Amino Sugars: SUGARS containing an amino group. GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES.HexosaminesGlucosamineAmino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.Neuraminic AcidsUridine Diphosphate N-Acetylgalactosamine: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of N-acetylgalactosamine for glycoproteins, sulfatides and cerebrosides.GalactosamineUridine Diphosphate SugarsUridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.Chromatography, Paper: An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).HexosesGlutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing): An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of fructose-6-phosphate plus GLUTAMINE from GLUTAMATE plus glucosamine-6-phosphate.Monosaccharides: Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Muramic Acids: Compounds consisting of glucosamine and lactate joined by an ether linkage. They occur naturally as N-acetyl derivatives in peptidoglycan, the characteristic polysaccharide composing bacterial cell walls. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Uronic Acids: Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (From Stedmans, 26th ed)Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Cell Wall: The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.Carbohydrate Metabolism: Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.Aldose-Ketose Isomerases: Enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of aldose and ketose compounds.Pimelic Acids: A group of compounds that are derivatives of heptanedioic acid with the general formula R-C7H11O4.Carbohydrate Epimerases: Enzymes that catalyze the epimerization of chiral centers within carbohydrates or their derivatives. EC 5.1.3.Galactose: An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518)Electrophoresis, Paper: Electrophoresis in which paper is used as the diffusion medium. This technique is confined almost entirely to separations of small molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and nucleotides, and relatively high voltages are nearly always used.Polysaccharides, Bacterial: Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.Chemistry: A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.Chemical Phenomena: The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.Mannose: A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Imino Furanoses: Five-carbon furanose sugars in which the OXYGEN is replaced by a NITROGEN atom.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.FucoseMolecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Pronase: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Streptomyces griseus.GluconatesCarbohydrate Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.HeptosesMutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Glucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Carbohydrate Sequence: The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Enzyme Repression: The interference in synthesis of an enzyme due to the elevated level of an effector substance, usually a metabolite, whose presence would cause depression of the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.Carbon Isotopes: Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Chromatography: Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Sialic Acids: A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. They are ubiquitously distributed in many tissues.AmidohydrolasesTransaminases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.Autoanalysis: Method of analyzing chemicals using automation.Sugar Alcohols: Polyhydric alcohols having no more than one hydroxy group attached to each carbon atom. They are formed by the reduction of the carbonyl group of a sugar to a hydroxyl group.(From Dorland, 28th ed)Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Isomerases: A class of enzymes that catalyze geometric or structural changes within a molecule to form a single product. The reactions do not involve a net change in the concentrations of compounds other than the substrate and the product.(from Dorland, 28th ed) EC 5.Chromatography, Gel: Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.Chromatography, Ion Exchange: Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.PeptidoglycanDeoxy SugarsLipopolysaccharides: Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Amino Acids, Essential: Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Amino Acid Transport Systems: Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Aminoglycosides: Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.Chromatography, Thin Layer: Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Dietary Sucrose: Sucrose present in the diet. It is added to food and drinks as a sweetener.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Phosphoenolpyruvate Sugar Phosphotransferase System: The bacterial sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) that catalyzes the transfer of the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to its sugar substrates (the PTS sugars) concomitant with the translocation of these sugars across the bacterial membrane. The phosphorylation of a given sugar requires four proteins, two general proteins, Enzyme I and HPr and a pair of sugar-specific proteins designated as the Enzyme II complex. The PTS has also been implicated in the induction of synthesis of some catabolic enzyme systems required for the utilization of sugars that are not substrates of the PTS as well as the regulation of the activity of ADENYLYL CYCLASES. EC 2.7.1.-.Sucrose: A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Fructose: A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Amino Acids, Aromatic: Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid: The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Amino Acids, SulfurProtein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Anti-Bacterial Agents: Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.Sugar AcidsAntigens, Bacterial: Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.XyloseGlycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Restriction Mapping: Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.Sugar PhosphatesSaccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Protein Structure, Secondary: The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Differential expression of alpha2-6 sialylated polylactosamine structures by human B and T cells. (1/534)
We found that human peripheral B and T cells differed in the surface expression of alpha2-6 sialylated type 2 chain glycans. In contrast to B cells, T cells expressed only sialoglycans with repeated N-acetyllactosamine (Galss1-4GlcNAc) disaccharides. This finding was based on the specificity of the monoclonal antibodies HB6, HB9 (CD24), HD66 (CDw76), FB21, and CRIS4 (CDw76) with the alpha2-6 sialylated model gangliosides IV6NeuAcnLc4Cer (2-6 SPG), VI6NeuAcnLc6Cer (2-6 SnHC), VIII6NeuAcnLc8Cer (2-6 SnOC), and X6NeuAcnLc10Cer (2-6 SnDC). We found that, in addition to their common requirement of an alpha2-6 bound terminal sialic acid for binding, the antibodies displayed preferences for the length of the carbohydrate backbones. Some of them bound mainly to 2-6 SPG with one N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) unit (HB9, HD66); others preferentially to 2-6 SnHC and 2-6 SnOC, with two and three LacNAc units, respectively (HB6 and FB21); and one of them exclusively to very polar alpha2-6 sialylated type 2 chain antigens (CRIS4) such as to 2-6 SnOC and even more polar gangliosides with three and more LacNAc units. These specificities could be correlated with the cellular binding of the antibodies as follows: whereas all antibodies bound to human CD 19 positive peripheral B cells, their reactivity with CD3 positive T cells was either nearly lacking (HD66, HB9), intermediate (about 65%: HB6, FB21) or strongly positive (CRIS4, 95%). Thus, the binding of the antibodies to 2-6 sialylated glycans with multiple lactosamine units appeared to determine their binding to T-cells. (+info)Enzymatic synthesis of alpha3'sialylated and multiply alpha3fucosylated biantennary polylactosamines. A bivalent [sialyl diLex]-saccharide inhibited lymphocyte-endothelium adhesion organ-selectively. (2/534)
Multifucosylated sialo-polylactosamines are known to be high affinity ligands for E-selectin. PSGL-1, the physiological ligand of P-selectin, is decorated in HL-60 cells by a sialylated and triply fucosylated polylactosamine that is believed to be of functional importance. Mimicking some of these saccharide structures, we have synthesized enzymatically a bivalent [sialyl diLex]-glycan, Neu5Acalpha2-3'Lexbeta1-3'Lexbeta1-3'(Neu5Acalpha2-3'Lexbeta1-3Lexbe ta1-6')LN [where Neu5Ac is N-acetylneuraminic acid, Lex is the trisaccharide Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc and LN is the disaccharide Galbeta1-4GlcNAc]. Several structurally related, novel polylactosamine glycans were also constructed. The inhibitory effects of these glycans on two L-selectin-dependent, lymphocyte-to-endothelium adhesion processes of rats were analysed in ex-vivo Stamper-Woodruff binding assays. The IC50 value of the bivalent [sialyl diLex]-glycan at lymph node high endothelium was 50 nm, but at the capillaries of rejecting cardiac allografts it was only 5 nm. At both adhesion sites, the inhibition was completely dependent on the presence of fucose units on the sialylated LN units of the inhibitor saccharide. These data show that the bivalent [sialyl diLex]-glycan is a high affinity ligand for L-selectin, and may reduce extravasation of lymphocytes at sites of inflammation in vivo without severely endangering the normal recirculation of lymphocytes via lymph nodes. (+info)Molecular cloning of a novel alpha2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal VI) that sialylates type II lactosamine structures on glycoproteins and glycolipids. (3/534)
A novel member of the human CMP-NeuAc:beta-galactoside alpha2, 3-sialyltransferase (ST) subfamily, designated ST3Gal VI, was identified based on BLAST analysis of expressed sequence tags, and a cDNA clone was isolated from a human melanoma line library. The sequence of ST3Gal VI encoded a type II membrane protein with 2 amino acids of cytoplasmic domain, 32 amino acids of transmembrane region, and a large catalytic domain with 297 amino acids; and showed homology to previously cloned ST3Gal III, ST3Gal IV, and ST3Gal V at 34, 38, and 33%, respectively. Extracts from L cells transfected with ST3Gal VI cDNA in a expression vector and a fusion protein with protein A showed an enzyme activity of alpha2, 3-sialyltransferase toward Galbeta1,4GlcNAc structure on glycoproteins and glycolipids. In contrast to ST3Gal III and ST3Gal IV, this enzyme exhibited restricted substrate specificity, i.e. it utilized Galbeta1,4GlcNAc on glycoproteins, and neolactotetraosylceramide and neolactohexaosylceramide, but not lactotetraosylceramide, lactosylceramide, or asialo-GM1. Consequently, these data indicated that this enzyme is involved in the synthesis of sialyl-paragloboside, a precursor of sialyl-Lewis X determinant. (+info)Isolation and characterization of linear polylactosamines containing one and two site-specifically positioned Lewis x determinants: WGA agarose chromatography in fractionation of mixtures generated by random, partial enzymatic alpha3-fucosylation of pure polylactosamines. (4/534)
We report that isomeric monofucosylhexasaccharides, Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1- 3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3) GlcNAc, Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3) GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4 GlcNAc and Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1- 4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4 GlcNAc, and bifucosylhexasaccharides Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3) GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc, Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1- 4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4 (Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc and Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4( Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc can be isolated in pure form from reaction mixtures of the linear hexasaccharide Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1- 3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc with GDP-fucose and alpha1,3-fucosyltransferases of human milk. The pure isomers were characterized in several ways;1H-NMR spectroscopy, for instance, revealed distinct resonances associated with the Lewis x group [Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc] located at the proximal, middle, and distal positions of the polylactosamine chain. Chromatography on immobilized wheat germ agglutinin was crucial in the separation process used; the isomers carrying the fucose at the reducing end GlcNAc possessed particularly low affinities for the lectin. Isomeric monofucosyl derivatives of the pentasaccharides GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1- 4Gl cNAc and Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4G lcN Ac and the tetrasaccharide Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc were also obtained in pure form, implying that the methods used are widely applicable. The isomeric Lewis x glycans proved to be recognized in highly variable binding modes by polylactosamine-metabolizing enzymes, e.g., the midchain beta1,6-GlcNAc transferase (Leppanen et al., Biochemistry, 36, 13729-13735, 1997). (+info)Characterization of the substrate specificity of alpha1,3galactosyltransferase utilizing modified N-acetyllactosamine disaccharides. (5/534)
alpha1,3galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GalT) catalyzes the synthesis of a range of glycoconjugates containing the Galalpha1,3Gal epitope which is recognized by the naturally occurring human antibody, anti-Gal. This enzyme may be a useful synthetic tool to produce a range of compounds to further investigate the binding site of anti-Gal and other proteins with a Galalpha1,3Gal binding site. Thus, the enzyme has been probed with a series of type 2 disaccharide-C8(Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-C8) analogs. The enzyme tolerated acceptors with modifications at C2 and C3 of the N-acetylglucosamine residue, producing a family of compounds with a nonreducing alpha1,3 linked galactose. Compounds that did not serve as acceptors were evaluated as inhibitors. Interestingly, the type 1 disaccharide-C8, Galbeta1-3GlcNAc-C8, was a good inhibitor of the enzyme (Ki = 270 microM vs. Km = 190 microM for Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-C8). A potential photoprobe, based on a modified type 2 disaccharide (octyl 3-amino-3-deoxy-3-N-(2-diazo-3, 3, 3-trifluoropropionyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1, 4)-2-acetamindo-2-deoxy-beta-D-glycopyranoside, (DTFP-LacNAc-C8)), was evaluated as an inhibitor of alpha1,3GalT. alpha1,3GalT bound DTFP-LacNAc-C8 with an affinity (Ki = 300 microM) similar to that displayed by the enzyme for LacNAc-C8. Additional studies were done to determine the enzyme's ability to transfer a range of sugars from UDP-sugar donors. The results of these experiments demonstrated that alpha1,3GalT has a strict specificity for UDP-Gal. Finally, inactivation studies with various amino acid modifiers were done to obtain information on the importance of different types of amino acids for alpha1,3GalT activity. (+info)Effects of egg-adaptation on the receptor-binding properties of human influenza A and B viruses. (6/534)
Propagation of human influenza viruses in embryonated chicken eggs (CE) results in the selection of variants with amino acid substitutions near the receptor-binding site of the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule. To evaluate the mechanisms by which these substitutions enable human virus growth in CE, we studied the binding of 10 human influenza A (H1N1, H3N2) and B strains, isolated and propagated solely in MDCK cells, and of their egg-adapted counterparts to preparations of cellular membranes, gangliosides, sialylglycoproteins, and sialyloligosaccharides. All egg-adapted variants differed from nonadapted strains by increased binding to the plasma membranes of chorio-allantoic (CAM) cells of CE and by the ability to bind to CAM gangliosides. In addition, there was no decrease in affinity for inhibitors within allantoic fluid. These findings indicate that growth of human influenza viruses in CE is restricted because of their inefficient binding to receptors on CAM cells and that gangliosides can play an important role in virus binding and/or penetration. The effects of the egg-adaptation substitutions on the receptor-binding properties of the viruses include (i) enhancement of virus binding to the terminal Sia(alpha2-3)Gal determinant (substitutions in HA positions 190, 225 of H1N1 strains and in position 186 of H3N2 strains); (ii) a decrease of steric interference with more distant parts of the Sia(alpha2-3Gal)-containing receptors (a loss of glycosylation sites in positions 163 of H1 HA and 187 of type B HA); and (iii) enhanced ionic interactions with the negatively charged molecules due to charged substitutions at the tip of the HA [187, 189, 190 (H1), and 145, 156 (H3)]. Concomitantly with enhanced binding to Sia(alpha2-3)Gal-terminated receptors, all egg-adapted variants decreased their affinity for equine macroglobulin, a glycoprotein bearing terminal 6'-sialyl(N-acetyllactosamine)-moieties. (+info)Lipid A modifications characteristic of Salmonella typhimurium are induced by NH4VO3 in Escherichia coli K12. Detection of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose, phosphoethanolamine and palmitate. (7/534)
Two-thirds of the lipid A in wild-type Escherichia coli K12 is a hexa-acylated disaccharide of glucosamine in which monophosphate groups are attached at positions 1 and 4'. The remaining lipid A contains a monophosphate substituent at position 4' and a pyrophosphate moiety at position 1. The biosynthesis of the 1-pyrophosphate unit is unknown. Its presence is associated with lipid A translocation to the outer membrane (Zhou, Z., White, K. A., Polissi, A., Georgopoulos, C., and Raetz, C. R. H. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 12466-12475). To determine if a phosphatase regulates the amount of the lipid A 1-pyrophosphate, we grew cells in broth containing nonspecific phosphatase inhibitors. Na2WO4 and sodium fluoride increased the relative amount of the 1-pyrophosphate slightly. Remarkably, NH4VO3-treated cells generated almost no 1-pyrophosphate, but made six major new lipid A derivatives (EV1 to EV6). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry of purified EV1 to EV6 indicated that these compounds were lipid A species substituted singly or in combination with palmitoyl, phosphoethanolamine, and/or aminodeoxypentose residues. The aminodeoxypentose residue was released by incubation in chloroform/methanol (4:1, v/v) at 25 degrees C, and was characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The chemical shifts and vicinal coupling constants of the two anomers of the aminodeoxypentose released from EV3 closely resembled those of synthetic 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose. NH4VO3-induced lipid A modification did not require the PhoP/PhoQ two-component regulatory system, and also occurred in E. coli msbB or htrB mutants. The lipid A variants that accumulate in NH4VO3-treated E. coli K12 are the same as many of those normally found in untreated Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella minnesota, demonstrating that E. coli K12 has latent enzyme systems for synthesizing these important derivatives. (+info)Role of lactosyl glycan sequences in inhibiting enteropathogenic Escherichia coli attachment. (8/534)
Previously, we found that asialo-lactosamine sequences served as receptors for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) binding to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In the present report, we have extended these earlier results by examining the ability of lactosamine- or fucosylated lactosamine-bovine serum albumin (BSA) glycoconjugates to inhibit EPEC, strain E2348/69, binding to HEp-2 cells. We found that, consistent with our previous findings with CHO cells, N-acetyllactosamine-BSA was the most effective inhibitor of EPEC localized adherence to HEp-2 cells, with Lewis X-BSA being the next best inhibitor. Further investigation revealed that coincubating EPEC E2348/69 with these BSA glycoconjugates alone caused a decrease in the expression of the bundle-forming pilus structural subunit (BfpA) and intimin by the bacteria. BfpA and intimin expression were reduced to the greatest extent by N-acetyllactosamine-BSA and Lewis X-BSA, respectively. These results suggest that the glycoconjugate inhibition of EPEC binding to HEp-2 cells might be achieved, wholly or in part, by an active mechanism that is distinct from simple competitive antagonism of receptor-adhesin interactions. (+info)
Lacto-N-fucopentaose III Found on Schitosoma mansoni Egg Antigens Functions as Adjuvant for Proteins by Inducing Th2-Type...
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Amino sugars metabolism | definition of Amino sugars metabolism by Medical dictionary
Targeting Insulin Amyloid Assembly by Aminosugars and Their Deriv...: Ingenta Connect
arnB - UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose--oxoglutarate aminotransferase - Shewanella sediminis (strain HAW-EB3) - arnB gene &...
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Synthesis of 4-Amino-4-Deoxy-L-Arabinose C-Phosphonate Esters as Transferase Inhibitors | EUROCARB 2019
Chemo-enzymatic modification of poly-N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) oligomers and N,N-diacetyllactosamine (LacDiNAc) based on...
Cancer-associated glycoforms of gelatinase B exhibit a decreased level of binding to galectin-3 - WestminsterResearch
Patent US4062950 - Amino sugar derivatives - Google Patents
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Glucosamine (ဂလူကိုဆာမင္း) - Hello SayarwonKornfeld S; Glaser L (1962). "The synthesis of thymidine-linked sugars. V. Thymidine diphosphate-amino sugars". J. Biol. Chem. ... This enzyme participates in aminosugars metabolism. As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes ...
... caramelization of sugars, and the Maillard reaction of amino acids. Raised to a high enough temperature, meat blackens from ...
Amino sugar Glucosamine. ...
"Amino-Acids and Sugars in Rectal Feeding". Br Med J. 1 (2739): 1361-7. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2739.1361. JSTOR 25302025. PMC 2299894 ...
They have sugar chains (glycans) added to conserved amino acid residues.[4][21] In other words, antibodies are glycoproteins.[4 ... which is found as a terminal sugar on glycosylated cell surface proteins, and generated in response to production of this sugar ... α and γ contain approximately 450 amino acids, whereas μ and ε have approximately 550 amino acids.[2] ... The approximate length of a light chain is 211 to 217 amino acids.[2] Each antibody contains two light chains that are always ...
This enzyme participates in amino sugars metabolism and glycan biosynthesis. As of late 2007, 10 structures have been solved ... diphospho-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxyglucose 3-enolpyruvyltransferase, phosphopyruvate-uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine ...
"Award Abstract #1213845 Enhancing the NMR Characterization of Amino Sugars". National Science Foundation. Archived from the ...
The produced nectar is rich in sugars and amino acids. Their function may be to attract ants (or other organisms) for ...
... is an amino sugar acid. In terms of chemical composition, it is the ether of lactic acid and glucosamine. It ...
Products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here. The suspensory muscle of ... Proteins are degraded into small peptides and amino acids before absorption.[19] Chemical breakdown begins in the stomach and ... Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase free the end amino acid products.. *Lipids (fats) are degraded into fatty acids and glycerol. ... Some carbohydrates are degraded into simple sugars, or monosaccharides (e.g., glucose). Pancreatic amylase breaks down some ...
The plant roots secrete amino acids and sugars into the rhizosphere. The rhizobia move toward the roots and attach to the root ... Bradyrhizobium betae was isolated from tumor-like root deformations on sugar beets; they have an unknown symbiotic status. ...
... is an amino sugar derived from glucose. It is often used as an excipient in pharmaceuticals and in conjunction with ...
... such as sugars or amino acids, must enter the cell, and certain products of metabolism must leave the cell. Such molecules can ... The penultimate sugar is galactose and the terminal sugar is sialic acid, as the sugar backbone is modified in the Golgi ... amino acids and sugars). Some eukaryotic cells also have cell walls, but none that are made of peptidoglycan. The outer ... amino acids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, and ions) from diffusing across the membrane, but generally allows for the ...
"A classification of nucleotide-diphospho-sugar glycosyltransferases based on amino acid sequence similarities". Biochem. J. 326 ... A classification of glycosyltransferases using nucleotide diphospho-sugar, nucleotide monophospho-sugar and sugar phosphates ( ... These enzymes catalyse the transfer of sugar moieties from activated donor molecules to specific acceptor molecules, forming ...
The caterpillars produce a sweet-tasting liquid containing sugars and amino acids. In return, the ants provide the caterpillars ...
... homochirality is a common property of amino acids and sugars; almost all biologically produced chiral amino acids are L-chiral ... "How did protein amino acids get left-handed while sugars got right-handed?" (PDF). Term Paper for Physics 569*. Retrieved June ... A high asymmetric amplification of the enantiomeric excess of sugars are also present in the amino acid catalyzed asymmetric ... L-amino acids during recrystallization: a hypothesis accounting for the origin of L-amino acids in the biosphere". Chem. Comm ...
Substances like sugars and amino acids decompose readily and are considered labile. Cellulose and hemicellulose, which are ... and include sugars, amino acids and mineral nutrients. Leaching is more important in wet environments, and much less important ...
Organic substances such as sugars and protein components (amino acids) were synthesised. These molecules "accumulated till the ... These further combined with oxygen and ammonia to produce hydroxy- and amino-derivatives, such as carbohydrates and proteins. ... Miller, Stanley L. (1953). "A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions". Science. 117 (3046): 528-9 ... such as amino acids. This provided direct experimental support for the second point of the "soup" theory, and it is around the ...
It is usually composed of amino acids, fats, sugars, vitamins, and minerals. This diet, however, lacks whole or partial protein ... The elemental diet consists of a mixture of essential amino acids with non-essential amino acids. 90% of the energy from the ... However, due to the diet's consisting of fully broken down amino acids, the digestive loading is shifted from the gut to the ... The elemental diet provides a high nitrogen source for patients from amino acids and acts as a medical bypass. Because the diet ...
Teplyakov A, Obmolova G, Badet-Denisot MA, Badet B (1999). "The mechanism of sugar phosphate isomerization by glucosamine 6- ... This enzyme participates in glutamate metabolism and aminosugars metabolism. As of late 2007, 12 structures have been solved ...
In 1912, he undertook studies of the reaction between amino acids and sugars. This work is considered one of his major ...
... are amino sugars created by adding an amine group to a hexose. Examples include: Fructosamine (based upon fructose ...
The Chemistry and Biology of Compounds Containing Amino Sugars. Academic Press. ISBN 1-4832-5764-9. Wei, Shaopeng; Zhang, ...
The amino acids and sugars presumably help to decrease the ice content colligatively; however, they probably also have a direct ... During winter, their haemolymph contains low molecular weight cryoprotectants such as amino acids, especially proline (up to ...
The Chemistry and Biology of Compounds Containing Amino Sugars. Academic Press. ISBN 1-4832-5764-9. Type strain of Streptomyces ...
Many sugars are ketones, known collectively as ketoses. The best known ketose is fructose, which exists as a cyclic hemiketal, ... and amino acids in most vertebrates, including humans. Ketone bodies are elevated in the blood (ketosis) after fasting, ... Representative ketones, from the left: acetone, a common solvent; oxaloacetate, an intermediate in the metabolism of sugars; ... Acetoacetate is an intermediate in the Krebs cycle which releases energy from sugars and carbohydrates.[22] ...
Sequence DetailJ:188842 Bergfeld AK, et al., Metabolism of vertebrate amino sugars with N-glycolyl groups: elucidating the intracellular fate ...
Glucosamine Sulphate for dogs - Land of Holistic PetsGlucosamine sulphate is an amino sugar formed from glucose and the amino acid glutamine. Normally made by the digestive process ... S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is formed in the body by the amino acid methionine and adenosyl-triphosphate (ATP). SAM has been ...
Antimicrobial activity against Xanthomonas albilineans and fermentation kinetics of a lactic acid bacterium isolated from the...where So is the initial reducing sugar concentration (g L-1), S is the final reducing sugar concentration (g L-1) until the ... Gene inactivation in Lactococcus lactis branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis. Journal of Bacteriology 175:4383-4390. [ Links ... 1998) obtained 86 g L-1 lactic acid with an initial sugar concentration of 180 g L-1. Serna and Rodriguez (2007) obtained 40.5 ... Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, a sugarcane endosymbiont, produces a bacteriocin against Xanthomonas albilineans, a sugar ...
It also helps regulate blood sugar levels, stimulates wound healing and produces growth hormones.9 ... Unlike nonessential amino acids, essential amino acids cant be made by your body and must be obtained through your diet. ... What Are Essential Amino Acids?. Amino acids are organic compounds composed of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, along ... Conditionally Essential Amino Acids. There are several nonessential amino acids that are classified as conditionally essential. ...
New amino sugars which are glucopyranosyl and oligoglucosidyl derivatives of 4,6-bisdesoxy-4-(4,5,6-trihydroxy-3- ... Amino sugar compound. US4273765 *. Feb 9, 1979. Jun 16, 1981. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.. Amino sugar derivatives containing ... They form a series of which the amino sugar derivative [C19 H33 O13 N] is to be regarded as the initial member; i.e. R is a ... Amino-sugar derivatives, process for their preparation and pharmaceutical composition thereof. US4197292 *. Feb 2, 1979. Apr 8 ...
Amino Sugars - DrugBankSUGARS containing an amino group. GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES.. *Drugs ...
In chemistry, an amino sugar (or more technically a 2-amino-2-deoxysugar) is a sugar molecule in which a hydroxyl group has ... More than 60 amino sugars are known, with one of the most abundant being N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine, which is the main component of ... Amino Sugars at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). ... This can be achieved using azides with subsequent reduction yielding the amino sugar. One advantage of introducing azide moiety ...
Lac- l-TTA, a nove l lactose-based amino acid-sugar conjugate for anti-metastatic app lications | SpringerLinkThis amino acid-sugar conjugate was prepared by solution synthesis in analogy to the natural fructosyl-amino acids. Furthermore ... Risseeuw MD, Overhand M, Fleet GW, Simone MI (2007) A compendium of sugar amino acids (SAA): scaffolds, peptide- and glyco- ... Gruner SAW, Locardi E, Lohof E, Kessler H (2002) Carbohydrate-based mimetics in drug design: sugar amino acids and carbohydrate ... Lac-l-TTA, a novel lactose-based amino acid-sugar conjugate for anti-metastatic applications. ...
Transport of Sugars and Amino Acids in the Intestine: Evidence for a Common Carrier | Science... one each for sugars, neutral amino acids, basic amino acids, and Na+ are joined together, as in a mosaic. ... Transport of Sugars and Amino Acids in the Intestine: Evidence for a Common Carrier ... Transport of Sugars and Amino Acids in the Intestine: Evidence for a Common Carrier ... Transport of Sugars and Amino Acids in the Intestine: Evidence for a Common Carrier ...
SUGARS containing an amino group. GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES. ... "Amino Sugars" by people in this website by year, and whether "Amino Sugars" was a major or minor topic of these publications. ... "Amino Sugars" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Amino Sugars" by people in Profiles. ...
What is Amino sugars metabolism? Meaning of Amino sugars metabolism medical term. What does Amino sugars metabolism mean? ... Looking for online definition of Amino sugars metabolism in the Medical Dictionary? Amino sugars metabolism explanation free. ... amino sugar. (redirected from Amino sugars metabolism). Also found in: Encyclopedia. amino sugar. a MONOSACCHARIDE in which an ... Amino sugars metabolism , definition of Amino sugars metabolism by Medical dictionary https://medical-dictionary. ...
Identification of Sugar, Amino Acids and Minerals from the Pollen of Jandaíra Stingless Bees (Melipona subnitida)Proline and serine are the predominant amino acids. High content of essential amino acids, minerals and the sugar mannitol ... free amino acids and sugars. Palynological analysis showed that the predominant pollen was monofloral from Senna sp. species ( ... Proline and serine are the predominant amino acids. High content of essential amino acids, minerals and the sugar mannitol ... Identification of Sugar, Amino Acids and Minerals from the Pollen of Jandaíra Stingless Bees (Melipona subnitida) ...
Excretion by the Malpighian Tubules of the Stick Insect, Dixippus Morosus (Orthoptera, Phasmidae): Amino Acids, Sugars and Urea...Excretion by the Malpighian Tubules of the Stick Insect, Dixippus Morosus (Orthoptera, Phasmidae): Amino Acids, Sugars and Urea ... Excretion by the Malpighian Tubules of the Stick Insect, Dixippus Morosus (Orthoptera, Phasmidae): Amino Acids, Sugars and Urea ... Excretion by the Malpighian Tubules of the Stick Insect, Dixippus Morosus (Orthoptera, Phasmidae): Amino Acids, Sugars and Urea ... Excretion by the Malpighian Tubules of the Stick Insect, Dixippus Morosus (Orthoptera, Phasmidae): Amino Acids, Sugars and Urea ...
Amino Acid and Sugar Transport in Cells Permissively Infected with Simian Virus 40. Michael S. Miller, Lester Kwock and Donald ... Amino Acid and Sugar Transport in Cells Permissively Infected with Simian Virus 40 ... Amino Acid and Sugar Transport in Cells Permissively Infected with Simian Virus 40 ... Amino Acid and Sugar Transport in Cells Permissively Infected with Simian Virus 40 ...
Here, we have examined the effect of leptin on sugar and amino acids absorption in the human model of intestina ... Studies in rodents have shown that leptin controls sugars and glutamine entry in the enterocytes by regulating membrane ... Here, we have examined the effect of leptin on sugar and amino acids absorption in the human model of intestinal cells Caco-2 ... Previous Document: Amino acids downregulate the expression of several autophagy-related genes in rainbow trout myoblast.... ...
ACP - Influence of organic compound functionality on aerosol hygroscopicity: dicarboxylic acids, alkyl-substituents, sugars and...... sugars and amino acids Aleksandra Marsh1, Rachael E. H. Miles1, Grazia Rovelli. 1, Alexander G. Cowling1, Lucy Nandy2, Cari S. ... The chemical compounds studied include dicarboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars and polyols. These data provide a comprehensive ... Abstract. Hygroscopicity data for 36 organic compounds, including amino acids, organic acids, alcohols and sugars, are ... Similarly, amino acid hygroscopicity is under-predicted by UNIFAC predictions, a consequence of the original data used in the ...
... and methionine on the measurement of reducing sugars using a ... This study evaluated the interference of the amino acids ... Amino acids interference on the quantification of reducing sugars by the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid assay mislead carbohydrase ... The amino acids valine, glutamic acid, and phenylalanine did not affect the DNS reaction, while methionine decreased the color ... This study evaluated the interference of the amino acids tryptophan, cysteine, histidine, tyrosine, hydroxyproline, leucine, ...
Which of the following pairs are NOT related?A) sugar - carbohydrate
B) DNA - amino acid
C) enzyme - protein
D) RNA - nucleic...... amino acid C) enzyme - protein D) RNA - nucleic acid and find homework help for other Science questions at eNotes ... Which of the following pairs are NOT related?A) sugar - carbohydrate B) DNA - amino acid C) enzyme - protein D) RNA - nucleic ... amino acids joint by peptide bond and prepare protein. so my answer is B) that means DNA is not related to amino acid. ... Sugars are a type of carbohydrate, enzymes are a type of protein, and RNA is a type of nucleic acid. Answer B is correct ...
Exploring the conformational and biological versatility of beta-turn-modified gramicidin S by using sugar amino acid homologues...Exploring the conformational and biological versatility of beta-turn-modified gramicidin S by using sugar amino acid homologues ... Exploring the conformational and biological versatility of beta-turn-modified gramicidin S by using sugar amino acid homologues ...
Amino Acid and Sugar Catabolism in the Marine Bacterium Phaeobacter inhibens DSM 17395 from an Energetic Viewpoint | Applied...Amino Acid and Sugar Catabolism in the Marine Bacterium Phaeobacter inhibens DSM 17395 from an Energetic Viewpoint. Daniel ... Amino Acid and Sugar Catabolism in the Marine Bacterium Phaeobacter inhibens DSM 17395 from an Energetic Viewpoint ... Amino Acid and Sugar Catabolism in the Marine Bacterium Phaeobacter inhibens DSM 17395 from an Energetic Viewpoint ... Amino Acid and Sugar Catabolism in the Marine Bacterium Phaeobacter inhibens DSM 17395 from an Energetic Viewpoint ...
KEGG PATHWAY: Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism - Escherichia coli O104:H4 2009EL-2071 (EAEC)Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism - Escherichia coli O104:H4 2009EL-2071 (EAEC) ... M00549 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, glucose => UDP-glucose * M00554 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, galactose => UDP-galactose ...
... groups in sugar chains on their ionization and fragmentation, cycloamyloses (cycl ... To elucidate the influence of amino (-NH2) and acetamide (-NHCOCH3, -NAc) ... In sugar chains with amino sugar (HexNH2), the sodium cations can coordinate to any sugars and glycosyl bonds are likely to ... Protons localize at the amino group in sugar chains, and the product ions include the protonated amino sugar. The mobile ...
Amount of Arginine, Arg or R, α-amino acid in Pears, dried, sulfured, stewed, not added sugar... not added sugar in details, quantity how high or low Arginine, Arg or R, α-amino acid nutrient content it has. ... α-amino acid is present in Pears, dried, sulfured, stewed, ... sulfured-stew-no-added-sugar/arginine-r-arg-alpha-amino-acid. ... There is g amount of Arginine, Arg or R, α-amino acid in amount of Pears, dried, sulfured, stewed, not added sugar. Determine, ... Amount of Arginine, Arg or R, α-amino acid in Pears, dried, sulfured, stewed, not added sugar. Back to products complete ...
Сыромоноедение | Scientists surprised to find that amino acids, not sugar, supply most building blocks for tumor cells -...Scientists surprised to find that amino acids, not sugar, supply most building blocks for tumor cells. *amino acids ... Branched-chain amino acids in metabolic signalling and insulin resistance. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are important ... Instead, the largest contributors to cell mass were amino acids, which make up proteins. As a group, amino acids (excluding ... medicalxpress.com/news/2016-03-scientists-amino-acids-sugar-blocks.html ...
Stereospecificity of multiple receptor sites in a labellar sugar receptor of the fleshfly for amino acids and small peptides. |...Stereospecificity of multiple receptor sites in a labellar sugar receptor of the fleshfly for amino acids and small peptides.. ... Stereospecificity of multiple receptor sites in a labellar sugar receptor of the fleshfly for amino acids and small peptides. ... sites in the sugar receptor. The effect of small peptides on the sugar receptor was examined systematically. Their ... and N-methylation of the alpha-amino group of L-phenylalanine result in extremely decreased responses of the labellar sugar ...
GlucoseMethionineEssential aminoCarbohydratesIncluding amino acidsNucleotidesFructoseAlcoholsFree amino acidsSynthesis of amino sugarsCompoundsDeoxy-SugarsNitrogenStarchesContent of sugarsBiosynthesisPeptidesDegradationCarbsElectrolytesNutrientsAspartic acidHigh performance liMoleculeAcids to buildCarbonMaillardTransportersType of aminoBCAAsCarbohydrateDisaccharideLipaseProlineReactionsAcid and sugarIonic2017CompositionVitaminsHydrationNeutralSynthesesAsparagineServingsHydroxyl group
- Glucosamine sulphate is an amino sugar formed from glucose and the amino acid glutamine. (landofholisticpets.co.uk)
- S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is formed in the body by the amino acid methionine and adenosyl-triphosphate (ATP). (landofholisticpets.co.uk)
- High content of essential amino acids, minerals and the sugar mannitol confirmed high nutritional value of pollen samples from jandaíra bees. (scirp.org)
- GlycoTrol ® was designed by Dr. Charles I. Jarowski, Director of Research and Development at Pfizer, Inc., to balance dietary essential amino acids and support and maintain healthy blood-sugar. (lidtke.com)
- Dr. Jarowski identified the essential amino acids most frequently lacking in the American diet, and by simply supplementing these amino acids before a meal as part of your diet, GlycoTrol helps maintain a healthy blood sugar level. (lidtke.com)
- This bar chart shows the total %RDI (Recommended Daily Intake) for all essential amino acids. (myfooddata.com)
- Rich with antioxidants, over 14 essential amino acids, and natural sugars, this superfood makes an excellent nutritious snack. (zestofmoringa.com)
- 11 of these amino acids are made by your body and are called 'non-essential' amino acids. (cyh.com)
- The other 9 'essential' amino acids you have to get by eating the right foods. (cyh.com)
- Protein from animal foods has all the essential amino acids you need. (cyh.com)
- The alkali protein fraction was the more rich in all amino acids especially the essential amino acids which were in amounts higher than that given in Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO] pattern. (who.int)
- Perfection isolate vanilla contains 15.5% less protein, 185% more carbohydrates and 112% more sugar than indicated on the label. (supplementlabtest.com)
- The higher content of carbohydrates and sugars is exactly the same as that of the students. (supplementlabtest.com)
- As well as the measurement of different carbohydrates and sugars. (supplementlabtest.com)
- In organic chemistry, Sugar Amino Acids and derivatives are sugar acids and sugar acid derivatives of organic compounds in the carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates subclass in the organooxygen compounds class within the organic oxygen compounds superclass , containing a saccharide unit that bears both an amine group and a carboxylic acid group. (wellnessadvantage.com)
- Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, cellulose and many other compounds found in living organisms. (scientificpsychic.com)
- Sugars are white crystalline carbohydrates that are soluble in water and generally have a sweet taste. (scientificpsychic.com)
- The only really low-carb bar - only 3g of net carbohydrates - and nuts, not sugar! (guiltfree.pl)
- Some simple carbohydrates come from 'sometimes' foods like fizzy drinks and lollies, which have lots of sugar and don't have important vitamins which your body needs. (cyh.com)
- Hygroscopicity data for 36 organic compounds, including amino acids, organic acids, alcohols and sugars, are determined using a comparative kinetics electrodynamic balance (CK-EDB). (atmos-chem-phys.net)
- DNA is one type of nucleic acid, nucleic acid is made up of nucleotides not from the amino acids. (enotes.com)
- A team of such chemists from the Scripps Research Institute reported Nov. 6 in the journal Nature Chemistry that they identified a single, primitive enzyme that could have reacted with early Earth catalysts to produce some of the key precursors to life: the short chains of amino acids that power cells, the lipids that form cell walls, and the strands of nucleotides that store genetic information. (livescience.com)
- Amino acids, sugars, nucleotides and vitamins are all metabolites. (princeton.edu)
- A significantly higher anticancer effect of Lac-L-TTA with respect to the fructose analogue emerged from our study suggesting that the anti-metastatic potential of fructosyl-amino acids can be enhanced by increasing the polarity of the compounds, for example by introducing disaccharide moieties in place of fructose. (springer.com)
- Rates of transport for the sugars glucose and fructose and the amino acids (AAs) aspartate, leucine, lysine, and proline were measured throughout the intestine (only proline and glucose in the frogs) by an in vitro everted-sleeve method. (nih.gov)
- Results showed that most types of spectral analyses had relatively high potential for predicting the starch-related parameters and medium potential for predicting the concentration of the reducing sugars fructose and glucose. (forskningsdatabasen.dk)
- The higher content of the sugar comes form fructose what is stated on the ingredients but not added to the sugar value in the nutrition table. (supplementlabtest.com)
- Fructose, also called levulose or "fruit sugar", is shown here in the chain and ring forms. (scientificpsychic.com)
- Total sugar content did not influence reproductive success and we found positive selection on fructose content. (springer.com)
- He endorsed Armstrong's proposal to classify sugars into aldoses and ketoses, and proposed the name fructose for laevulose, because he found that the sign of optical rotation was not a suitable criterion for grouping sugars into families. (qmul.ac.uk)
- New hygroscopicity data are also reported for a selection of alcohols and sugars and they show variable levels of agreement with predictions. (atmos-chem-phys.net)
- The aim of this investigation was to analyze two samples of pollen from jandaíra stingless bees ( Melipona subnitida ) in view of their mineral composition, free amino acids and sugars. (scirp.org)
- We determined 17 bound and 16 free amino acids in the Antennaria dioica Gaertn. (innovareacademics.in)
- N-functionalized of glycals at the C2 position, combined with glycosidic bond formation at C1 is a common strategy for the synthesis of amino sugars. (wikipedia.org)
- Nucleophilic displacement can be an effective strategy for the synthesis of amino sugars, however success strongly depends upon the nature of nucleophile, the type of leaving group and site of displacements on sugar rings. (wikipedia.org)
- Professor Rojas's research interests focus on new methods for incorporating nitrogen into organic molecules and application of these methods to the synthesis of amino sugars. (barnard.edu)
- The compounds, of which O-{4,6-bisdesoxy-4-[1S-(1,4,6/5)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-hydroxymethylcyclohex-2-en-1-ylamino]-α-D-glucopyranosyl}-(1→4)-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucopyranose. (google.com)
- GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES. (drugbank.ca)
- These compounds are conjugates of amino sugars and aminocyclitols. (wikipedia.org)
- Since the aforesaid classes of compounds are all transported by similar, sodium-ion-dependent mechanisms and elicit countertransport of each other, all may share a common, polyfunctional carrier in which a series of separate binding sites, namely, one each for sugars, neutral amino acids, basic amino acids, and Na + are joined together, as in a mosaic. (sciencemag.org)
- The chemical compounds studied include dicarboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars and polyols. (atmos-chem-phys.net)
- So, if one residue of HexNH 2 or HexNAc is inserted in these compounds, the position of the hetero-sugar residue in the homo-oligosaccharides can be identified to only one structure as shown Figure 1 . (springer.com)
- N-methylated amino acids are found in Nature in various biological compounds. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- The quality of the sedimentary OM was determined by the diagenetic indicators %T AA C (percentage of total organic carbon present as amino acid carbon), %T AA N (percentage of total nitrogen present as amino acid nitrogen), aspartic acid:β-alanine ratios, and glutamic acid:γ-amino butyric acid ratios. (frontiersin.org)
- This gives out a total of 1.69 + 1.27 = 2.96% more of added amino acids which brings the nitrogen content higher, and thus also the protein content. (supplementlabtest.com)
- How is protein tested with a nitrogen and amino acid analysis? (supplementlabtest.com)
- Draw And Explain The Reactions Involved In Photosynthesis And The Nitrogen Cycle Including Amino Acid Anabolism. (uaeu.ac.ae)
- It also converts starches into sugar, which is vital to sake making. (latimes.com)
- was analyzed for the content of sugars by GC/MS. The amino acids were identified and quantified by HPLC method. (innovareacademics.in)
- The direct targets of CodY newly identified by this approach included regulatory genes for sporulation, genes that are likely to encode transporters for amino acids and sugars, and the genes for biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids. (asm.org)
- Stereospecificity of multiple receptor sites in a labellar sugar receptor of the fleshfly for amino acids and small peptides. (rupress.org)
- The effect of small peptides on the sugar receptor was examined systematically. (rupress.org)
- Fourteen different substrates (five sugars and nine amino acids) and their degradation pathways were assessed for energetic efficiencies based on catabolic ATP yields, calculated from net formed ATP and reducing equivalents. (asm.org)
- We compared the degradation behaviour of amino sugars (ASs) and amino acids (AAs) during sedimentation in two lakes. (lib4ri.ch)
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- The new enzyme technology reduces acrylamide formation by converting free asparagine into another naturally occurring amino acid, aspartic acid that cannot contribute to acrylamide formation. (novozymes.com)
- 16. Jámbor A, Molnar Perl I. Quantitation of amino acids in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography: simultaneous deproteinization and derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride. (innovareacademics.in)
- In chemistry, an amino sugar (or more technically a 2-amino-2-deoxysugar) is a sugar molecule in which a hydroxyl group has been replaced with an amine group. (wikipedia.org)
- Molecule X contains a phosphate group and a sugar. (enotes.com)
- It isn't necessarily about how the Warburg effect helps cells put glucose into cell mass, but more about why does glucose -to-lactate conversion help cells use amino acids to build more cells . (syromonoed.com)
- Although cells consume glucose and the amino acid glutamine at very high rates, the researchers found that those two molecules contribute little to the mass of new cells-glucose accounts for 10 to 15 percent of the carbon found in the cells, while glutamine contributes about 10 percent of the carbon. (syromonoed.com)
- As a group, amino acids (excluding glutamine) contribute the majority of the carbon atoms found in new cells and 20 to 40 percent of the total mass. (syromonoed.com)
- Demonstration of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities from sugar-amino acid maillard reaction products. (abcam.com)
- caramelization of sugars, and the Maillard reaction of amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- AIM: Studies in rodents have shown that leptin controls sugars and glutamine entry in the enterocytes by regulating membrane transporters. (biomedsearch.com)
- Here, we have examined the effect of leptin on sugar and amino acids absorption in the human model of intestinal cells Caco-2 and investigated the transporters involved. (biomedsearch.com)
- Uptake of 20 μM glutamine and 0.1 mM phenylalanine was also inhibited by leptin, indicating sensitivity to the hormone of the Na(+) -dependent neutral amino acid transporters ASCT2 and B(0) AT1. (biomedsearch.com)
- CONCLUSION: These data show in human intestinal cells that leptin can rapidly control the activity of physiologically relevant transporters for rich-energy molecules, i.e D-glucose (SGLT1) and amino acids (ASCT2, B(0) AT1 and PAT1). (biomedsearch.com)
- In contrast, the sugar transporters of the cat were unresponsive to varying carbohydrate levels, and long-term feeding of a high-carbohydrate diet caused down-regulation of sugar transport in frogs. (nih.gov)
- In this work, a new type of amino sugar derivative tagged as amino sugar similar to N-acetyl-glucosamine, commonly used in medical field as medicine to treat osteoarthritis has been synthesized. (upm.edu.my)
- With Zero Sugar and 5 grams of recovery and strength building BCAAs, this is actually the ultimate pre-workout & publish workout sports drink powder. (paperfabulous.com)
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- Gruner SAW, Locardi E, Lohof E, Kessler H (2002) Carbohydrate-based mimetics in drug design: sugar amino acids and carbohydrate scaffolds. (springer.com)
- DNA and RNA are examples of which type of compound?A) amino acid B) nucleic acid C) carbohydrate. (enotes.com)
- Although all three species consume much carbohydrate during early development, only the mink was able to regulate sugar transporter activity in response to changes in levels of dietary carbohydrate. (nih.gov)
- The measured carbohydrate and sugar content of 6,76 grams is lower with the 10 grams indicated on the label. (supplementlabtest.com)
- Sodium cation (Na + ) attachment is independent from amino group and exerts no influence on their fragmentation patterns in amino group except for mono- and disaccharide fragment ions because there is the possibility of the reducing end effect. (springer.com)
- This amino sugar derivative produced from glucose and propylamine with the aid of immobilized Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435) lipase, as catalyst. (upm.edu.my)
- Proline and serine are the predominant amino acids. (scirp.org)
- Leptin also inhibited 1 mM proline and β-alanine uptake in Na(+) medium at pH 6, conditions for optimal activity of the H(+) -dependent neutral amino acid transporter PAT1. (biomedsearch.com)
- General Properties and Reactions of Amino-Sugars c. 2-Amino-2-Deoxyaldoses d. 3-Amino-3-Deoxyaldoses e. 4-Amino-4-Deoxyaldoses f. 5-Amino-5-Deoxyaldoses g. 6-Amino-6-Deoxyaldoses h. (elsevier.com)
- These basic studies made possible the identification and quantification of the flavonoid, carboxylic-/amino acid and sugar constituents of citrus fruit juices and albedos, without any extraction/enrichment procedure. (elsevier.com)
- MS/MS spectral patterns depend on many factors such as the sugar chain structure, sugar content, ionic forms of sugars, ionization methods, etc. (springer.com)
- His work is currently supported (2014-2017) by a National Institutes of Health (NIGMS) grant entitled: "Construction and Union of 2-Amino Sugar Building Blocks. (barnard.edu)
- Their effectiveness depends mainly on the place of the constituent amino acids rather than on their composition, indicating the decisive role that certain aliphatic amino acids in the C-terminal position play in stimulation. (rupress.org)
- it advisable to study the qualitative composition and quantitative contents of sugars and amino acids from the herb of this plant. (innovareacademics.in)
- Nectar sugar and amino acid (AA) composition in two sister species, P. bifolia and P. chlorantha , was analysed and the interspecies differences in nectar and the importance of these nectar characteristics for reproductive success were investigated. (springer.com)
- Amazon is currently offering Morning Liquid Vitamins by MaryRuth's (Raspberry) Vegan Multivitamin A B C D3 E Trace Minerals & Amino Acids Paleo - Gluten Free - 0 Sugar - 32oz for just $33.94. (mojosavings.com)
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- D-Galactose, L-arginine, and their respective actively transported analogs are partially competitive inhibitors of the active transport of neutral amino acids in the small intestine of hamsters. (sciencemag.org)
- Neutral sugar chains have no charge-center, thus, their ionizations in MALDI and ESI are achieved by proton or alkali metal cation attachment. (springer.com)
- Syntheses of N-methylated amino acids by chemical and biocatalytic approaches are known, but often show incomplete stereoselectivity, low yields or expensive co-factor regeneration. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- The monograph covers its application -- from natural products to synthetic pharmaceuticals -- detailing complex syntheses using the amino group as templates and modern techniques focussing on the introduction of the amino group. (wiley.com)
- Most methods showed medium potential for prediction of several amino acids, including asparagine, which showed particularly promising predictions in the hyperspectral analyses of intact potatoes. (forskningsdatabasen.dk)
- Basically it involves two common substances, naturally present in foods, namely sugar and an amino acid called asparagine. (novozymes.com)
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- a MONOSACCHARIDE in which an amino group has replaced an hydroxyl group on one or more occasions. (thefreedictionary.com)