics as a noxious stimulus that causes loss of sensory cells via the formation of reactive oxygen species. Kanamycin treatment in vivo interfered with the formation of F-actin, disturbed the arrangement of β-actin in the stereocilia of outer hair cells, and altered the intermittent adherens junction/tight junction complexes between outer hair cells and supporting cells. The drug treatment also activated Rac1 and promoted the formation of the complex of Rac1 and p67phox while decreasing the activity of RhoA and reducing the formation of the RhoA/p140mDia complex. In inner-ear-derived cell lines, expression of mutated Rac1 changed the structural arrangement of F-actin and ...
Aminoglycosides are very important antibiotics in cystic fibrosis patients because of their efficacy against Ps aeruginosa. They are usually combined with a β lactam antibiotic in cases of pulmonary exacerbation caused by chronic colonisation with Ps aeruginosa.2-4 Several studies in severely ill patients have shown that once daily administration of aminoglycosides is as effective and probably less toxic than conventional thrice daily administration. For these antibiotics, efficacy is closely correlated with serum peak concentration and the ratio of serum peak to minimum inhibitory concentration of the bacteria, whereas toxicity depends on the trough serum level.7 16 17 Furthermore, the postantibiotic effect of aminoglycosides on Gram negative bacteria seems to be partly related to the serum peak value.8Administration once daily allows a high peak concentrations to be reached and enables the trough concentration to be as low as possible.. These conditions were clearly demonstrated in our study. ...
Penicillins and cephalospororins are the most prescribed group of antibiotics. They belong to half-synthetic beta lactam antibiotics. These antibiotics work by inhibiting the enzymes responsible for the production of peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan is a biopolimer that is a main structural component of the bacterial cell wall. The blockage of peptidoglycan synthesis leads to the lysis of the microorganisms. Another group of preparations are aminoglycosides. However, these antibiotics are prescribed in rare cases. The most of aminoglycosides possesses nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and cab cause neuromuscular blockage. Bactericidal action of aminoglycosides is related to the interfering with the synthesis of proteins on the ribisomes in the microbial cells. When aminoglycosides are used with penicillins and cephalosporins the sinergism against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms is observed. Among all bacteriostatic antibiotics macrolides and tetracyclines are the most indicated groups. ...
Penicillins and cephalospororins are the most prescribed group of antibiotics. They belong to half-synthetic beta lactam antibiotics. These antibiotics work by inhibiting the enzymes responsible for the production of peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan is a biopolimer that is a main structural component of the bacterial cell wall. The blockage of peptidoglycan synthesis leads to the lysis of the microorganisms. Another group of preparations are aminoglycosides. However, these antibiotics are prescribed in rare cases. The most of aminoglycosides possesses nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and cab cause neuromuscular blockage. Bactericidal action of aminoglycosides is related to the interfering with the synthesis of proteins on the ribisomes in the microbial cells. When aminoglycosides are used with penicillins and cephalosporins the sinergism against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms is observed. Among all bacteriostatic antibiotics macrolides and tetracyclines are the most indicated groups. ...
There is no established dosing schedule for once-daily aminoglycoside dosing regimens, and accepted guidelines for monitoring therapy are lacking. We derived a simplified schedule from the Hull and Sarubbi (J. H. Hull and F. A. Sarubbi, Ann. Intern. Med. 85:183-189, 1976) nomogram, for which efficacy and safety in a once-daily dosing regimen were previously demonstrated, and prospectively followed serum aminoglycoside levels in patients. The standard treatment was gentamicin or tobramycin at 4 mg/kg of body weight given intravenously once daily. When the renal function was decreased, the daily dose was reduced, as follows: for an estimated creatinine clearance of between 50 and 80 ml/min, the daily dose was 3.25 mg/kg, for an estimated creatinine clearance of between 30 and 50 ml/min, the daily dose was 2.5 mg/kg, and for an estimated creatinine clearance of below 30 ml/min, the daily dose was 2 mg/kg. A total of 221 patients were studied (184 received gentamicin and 37 received tobramycin). First
Sekar, R., Srivani, R., Vignesh, R., Kownhar, H. and Shankar, E.M. (2008) Low Recovery Rates of High-Level Aminoglycoside-Resistant Enterococci Could be Attributable to Restricted Usage of Aminoglycosides in Indian Settings. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 57, 397-398.
Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping. ...
Read about aminoglycosides, a group of antibiotics indicated for the management of acute exacerbations of CF and to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.
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This information from Lexicomp® explains what you need to know about this medication, including what its used for, how to take it, its side effects, and when to call your healthcare provider.
SAN DIEGO -- Oncologists are re-evaluating gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) in acute myeloid leukemia, with new results presented here suggesting its 2010 withdrawal from the market may have been prem
a. Streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin b. Gentamycins c. Neomycin d. Kanamycin e. Amikacin f. Tobramycin g. Netilmicin (1-N-ethylsisomicin)
Rebeccamycin is an indolocarbazole isolated from Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes. Rebeccamycin displays selective antitumor activity against several cell lines. Analogues of rebeccamycin have been tested in clinical trials for cancer therapy ...
Read Properties of lanK-based regulatory circuit involved in landomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces cyanogenus S136, Russian Journal of Genetics on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
Any drug with the potential to cause toxic reactions to structures of the inner ear, including the cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals, and otoliths, is considered ototoxic. Drug-induced damage to these structures of the auditory and balance system can result in hearing loss, tinnitus, and dysequilibrium or dizziness.
TY - CHAP. T1 - Enzymatic modification of phospholipids. AU - Xu, Xuebing. AU - Vikbjerg, Anders Falk. AU - Guo, Zheng. AU - Zhang, Long. AU - Acharya, Ashishkumar Hitendrakumar. PY - 2008. Y1 - 2008. M3 - Book chapter. SP - 41. EP - 82. BT - Phospholipid Science and Technology. A2 - Gunstone, Frank. PB - Oily Press. CY - London. ER - ...
Asia-Pacific held the largest share of the revenue generated by the global antibacterial drugs market in 2014. This region is also expected to experience the highest growth rate during the forecast period 2015 to 2023.
Amikacin (a-mi-KAY-sin) Treats infections. Belongs to a class of drugs called aminoglycoside antibiotics. Brand Name(s): amikacin sulfate NovaPlus
Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis. Naturally made by Gram-negative bacteria, this solution inhibits mycoplasma growth.
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Easy to read patient leaflet for Telavancin. Includes indications, proper use, special instructions, precautions, and possible side effects.
DUBLIN, IRELAND--(Marketwired - Oct 5, 2015) - Theravance Biopharma, Inc. (NASDAQ: TBPH) (Theravance Biopharma or the Company) today announced that data from studies of VIBATIV® (telavancin) will be presented at IDWeek™ 2015, being held in San Diego, CA, on October 7 - 11, 2015. New data from multiple retrospective clinical...
Pesticidally active substantially pure nikkomicin fractions obtained from Streptomyces tendae Ettlinger et al Tu 901, the fractions being selected from the group consisting of ##STR1## a mixture of nikkomicin I and J, and a mixture of nikkomicin M and N.
DESCRIPTION WARNINGS Patients treated with parenteral aminoglycosides should be under close clinical observation because of the potential ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with their use. Safety for treatment perio...
Eye surgeons should use intracameral antibiotics only in select situations; they should avoid aminoglycosides, and they should not use vancomycin as prophylaxis. Michael Jumper, MD, offered this perspective as part of an overview of antibiotics used in intraocular surgery during the Glaucoma Symposium at the 2017 Glaucoma 360 meeting.
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ABKÜRZUNGEN IN DER MEDIZIN. Kennen Sie das ? Eine Anmeldung, ein Rezept oder ein Arztbericht, gespickt mit Abkürzungen. Sind Ihnen diese alle bekannt? Zunehmend werden im klinischen Alltag Abkürzungen verwendet. Nicht immer ist ihre Bedeutung eindeutig, teilweise entstehen sie spontan, einige haben eine unterschiedliche Bedeutung in den verschiedenen Spezialisierungen der Medizin. Aus über 200 medizinischen Fachbüchern haben wir auf dieser Seite die dort verwendeten Abkürzungen alfabetisch geordnet gelistet. ...
This is a general term, describing any of numerous classes of antibiotics. Common to all of them is their ability to effectively treat a wide range of bacteria.. These antibiotics would include:. Aminoglycoside. ...
Effects of an Aminoglycoside on Pregnant Mice and on the Postnatal Development of Their Offspring:With Special Reference to Reflex and Equilibrium Funotion (1985 ...
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Frequent use of aminoglycosides could result in kidney damage, that could lead to chronic kidney disease. Aminoglycosides can ... DVM Boothe, DVM, PhD, 2012, Aminoglycosides (Aminocyclitols), The Merck Veterinary Manual "Aminoglycosides: Antibacterial ... Aminoglycosides (Aminocyclitols), The Merck Veterinary Manual "Aminoglycosides: Antibacterial Agents: Merck Veterinary Manual ... The aminoglycoside gentamicin has been used to treat cystic fibrosis (CF) cells in the laboratory to induce them to grow full- ...
Other names in common use include aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase, aminoglycoside-6'-acetyltransferase, aminoglycoside-6- ... In enzymology, an aminoglycoside N6'-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.82) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl- ... Benveniste R, Davies J (1971). "Enzymatic acetylation of aminoglycoside antibiotics by Escherichia coli carrying an R factor". ...
Other names in common use include 3'-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase, and 3-N-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase. Davies J, ... In enzymology, an aminoglycoside N3'-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.81) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl- ... 3-N-acetyltransferase with broad specificity that determines resistance to the novel aminoglycoside apramycin". Antimicrob. ... O'Connor S (1978). "Enzymatic modification of aminoglycoside antibiotics: ...
Variations of aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC) and aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase (AAD) also confer resistance: ... an allergy to one aminoglycoside also confers hypersensitivity to other aminoglycosides). It should also be avoided in those ... Amikacin, like other aminoglycoside antibiotics, can cause hearing loss, balance problems, and kidney problems. Other side ... Amikacin can be inactivated by other beta-lactams, though not to the extent as other aminoglycosides, and is still often used ...
Aminoglycoside Antibiotics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 3-642-68579-X. {{cite book}}: ,first1= has ...
Aminoglycoside Antibiotics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 3-642-68579-X. {{cite book}}: ,first1= has ... "Mechanism of multiple aminoglycoside resistance of kasugamycin-producing Streptomyces kasugaensis MB273: involvement of two ...
Aminoglycoside-3'-phosphotransferase (APH(3')), also known as aminoglycoside kinase, is an enzyme that primarily catalyzes the ... Aminoglycoside resistance genes are commonly used in the realm of genetic engineering in order to select for correctly ... Antibiotics, such as the aminoglycosides kanamycin or neomycin, are added to the cultures during growth phases in order to ... However, APH(3') has also been found to phosphorylate at the 5'-hydroxyl group in 4,5-disubstituted aminoglycosides, which lack ...
Options include aminoglycosides, macrolides and fluoroquinolones. K. kingae can also cause infectious endocarditis, in children ...
Antibiotic resistance to aminoglycosides is common. Wen, Aimin; Fegan, Mark; Hayward, Chris; Chakraborty, Sukumar; Sly, Lindsay ...
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics. The most frequently used aminoglycosides include gentamicin, amikacin and ... The mechanism of aminoglycosides-induced ototoxicity is not well understood. It is thought that because cochlear cells are rich ... Aminoglycosides irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis of bacteria, which specifically helps kill the gram-negative bacteria. ... All aminoglycosides can cause either reversible or irreversible ototoxicity. Ototoxicity is more frequently observed in ...
Like all aminoglycosides, tobramycin does not pass the gastro-intestinal tract, so for systemic use it can only be given ... Like other aminoglycosides, a major side effect for tobramycin is ototoxicity or a loss of equilibrioception, or both in ... Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Streptomyces tenebrarius that is used to treat various types of ... Kotra LP, Haddad J, Mobashery S (December 2000). "Aminoglycosides: perspectives on mechanisms of action and resistance and ...
Kidney damage is a problem in 10-25% of people who receive aminoglycosides, and gentamicin is one of the most nephrotoxic drugs ... Gentamicin C2b, an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora purpurea mutant JI-33". The Journal of Antibiotics. 28 ... Gentamicin is a type of aminoglycoside. It works by disrupting the ability of the bacteria to make proteins, which typically ... About 11% of the population who receives aminoglycosides experience damage to their inner ear. The common symptoms of inner ear ...
Aminoglycoside resistance/diagnostics. As a leader in the field of aminoglycoside resistance Shaw was involved in the cloning ... "The Most Frequent Aminoglycoside Resistance Mechanisms--Changes with Time and Geographic Area: A Reflection of Aminoglycoside ... "Molecular genetics of aminoglycoside resistance genes and familial relationships of the aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes". ... She is best known for her work on aminoglycoside resistance in bacteria as well as leading drug discovery research teams. As ...
Tulkens, P.M. (March 1989). "Nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics". Toxicology Letters. 46 (1-3): 107-123. doi:10.1016/ ... by medication including antibiotics such as aminoglycoside, statins such as atorvastatin, bisphosphonates like pamidronate and ...
NMDA antagonists like dizocilpine have been shown in animal models to attenuate the hearing loss caused by aminoglycosides It ... Ernfors P, Canlon B (December 1996). "Aminoglycoside excitement silences hearing". Nat. Med. 2 (12): 1313-4. doi:10.1038/nm1296 ... "N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists limit aminoglycoside antibiotic-induced hearing loss". Nat. Med. 2 (12): 1338-43. doi:10.1038/ ... is thought that aminoglycosides mimic endogenous polyamines at NMDA receptors and produce excitotoxic damage, leading to hair ...
... is an aminoglycoside. It works by blocking the ability of 30S ribosomal subunits to make proteins, which results ... Prayle A, Watson A, Fortnum H, Smyth A (July 2010). "Side effects of aminoglycosides on the kidney, ear and balance in cystic ... as with other aminoglycosides, are kidney toxicity and ear toxicity. Transient or permanent deafness may result. The vestibular ... Aminoglycoside antibiotics, Anti-tuberculosis drugs, Guanidines, Secondary amines, World Health Organization essential ...
Aminoglycosides in laboratory tests showed some bactericidal activity. Bacteriostatic antibiotics are not able to easily get ...
Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials-for example, the ... Allison KR, Brynildsen MP, Collins JJ (May 2011). "Metabolite-enabled eradication of bacterial persisters by aminoglycosides". ... Plazomicin (ACHN-490): semi-synthetic aminoglycoside derivative (protein synthesis inhibitor). FDA approved 25 June 2018. ... rendering them more susceptible to killing by aminoglycoside antibiotics. Natural products may be screened for the ability to ...
It produces sagamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, as well as several mutational variants. Its cell wall contains only D- ... Kase, Hiroshi; Odakura, Yoshihiro; Nakayama, Kiyoshi (1982). "Sagamicin and the related aminoglycosides: Fermentation and ...
It differs from most Burkholderia species in that it is often susceptible to aminoglycosides, but not polymyxin B. Many ... "In vitro susceptibility of Burkholderia vietnamiensis to aminoglycosides". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55 (5): 2256-64. doi: ...
Some patients have responded to aminoglycoside or quinolone therapy, but, in a recent comparison of ciprofloxacin and imipenem ... Resistance to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides is especially high. For infections caused by ESBL-producing Escherichia coli ... Associated resistance to aminoglycosides and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, as well as high frequency of co-existence of ... aminoglycosides). Therefore, antibiotic options in the treatment of ESBL-producing organisms are extremely limited. Carbapenems ...
Macrolides, clindamycin and aminoglycosides (with all these three having other potential mechanisms of action as well), have ... Aminoglycosides prevent ribosome assembly by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit. Tetracyclines and Tigecycline (a ... Aminoglycosides, among other potential mechanisms of action, interfere with the proofreading process, causing increased rate of ... Retapamulin Mupirocin Fusidic acid The following antibiotics bind to the 30S subunit of the ribosome: Aminoglycosides ...
Can mask signs of ototoxicity caused by aminoglycosides. QT prolongation (which can lead to torsades de pointes arrhythmia) ...
A study has shown that adding certain metabolites to aminoglycosides could enable bacterial persisters to be eliminated. This ... Allison KR, Brynildsen MP, Collins JJ (2011). "Metabolite-enabled eradication of bacterial persisters by aminoglycosides". ...
Pharmamotion --> Protein synthesis inhibitors: aminoglycosides mechanism of action animation. Classification of agents Archived ...
Antibacterial: antibiotics, topical antibiotics, sulfa drugs, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones. Antiviral drugs. Anti-fungal: ...
... (INN) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic for use on the eye. Odakura Y, Kase H, Nakayama K (February 1983). " ... "Sagamicin and the related aminoglycosides: fermentation and biosynthesis. III. Isolation and characterization of Micromonospora ... Aminoglycoside antibiotics, All stub articles, Antibiotic stubs). ...
... is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. It is a mixture of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin. SHUBIN H, HEIKEN CA, ... Aminoglycoside antibiotics, Combination antibiotics, All stub articles, Antibiotic stubs). ...
Nonparallel nephrotoxicity dose-response curves of aminoglycosides: Nephrotoxicity comparisons of aminoglycosides in rats, ... Aminoglycoside antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is ... Daily single-dose aminoglycoside administration. Therapeutic and economic benefits: Animal studies have shown that dosing ... Relative efficacy and toxicity of netilmicin and tobramycin in oncology patients: We conclude that aminoglycoside-associated ...
... is an aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotic isolated from a streptomycete, Streptomyces ribosidificus, ... Ribostamycin, along with other aminoglycosides with the DOS subunit, is an important broad-spectrum antibiotic with important ... ISBN 978-92-4-150448-5. Kudo F, Eguchi T (September 2009). "Biosynthetic genes for aminoglycoside antibiotics". The Journal of ... Resistance against aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as ribostamycin, is a growing concern. The resistant bacteria contain ...
Aminoglycosides consist of two main structural groups: streptidine group (e.g., streptomycin) and the deoxystreptamine group (e ... On the other hand, cross-reactivity between streptomycin and other aminoglycosides is much lower at only 1% to 5% based on ... There are no validated skin tests to assess for immediate hypersensitivity reactions to aminoglycosides. Skin prick tests (SPTs ... A recent review examined immediate- and delayed-hypersensitivity reactions associated with the use of aminoglycosides, ...
Antipseudomonal beta-lactam plus ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or aminoglycoside. Aminoglycoside plus ciprofloxacin or ... Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic for gram-negative coverage. This drug is used in combination with both an agent ... Use this agent with caution in patients with renal impairment (coadministration with furosemide and aminoglycosides increases ... An alternative regimen includes a penicillinase-resistant penicillin plus an antipseudomonal aminoglycoside. ...
The global aminoglycosides market size to be valued at USD 1.68 billion by 2022 and is expected to grow at a compound annual ... Aminoglycoside Market Size & Share, Industry Report, 2022 GVR Report cover Aminoglycosides Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis ... What is the aminoglycosides market growth? b. The global aminoglycosides market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth ... How big is the aminoglycosides market? b. The global aminoglycosides market size was estimated at USD 1.1 billion in 2019 and ...
Galimand M, Sabtcheva S, Kantardjiev T, Poirel L, Arlet G, Courvalin P, The armA aminoglycoside resistance methylase is ... which was highly resistant to aminoglycosides and sulfonamides. Resistance to aminoglycosides and the sulfonamides could be ... Bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Trends Microbiol. 1997;5:234-40. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... Sites of action of two ribosomal RNA methylases responsible for resistance to aminoglycosides. J Mol Biol. 1987;193:661-71. DOI ...
Aminoglycoside antibacterials by level of risk according e-lactancia.org ... Groups related with ATC J01G: Aminoglycoside antibacterials. *ATC J01A: Tetracycline antibacterials (9 products) ...
Aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics are widely used to prevent life-threatening infections, and cisplatin is used in the treatment ... ORC-13661 protects sensory hair cells from aminoglycoside and cisplatin ototoxicity. JCI Insight, 4 (15). pp. 1-19. ISSN 2379- ...
Structural relationship between the genes encoding 3′-aminoglycoside phosphotransferases in Campylobacter and in gram-positive ... aminoglycoside phosphotransferase of type III (APH(3′)-III), an enzyme so far confined to Gram-positive cocci. The kanamycin ...
Global Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Market Analysis:. The Aminoglycoside Antibiotics report overview is a compilation of the ... The difference between your Aminoglycoside Antibiotics spend and the Aminoglycoside Antibiotics selling price is your gross ... The global aminoglycoside antibiotics market is divided into North America; Europe; Asia Pacific; Latin America; The Middle ... Global Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Market Analysis, Size, Share, Growth Trends and Forecast 2023-2033 0 ...
Aminoglycoside Collaborative Practice. A collaborative drug therapy management agreement may authorize a pharmacist to ...
In this course, you will get to know about Aminoglycosides, a group of natural and semi-synthetic antibiotics. These medicines ...
The effects of aminoglycoside antibiotic therapy on the horizontal vetibulo-ocular reflex in response to rotatory stimulation ... The effects of aminoglycoside antibiotic therapy on the horizontal vetibulo-ocular reflex in response to rotatory stimulation ... Aminoglycoside therapy resulted in both decreased amplitude and decreased time constant of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. ... Vestibular Reflex Changes Following Aminoglycoside-lnduced Ototoxicity. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1987;113(4):357. doi: ...
Thurs is promoted by medical professional with aim to provide quality pharmaceutical products at reasonable price Thurs is actively involved in pharmaceutical manufacturing.. ...
Analysis of aminoglycosides. The analysis of aminoglycosides in the sewage samples was performed as in Bello53, with ... Study of the aminoglycoside subsistence phenotype of bacteria residing in the gut of humans and zoo animals. Front. Microbiol. ... The aminoglycosides were eluted with 3 mL of acetic acid (10% in MeOH). The eluate was dried at 60 °C, evaporated under N2 and ... To one of these portions, aminoglycosides were added at a level of 50 μg/L. Twenty mL of extraction liquid (10 mM KH2PO4 with ...
Antibiotics Aminoglycoside): Read more about Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications, Causes and Prognosis. ... The significance of the Aminoglycosides Blood Test result is explained: A high Aminoglycosides Blood Test value may indicate ... The aminoglycosides can cause deafness and TINNITUS if taken in excess or if not excreted normally because of kidney disease. [ ... Aminoglycosides are also used in combination therapy with penicillins for the treatment of enterococcal infections. Some ...
Urethritis is defined as infection-induced inflammation of the urethra. The term is typically reserved to describe urethral inflammation caused by an STD, and the condition is normally categorized into either gonococcal urethritis (GU) or nongonococcal urethritis (NGU).
AMINOGLYCOSIDE-INDUCED Knowledgebase of inborn errors of metabolism ... DEAFNESS, AMINOGLYCOSIDE-INDUCED. Disease. DEAFNESS, AMINOGLYCOSIDE-INDUCED Synonym. DEAFNESS, STREPTOMYCIN-INDUCED; ...
aminoglycoside answers are found in the Tabers Medical Dictionary powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, ... aminoglycoside is a topic covered in the Tabers Medical Dictionary. To view the entire topic, please log in or purchase a ... "Aminoglycoside." Tabers Medical Dictionary, 24th ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2021. Nursing Central Redesign, nursing. ... unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/742172/all/aminoglycoside. Aminoglycoside. In: Venes DD, ed. Tabers ...
Advanced aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic calculator. Includes a variety of dosing strategies and calulation methods to determine ... Aminoglycoside Calculator Advanced aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics tool. ClinCalc.com » Infectious Disease » Aminoglycoside ... Aminoglycosides are both nephrotoxic and ototoxic (vestibular and auditory). Uptake of aminoglycosides into renal and ... Aminoglycosides weight-based dosing should be based on ideal or adjusted body weight. The following criteria are used by this ...
G. Aminoglycosides (gentamicin or tobramycin). 1. de Hoog M, van Zanten BA, Hop WC, Overbosch E, Weisglas-Kuperus N, van den ... Aminoglycoside Therapy in Neonates. Neoreviews 2002;3:243-248. 5. DiCenzo R, Forrest A, Slish JC, Cole C, Guillet R. A ...
Aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the Canary Islands. ... Hybridization was made with 18 DNA probes for the most frequent genes encoding for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. All ... Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics were selected from 152 clinical isolates. We ...
Aminoglycosides. Gentamicin. 2013-present. 0.25-16. 0.064-1024†. ≤4. 8. ≥16. Kanamycin. 2009-2012. 0.016-256†. No CLSI or NARMS ...
Amikacin and other Aminoglycosides. The list below provides some examples of the articles available in the InsHeal Content ...
... ... We prospectively evaluated serum aminoglycoside (AMG) concentrations in 120 patients who received gentamicin or tobramycin for ...
Prospective surveillance of aminoglycoside use and of bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside was done before and after the ... Prospective surveillance of aminoglycoside use and of bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside was done before and after the ... Prospective surveillance of aminoglycoside use and of bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside was done before and after the ... Prospective surveillance of aminoglycoside use and of bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside was done before and after the ...
7.1 Aminoglycosides and Calcitonin. Caution is advised when bisphosphonates are administered with aminoglycosides or calcitonin ... 7.1 Aminoglycosides and Calcitonin 7.2 Loop Diuretics 7.3 Nephrotoxic Drugs 7.4 Thalidomide 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS 8.1 ... Aminoglycosides: May have an additive effect to lower serum calcium for prolonged periods (7.1) (7) ...
Genotypic characterization of aminoglycoside resistance genes from bacteria isolates in se Genotypic characterization of ... Index: AIM (Africa) Main subject: Disease Transmission, Infectious / Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Genes / Aminoglycosides / ... Index: AIM (Africa) Main subject: Disease Transmission, Infectious / Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Genes / Aminoglycosides / ... Few studies have investigated occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) among bacteria including Aminoglycoside ...
When tested against newer aminoglycosides, 48.9% were resistant to tobramycin, 4.1% to amikacin and 20.5% to netilmicin. Marked ... Jain S, Sarkar R. Antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative bacilli to newer aminoglycosides and beta-lactams. Indian ... Antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative bacilli to newer aminoglycosides and beta-lactams. ...

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