Amino sugars. Medical search

SUGARS containing an amino group. GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.

A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of N-acetylgalactosamine for glycoproteins, sulfatides and cerebrosides.

Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.

An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of fructose-6-phosphate plus GLUTAMINE from GLUTAMATE plus glucosamine-6-phosphate.

Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Compounds consisting of glucosamine and lactate joined by an ether linkage. They occur naturally as N-acetyl derivatives in peptidoglycan, the characteristic polysaccharide composing bacterial cell walls. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (From Stedmans, 26th ed)

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

Enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of aldose and ketose compounds.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of heptanedioic acid with the general formula R-C7H11O4.

Enzymes that catalyze the epimerization of chiral centers within carbohydrates or their derivatives. EC 5.1.3.

An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.

An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518)

Electrophoresis in which paper is used as the diffusion medium. This technique is confined almost entirely to separations of small molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and nucleotides, and relatively high voltages are nearly always used.

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Five-carbon furanose sugars in which the OXYGEN is replaced by a NITROGEN atom.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A strong oxidizing agent.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Streptomyces griseus.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

The interference in synthesis of an enzyme due to the elevated level of an effector substance, usually a metabolite, whose presence would cause depression of the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. They are ubiquitously distributed in many tissues.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

Method of analyzing chemicals using automation.

Polyhydric alcohols having no more than one hydroxy group attached to each carbon atom. They are formed by the reduction of the carbonyl group of a sugar to a hydroxyl group.(From Dorland, 28th ed)

Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A class of enzymes that catalyze geometric or structural changes within a molecule to form a single product. The reactions do not involve a net change in the concentrations of compounds other than the substrate and the product.(from Dorland, 28th ed) EC 5.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Sucrose present in the diet. It is added to food and drinks as a sweetener.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The bacterial sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) that catalyzes the transfer of the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to its sugar substrates (the PTS sugars) concomitant with the translocation of these sugars across the bacterial membrane. The phosphorylation of a given sugar requires four proteins, two general proteins, Enzyme I and HPr and a pair of sugar-specific proteins designated as the Enzyme II complex. The PTS has also been implicated in the induction of synthesis of some catabolic enzyme systems required for the utilization of sugars that are not substrates of the PTS as well as the regulation of the activity of ADENYLYL CYCLASES. EC 2.7.1.-.

A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Differential expression of alpha2-6 sialylated polylactosamine structures by human B and T cells. (1/534)

We found that human peripheral B and T cells differed in the surface expression of alpha2-6 sialylated type 2 chain glycans. In contrast to B cells, T cells expressed only sialoglycans with repeated N-acetyllactosamine (Galss1-4GlcNAc) disaccharides. This finding was based on the specificity of the monoclonal antibodies HB6, HB9 (CD24), HD66 (CDw76), FB21, and CRIS4 (CDw76) with the alpha2-6 sialylated model gangliosides IV6NeuAcnLc4Cer (2-6 SPG), VI6NeuAcnLc6Cer (2-6 SnHC), VIII6NeuAcnLc8Cer (2-6 SnOC), and X6NeuAcnLc10Cer (2-6 SnDC). We found that, in addition to their common requirement of an alpha2-6 bound terminal sialic acid for binding, the antibodies displayed preferences for the length of the carbohydrate backbones. Some of them bound mainly to 2-6 SPG with one N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) unit (HB9, HD66); others preferentially to 2-6 SnHC and 2-6 SnOC, with two and three LacNAc units, respectively (HB6 and FB21); and one of them exclusively to very polar alpha2-6 sialylated type 2 chain antigens (CRIS4) such as to 2-6 SnOC and even more polar gangliosides with three and more LacNAc units. These specificities could be correlated with the cellular binding of the antibodies as follows: whereas all antibodies bound to human CD 19 positive peripheral B cells, their reactivity with CD3 positive T cells was either nearly lacking (HD66, HB9), intermediate (about 65%: HB6, FB21) or strongly positive (CRIS4, 95%). Thus, the binding of the antibodies to 2-6 sialylated glycans with multiple lactosamine units appeared to determine their binding to T-cells. (+info)

Enzymatic synthesis of alpha3'sialylated and multiply alpha3fucosylated biantennary polylactosamines. A bivalent [sialyl diLex]-saccharide inhibited lymphocyte-endothelium adhesion organ-selectively. (2/534)

Multifucosylated sialo-polylactosamines are known to be high affinity ligands for E-selectin. PSGL-1, the physiological ligand of P-selectin, is decorated in HL-60 cells by a sialylated and triply fucosylated polylactosamine that is believed to be of functional importance. Mimicking some of these saccharide structures, we have synthesized enzymatically a bivalent [sialyl diLex]-glycan, Neu5Acalpha2-3'Lexbeta1-3'Lexbeta1-3'(Neu5Acalpha2-3'Lexbeta1-3Lexbe ta1-6')LN [where Neu5Ac is N-acetylneuraminic acid, Lex is the trisaccharide Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc and LN is the disaccharide Galbeta1-4GlcNAc]. Several structurally related, novel polylactosamine glycans were also constructed. The inhibitory effects of these glycans on two L-selectin-dependent, lymphocyte-to-endothelium adhesion processes of rats were analysed in ex-vivo Stamper-Woodruff binding assays. The IC50 value of the bivalent [sialyl diLex]-glycan at lymph node high endothelium was 50 nm, but at the capillaries of rejecting cardiac allografts it was only 5 nm. At both adhesion sites, the inhibition was completely dependent on the presence of fucose units on the sialylated LN units of the inhibitor saccharide. These data show that the bivalent [sialyl diLex]-glycan is a high affinity ligand for L-selectin, and may reduce extravasation of lymphocytes at sites of inflammation in vivo without severely endangering the normal recirculation of lymphocytes via lymph nodes. (+info)

Molecular cloning of a novel alpha2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal VI) that sialylates type II lactosamine structures on glycoproteins and glycolipids. (3/534)

A novel member of the human CMP-NeuAc:beta-galactoside alpha2, 3-sialyltransferase (ST) subfamily, designated ST3Gal VI, was identified based on BLAST analysis of expressed sequence tags, and a cDNA clone was isolated from a human melanoma line library. The sequence of ST3Gal VI encoded a type II membrane protein with 2 amino acids of cytoplasmic domain, 32 amino acids of transmembrane region, and a large catalytic domain with 297 amino acids; and showed homology to previously cloned ST3Gal III, ST3Gal IV, and ST3Gal V at 34, 38, and 33%, respectively. Extracts from L cells transfected with ST3Gal VI cDNA in a expression vector and a fusion protein with protein A showed an enzyme activity of alpha2, 3-sialyltransferase toward Galbeta1,4GlcNAc structure on glycoproteins and glycolipids. In contrast to ST3Gal III and ST3Gal IV, this enzyme exhibited restricted substrate specificity, i.e. it utilized Galbeta1,4GlcNAc on glycoproteins, and neolactotetraosylceramide and neolactohexaosylceramide, but not lactotetraosylceramide, lactosylceramide, or asialo-GM1. Consequently, these data indicated that this enzyme is involved in the synthesis of sialyl-paragloboside, a precursor of sialyl-Lewis X determinant. (+info)

Isolation and characterization of linear polylactosamines containing one and two site-specifically positioned Lewis x determinants: WGA agarose chromatography in fractionation of mixtures generated by random, partial enzymatic alpha3-fucosylation of pure polylactosamines. (4/534)

We report that isomeric monofucosylhexasaccharides, Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1- 3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3) GlcNAc, Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3) GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4 GlcNAc and Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1- 4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4 GlcNAc, and bifucosylhexasaccharides Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3) GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc, Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1- 4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4 (Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc and Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4( Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc can be isolated in pure form from reaction mixtures of the linear hexasaccharide Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1- 3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc with GDP-fucose and alpha1,3-fucosyltransferases of human milk. The pure isomers were characterized in several ways;1H-NMR spectroscopy, for instance, revealed distinct resonances associated with the Lewis x group [Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc] located at the proximal, middle, and distal positions of the polylactosamine chain. Chromatography on immobilized wheat germ agglutinin was crucial in the separation process used; the isomers carrying the fucose at the reducing end GlcNAc possessed particularly low affinities for the lectin. Isomeric monofucosyl derivatives of the pentasaccharides GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1- 4Gl cNAc and Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4G lcN Ac and the tetrasaccharide Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc were also obtained in pure form, implying that the methods used are widely applicable. The isomeric Lewis x glycans proved to be recognized in highly variable binding modes by polylactosamine-metabolizing enzymes, e.g., the midchain beta1,6-GlcNAc transferase (Leppanen et al., Biochemistry, 36, 13729-13735, 1997). (+info)

Characterization of the substrate specificity of alpha1,3galactosyltransferase utilizing modified N-acetyllactosamine disaccharides. (5/534)

alpha1,3galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GalT) catalyzes the synthesis of a range of glycoconjugates containing the Galalpha1,3Gal epitope which is recognized by the naturally occurring human antibody, anti-Gal. This enzyme may be a useful synthetic tool to produce a range of compounds to further investigate the binding site of anti-Gal and other proteins with a Galalpha1,3Gal binding site. Thus, the enzyme has been probed with a series of type 2 disaccharide-C8(Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-C8) analogs. The enzyme tolerated acceptors with modifications at C2 and C3 of the N-acetylglucosamine residue, producing a family of compounds with a nonreducing alpha1,3 linked galactose. Compounds that did not serve as acceptors were evaluated as inhibitors. Interestingly, the type 1 disaccharide-C8, Galbeta1-3GlcNAc-C8, was a good inhibitor of the enzyme (Ki = 270 microM vs. Km = 190 microM for Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-C8). A potential photoprobe, based on a modified type 2 disaccharide (octyl 3-amino-3-deoxy-3-N-(2-diazo-3, 3, 3-trifluoropropionyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1, 4)-2-acetamindo-2-deoxy-beta-D-glycopyranoside, (DTFP-LacNAc-C8)), was evaluated as an inhibitor of alpha1,3GalT. alpha1,3GalT bound DTFP-LacNAc-C8 with an affinity (Ki = 300 microM) similar to that displayed by the enzyme for LacNAc-C8. Additional studies were done to determine the enzyme's ability to transfer a range of sugars from UDP-sugar donors. The results of these experiments demonstrated that alpha1,3GalT has a strict specificity for UDP-Gal. Finally, inactivation studies with various amino acid modifiers were done to obtain information on the importance of different types of amino acids for alpha1,3GalT activity. (+info)

Effects of egg-adaptation on the receptor-binding properties of human influenza A and B viruses. (6/534)

Propagation of human influenza viruses in embryonated chicken eggs (CE) results in the selection of variants with amino acid substitutions near the receptor-binding site of the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule. To evaluate the mechanisms by which these substitutions enable human virus growth in CE, we studied the binding of 10 human influenza A (H1N1, H3N2) and B strains, isolated and propagated solely in MDCK cells, and of their egg-adapted counterparts to preparations of cellular membranes, gangliosides, sialylglycoproteins, and sialyloligosaccharides. All egg-adapted variants differed from nonadapted strains by increased binding to the plasma membranes of chorio-allantoic (CAM) cells of CE and by the ability to bind to CAM gangliosides. In addition, there was no decrease in affinity for inhibitors within allantoic fluid. These findings indicate that growth of human influenza viruses in CE is restricted because of their inefficient binding to receptors on CAM cells and that gangliosides can play an important role in virus binding and/or penetration. The effects of the egg-adaptation substitutions on the receptor-binding properties of the viruses include (i) enhancement of virus binding to the terminal Sia(alpha2-3)Gal determinant (substitutions in HA positions 190, 225 of H1N1 strains and in position 186 of H3N2 strains); (ii) a decrease of steric interference with more distant parts of the Sia(alpha2-3Gal)-containing receptors (a loss of glycosylation sites in positions 163 of H1 HA and 187 of type B HA); and (iii) enhanced ionic interactions with the negatively charged molecules due to charged substitutions at the tip of the HA [187, 189, 190 (H1), and 145, 156 (H3)]. Concomitantly with enhanced binding to Sia(alpha2-3)Gal-terminated receptors, all egg-adapted variants decreased their affinity for equine macroglobulin, a glycoprotein bearing terminal 6'-sialyl(N-acetyllactosamine)-moieties. (+info)

Lipid A modifications characteristic of Salmonella typhimurium are induced by NH4VO3 in Escherichia coli K12. Detection of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose, phosphoethanolamine and palmitate. (7/534)

Two-thirds of the lipid A in wild-type Escherichia coli K12 is a hexa-acylated disaccharide of glucosamine in which monophosphate groups are attached at positions 1 and 4'. The remaining lipid A contains a monophosphate substituent at position 4' and a pyrophosphate moiety at position 1. The biosynthesis of the 1-pyrophosphate unit is unknown. Its presence is associated with lipid A translocation to the outer membrane (Zhou, Z., White, K. A., Polissi, A., Georgopoulos, C., and Raetz, C. R. H. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 12466-12475). To determine if a phosphatase regulates the amount of the lipid A 1-pyrophosphate, we grew cells in broth containing nonspecific phosphatase inhibitors. Na2WO4 and sodium fluoride increased the relative amount of the 1-pyrophosphate slightly. Remarkably, NH4VO3-treated cells generated almost no 1-pyrophosphate, but made six major new lipid A derivatives (EV1 to EV6). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry of purified EV1 to EV6 indicated that these compounds were lipid A species substituted singly or in combination with palmitoyl, phosphoethanolamine, and/or aminodeoxypentose residues. The aminodeoxypentose residue was released by incubation in chloroform/methanol (4:1, v/v) at 25 degrees C, and was characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The chemical shifts and vicinal coupling constants of the two anomers of the aminodeoxypentose released from EV3 closely resembled those of synthetic 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose. NH4VO3-induced lipid A modification did not require the PhoP/PhoQ two-component regulatory system, and also occurred in E. coli msbB or htrB mutants. The lipid A variants that accumulate in NH4VO3-treated E. coli K12 are the same as many of those normally found in untreated Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella minnesota, demonstrating that E. coli K12 has latent enzyme systems for synthesizing these important derivatives. (+info)

Role of lactosyl glycan sequences in inhibiting enteropathogenic Escherichia coli attachment. (8/534)

Previously, we found that asialo-lactosamine sequences served as receptors for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) binding to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In the present report, we have extended these earlier results by examining the ability of lactosamine- or fucosylated lactosamine-bovine serum albumin (BSA) glycoconjugates to inhibit EPEC, strain E2348/69, binding to HEp-2 cells. We found that, consistent with our previous findings with CHO cells, N-acetyllactosamine-BSA was the most effective inhibitor of EPEC localized adherence to HEp-2 cells, with Lewis X-BSA being the next best inhibitor. Further investigation revealed that coincubating EPEC E2348/69 with these BSA glycoconjugates alone caused a decrease in the expression of the bundle-forming pilus structural subunit (BfpA) and intimin by the bacteria. BfpA and intimin expression were reduced to the greatest extent by N-acetyllactosamine-BSA and Lewis X-BSA, respectively. These results suggest that the glycoconjugate inhibition of EPEC binding to HEp-2 cells might be achieved, wholly or in part, by an active mechanism that is distinct from simple competitive antagonism of receptor-adhesin interactions. (+info)

In organic chemistry, an amino sugar (or more technically a 2-amino-2-deoxysugar) is a sugar molecule in which a hydroxyl group ... Amino+Sugars at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (Articles with NDL identifiers, Amino ... More than 60 amino sugars are known, with one of the most abundant being N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine, which is the main component of ... This can be achieved using azides with subsequent reduction yielding the amino sugar. One advantage of introducing azide moiety ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_sugar

Kornfeld S, Glaser L (October 1962). "The synthesis of thymidine-linked sugars. v. thymidine diphosphate-amino sugars". The ... This enzyme participates in aminosugars metabolism. As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP-N-acetylglucosamine_4-epimerase

31, 145, 149, ISBN 978-0-8018-8835-9 Short AR, Bywaters HW (June 1913). "Amino-Acids and Sugars in Rectal Feeding". Br Med J. 1 ... Neither the milk sugars and proteins nor the molasses are absorbed in the lower intestine, thus keeping the water from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enema

CS1 German-language sources (de), Amino sugars, Disaccharides). ... Chitobiose is the condensed form of 4‐O‐(2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐ ... glucopyranosyl)‐2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose and is an acetylation disaccharide found in chitin. It is formed by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitobiose

Amino acids, sugars, and organic acids affect flavor. Due to their diuretic and astringent effects, the fruits have been used ... In ripe fruit, glutamate and aspartate were the major amino compounds, but also total amino acid composition changed during ... "Changes in sugars, organic acids and amino acids in medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) during fruit development and maturation". ... Once bletted, the fruit can be eaten raw, sometimes with sugar and cream-it has been described as being an "acquired taste"-or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mespilus_germanica

Pfrengle, Fabian; Reissig, Hans-Ulrich (2010). "Amino sugars and their mimetics via 1,2-oxazines". Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 (2): 549- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Reissig

Donohoe, Timothy J.; Blades, Kevin; Helliwell, Madeleine (1999). "Synthesis of amino-sugars using the directed dihydroxylation ... With triethylsilane (R'=H), the reaction yields a 2,3-unsaturated deoxy sugar. An analogous reaction with nitrogen as the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrier_rearrangement

S. Akabori (1931). "Oxidative Degradation of α-Amino Acids with Sugars (II). On the Mechanisms of the Reaction. (Amino Acids ... In the second reaction, an α-amino acid, or an ester of it, is reduced by sodium amalgam and ethanolic HCl to give an α-amino ... The reaction of cyanamide with α-amino-acetals and α-amino-aldehydes". J. Chem. Soc.: 307-310. doi:10.1039/jr9560000307. ... Maillard reaction S. Akabori (1931). "Amino Acids and Their Derivatives (I) Oxidative Decomposition of α-Amino Acids with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akabori_amino-acid_reaction

... sugars and amino acids existed in space, via meteorites. This includes non-terrestrial amino acids. Multiple isotopes do not ... doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2008.tb01115.x. Degens, E; Bajor, M (1963). "Amino acids and sugars in the bruderheim and Murray ... The levels of amino acids are higher in CMs than CIs. Amino-like nitriles/cyanides and heterocycles are also found. These ... As amino acids are diverse but low, the discovery of meteoritic chirality had to await the separation of IOM. Handedness of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM_chondrite

The produced nectar is rich in sugars and amino acids. Their function may be to attract ants (or other organisms) for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglaomorpha_(plant)

This enzyme participates in amino sugars metabolism and glycan biosynthesis. As of late 2007, 10 structures have been solved ... diphospho-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxyglucose 3-enolpyruvyltransferase, phosphopyruvate-uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP-N-acetylglucosamine_1-carboxyvinyltransferase

"Award Abstract #1213845 Enhancing the NMR Characterization of Amino Sugars". National Science Foundation. Archived from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Larive

Sugar acids, Amino sugars, All stub articles, Amine stubs). ... Muramic acid is an amino sugar acid. In terms of chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muramic_acid

... amino acids are almost universally of the L form and sugars are of the D form. Molecules using D amino acids or L sugars may be ... Amino acids whose chirality is opposite to the norm are found on Earth, and these substances are generally thought to result ... Doig, Abdrew J. (7 December 2016). "Frozen, but no accident - why the 20 standard amino acids were selected". FEBS J. 284 (9): ... Polysilanols, the silicon compounds corresponding to sugars, are soluble in liquid nitrogen, suggesting that they could play a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry

The plant roots secrete amino acids and sugars into the rhizosphere. The rhizobia move toward the roots and attach to the root ... Bradyrhizobium betae was isolated from tumor-like root deformations on sugar beets; they have an unknown symbiotic status. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradyrhizobium

Root exudates contain numerous sugars, amino acids, polysaccharides and secondary metabolites. The production of these exudates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytobiome

Contributors to the chiral pool are amino acids, sugars, and terpenes. Their use improves the efficiency of total synthesis. ... Production of optically active amino acids by catalytic hydrogenation". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99 (19): 6262-6267. doi:10.1021/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_pool

The caterpillars produce a sweet-tasting liquid containing sugars and amino acids. The ants use physical stimulation to cause ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terenthina_terentia

However life has evolved such that the vast majority of amino acids are L and the sugars are D. If the amino acids and sugars ... The essential building blocks of life (amino acids and key sugars-ribose and deoxyribose) can exist in one of two forms-L or D ... In 2012, his paper "Evidence for the Likely Origin of Homochirality in Amino Acids, Sugars, and Nucleosides on Prebiotic Earth ... J. 2005, 624, 821-826 Breslow, Ronald (2011). "The origin of homochirality in amino acids and sugars on prebiotic earth". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Breslow

They assimilate a large variety of sugars, organic acids and amino acids. Species: Truepera radiovictrix. The sole species of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truepera

The reactive carbonyl group of the sugar reacts with the nucleophilic amino group of the amino acid and forms a complex mixture ... The carbonyl group of the sugar reacts with the amino group of the amino acid, producing N-substituted glycosylamine and water ... The Maillard reaction (/maɪˈjɑːr/ my-YAR; French: [majaʁ]) is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that ... Acrylamide, a possible human carcinogen, can be generated as a byproduct of Maillard reaction between reducing sugars and amino ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maillard_reaction

Organic substances such as sugars and protein components (amino acids) were synthesised. These molecules "accumulated till the ... "The Origin of Life" (PDF). Haldane, John B. S. "The Origin of Life" (PDF). Miller, Stanley L. (1953). "A Production of Amino ... These further combined with oxygen and ammonia to produce hydroxy- and amino-derivatives, such as carbohydrates and proteins. ... such as amino acids. This provided direct experimental support for the second point of the "soup" theory, and it is one of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_soup

The acyclic forms of certain amino sugars also qualify, for instance vancosamine. Aminoacetaldehyde, the simplest member of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoaldehydes_and_aminoketones

The elemental diet consists of a mixture of essential amino acids with non-essential amino acids, fat, and sugars. Water- ... It is usually composed of amino acids, fats, sugars, vitamins, and minerals. This diet, however, lacks whole or partial protein ... Possible nausea and diarrhea can result from the high sugar content which can also complicate hyperglycaemia in patients with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemental_diet

Substances like sugars and amino acids decompose readily and are considered labile. Cellulose and hemicellulose, which are ... simple sugars and mineral salts. The process is a part of the nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition

Teplyakov A, Obmolova G, Badet-Denisot MA, Badet B (1999). "The mechanism of sugar phosphate isomerization by glucosamine 6- ... This enzyme participates in glutamate metabolism and aminosugars metabolism. As of late 2007, 12 structures have been solved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine—fructose-6-phosphate_transaminase_(isomerizing)

In 1912, he undertook studies of the reaction between amino acids and sugars. This work is considered one of his major ... by which amino acids and sugars react in foods via contact with fats, giving a browned, flavorful surface to everything from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Camille_Maillard

... are amino sugars created by adding an amine group to a hexose. Examples include: Fructosamine (based upon fructose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexosamines

The Chemistry and Biology of Compounds Containing Amino Sugars. Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-4832-5764-8. Wei, Shaopeng; Zhang, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces_ambofaciens

The amino acids and sugars presumably help to decrease the ice content colligatively; however, they probably also have a direct ... During winter, their haemolymph contains low molecular weight cryoprotectants such as amino acids, especially proline (up to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemideina_maori

Amino sugars). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoribosylamine

Marina Sorokina; Tarik Cyril Amar (2014). Michael David-Fox; Peter Holquist; Alexander M. Martin (eds.). The Holocaust in the ... sugar, and cigarettes. Jews were robbed and handed over to the Germans by "szmalcowniks" (the 'shmalts' people: from shmalts or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland

Consequently, it oxidizes many forms of alcohol, amino acid, carbohydrates, and other organic compounds. As a BOD biosensor, ... "Chemostat cultivation of Candida blankii on sugar cane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate". Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 40 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_blankii

... though they are able to metabolize other amino acids, as well. H. salinarum have been reported to be unable to grow on sugars, ... Amino acids are the main source of chemical energy for H. salinarum, particularly arginine and aspartate, ... the transcription factor TrmB has been proven to regulate the gluconeogenic production of sugars found on the S-layer ... and therefore need to encode enzymes capable of performing gluconeogenesis to create sugars. Although "H. salinarum" is unable ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium_salinarum

The amino acids or sugars released by these extracellular enzymes are then pumped into cells by active transport proteins. ... lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts. All amino acids are synthesized from ... The oxidation pathway starts with the removal of the amino group by a transaminase. The amino group is fed into the urea cycle ... which is then transaminated to form an amino acid. Amino acids are made into proteins by being joined in a chain of peptide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

Tan YH, Barakat F, Berthold W, Smith-Johannsen H, Tan C (August 1979). "The isolation and amino acid/sugar composition of human ... amino acid analysis and amino terminal amino acid sequence". Science. 207 (4430): 525-6. Bibcode:1980Sci...207..525K. doi: ... Tan's laboratory isolated sufficient amounts of human beta interferon to perform the first amino acid, sugar composition and N- ... Bruce Merrifield, using solid phase peptide synthesis, one amino acid at a time. He later won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

It consists of two parts, a labile chromophore (the non-protein molecular entity shown at right) and a 113 amino acid protein ... Additionally, a cluster of NcsC genes are responsible for coding enzymes for the synthesis of the deoxyamino sugar moiety of ... and deoxy sugar biosynthetic pathways. The first type I PKS gene, NcsE, codes for the enediyne moiety. The second type I PKS ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocarzinostatin

Sugars such as glucose and fructose can react with certain amino acids such as lysine and arginine and certain DNA bases such ... but can delay such disorders by rigorous control of their blood sugar levels. There is evidence that sugar damage is linked to ... People with diabetes, who have elevated blood sugar, develop senescence-associated disorders much earlier than the general ... caused by ubiquitous chemical agents in the body such as oxygen and sugars, are in part responsible for aging. The damage can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescence

... (5-amino-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid) is an acidic (in particular ulosonic) amino sugar ... Although 9-carbon sugars do not occur naturally, neuraminic acid may be regarded as a theoretical 9-carbon ketose in which the ... The amino group bears either an acetyl or a glycolyl group. The hydroxyl substituents may vary considerably: acetyl, lactyl, ... 2-amino-2-deoxy-mannose). Neuraminic acid does not occur naturally, but many of its derivatives are found widely distributed in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuraminic_acid

R/S notation is the primary notation used for +/- now because D and L notation are used primarily for sugars and amino acids. ... Of note, the L form of amino acids and the D form of sugars (primarily glucose) are usually the biologically reactive form. ... Also notable is the fact that all amino acid residues exist in the L form. However, bacteria produce D-amino acid residues that ... This technique is known as amino acid dating. In 1843, Louis Pasteur discovered optical activity in paratartaric, or racemic, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racemization

The sugar Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 (where Glc=Glucose, Man=Mannose, and GlcNAc=N-acetylglucosamine) is attached to an asparagine (Asn) ... residue in the sequence Asn-X-Ser or Asn-X-Thr where X is any amino acid except proline. This sequence is called a ... Oligosaccharyltransferase or OST (EC 2.4.1.119) is a membrane protein complex that transfers a 14-sugar oligosaccharide from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosaccharyltransferase

121-2. ISBN 978-0-472-03126-9. León-Guzmán MF, Silva I, López MG (1997). "Proximate chemical composition, free amino acid ... while the plant provides the fungus with sugars, a product of photosynthesis. The characteristic feature of the mycorrhiza is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exsudoporus_frostii

... such as sugars, proteins and amino acids. B. dendrobatidis also contains a variety of proteolytic enzymes and esterases that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis

Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty sends a Chinese mission to study Indian techniques of sugar manufacturing, at Bihar in the ... December 22 - On orders of the Saracen leader, Amar, the Serapeum of Alexandria, containing works that had survived the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/640s

"Accumulation of a polyisoprene-linked amino sugar in polymyxin-resistant Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli: ... Lipid IVA 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.43, undecaprenyl phosphate-alpha-L-Ara4N transferase, 4-amino-4- ... lipid IVA 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinopyranosyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction (1) 4-amino-4- ... Lipid+IVA+4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinosyltransferase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_IVA_4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinosyltransferase

Royal jelly is a nutrient-rich mixture of vitamins, sugars, fats, proteins, and enzymes. It is used for feeding larvae. Royal ... The monomer contains 432 amino acids, and is divisible (can be cleaved) into three chains, such as jellein-1, jellein-2, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_royal_jelly_protein

The brewing process for sake differs from the process for beer, where the conversion from starch to sugar and then from sugar ... As the proportion of amino acids rises, the sake tastes more savory. This number is determined by titration of the sake with a ... where starch is converted into sugars which ferment into alcohol, whereas in wine, alcohol is produced by fermenting sugar that ... Iron will bond with an amino acid produced by the kōji to produce off flavors and a yellowish color. Manganese, when exposed to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake

In Egypt, sugar cane juice is called 'aseer asab (عصير قصب) and is an incredibly popular drink served by almost all fruit juice ... Licorice teas and carob juice drinks are traditionally enjoyed during the Islamic month of Ramadan, as is amar al-din, a thick ... Rozz be laban (ارز باللبن) is a rice pudding made with short grain white rice, full-cream milk, sugar, and vanilla. It can be ... It is covered with icing sugar, and can also be stuffed with dates, walnuts, or 'agameya (عجمية) which is similar in texture to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine

... peptidoglycan contains different amino sugars, and therefore, a different catalysis enzyme is used. The different amino acids ... These sugars are made of different amino acids, and the peptide cross-links within pseudopeptidoglycan are formed with ... It degrades the peptidoglycan by targeting the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds that connect the alternating amino sugars in which it is ... It attacks bacteria by targeting and inhibiting the transpeptidase that catalyzes the cross-linking of the amino sugars in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudopeptidoglycan

Slave labour was the driving force behind the growth of the sugar economy in Brazil, and sugar was the primary export of the ... "Films about Slavery and the transAtlantic Slave Trade". Ama. africatoday.com. Retrieved June 3, 2011. Books Bales, Kevin (1999 ... Those slaves who worked on sugar plantations and in sugar mills were often subject to the harshest of conditions. The field ... major planters increased their labour-intensive cultivation and processing of sugar cane. Sugar plantations supplanted mining ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery

It also lowers the concentration of low molecular weight molecules like sugars and amino acids and increases the concentration ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometal_(biology)

It is also a metabolite in mammalian digestion after ingestion of hypoglycin, a rare and potentially toxic amino acid, ... The vast majority of the fatalities were undernourished children, their preexisting low blood sugar detrimentally amplifying ... glucogenic amino acids, lactate, and glycerol). In addition, it also limits Acyl and carnitine cofactors, which are ... chemically related to the common amino acid lysine. Hypoglycin is found in the unripe ackee fruit in Africa. Dihydrosterculic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_cyclopropyl_acetic_acid

Both enzyme families however target a shared amino acid sequence asparagine--any amino acid except proline-serine or threonine ... Attachment of sugars to the nitrogen atom in an amide group - such as the amide group of an asparagine - requires an enzyme, as ... The sugars are attached to an UDP carrier, the enzyme itself is cytoplasmic and transfers 47 hexoses on to its substrate HMW1A ... 2015, p. 6. Bause E, Legler G (June 1981). "The role of the hydroxy amino acid in the triplet sequence Asn-Xaa-Thr(Ser) for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-glycosyltransferase

These include both sugars and amino acids, and may provide essential protein-building nutrients that are otherwise unavailable ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp

"Tara Strong Reddit AMA - February 2014". Interviewly. Archived from the original on March 26, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2015. ... comedian and voice actor Sugar Lyn Beard (born 1981), actress, voice actress, television personality, and former host of YTV's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_Americans

All biological life is made up of lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleic acids. Whole algae could be turned into ... Primary production is the process by which autotrophs use light to convert carbon from aqueous carbon dioxide to sugar for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-nutrient,_low-chlorophyll_regions

The sugar industries is centered in Passi City and its neighboring towns like Lambunao, Duenas, San Enrique and Bingawan. ... Iloilo City Proper AMA Computer College (Iloilo campus), Iloilo City Proper Asian College of Aeronautics, Jaro, Iloilo City ... Soon, the area itself began to prosper, due to its successful textile and sugar industry. As a result, it received Chinese ... pineapples and sugar among others as well as high-end crops in the Bucari Area in Leon and in the highlands of Alimodian, as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloilo

B. longum also has bile salt hydrolases to hydrolyze bile salts into amino acids and bile acids. The function of this is not ... "Sugar Transport Systems of Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705". Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology. 12 (1-2): 9-19 ... Furthermore, B. longum possesses hydrolases, deaminases, and dehydratases to ferment amino acids. ... clear, although B. longum could use the amino acids products to better tolerate bile salts. A number of cases of B. longum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_longum

Tekle, Amare (1 January 1994). Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-0-932415-97-4. ... sugar mills, etc.). In the second half of 1940, Italian troops invaded British Somaliland and ejected the British. The Italians ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Somalia

The amino acid sequence of brazzein, adapted from the Swiss-Prot biological database of protein, is as follows: QDKCKKVYEN ... Sugar substitutes, Plant proteins). ... The monomer protein, consisting of 54 amino acid residues, is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzein

There was a high consistency in grouping peony flowers by using sugars and organic acids and amino acids, which differed from ... Up to 18 amino acids were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS), including all essential amino acids, ... The majority of amino acids were significant positively correlated with each other and were significant negatively correlated ... Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) revealed that tree peony flowers are rich in sugars and organic acids. ...

https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201903.0196/v1

Sugar γ-Amino Acids as Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Cyclic Neoglycopeptides. Mylène Richard 1 Julen Ariztia 1 Sandrine ... Sugar γ-Amino Acids as Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Cyclic Neoglycopeptides.. ChemistrySelect, 2018, 3 (31), pp.9121- ...

https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-02953389

DETERMINATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND SUGARS CONTENT IN ANTENNARIA DIOICA GAERTN Authors. * LIUDMYLA SLOBODIANIUK Department of ... Objective: The purpose of our study was to determine sugars and amino acids content of Antennaria dioica Gaertn. herb. In ... was analyzed for the content of sugars by GC/MS. The amino acids were identified and quantified by HPLC method. ... Amino Acids 2009;37:111-22. Karpyuk UV, Kislichenko VS, Gureva IG. HPLC determination of free and bound amino acids in Bryonia ...

https://www.innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijap/article/view/33909

High quality CAS 22839-47-0 Amino Acid Vitamins Aspartame Sugar White Powder ISO Certification from China, Chinas leading ... Amino Acid Vitamins. > CAS 22839-47-0 Amino Acid Vitamins Aspartame Sugar White Powder ISO Certification ... CAS 22839-47-0 Amino Acid Vitamins Aspartame Sugar White Powder ISO Certification. ... Aspartame is an artificial non-saccharide sweetener 200 times sweeter than sucrose, and is commonly used as a sugar substitute ...

https://www.nmn-powder.com/sale-12612296-cas-22839-47-0-amino-acid-vitamins-aspartame-sugar-white-powder-iso-certification.html

Floral Metabolism of Sugars and Amino Acids: Implications for Pollinators Preferences and Seed and Fruit Set ... Floral Metabolism of Sugars and Amino Acids: Implications for Pollinators Preferences and Seed and Fruit Set Borghi, M., & ... Floral Metabolism of Sugars and Amino Acids: Implications for Pollinators Preferences and Seed and Fruit Set. Plant Physiology ...

https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_2518553

... sugar, junk food, over-eating, medicine, shopping, sex, uppers, downers, cannabis, TV-series - what ever the addiction is, its ... Amino Acids to Kick a Habit - but First the Sugar!. March 14, 2014. January 25, 2016. ~ O• L I V E ... 2 thoughts on "Amino Acids to Kick a Habit - but First the Sugar!" * Amber Simpson-Gratton says: ... These are the amino acids Im taking for 2 weeks to kick my habit: D-Phenylalanine (or DL-Phenylalanine), L-Tyrosine, L- ...

https://oliveloveslife.com/2014/03/14/amino-acids-to-kick-a-habit-but-first-the-sugar/

Amino Acids/Protein. , Pea Protein - Equine Supplement 80% Protein. Rich In Branch Chain Amino Acids, Low In Sugar And Starch. ... Rich In Branch Chain Amino Acids, Low In Sugar And Starch. *. Violetta N. (verified owner) - May 9, 2022. ... Rich In Branch Chain Amino Acids, Low In Sugar And Starch. £27.99. ... SKU: N/A Categories: Amino Acids/Protein, Coat & Skin Support, Featured, Forage Balancing, General Health & Wellbeing, Hoof ...

https://progressive-earth.com/product/pea-protein-equine-supplement-80-protein-rich-source-branch-chain-amino-acids-low-sugar-and-starch/

Zhu, F., Cai, Y. Z., Ke, J., & Corke, H. (2010). Compositions of phenolic compounds, amino acids and reducing sugars in ... keywords = "Acrylamide, Amino acids, Food safety, Phenolic compounds, Potato, Reducing sugars",. author = "Fan Zhu and Cai, {Yi ... Zhu, F, Cai, YZ, Ke, J & Corke, H 2010, Compositions of phenolic compounds, amino acids and reducing sugars in commercial ... Great variations in the contents of phenolic compounds, free reducing sugars and amino acids as well as wide variations in ...

https://research.gtiit.edu.cn/en/publications/compositions-of-phenolic-compounds-amino-acids-and-reducing-sugar

Amino sugars and their glycosides *Hindle, N, Fleet, G, Hindle, Neil A. ...

https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/?f%5Bf_subject%5D%5B%5D=Glycosylation

Researchers then submerge those cells in amino acids, sugars, and minerals. Generally, that mixture consists of fetal serum ...

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/05/23/test-tube-burgers

Effect of Location and Time of Harvest on Free Amino Acid and Free Sugar Contents of Florigiant Peanuts¹. Authors: Chintana ... Both free amino acid and sugar contents decreased after the early harvest times, followed by a flattening out near optimum ... Effect of Location and Time of Harvest on Free Amino Acid and Free Sugar Contents of Florigiant Peanuts¹. Authors: Chintana ... Keywords: peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L, free amino acids, Sugars, maturity, Locations, Peanut Flavor Precursors ...

https://peanut-science.com/article/id/247/

... and sugar contents. Characterization of shortday onion cultivars of 3 pungency levels with flavor precursor - Texas A&M ... Characterization of shortday onion cultivars of 3 pungency levels with flavor precursor, free amino acid, sulfur, and sugar ... free amino acids, free sugars, soluble solids (SSC), and total sulfur (S) in onion bulbs were measured. The flavor precursor ... and the most abundant amino acids were glutamine and arginine. The total sugar contents ranged from 50 to 75 mg/g FW, and total ...

https://vivo.library.tamu.edu/vivo/display/n310002SE

Honey is a solution that is made from sugar, mostly fructose and glucose. These sugars contain proteins, amino acids, vitamins ... However, Manuka honey still displays antimicrobial effects because it has a low pH level and high sugar content. ... A high concentration of sugar, which puts pressure on bacterial cells, making them less likely to multiply. ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315877?utm_source=ReadNext

Streptococcus are responsible for sugar fermentation producing amino acid. By the same time, fermentation is decreasing pH that ... In this context, Malassezia yeasts which use lipids as carbon sources are unable to ferment sugar, and may have some advantages ... According to a microbial community partitioned by carbon source, the Climax population uses amino acids and produces ammonia, ... while Attack population uses sugar fermentation and produces acid. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-60015-4?error=cookies_not_supported

Sugars, amino acids and proteins are not unique to vaccines and are encountered in everyday life in the diet and are components ... "Why are sugars, amino acids, and proteins added to some vaccines?. These substances may be added as stabilizers. They help ... Stabilizers added to vaccines include: sugars such as sucrose and lactose, amino acids such as glycine or the monosodium salt ... They also include as an additional ingredient lactose (milk sugar), which potentially contains traces of cows milk proteins ...

https://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2016/12/21/this-could-be-the-most-ludicrous-version-of-the-toxins-gambit-ive-ever-seen

Free amino acids in the seed extract interfered with sugar analysis by causing peak shifting and co-elution of some amino acids ... Title: INTERFERENCE OF AMINO ACIDS IN PULSED AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION OF PEANUT SUGARS Author. Singleton, John ... Interpretive Summary: Free amino acids and sugars are precursors for the nitrogenous compounds responsible for the "nutty aroma ... Peak areas of these interfering amino acids were either "additive" or "subtractive" to sugar peaks. Altering the gradient ...

https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=63088

Multimedia: Amino sugars. *Identifikadoreak. *GND: 4142206-5. *NDL: 00560237. *Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak ... Aminoazukreak amino talde bat bere molekulan duten azukreak dira, hidroxilo taldea (-OH) eduki beharrean. Monosakaridoak dira ... Glukosaminak dira 2. karbonoan hidroxilo taldea galdu duten eta horren ordez amino taldea duten glukosaren deribatuak. ... aminoazukreak, eta eskuarki amino taldea 2. karbonoari lotuta dago. ...

https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoazukre

Central issues like the composition of the early atmosphere of the Earth and the origin of the homochirality of amino acids and ... of amino acid catalysis of D-sugar production or any other potential involvement of enantiomerically enriched amino acids in ... the relationship between RNA and amino acids. Once D-sugars were present in RNA, the step towards L-amino acids in proteins ... As we have seen in the example of sugar synthesis, catalysis by amino acids could have played a role in the emergence of other ...

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/abioprob/originoflife.html

FORMATION OF AN UNSATURATED AMINO SUGAR DERIVATIVE. N. Pradvic and H.G. Fletcher, Jr. Croatica Chemica Acta, 39 (1967). ... I. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF DERIVATIVES OF 2-AMINO-D-GLUCAL (2-AMINO-1,2-DIDEOXY-D-ARABINO-HEX-1-ENOPYRANOSE) AND OTHER ... 152. L-FUCO-4-KETOSE, A NEW SUGAR PRODUCED BY THE ACTION OF ACETOBATER SUBOXYDANS ON L-FUCITOL. Nelson K. Richtmyer, Laura C. ... 2-AMINO-3-DEOXY-D-TALOSE. H.H. Baer. Angewandte Chemie, Herausgegeben von der Gesellschaft Deutsher Chemiker, 73, Jahrgang / Nr ...

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/research-funding/at-niddk/labs-branches/laboratory-bioorganic-chemistry/carbohydrates-section/publications/publications-since-1929

Explain how sugar molecules combine with other elements to create amino acids. Why is this an essential process for living ... Explain how sugar molecules combine with other elements to create amino acids. Why is this an essential process for living ...

https://www.wyzant.com/resources/answers/users/81743310

KINETICS OF SUGAR AND AMINO ACID CONSUMPTION, YEAST GROWTH, AND ETHANOL PRODUCTION DURING BEER FERMENTATION. *P. Tepper, I. ... Control of the amino acid composition of the wort fed to the PBR was not effective in repressing the production of α- ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Improved-Performances-and-Control-of-Beer-Using-and-Dulieu-Moll/36106dde1d1f81f5c53f936b6bdf46ee8d236d79

Categories: Amino Sugars Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 3 ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Amino+Sugars&parentid=5319&catid=2583

Nectar: secretion in flowers containing sugars, amino acids and other compounds. Bees prefer nectar with 30 to 50% sugar. ...

https://www.mofga.org/resources/pollinators/going-native-with-pollinators/

Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. map00541 O-Antigen nucleotide sugar biosynthesis. ...

https://www.genome.jp/entry/C17326

biochemistry-colors -- Colors used to display amino acids, nucleotides, sugars or atoms in biochemistry bithesis -- Templates ...

https://packages.debian.org/da/bullseye/texlive-latex-extra

Ammonia losses from amino sugars in the soil is a related measurement. There are a number of other biological indicators. The ...

https://www.sare.org/publications/building-soils-for-better-crops/how-good-are-your-soils/?tid=3

PMP then transfers its nitrogen to the sugar, making an amino sugar. ... The α-amino group of the amino acid substrate displaces the ε-amino group of the active-site lysine residue in a process known ... Amino-oxy SAM inhibits ACC synthase. Evolution[edit]. Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (vitamin B6)-dependent enzymes have multiple ... Once the amino substrate interacts with the active site, a new Schiff base is generated, commonly referred to as the external ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxal_phosphate

macronutrients (including proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates and reducing sugars) and minerals (including all plant macro- ... Proteins, amino acids, nitrogen and nitrate/nitrite. The concentrations of proteins, amino acids and N (which are known to be ... for reducing sugars, − 15 (95 % CI − 27, − 3) % for proteins, − 11 (95 % CI − 14, − 8) % for amino acids, 2 (95 % CI − 1, 6) % ... higher values for reducing sugars; and lower values for carbohydrates (total) and amino acids (see Fig. 4 and online ...

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/higher-antioxidant-and-lower-cadmium-concentrations-and-lower-incidence-of-pesticide-residues-in-organically-grown-crops-a-systematic-literature-review-and-metaanalyses/33F09637EAE6C4ED119E0C4BFFE2D5B1

Most alternatives to wheat flour and malt extract lack the natural reducing sugars, proteins and amino acids needed for sufficient browning. (preparedfoods.com)
Unrefined syrups such as malt extract and sorghum syrup are the most nutritious of all natural sweeteners, containing some of the original vitamins and minerals of the grain as well as proteins and amino acids. (preparedfoods.com)
Carbohydrate Fat and Protein Metabolism Chart Cheat Sheet Teaching biology Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are digested in the intestine, where they are broken down into their basic units: Carbohydrates into sugars. (pinterest.com)
The AMINO ANIMO Power Mix Cocoa instant organic protein drink contains Almond, Rice and Sunflower proteins, cocoa powder and prebiotics (Inulin). (rawandtonic.com)
Meg 21 skincare products are suitable for everyone, not just people suffering from diabetes, because everyone produces glycation, when sugar hits the bloodstream and harms essential proteins for optimal skin health. (focusskin.com)
Yeast Extract: Comprised of a complex mixture of proteins, sugars, and amino acids, it acts as an excellent humectant and supports natural cell turnover in the skin. (happyskin.vn)
At the ribosome, the processed mRNA is translated to produce proteins from amino acid units. (cdc.gov)

As such, honey has a low glycemic index (GI), meaning that it doesn't raise your blood sugar levels as quickly as other types of carbohydrates do. (rantrovehoney.in)
Maintain is specifically designed to combat the cravings for sugars, carbohydrates, and fats** while giving your body awesome support as it learns what normal is going to be. (skinnyup.com)
Carbohydrates are sugar molecules and one of the main types of nutrients in food and drinks. (medlineplus.gov)
The so-called "nutritional transition" caused a change in "traditional" eating patterns based on the consumption of grain and cereals, which has been gradually superseded by an eating pattern that has large quantities of foods of animal origin, fats, sugars, processed foods and relatively small amounts of complex carbohydrates and fiber, eating habits deemed to be potentially favorable to the development of oropharyngeal cancer [7]. (bvsalud.org)

The majority of amino acids were significant positively correlated with each other and were significant negatively correlated with glucose, fructose and galactose. (preprints.org)
Location effects were significant for many precursors of typical roasted peanut flavor (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, peptide, and phenylalanine) and sugars (fructose, glucose, and sucrose). (peanut-science.com)
Honey is a solution that is made from sugar, mostly fructose and glucose. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Anti-glycators such as Can-C ™ eye drops can reverse these oxidative and free-radical chemical reactions, and eyesight is restored without cataract surgery.² Consuming a low sugar diet also helps since fructose glycates approximately ten times faster than glucose. (antiaging-systems.com)
However, some compounds that contain hydroxyl functional groups have trivial names which do not include the suffix -ol or the prefix hydroxy- , e.g. the sugars glucose and sucrose . (wikipedia.org)
Ayer's research shows that glucose and the amino-acid glutamine8212;the second essential element of cancer's diet8212;are interdependant for cell growth, despite decades of thinking they worked independently. (dailyutahchronicle.com)
The GI measures how much a food affects your blood sugar after eating it in comparison to pure glucose or white bread. (rantrovehoney.in)
Unlike typical ORS solutions that use sugar (glucose) and sodium to hydrate, IV2 ' s AAA Formula™ uses Amino Acids and sodium for effective electrolytes and water absorption, making you feel the ' Next Level Hydration," said IV2's R&D researchers. (mizorammail.net)
Blood glucose is the main sugar found in your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Your digestive system breaks down sugar into glucose, and your cells use the glucose for energy. (medlineplus.gov)

Peak areas of these interfering amino acids were either "additive" or "subtractive" to sugar peaks. (usda.gov)

When you slip, your body will hold on to those carbs and sugars, building up visceral fat, and preventing your metabolism from functioning at full force. (skinnyup.com)
This ingredient has been shown to cause metabolism disorders, blood sugar spikes, and you can eat lots of it without feeling satiated. (pryme.it)
GlucoTrust increases insulin production, which in turn improves blood sugar metabolism. (mesopuncture.com)
As a 100% natural supplement, GlucoTrust helps improve blood sugar levels by using natural nutrients to regulate insulin and boost metabolism. (mesopuncture.com)
In a study of patients undergoing chemotherapy for advanced hepatic cancer, those who received a late-evening snack enhanced with branched-chain amino acids had improvements in energy metabolism parameters compared with control subjects. (medscape.com)

Progressive Earth Pea protein is a high quality protein and a rich source of branched chain amino acids. (progressive-earth.com)
Pea protein is low in sugar and starch making it an ideal choice, for horses and ponies that are prone to laminitis and for overweight horses on reduced hay rations. (progressive-earth.com)
Over winter my horse was getting white line disease in his hooves and loosing muscle mass, but now with a mix of Pea protein and pro 3 amino, plus some extra natural vitamin E, he is doing really well. (progressive-earth.com)
Molecules made from thiamine are important in the breakdown of sugars and protein building blocks (amino acids). (medlineplus.gov)
Chemical tanning is based on the formation of melanin-mimetic cutaneous pigments ('melanoidins') from spontaneous amino-carbonyl ('glycation') reactions between epidermal amino acid/protein components and reactive sugars including the glycolytic ketose dihydroxyacetone (DHA). (cdc.gov)
The AMINO ANIMO Power Mix Cocoa was awarded as the Best Vegan Protein of 2020 at the Vegan Awards , according to nutritionists and health experts! (rawandtonic.com)
Alternatively, replace a part of the solids (flour, oats) of your favorite recipe (salty or sweet) with AMINO ANIMO organic protein for increased nutritional value. (rawandtonic.com)
LAKA LIVING CHOCOLATE CHAGA PROTEIN, a Cannabis (hemp) and Super Shroom based chocolate protein powder that's rich in amino acids, minerals, and contains no added sugars. (bokettowellness.com)
It also contains some whey protein, which is the best protein source due to its well-rounded amino acid profile. (pryme.it)
There's also no information on the amino acid score, so you won't know how well rounded the protein is. (pryme.it)
This metabolic fuel solution is packed with powerful vitamins, complex plant sugars, protein building amino acids, seaweed extracts, carbon building blocks and aromatic oils all in a humic acid base. (growtopiahydro.com)
Leucine: stimulates muscle protein synthesis, ideally when other essential amino acids are available. (drnutrition.com)

DNA is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, with the sugar attached to 1 of 4 possible nucleotide bases (adenosine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine). (cdc.gov)

The problem is your body has become accustomed to a certain lifestyle of heavy carbs, fats, sugars, and candida overgrowth . (skinnyup.com)

Added vitamins, minerals and/or amino acids like taurine, are listed on the label. (healthlinkbc.ca)
Children, teens, pregnant or breastfeeding women and people who are sensitive to caffeine should avoid energy drinks because of the potential health risks from high caffeine levels and added vitamins, minerals, amino acids and herbs. (healthlinkbc.ca)
Rich in sugars + amino-acids, vitamins, trace elements. (betime.com.sg)
One packet of the zero sugar AAORS IV2 contains 550% of the daily value for vitamin C and at least 80% of the daily requirements for five additional essential vitamins. (mizorammail.net)
Increase the absorption of a wide range of nutrients such as amino acids, vitamins, omega-3, and other elements. (drnutrition.com)

This study investigated the compositions of phenolic compounds, amino acids and reducing sugars in 16 commercial potato varieties from eight countries and analysed the relationships between these compositions and the levels of acrylamide generated by heating (185 ° C, 25 min) potato powders. (gtiit.edu.cn)
Great variations in the contents of phenolic compounds, free reducing sugars and amino acids as well as wide variations in acrylamide concentration were found among the different potato varieties. (gtiit.edu.cn)
This study indicates that onion pungency is primarily determined by the content of flavor precursor compounds and not by total S, total sugars, or individual/total free amino acids in shortday bulbs. (tamu.edu)
Free amino acids and sugars are precursors for the nitrogenous compounds responsible for the "nutty aroma" perceived when peanuts are roasted. (usda.gov)
Sugars have been analyzed by several different methods which require many preparation steps and potential interferences from other compounds. (usda.gov)
GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES . (bvsalud.org)

Always beware of sugars of all forms (alcohol, fructose, sacrose, etc) and simple starch, i.e. refined grains like wheat bread and pasta . (oliveloveslife.com)
This sugar comes from fructose, which is considered one of the worst sweeteners available. (pryme.it)
Inside is fructose which can increase weight, there's no explanation of the amino acid profile, and it has high amounts of sugar. (pryme.it)

Aspartame is an artificial non-saccharide sweetener 200 times sweeter than sucrose, and is commonly used as a sugar substitute in foods and beverages. (nmn-powder.com)
Sucrose, a source of sugar reactants, constituted 86% of the total sugars. (peanut-science.com)
Xylem transports water and mineral salts from the roots up to other parts of the plant, while phloem transports sucrose and amino acids between the leaves and other parts of the plant. (erasingdavid.com)

Ingredients with prebiotic effect include amino acids, plant sugars such as fructooligosaccharides, sulphur, calcium and magnesium," she says. (livemint.com)

[4] The aldehyde group of PLP forms a Schiff-base linkage (internal aldimine ) with the ε-amino group of a specific lysine group of the aminotransferase enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Sensitivity of clade 1 and clade 2 influenza A (H5N1) viruses to zanamivir, oseltamivir, and 4-amino-Neu5Ac2en in a MUNANA-based enzyme inhibition assay (Sigma, Saint Louis, MO, USA). (cdc.gov)
1994. N-acetylglucosamine dynamics in freshwater environment: concentration of amino-sugars, extracellular enzyme activities, and microbial uptake . (jcu.cz)

The deleted genes include amino acids and sugar transporters, RNA polymerase sigma-70 factor, and fatty acids metabolisms. (tudelft.nl)

were grown in North Carolina counties, Northampton, Bertie, Chowan, Halifax, Hertford and Nash in order to determine the influence of locations and harvest dates on the individual free amino acids, free sugars, total sugars, arginine maturity index, and calcium. (peanut-science.com)

Below is a breakdown of the known Minerals, Amino Acids and other Organic ingredients contained in Mountain Blood shilajit. (natureprovides.com)
It contains a unique combination of clinically proven ingredients that is geared towards lowering blood sugar levels and fighting naturally occurring diabetes. (mesopuncture.com)
The blend of GlucoTrust ingredients is incredibly effective in regulating blood sugar levels. (mesopuncture.com)
It is packed with ingredients that support healthy blood sugar levels and can help you feel better during the day. (mesopuncture.com)

Up to 18 amino acids were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS), including all essential amino acids, except for methionine. (preprints.org)
was analyzed for the content of sugars by GC/MS. The amino acids were identified and quantified by HPLC method. (innovareacademics.in)

Sugars' among nutrients refer to all monosaccharides and disaccharides contained in the food. (who.int)
Spirulina: Bacteria with amino acids and nutrients. (pryme.it)
Foods with added sugars have lots of calories but few nutrients, so aim to only eat these foods in moderation. (medlineplus.gov)

Onions of different pungency levels did not differ in the contents of individual or total free amino acids, and the most abundant amino acids were glutamine and arginine. (tamu.edu)
Four (4) Tri-Amino Supplement tablets provide: L-Arginine Hydrochloride (1447 mg), L-Ornithine Hydrochloride (900 mg) and L-Lysine Hydrochloride (1200 mg). (puritan.com)

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) revealed that tree peony flowers are rich in sugars and organic acids. (preprints.org)
A total of 11 polyphenols were identified in these tree fresh peony flowers by LC-MS. There was a high consistency in grouping peony flowers by using sugars and organic acids and amino acids, which differed from that based on color components and polyphenols. (preprints.org)
Organic Vanadium lowers high blood sugar levels, mimics the effects of insulin and increases 'good' HDL cholesterol. (natureprovides.com)
GlucoTrust is designed to control your blood sugar in a natural, organic way. (mesopuncture.com)

The body can use sugar, amino acids, and fatty acids as energy sources when needed. (kidshealth.org)

At optimum harvesting time, roasted flavor precursors were predominant among free amino acids comprising 64% of the total. (peanut-science.com)
The contents of flavor precursors (S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide [1-PeCSO] and S-methyl-L-cysteine-sulfoxide [MCSO]), free amino acids, free sugars, soluble solids (SSC), and total sulfur (S) in onion bulbs were measured. (tamu.edu)

Along with amino acids and peptides this facial serum uses hyaluronic acid, hazel and jojoba to help hydrate and even the skin. (alternatesea.com)

1) Aspartame sweetener is white crystalline powder, odorless, slightly soluble in water and it is 200 timessweeter than sugar in terms of sweetness. (nmn-powder.com)
A popular water-soluble polysaccharide, this supplement helps to control your body's insulin levels and aid in reducing cravings via proper blood sugar levels. (skinnyup.com)

Glycation refers to the cross-linking of sugars with amino acids. (antiaging-systems.com)

These are the amino acids I'm taking for 2 weeks to kick my habit: D-Phenylalanine (or DL-Phenylalanine), L-Tyrosine, L-Tryptophan (or 5 hydroxytryptophan). (oliveloveslife.com)

Through Diabetes research and development scientists found that 3DG, the bodys normal breakdown of sugar is one of the key factors in skins aging process. (focusskin.com)
The breakdown of starch into fermentable sugars is essential for several industrial processes, including beer production. (usda.gov)

Tri-Amino Supplement, Sugar & Starch Free. (puritan.com)

A high concentration of sugar, which puts pressure on bacterial cells, making them less likely to multiply. (medicalnewstoday.com)
With a high concentration of Amino Acids, known for its ability to replenish muscle tissue and serving as a source of energy, the IV2 AAORS is particularly gaining popularity among athletes like marathon runners. (mizorammail.net)

5. Your body gets a "high" when eating foods with a lot of salt, sugar, and additives. (funfunnyfacts.com)
It's also low in glycemic index (GI), which means it doesn't spike blood sugar levels as quickly as processed foods like white bread or pasta do. (rantrovehoney.in)
Free radicals are created when you exercise or eat unhealthy foods like sugar and red meat. (rantrovehoney.in)
Even while you do your best to exercise, eat right, and cut out sugar, your body will continue to crave the heavily processed foods you must avoid. (skinnyup.com)
You get it after serotonin has been converted in your body from eating foods which contain the amino acid tryptophan. (happydieter.net)

Sugar γ-Amino Acids as Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Cyclic Neoglycopeptides. (univ-lorraine.fr)
Among these were the synthesis of nucleotides, polymerization of nucleotides to oligonucleotides, incorporation of a self-copying gene into simple cells upon which natural selection could act, and the origin of homochirality of amino acids and sugars. (talkorigins.org)
Pyridoxal phosphate takes part in decomposition and synthesis of amino acids . (wikipedia.org)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Uptake of 14C-labelled sugars and amino acids by Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae in vitro. (who.int)

Explain how sugar molecules combine with other elements to create amino acids. (wyzant.com)
The molecules lead to the creation of sugars, amino acids, and RNA under the right conditions. (slashgear.com)
Sites of interaction with other molecules have been mapped to short stretch of amino acids such as the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence found in various FN3 domains. (embl.de)

An amino sugar, part of the structure of the polysaccharides chitosan and chitin, is made naturally in the form of glucosamine-6-phosphate, and is the biochemical precursor of all nitrogen-containing sugars. (thegoodscentscompany.com)
19. Cranberry juice is not naturally sweet, so much sugar is added that in calorie content and sugar content, it is equal to sodas. (funfunnyfacts.com)
Enrich in Collagen Essence】: Collagen Boost Serum Combines naturally extracted sheep placenta with collagen, amino acids and amino acids to produce a powerful anti-aging effect, smooth penetration into the skin, improve sagging, sagging and wrinkle problems and brighten the skin. (alternatesea.com)
This chemical forms naturally from sugars and an amino acid (asparagine) that are naturally present in food, and is most likely to accumulate when food is cooked for longer periods, especially at higher temperatures. (nutritionwithsusan.com)

The IV2 AAORS (Amino Acid-based Oral Rehydration Solution) is completely zero sugar and has low calories and low carbs. (mizorammail.net)

The amino acid profile of Rice bran shows higher concentrations of aspartic and glutamic acid. (rawandtonic.com)
No information is provided by the makers to determine if the amino acid profile is well rounded. (pryme.it)

We determined 17 bound and 16 free amino acids in the Antennaria dioica Gaertn. (innovareacademics.in)
Changes in free amino acid and free sugar contents during the peanut harvesting period gave both linear and quadratic trends. (peanut-science.com)
Both free amino acid and sugar contents decreased after the early harvest times, followed by a flattening out near optimum harvesting period, and eventually increased during the late harvests. (peanut-science.com)
Oupadissakoon, C. & Young, C. & Giesbrecht, F. & Perry, A., (1980) "Effect of Location and Time of Harvest on Free Amino Acid and Free Sugar Contents of Florigiant Peanuts¹", Peanut Science 7(2), p.61-67. (peanut-science.com)
free amino acid, sulfur, and sugar contents. (tamu.edu)
Characterization of shortday onion cultivars of 3 pungency levels with flavor precursor, free amino acid, sulfur, and sugar contents. (tamu.edu)
Free sugars were separated on an anion exchange column using a sodium hydroxide gradient and ddetected with a pulsed amperometric detector equipped with a gold electrode. (usda.gov)
Free amino acids in the seed extract interfered with sugar analysis by causing peak shifting and co-elution of some amino acids with sugars. (usda.gov)
Results from this study suggest applications that can be applied in other biological systems containing free amino acids and sugars. (usda.gov)
These are the same sugar substitutes used in sugar-free or "diet" drinks. (healthlinkbc.ca)
Our weight loss support product can also help as a lifelong daily aid in maintaining a healthy sugar-free lifestyle with great energy. (skinnyup.com)

Coming in the form of a 100ml pack size, it is said to be a zero per cent sugar energy drink in the mixed-berry flavour and contains 1,000mg of the amino acid taurine. (beveragedaily.com)

Pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor of aromatic L-amino acids decarboxylase . (wikipedia.org)

Detection methods have been refined, and we have optimized a separation and detection method for peanut sugars which eliminates other interfering substances. (usda.gov)

However, Manuka honey still displays antimicrobial effects because it has a low pH level and high sugar content. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Honey is a liquid gold with many health benefits, even though it has sugar content. (rantrovehoney.in)
Honey Can Help Lower Blood Sugar Levels. (rantrovehoney.in)

Instead of sugar, some energy drinks are sweetened with aspartame, acesulfame potassium, steviols and sucralose. (healthlinkbc.ca)

The Amino EAA product from Laperva Company is one of the world's most distinguished nutritional supplements for building the body and muscles with a comprehensive formula of essential amino acids in addition to glutamine and special absorption stimulants (AstraGin) to ensure efficient absorption and bioavailability in the blood plasma, and thus the efficiency of the vital processes associated with the product. (drnutrition.com)

It reduces blood pressure, stress, kidney stone formation, bone calcium loss as well as improves blood sugar levels, heart health, and nerve synapses. (natureprovides.com)

The Guidelines for Food and Beverage Sales in BC Schools do not allow the sale of energy drinks because of their high caffeine and sugar content. (healthlinkbc.ca)

Another important area concerning nutrition, in recovery from addiction and relapse prevention, is the addition of appropriate amino acids that serve as the building blocks for powerful chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters. (oliveloveslife.com)

The experimental study of the origin of life kick-started with Miller s prebiotic soup experiment ( Miller 1953 , Miller-Urey experiment ) which produced amino acids, essential to life. (talkorigins.org)
It is a non-essential amino acid (it is manufactured inside the body, especially in the skeletal muscles, so it is not essential in the diet, but it is a conditional amino acid, that is, it must be taken in the diet in special cases, such as after strenuous exercises and in cases of fatigue and exhaustion. (drnutrition.com)

7. The HIV virus is coated in sugar to trick the body into not recognizing it as a foreign entity. (funfunnyfacts.com)
Glucosamine is an amino sugar derived from the chitin of shellfish and is utilized by the body to assist wholesome joint systems. (ycszkj.top)
Amino acids work to balance blood sugar levels so that the body doesn't experience highs and lows in energy. (skinnyup.com)
It is packed with antioxidants and helps your body burn fat and maintain optimal blood sugar levels. (mesopuncture.com)

There are many sugars that can be fermented to make alcohol, but none of them have a color or flavor anything like malted barley. (preparedfoods.com)

Chromium enhances insulin action, which helps to control blood sugar levels especially for diabetics. (natureprovides.com)
It works quickly to lower blood sugar levels and improve overall health. (mesopuncture.com)
Glucotrust also helps you lose weight by promoting a regular blood sugar level. (mesopuncture.com)
With this, your blood cells will absorb more blood sugar. (mesopuncture.com)
It has received rave reviews for its ability regulate insulin hormones and improve blood sugar levels. (mesopuncture.com)
This allows blood sugar to be absorbed much more quickly. (mesopuncture.com)
Each ingredient is nutrient rich and helps to support healthy blood sugar levels. (mesopuncture.com)
For example, the leafy vine known as Gymnema sylvestre is a natural remedy for diabetes, and studies show that it helps regulate blood sugar levels and curb cravings. (mesopuncture.com)
Isoleucine: is necessary for the formation of hemoglobin, plus it stabilizes blood sugar and energy levels. (drnutrition.com)

With the use of various amino acids, brain chemistry can be changed to help normalize and restore deficiencies in the neurotransmitters that spur cravings that can lead to addiction and relapse. (oliveloveslife.com)
4. A lack of sleep leads to sugar cravings. (funfunnyfacts.com)
18. Lack of sleep leads to sugar cravings. (funfunnyfacts.com)

With its "AAA" (Advanced Amino Acid Electrolyte Hydration Accelerator) Formula™, the zero sugar AAORS IV2 ensures an ideal effectiveness, differentiating itself from other Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS). (mizorammail.net)
IV2 places a strong emphasis on the creative use of Amino Acids in its proprietary AAA Formula™, which is what sets it apart from other ORS products. (mizorammail.net)
Meg 21 products contain Supplamine a formula that uses natural amino acids and a sugar substitute isn't toxic or causes 3DG. (focusskin.com)

9. Consuming large amounts of sugar, overeating, not sleeping enough and smoking are all brain damaging habits. (funfunnyfacts.com)

The resulting external aldimine can lose a proton, carbon dioxide, or an amino acid sidechain to become a quinonoid intermediate, which in turn can act as a nucleophile in several reaction pathways. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy2

Organisms4

Chemicals and Drugs72

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes29

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Differential expression of alpha2-6 sialylated polylactosamine structures by human B and T cells. (1/534)

Enzymatic synthesis of alpha3'sialylated and multiply alpha3fucosylated biantennary polylactosamines. A bivalent [sialyl diLex]-saccharide inhibited lymphocyte-endothelium adhesion organ-selectively. (2/534)

Molecular cloning of a novel alpha2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal VI) that sialylates type II lactosamine structures on glycoproteins and glycolipids. (3/534)

Isolation and characterization of linear polylactosamines containing one and two site-specifically positioned Lewis x determinants: WGA agarose chromatography in fractionation of mixtures generated by random, partial enzymatic alpha3-fucosylation of pure polylactosamines. (4/534)

Characterization of the substrate specificity of alpha1,3galactosyltransferase utilizing modified N-acetyllactosamine disaccharides. (5/534)

Effects of egg-adaptation on the receptor-binding properties of human influenza A and B viruses. (6/534)

Lipid A modifications characteristic of Salmonella typhimurium are induced by NH4VO3 in Escherichia coli K12. Detection of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose, phosphoethanolamine and palmitate. (7/534)

Role of lactosyl glycan sequences in inhibiting enteropathogenic Escherichia coli attachment. (8/534)

Amino Sugars

Hexosamines

Glucosamine

Amino Acids

Carbohydrates

Acetylglucosamine

Neuraminic Acids

Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylgalactosamine

Galactosamine

Uridine Diphosphate Sugars

Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine

Chromatography, Paper

Hexoses

Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing)

Monosaccharides

Muramic Acids

Uronic Acids

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Cell Wall

Acetylgalactosamine

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Aldose-Ketose Isomerases

Pimelic Acids

Carbohydrate Epimerases

Galactose

N-Acetylneuraminic Acid

Electrophoresis, Paper

Polysaccharides, Bacterial

Chemistry

Chemical Phenomena

Rhamnose

Mannose

Imino Furanoses

Escherichia coli

Periodic Acid

Fucose

Molecular Sequence Data

Pronase

Gluconates

Carbohydrate Conformation

Amino Acid Substitution

Heptoses

Mutation

Glucose

Carbohydrate Sequence

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Enzyme Repression

Hydrolysis

Carbon Isotopes

Bacterial Proteins

Cloning, Molecular

Chromatography

Glycoproteins

Sialic Acids

Amidohydrolases

Transaminases

Autoanalysis

Sugar Alcohols

Oligosaccharides

Kinetics

Isomerases

Chromatography, Gel

Chromatography, Ion Exchange

Molecular Weight

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Peptidoglycan

Deoxy Sugars

Lipopolysaccharides

Amino Acids, Essential

Amino Acid Sequence

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Glycosaminoglycans

Species Specificity

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Base Sequence

Culture Media

Aminoglycosides

Chromatography, Thin Layer

Sequence Alignment

Daunorubicin