Amino acyl trna synthetases. Medical search

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

Intermediates in protein biosynthesis. The compounds are formed from amino acids, ATP and transfer RNA, a reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. They are key compounds in the genetic translation process.

The conversion of uncharged TRANSFER RNA to AMINO ACYL TRNA.

An enzyme that activates isoleucine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.5.

An enzyme that activates glycine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.14.

An enzyme that activates alanine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.7.

An enzyme that activates methionine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.10.

An enzyme that activates tyrosine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.1.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

A reaction that introduces an aminoacyl group to a molecule. TRANSFER RNA AMINOACYLATION is the first step in GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

An enzyme that activates tryptophan with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.2.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups.

Enzymes that catalyze the S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation of ribonucleotide bases within a transfer RNA molecule. EC 2.1.1.

An enzyme that activates lysine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.6.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

An enzyme that activates leucine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.4.

An enzyme that activates glutamic acid with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.17.

An enzyme that activates serine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.11.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

An enzyme that activates valine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.9

An enzyme that activates phenylalanine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.20.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

An enzyme that activates aspartic acid with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.12.

An enzyme that activates arginine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.19.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

An enzyme that activates histidine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.21.

The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule.

Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glutamine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A group of transfer RNAs which are specific for carrying each one of the 20 amino acids to the ribosome in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying serine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

An enzyme that activates threonine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.3.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glutamic acid to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

S-Acyl coenzyme A. Fatty acid coenzyme A derivatives that are involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glycine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying proline to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying isoleucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying tryptophan to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying methionine to sites on the ribosomes. During initiation of protein synthesis, tRNA(f)Met in prokaryotic cells and tRNA(i)Met in eukaryotic cells binds to the start codon (CODON, INITIATOR).

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying aspartic acid to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying alanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying phenylalanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

The enzymatic synthesis of PEPTIDES without an RNA template by processes that do not use the ribosomal apparatus (RIBOSOMES).

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying cysteine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying arginine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying histidine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying valine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in hot springs of neutral to alkaline pH, as well as in hot-water heaters.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the formation of a bond between two substrate molecules, coupled with the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond in ATP or a similar energy donor. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 6.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.

An antibiotic mixture produced by Bacillus brevis which may be separated into three components, tyrocidines A, B, and C. It is the major constituent (40-60 per cent) of tyrothricin, gramicidin accounting for the remaining 10-20 per cent active material. It is a topical antimicrobial agent, that is very toxic parenterally.

An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.

Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of CoA derivatives from ATP, acetate, and CoA to form AMP, pyrophosphate, and acetyl CoA. It acts also on propionates and acrylates. EC 6.2.1.1.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A family of anaerobic, coccoid to rod-shaped METHANOBACTERIALES. Cell membranes are composed mainly of polyisoprenoid hydrocarbons ether-linked to glycerol. Its organisms are found in anaerobic habitats throughout nature.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying asparagine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of either ammonia or an amide with another molecule, in which the linkage is in the form of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.1.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying threonine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).

A species of GRAM-POSITIVE ENDOSPORE-FORMING BACTERIA in the family BACILLACEAE, found in soil, hot springs, Arctic waters, ocean sediments, and spoiled food products.

A genus of anaerobic coccoid METHANOCOCCACEAE whose organisms are motile by means of polar tufts of flagella. These methanogens are found in salt marshes, marine and estuarine sediments, and the intestinal tract of animals.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP into a series of (2'-5') linked oligoadenylates and pyrophosphate in the presence of double-stranded RNA. These oligonucleotides activate an endoribonuclease (RNase L) which cleaves single-stranded RNA. Interferons can act as inducers of these reactions. EC 2.7.7.-.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, L-glutamate, and NH3 to ADP, orthophosphate, and L-glutamine. It also acts more slowly on 4-methylene-L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.3.1.2.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying leucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Ribonucleic acid in archaea having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

An enzyme that forms CMP-acylneuraminic acids, which donate the N-acylneuraminic acid residues to the terminal sugar residue of a ganglioside or glycoprotein. EC 2.7.7.43.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS of practical value.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying tyrosine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; therapeutic dried yeast is YEAST, DRIED.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

A protein found in bacteria and eukaryotic mitochondria which delivers aminoacyl-tRNA's to the A site of the ribosome. The aminoacyl-tRNA is first bound to a complex of elongation factor Tu containing a molecule of bound GTP. The resulting complex is then bound to the 70S initiation complex. Simultaneously the GTP is hydrolyzed and a Tu-GDP complex is released from the 70S ribosome. The Tu-GTP complex is regenerated from the Tu-GDP complex by the Ts elongation factor and GTP.

Large enzyme complexes composed of a number of component enzymes that are found in STREPTOMYCES which biosynthesize MACROLIDES and other polyketides.

A genus of EUKARYOTES, in the phylum EUGLENIDA, found mostly in stagnant water. Characteristics include a pellicle usually marked by spiral or longitudinal striations.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

A species of STIGMATELLA usually isolated from rotting wood. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

Genes that have a suppressor allele or suppressor mutation (SUPPRESSION, GENETIC) which cancels the effect of a previous mutation, enabling the wild-type phenotype to be maintained or partially restored. For example, amber suppressors cancel the effect of an AMBER NONSENSE MUTATION.

A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION, when an amino acid is transferred from its cognate TRANSFER RNA to the lengthening chain of PEPTIDES.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of nitrogenous groups, primarily amino groups, from a donor, generally an amino acid, to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxoacid. EC 2.6.

Proteins found in any species of archaeon.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

The ginseng plant family of the order Apiales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Leaves are generally alternate, large, and compound. Flowers are five-parted and arranged in compound flat-topped umbels. The fruit is a berry or (rarely) a drupe (a one-seeded fruit). It is well known for plant preparations used as adaptogens (immune support and anti-fatigue).

Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A family of enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.26.-, EC 3.1.27.-, EC 3.1.30.-, and EC 3.1.31.-.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.

Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as ENZYMES.

A modified nucleoside which is present in the first position of the anticodon of tRNA-tyrosine, tRNA-histidine, tRNA-asparagine and tRNA-aspartic acid of many organisms. It is believed to play a role in the regulatory function of tRNA. Nucleoside Q can be further modified to nucleoside Q*, which has a mannose or galactose moiety linked to position 4 of its cyclopentenediol moiety.

A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.

The functional genetic units of ARCHAEA.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of FATTY ACIDS from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA derivatives.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

Cells lacking a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region.

Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, carbon dioxide, and glutamine. This enzyme is important in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines. EC 6.3.5.5.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.

In vivo and in vitro processing of the Bacillus subtilis transcript coding for glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, serine acetyltransferase, and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. (1/1309)

In Bacillus subtilis, the adjacent genes gltX, cysE, and cysS encoding respectively glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, serine acetyl-transferase, and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase, are transcribed as an operon but a gltX probe reveals only the presence of a monocistronic gltX mRNA (Gagnon et al., 1994, J Biol Chem 269:7473-7482). The transcript of the gltX-cysE intergenic region contains putative alternative secondary structures forming a p-independent terminator or an antiterminator, and a conserved sequence (T-box) found in the leader of most aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and many amino acid biosynthesis genes in B. subtilis and in other Gram-positive eubacteria. The transcription of these genes is initiated 45 nt upstream from the first codon of gltX and is under the control of a sigmaA-type promoter. Analysis of the in vivo transcript of this operon revealed a cleavage site immediately downstream from the p-independent terminator structure. In vitro transcription analysis, using RNA polymerases from Escherichia coli, B. subtilis, and that encoded by the T7 phage, in the presence of various RNase inhibitors, shows the same cleavage. This processing generates mRNAs whose 5'-end half-lives differ by a factor of 2 in rich medium, and leaves putative secondary structures at the 3' end of the gltX transcript and at the 5' end of the cysE/S mRNA, which may be involved in the stabilization of these mRNAs. By its mechanism and its position, this cleavage differs from that of the other known transcripts encoding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in B. subtilis. (+info)

The peculiar architectural framework of tRNASec is fully recognized by yeast AspRS. (2/1309)

The wild-type transcript of Escherichia coli tRNASec, characterized by a peculiar core architecture and a large variable region, was shown to be aspartylatable by yeast AspRS. Similar activities were found for tRNASec mutants with methionine, leucine, and tryptophan anticodons. The charging efficiency of these molecules was found comparable to that of a minihelix derived from tRNAAsp and is accounted for by the presence of the discriminator residue G73, which is a major aspartate identity determinant. Introducing the aspartate identity elements from the anticodon loop (G34, U35, C36, C38) into tRNASec transforms this molecule into an aspartate acceptor with kinetic properties identical to tRNAAsp. Expression of the aspartate identity set in tRNASec is independent of the size of its variable region. The functional study was completed by footprinting experiments with four different nucleases as structural probes. Protection patterns by AspRS of transplanted tRNASec and tRNAAsp were found similar. They are modified, particularly in the anticodon loop, upon changing the aspartate anticodon into that of methionine. Altogether, it appears that recognition of a tRNA by AspRS is more governed by the presence of the aspartate identity set than by the structural framework that carries this set. (+info)

Genetic dissection of protein-protein interactions in multi-tRNA synthetase complex. (3/1309)

Cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases of higher eukaryotes acquired extra peptides in the course of their evolution. It has been thought that these appendices are related to the occurrence of the multiprotein complex consisting of at least eight different tRNA synthetase polypeptides. This complex is believed to be a signature feature of metazoans. In this study, we used multiple sequence alignments to infer the locations of the peptide appendices from human cytoplasmic tRNA synthetases found in the multisynthetase complex. The selected peptide appendices ranged from 22 aa of aspartyl-tRNA synthetase to 267 aa of methionyl-tRNA synthetase. We then made genetic constructions to investigate interactions between all 64 combinations of these peptides that were individually fused to nonsynthetase test proteins. The analyses identified 11 (10 heterologous and 1 homologous) interactions. The six peptide-dependent interactions paralleled what had been detected by crosslinking methods applied to the isolated multisynthetase complex. Thus, small peptide appendices seem to link together different synthetases into a complex. In addition, five interacting pairs that had not been detected previously were suggested from the observed peptide-dependent complexes. (+info)

Immunoelectron microscopic localization of glutamyl-/ prolyl-tRNA synthetase within the eukaryotic multisynthetase complex. (4/1309)

A high molecular mass complex of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is readily isolated from a variety of eukaryotes. Although its composition is well characterized, knowledge of its structure and organization is still quite limited. This study uses antibodies directed against prolyl-tRNA synthetase for immunoelectron microscopic localization of the bifunctional glutamyl-/prolyl-tRNA synthetase. This is the first visualization of a specific site within the multisynthetase complex. Images of immunocomplexes are presented in the characteristic views of negatively stained multisynthetase complex from rabbit reticulocytes. As described in terms of a three domain working model of the structure, in "front" views of the particle and "intermediate" views, the primary antibody binding site is near the intersection between the "base" and one "arm." In "side" views, where the particle is rotated about its long axis, the binding site is near the midpoint. "Top" and "bottom" views, which appear as square projections, are also consistent with the central location of the binding site. These data place the glutamyl-/prolyl-tRNA synthetase polypeptide in a defined area of the particle, which encompasses portions of two domains, yet is consistent with the previous structural model. (+info)

Ultrastructure of the eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex derived from two dimensional averaging and classification of negatively stained electron microscopic images. (5/1309)

Several aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in higher eukaryotes are consistently isolated as a multi-enzyme complex for which little structural information is yet known. This study uses computational methods for analysis of electron microscopic images of the particle. A data set of almost 2000 negatively stained images was processed through reference-free alignment and multivariate statistical analysis. Interpretable structural information was evident in five eigenvectors. Hierarchical ascendant classification extracted clusters corresponding to distinct image orientations. The class averages are consistent with rotations around and orthogonal to a central particle axis and provide particle measurements: approximately 25 nm in height, 30 nm at the widest point and 23 nm thick. The results also provide objective evidence in support of the working structural model and demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining the three dimensional structure of the multisynthetase complex by single particle reconstruction methods. (+info)

The identity determinants required for the discrimination between tRNAGlu and tRNAAsp by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli. (6/1309)

We previously elucidated the major determinant set for Escherichia coli tRNAGlu identity (U34, U35, C36, A37, G1*C72, U2*A71, U11*A24, U13*G22**Alpha46, and Delta47) and showed that the set is sufficient to switch the identity of tRNAGln to Glu [Sekine, S., Nureki, O., Sakamoto, K., Niimi, T., Tateno, M., Go, M., Kohno, T., Brisson, A., Lapointe, J. & Yokoyama, S. (1996) J. Mol. Biol. 256, 685-700]. In the present study, we attempted to switch the identity of tRNAAsp, which has a sequence similar to that of tRNAGlu, and consequently possesses many nucleotide residues corresponding to the Glu identity determinants (U35, C36, A37, G1*C72, and U11*A24). A simple transplantation of the rest of the major determinants (U34, U2*A71, U13*G22**Alpha46, and Delta47) to the framework of tRNAAsp did not result in a sufficient switch of the tRNAAsp identity to Glu. To confer an optimal glutamate accepting activity to tRNAAsp, two other elements, C4*G69 in the middle of the acceptor stem and C12*G23**C9 in the augmented D helix, were required. Consistently, the two base pairs, C4*G69 and C12*G23, in tRNAGlu had been shown to exist in the interface with glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS) by phosphate-group footprinting. We also found the two elements in the framework of tRNAGln, and determined that their contributions successfully changed the identity of tRNAGln to Glu in the previous study. By the identity-determinant set (C4*G69 and C12*G23**C9 in addition to U34, U35, C36, A37, G1*C72, U2*A71, U11*A24, U13*G22**Alpha46, and Delta47) the activity of GluRS was optimized and efficient discrimination from the noncognate tRNAs was achieved. (+info)

tRNA synthetase mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 are resistant to the gyrase inhibitor novobiocin. (7/1309)

In previous studies we demonstrated that mutations in the genes cysB, cysE, and cls (nov) affect resistance of Escherichia coli to novobiocin (J. Rakonjac, M. Milic, and D. J. Savic, Mol. Gen. Genet. 228:307-311, 1991; R. Ivanisevic, M. Milic, D. Ajdic, J. Rakonjac, and D. J. Savic, J. Bacteriol. 177:1766-1771, 1995). In this work we expand this list with mutations in rpoN (the gene for RNA polymerase subunit sigma54) and the tRNA synthetase genes alaS, argS, ileS, and leuS. Similarly to resistance to the penicillin antibiotic mecillinam, resistance to novobiocin of tRNA synthetase mutants appears to depend upon the RelA-mediated stringent response. However, at this point the overlapping pathways of mecillinam and novobiocin resistance diverge. Under conditions of stringent response induction, either by the presence of tRNA synthetase mutations or by constitutive production of RelA protein, inactivation of the cls gene diminishes resistance to novobiocin but not to mecillinam. (+info)

Progress toward the evolution of an organism with an expanded genetic code. (8/1309)

Several significant steps have been completed toward a general method for the site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins in vivo. An "orthogonal" suppressor tRNA was derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae tRNA2Gln. This yeast orthogonal tRNA is not a substrate in vitro or in vivo for any Escherichia coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, including E. coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (GlnRS), yet functions with the E. coli translational machinery. Importantly, S. cerevisiae GlnRS aminoacylates the yeast orthogonal tRNA in vitro and in E. coli, but does not charge E. coli tRNAGln. This yeast-derived suppressor tRNA together with yeast GlnRS thus represents a completely orthogonal tRNA/synthetase pair in E. coli suitable for the delivery of unnatural amino acids into proteins in vivo. A general method was developed to select for mutant aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases capable of charging any ribosomally accepted molecule onto an orthogonal suppressor tRNA. Finally, a rapid nonradioactive screen for unnatural amino acid uptake was developed and applied to a collection of 138 amino acids. The majority of glutamine and glutamic acid analogs under examination were found to be uptaken by E. coli. Implications of these results are discussed. (+info)

"The complex evolutionary history of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases". Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (3): 1059-1068. doi:10.1093/nar/ ... The acyl radical is glycyl. Glycine was discovered in 1820 by the French chemist Henri Braconnot when he hydrolyzed gelatin by ... Glycine (symbol Gly or G; /ˈɡlaɪsiːn/) is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain. It is the simplest ... Glycine is not essential to the human diet, as it is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine

Colson P, Fournous G, Diene SM, Raoult D (2013). "Codon usage, amino acid usage, transfer RNA and amino-acyl-tRNA synthetases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimiviridae

Her work has also provided fundamental insights into how retroviral replication involves host amino acyl tRNA synthetases and ... "Role of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases in Infectious Diseases and Targets for Therapeutic Development", Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases ... Musier-Forsyth K. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and tRNAs in human disease: an introduction to the JBC Reviews thematic series. J ... Musier-Forsyth, Karin (2019-04-05). "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and tRNAs in human disease: an introduction to the JBC Reviews ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Musier-Forsyth

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes consume ATP in the attachment tRNA to amino acids, forming aminoacyl-tRNA complexes. ... Dozens of ATP equivalents are generated by the beta-oxidation of a single long acyl chain.[20] The acetyl-CoA produced by beta- ... aa-AMP + tRNA --, aa-tRNA + AMP. The amino acid is coupled to the penultimate nucleotide at the 3′-end of the tRNA (the A in ... Amino acid activation in protein synthesisEdit. Main article: Amino acid activation ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate

Amino+Acyl-tRNA+Synthetases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ... "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases". Structural Biology. 5: 48-55.. *^ "Molecule of the Month: Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases High Fidelity ... An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS or ARS), also called tRNA-ligase, is an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto ... Amino Acid + tRNA + ATP → Aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP + PPi. Some synthetases also mediate an editing reaction to ensure high fidelity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase

Amino acid transporter. *Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, class I. *Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, class II ... Acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin acyltransferase-1. *Acyl-protein thioesterase. *Acylphosphatase. *Acyltransferase like 2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Protein_pages_needing_a_picture

Further, this category also differentiates between amino-acyl and non-amino-acyl groups. Peptidyl transferase is a ribozyme ... The transfer involves the removal of the growing amino acid chain from the tRNA molecule in the A-site of the ribosome and its ... Fitzgerald DK, Brodbeck U, Kiyosawa I, Mawal R, Colvin B, Ebner KE (Apr 1970). "Alpha-lactalbumin and the lactose synthetase ... Transfer of acyl groups or acyl groups that become alkyl groups during the process of being transferred are key aspects of EC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase

2.3.1: other than amino-acyl groups. *acetyltransferases: Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase ... transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, acyl groups converted into alkyl on transfer. • citrate (Si)-synthase activity ... Citrate synthase has three key amino acids in its active site (known as the catalytic triad) which catalyze the conversion of ... Citrate synthase's 437 amino acid residues are organized into two main subunits, each consisting of 20 alpha-helices. These ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate_synthase

... uses ammonia produced by nitrate reduction, amino acid degradation, and photorespiration.[4] The amide ... Glutamine is formed if an ammonium ion attacks the acyl-phosphate intermediate, while glutamate is remade if water attacks the ... The four amino acids bind to the site by their common atoms, "the main chain" of amino acids.[5] Glutamate is another product ... Glutamine synthetase (GS) (EC 6.3.1.2)[3] is an enzyme that plays an essential role in the metabolism of nitrogen by catalyzing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine_synthetase

... effects of coupling mutations in the acceptor stem on recognition of tRNAs by Escherichia coli Met-tRNA synthetase and Met-tRNA ... Bergmann, F.H., Berg, P. and Dieckmann, M. (1961). „The enzymic synthesis of amino acyl derivatives of ribonucleic acid. II. ... The preparation of leucyl-, valyl-, isoleucyl- and methionyl ribonucleic acid synthetases from Escherichia coli". J. Biol. Chem ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metionin-tRNK_ligaza

This is followed by Cβ-Cγ bond cleavage to generate an acyl-enzyme intermediate together with a tautomerized Ala-PLP adduct. ... Forty percent of the amino acids are arranged in an alpha helical and twelve percent are arranged in beta sheets. Docking of ... cysteine+glutamate→glutathione: Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. *Glutathione synthetase. *Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. * ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynureninase

Uridine monophosphate synthetase (EC 4.1.1.23). *Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) ... EC 2.9.1.2: O-phospho-L-seryl-tRNA(Sec):L-selenocysteinyl-tRNA synthase ... EC 6.2.1.20: [[Long-chain-fatty-acid--[acyl-carrier-protein] ligase]]. *EC 6.2.1.21: Transferred entry: 6.2.1.30 ... EC 2.8.1.15: tRNA-5-methyluridine(54) 2-sulfurtransferase. Category:EC 2.9 (transfer selenium-containing groups)Edit. *EC 2.9. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes

Molecular Characterization of a Major Plastidial Acyl-Coenzyme a Synthetase from Arabidopsis". Plant Physiology. 129 (4): 1700- ... Amino acid synthesis. Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma[158] except the sulfur- ... A few chloroplast genes found new homes in the mitochondrial genome-most became nonfunctional pseudogenes, though a few tRNA ... Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a large complex of enzymes and cofactors including acyl carrier protein (ACP) which holds the acyl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplasts

This aminoacyl-tRNA precursor is produced in an ATP-dependent reaction carried out by an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. This ... lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts. All amino acids are synthesized from ... The acyl chains in the fatty acids are extended by a cycle of reactions that add the acyl group, reduce it to an alcohol, ... The oxidation pathway starts with the removal of the amino group by a transaminase. The amino group is fed into the urea cycle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

... or aminoacylated with a tRNA to form their respective aa-tRNA. Every amino acid has its own specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase ... "Amino acid-dependent stability of the acyl linkage in aminoacyl-tRNA". RNA. 20 (6): 758-64. doi:10.1261/rna.044123.113. PMC ... Aminoacyl-tRNA (also aa-tRNA or charged tRNA) is tRNA to which its cognate amino acid is chemically bonded (charged). The aa- ... tRNA → Aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP The overall net reaction is: Amino Acid + ATP + tRNA → Aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP + PPi The net reaction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacyl-tRNA

Pseudomonic acid inhibits isoleucine tRNA synthetase in bacteria, leading to depletion of isoleucyl-tRNA and accumulation of ... In E. coli IleRS, a single amino acid mutation was shown to alter mupirocin resistance. MuH is linked to the acquisition of a ... The mupirocin pathway also contains several tandem acyl carrier protein doublets or triplets. This may be an adaptation to ... A proposed mode of action of pseudomonic acid as an inhibitor of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (39): 24304-9. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mupirocin

This is accomplished by screening libraries of mutant amino acyl tRNA synthetases for mutants which charge nonsense-codon tRNAs ... The organism which expresses such a synthetase can then be genetically programmed to incorporate the unnatural amino acid into ... Normally, the unnatural amino acid itself must be synthesized in the lab and supplied to the organism by adding it to the ... The unnatural amino acid must also be able to pass through the organism's cell membrane into the interior of the organism. More ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_G._Schultz

EC 6.1.1.1: tyrosine-tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.2: tryptophan-tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.3: threonine-tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.4: leucine-tRNA ... acyl-carrier-protein) ligase EC 6.2.1.21: Covered by EC 6.2.1.30 EC 6.2.1.22: (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) ligase EC 6.2.1.23: ... 5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine synthase EC 6.3.2.27: The activity is covered by two independent enzymes, EC ... indoleacetate-lysine synthetase EC 6.3.2.21: ubiquitin-calmodulin ligase EC 6.3.2.22: Now EC 6.3.1.14 EC 6.3.2.23: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)

β-Oxidation uses pyruvate carboxylase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and β-ketothiolase. Amino acid production is facilitated by ... succinyl-CoA synthetase, fumarase, and malate dehydrogenase. The urea cycle is facilitated by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I ... Protein synthesis makes use of mitochondrial DNA, RNA, and tRNA. Regulation of processes makes use of ions (Ca2+/K+/Mg+). ... These amino acids are then used either within the matrix or transported into the cytosol to produce proteins. Regulation within ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_matrix

relC) and the ribosome-associated (p)ppGpp synthetase I, RelA; deacylated tRNA bound in the ribosomal A-site is the primary ... This in turn causes the cell to divert resources away from growth and division and toward amino acid synthesis in order to ... A Battesti; E Bouveret (2006). "Acyl carrier protein/SpoT interaction, the switch linking SpoT-dependent stress response to ... "Thermodynamic characterization of ppGpp binding to EF-G or IF2 and of initiator tRNA binding to free IF2 in the presence of GDP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stringent_response

Uridine monophosphate synthetase (EC 4.1.1.23) Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) RubisCO (EC 4.1.1.39) Category ... L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) selenium transferase EC 2.9.1.2: O-phospho-L-seryl-tRNA(Sec):L-selenocysteinyl-tRNA synthase Hydrolytic ... Medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.3: Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.4: Succinate-CoA ligase (GDP-forming) EC 6.2 ... tRNA-uridine 2-sulfurtransferase EC 2.8.1.14: tRNA-5-taurinomethyluridine 2-sulfurtransferase EC 2.8.1.15: tRNA-5-methyluridine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes

VARS Berg P, Bergmann FH, Ofengand EJ, Dieckmann M (1961). "The enzymic synthesis of amino acyl derivatives of ribonucleic acid ... Other names in common use include valyl-tRNA synthetase, valyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase, valyl-transfer RNA synthetase ... Bergmann FH, Berg P, Dieckmann M (1961). "The enzymic synthesis of amino acyl derivatives of ribonucleic acid II. The ... and tRNA(Val), whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and L-valyl-tRNA(Val). This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine—tRNA_ligase

Bergmann FH, Berg P, Dieckmann M (1961). "The enzymic synthesis of amino acyl derivatives of ribonucleic acid II. The ... effects of coupling mutations in the acceptor stem on recognition of tRNAs by Escherichia coli Met-tRNA synthetase and Met-tRNA ... Other names in common use include methionyl-tRNA synthetase, methionyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase, methionyl-transfer ... and tRNA(Met), whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and L-methionyl-tRNA(Met). This enzyme belongs to the family of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine—tRNA_ligase

... and chemist Alan Fersht on tRNA synthetases. In 1982, Hartley conceived the need for a discipline - biotechnology - to exploit ... His earlier kinetic studies on chymotrypsin demonstrated the formation of an acyl enzyme as an intermediate in the hydrolysis ... In particular, he has determined the complete amino acid sequence of chymotrypsinogen, a protein of 253 residues, and has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_S._Hartley

Ward WH, Fersht AR (July 1988). "Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase acts as an asymmetric dimer in charging tRNA. A rationale for half-of- ... In these serine proteases, the E* intermediate is an acyl-enzyme species formed by the attack of an active site serine residue ... by site-directed mutagenesis of conserved amino acid residues, or by studying the behaviour of the enzyme in the presence of ... Allosteric enzymes include mammalian tyrosyl tRNA-synthetase, which shows negative cooperativity, and bacterial aspartate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics

Berg P, Bergmann FH, Ofengand EJ, Dieckmann M (1961). "The enzymic synthesis of amino acyl derivatives of ribonucleic acid I. ... isoleucyl-transfer RNA synthetase, isoleucine-transfer RNA ligase, isoleucine-tRNA synthetase, and isoleucine translase. This ... Other names in common use include isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase, isoleucyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase, ... Bergmann FH, Berg P, Dieckmann M (1961). "The enzymic synthesis of amino acyl derivatives of ribonucleic acid II. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoleucine—tRNA_ligase

SARS belongs to the class II amino-acyl tRNA family and is found in all humans; its encoded enzyme, seryl-tRNA synthetase, is ... Heckl M, Busch K, Gross HJ (May 1998). "Minimal tRNA(Ser) and tRNA(Sec) substrates for human seryl-tRNA synthetase: ... seryl-tRNA synthetase catalyses the transfer of L-serine to tRNA (Ser). The cytosolic enzyme recognises its cognate tRNA ... Seryl-tRNA synthetase is made up of 514 amino acid residues as weighs 58,777 Da. It exists as a homodimer of two identical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS_(gene)

The activation of mTOR by leucine is mediated through Rag GTPases, leucine binding to leucyl-tRNA synthetase, leucine binding ... Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is an α-amino acid, ... by 4 carnitine acyl-CoA transferases distributed in subcellular compartments likely serves as an important reservoir for acyl ... HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine

... amino acyl-trna synthetases MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.050 - alanine-tRNA ligase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.100 - arginine-tRNA ... glutamate-trna ligase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.350 - glycine-trna ligase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.400 - histidine-trna ligase ... leucine-trna ligase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.550 - lysine-trna ligase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.600 - methionine-trna ligase ... serine-trna ligase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.800 - threonine-tRNA ligase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.850 - tryptophan-tRNA ligase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D08)

It is encoded by the pAgK84 plasmid of A. tumefaciens and targets a tRNA synthetase. The agnG gene encodes a protein of 496 aas ... The protein members of the PST family are generally of 400-500 amino acyl residues in length and traverse the membrane as ... The bacterial proteins are of about 450 amino acyl residues in length and exhibit 12 putative transmembrane segments (TMSs). ... "Major biocontrol of plant tumors targets tRNA synthetase". Science. 309 (5740): 1533. doi:10.1126/science.1116841. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOP_flippase

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase

Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases/genetics*. *Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases/metabolism. *Brain Diseases, Metabolic/enzymology ... Mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in human disease.. Konovalova S1, Tyynismaa H. ... Mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (mtARSs) are essential in the process of transferring genetic information from ... These synthetases perform an integral step in the initiation of mitochondrial protein synthesis by charging tRNAs with their ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23433712?dopt=Abstract

Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases/genetics. *Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases/metabolism*. *Biological Transport/genetics ... Import of tRNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases into mitochondria.. Duchêne AM1, Pujol C, Maréchal-Drouard L. ... All mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and many tRNAs are imported from the cytosol into the mitochondria in eukaryotic ... Two crucial partners of the mitochondrial translation machinery are the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and the tRNAs. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19083240?dopt=Abstract

An aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (aaRS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of a specific amino acid or its precursor ... Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. 6.2 - Carbon-Sulfur. Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase - Acetyl Co-A synthetase - Long fatty acyl CoA ... An aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (aaRS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of a specific amino acid or its precursor to ... Sum of 1 and 2: amino acid + tRNA + ATP → aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP + PPi ...

https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase.html

First, the N-acyl O-aminopropylphosphoramidate linker of the aspartyl-adenylate moiety of processed McC (compound 2) was ... Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) carry out the condensation of genetically encoded amino acids with cognate tRNAs. When 1 of ... Synthetic Microcin C Analogs Targeting Different Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases. Pieter Van de Vijver, Gaston H. M. Vondenhoff, ... Synthetic Microcin C Analogs Targeting Different Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases. Pieter Van de Vijver, Gaston H. M. Vondenhoff, ...

https://jb.asm.org/content/191/20/6273?ijkey=4999336c8d9a69eb5ce7e1e67c1c4d7de4ac097c&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases / antagonists & inhibitors* * Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases / metabolism* * Anti-Bacterial Agents / ... Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and their inhibitors as a novel family of antibiotics Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003 May;61(4):278- ... In this regard, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) provide a promising platform to develop novel antibiotics that show no cross- ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12743756/?dopt=Abstract

Prolyl Amino-acyl tRNA SynthetaseImported. ,p>Information which has been imported from another database using automatic ... tr,O45869,O45869_CAEEL Prolyl Amino-acyl tRNA Synthetase OS=Caenorhabditis elegans GN=pars-2 PE=1 SV=1 ... Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetaseImported. ,p>Information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures.,/p ... IPR002314. aa-tRNA-synt_IIb. IPR006195. aa-tRNA-synth_II. IPR004154. Anticodon-bd. IPR036621. Anticodon-bd_dom_sf. IPR002316. ...

http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O45869

Cysteinyl Amino-acyl tRNA SynthetaseImported. ,p>Information which has been imported from another database using automatic ... tr,A0A061ACL3,A0A061ACL3_CAEEL Cysteinyl Amino-acyl tRNA Synthetase OS=Caenorhabditis elegans OX=6239 GN=cars-1 PE=1 SV=1 ... Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetaseImported. ,p>Information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures.,/p ... IPR015803 Cys-tRNA-ligase. IPR024909 Cys-tRNA/MSH_ligase. IPR032678 tRNA-synt_1_cat_dom. IPR009080 tRNAsynth_Ia_anticodon-bd. ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A0A061ACL3

What is aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases? Meaning of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases medical term. What does aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases ... Looking for online definition of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in the Medical Dictionary? aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases explanation ... aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus. a·mi·no·ac·yl-tRNA syn·the·tas·es. enzymes catalyzing the ... aminoacyl-tRNA. transfer RNA to which its specific amino acid has been coupled by its specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. ...

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aminoacyl-tRNA+synthetases

Autoantibodies against aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (antisynthetases) have been found to be highly specific for polymyositis and ... Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases / immunology* * Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases / metabolism * Autoantibodies / blood* ... Anti-PL-12 antibodies (antialanyl-tRNA synthetase) were most common (60%), followed by anti-Jo-1 (antihistidyl-tRNA synthetase ... Autoantibodies against aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (antisynthetases) have been found to be highly specific for polymyositis and ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8870113/?dopt=Abstract

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase p18 component: shares a protein motif with the beta and gamma subunits of eukaryotic elongation ... factor 1; amino acid sequence given in first source ... Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases: 128*aminoacyl tRNA synthetase p18 ... aminoacyl tRNA synthetase p18 component. Subscribe to New Research on aminoacyl tRNA synthetase p18 component ... shares a protein motif with the beta and gamma subunits of eukaryotic elongation factor 1; amino acid sequence given in first ...

http://www.curehunter.com/public/keywordSummaryC101946-aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase-p18-component.do

Anti-synthetase syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies toward amino acyl-tRNA synthetases (ARS), ... Anti-synthetase syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies toward amino acyl-tRNA synthetases (ARS), ... Anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-related myositis and dermatomyositis: clues for differential diagnosis on muscle biopsy. *Bruna ... Cerbelli, B., Pisano, A., Colafrancesco, S. et al. Anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-related myositis and dermatomyositis: clues ...

https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00428-017-2269-x

dual targeting; amino acyl-tRNA synthetase; mitochondria; chloroplast; targeting peptide Identifiers. URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva- ... Defining the Determinants for Dual Targeting of Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases to Mitochondria and Chloroplasts. Berglund, Anna- ... Most of the organellar amino acyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are dually targeted to both mitochondria and chloroplasts using dual ... as revealed by spectroscopic studies of a dTP of an aminoacyl- tRNA-synthetase (aaRS). In vitro and in vivo import experiments ...

http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A275225&c=3&searchType=SIMPLE&language=en&query=&af=%5B%5D&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22journalId%22%3A%221724%22%7D%5D%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&noOfRows=50&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&sf=all

This aminoacyl-tRNA precursor is produced in an ATP-dependent reaction carried out by an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. This ... The acyl chains in the fatty acids are extended by a cycle of reactions that add the acyl group, reduce it to an alcohol, ... lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts. All amino acids are synthesized from ... 855-6. ISBN 978-0-7216-0240-0. Ibba M, Söll D (May 2001). "The renaissance of aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis". EMBO Reports. 2 (5): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases Medicine & Life Sciences 94% * B-Lymphocytes Medicine & Life Sciences 52% ... Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase-interacting multifunctional protein 1 acts as a novel B cell-activating factor in vitro and in vivo. ... Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase-interacting multifunctional protein 1 acts as a novel B cell-activating factor in vitro and in vivo. ... Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase-interacting multifunctional protein 1 acts as a novel B cell-activating factor in vitro and in vivo. ...

https://koreauniv.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aminoacyl-trna-synthetase-interacting-multifunctional-protein-1-a

Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases. publications Timeline , Most Recent This graph shows the total number of publications written ...

https://profiles.jefferson.edu/display/24075

Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases Medicine & Life Sciences 26% * Transfer RNA Medicine & Life Sciences 14% ... N2 - Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-interacting multifunctional proteins (AIMPs) are nonenzymatic scaffolding proteins that comprise ... AB - Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-interacting multifunctional proteins (AIMPs) are nonenzymatic scaffolding proteins that comprise ... Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-interacting multifunctional proteins (AIMPs) are nonenzymatic scaffolding proteins that comprise ...

https://yonsei.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aimp3p18-controls-translational-initiation-by-mediating-the-deliv

p,Geis illustrates the structure of transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA), the nucleic acid that translates the language of the ... Amino-acyl tRNA synthetases are responsible for adding the proper amino acid to the tip of the tRNA. The amino acid is ... Ibba, M. & Söll, D. (2000). Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthesis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69, 617-650. ... The tertiary structure of tRNA is an L-shaped configuration stabilized by interhelical stacking. This shape allows the tRNA to ...

https://pdb101.rcsb.org/sci-art/geis-archive/gallery/geis-0316-transfer-rna

Isoleucyl Amino-acyl tRNA Synthetase [Source:UniProtKB/TrEMBL;Acc:E2JL04]. Location. Chromosome I: 10,180,249-10,184,075 ...

https://metazoa.ensembl.org/Caenorhabditis_elegans/Gene/Summary?g=WBGene00002153

Although some misincorporation was compellingly linked to azor generic incorrect loading by amino-acyl tRNA synthetases, we ... E-site; exit site; E-tRNA, exit site tRNA; LSU, large subunit; N, N-terminus; P-site, peptidyl site; P-tRNA, peptidyl site tRNA ... Although some misincorporation was compellingly linked to incorrect loading by amino-acyl tRNA synthetases, we hypothesize that ... E-tRNA, exit site (E-site) tRNA (Fig 1).. The inset azor dog depicts a superposition of Class 2 were selected and refined to an ...

http://hometutorsinkolkata.com/azor-online-in-india/

Although some misincorporation was compellingly linked to incorrect loading by amino-acyl tRNA synthetases, we hypothesize that ... Although some misincorporation was compellingly linked to incorrect loading by amino-acyl tRNA synthetases, we hypothesize that ... Although some misincorporation was compellingly linked to incorrect loading by amino-acyl tRNA synthetases, we hypothesize that ... E-site; exit site; E-tRNA, exit site tRNA; LSU, large subunit; N, N-terminus; P-site, peptidyl site; P-tRNA, peptidyl site tRNA ...

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Although some misincorporation was compellingly linked to incorrect loading by amino-acyl tRNA synthetases, we hypothesize that ... E-tRNA, exit how to get valtrex online site tRNA; LSU, large subunit; N, can i get herpes if my partner is on valtrex N- ... E-tRNA, exit site tRNA; SSU, small subunit. Transfer of Nosema locustae check this (Microsporidia) to Antonospora locustae n. ... P-tRNA, peptidyl site tRNA;. The class with the yeast counterpart, whereas the short es6D and the bound valtrex during ...

http://www.eimearbyrnedance.com/can-i-get-herpes-if-my-partner-is-on-valtrex/

Although some misincorporation was compellingly linked to incorrect loading by amino-acyl tRNA synthetases, we hypothesize that ... E-tRNA, exit site tRNA; SSU, small subunit. The non-rotated arava street price State 2 improved the local resolution estimation ... E-site; exit site; arava rash E-tRNA, exit site arava desert israel (E-site) tRNA (Fig 1). RNA binding interface (Figs 2 and S3 ... D- and T-arm of both P-site and A-site tRNAs (Fig 2B and 2C). In the presented cryo-EM map, we observe clear density for an E- ...

https://tumbling-on.org/arava-street-price/

Although some misincorporation was compellingly linked to incorrect loading by amino-acyl tRNA synthetases, we hypothesize that ... E-tRNA, exit site tRNA; LSU, large subunit; N, N-terminus; P-site, peptidyl site; where is better to buy altace P-tRNA, ... E-tRNA, exit altace hctz site tRNA; LSU, large subunit; N, N-terminus; SSU, small subunit. Two of these classes displayed an ... B) Lso2 prevents tRNA and mRNA binding in the LSU (2. B and C) Molecular models are shown superimposed with the full consensus ...

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Amino Acyl tRNA Synthetase, Phytosphingosine, Ganoderma Lucidum (Mushroom) Tyrosinase, Lentinus Edodes Tyrosinase, Glycine Soja ...

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Amino Acyl tRNA Synthetase, Copper Lysl Oxidase, Glycine Soja (Soybean) Seed Peroxidase, Saccharomyces Copper Ferment, Daucus ... Silk Amino Acids, Gellidiela Acerosa Extract, Sorbitol, Hemp Amino Acids, Hemp Protein, Hydrolyzed Hemp Protein, Wasabia ... Silk amino acids moisturize and impart silky feel. Pro-vitamin B5 prevents damage and split ends. Revive shine in lackluster ...

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Amino Acyl tRNA Synthetase, Copper Lysl Oxidase, Daucus Carota Sativa (Carrot) Root Extract, Bromelain, Papain, Fragrance ( ...

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We also identify a paralogous version of the methionyl-tRNA synthetase, which is widespread in bacteria, and present evidence using contextual information that it might function independently of protein synthesis as a peptide ligase in the formation of a peptide- derived secondary metabolite. (biomedcentral.com)
This metabolite is likely to be heavily modified through multiple reactions catalyzed by a metal-binding cupin domain and a lysine N6 monooxygenase that are strictly associated with this paralogous methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MtRS). (biomedcentral.com)
In the work described here, human methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MRS) and human lysyl-tRNA synthetase (KRS) were expressed in human-derived ΔH2-1 osteosarcoma cells as enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion proteins. (elsevier.com)
The methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetG) ( EC:6.1.1.10 ) is a class I amino acyl-tRNA ligase. (ebi.ac.uk)
This family describes a region of the methionyl-tRNA synthetase that is present at the C terminus of MetG in some species (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Thermotoga maritima, Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus (Methanobacterium thermoformicicum), and as a separate beta chain in Aquifex aeolicus [ PMID: 10369686 , PMID: 12481025 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
The 2.0 A crystal structure of Thermus thermophilus methionyl-tRNA synthetase reveals two RNA-binding modules. (ebi.ac.uk)

This can happen when two amino acids have different properties even if they have similar shapes-as is the case with Valine and Threonine . (wikipedia.org)
Although not all synthetases have a domain with the sole purpose of editing, they make up for it by having specific binding and activation of their affiliated amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
The amino acids are attached to the hydroxyl (-OH) group of the adenosine via the carboxyl (-COOH) group. (wikipedia.org)
Transfer-RNAs for different amino acids differ not only in their anticodon but also at other points, giving them slightly different overall configurations. (wikipedia.org)
The alpha helical anticodon binding domain of Arginyl, Glycyl and Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetases is known as the DALR domain after characteristic conserved amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
These synthetases perform an integral step in the initiation of mitochondrial protein synthesis by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. (nih.gov)
Characterization of recognition determinants showed that the N-terminal portions of TyrRS-, ValRS- and ThrRS-dTPs (27, 22 and 23 amino acids, respectively) are required for targeting into both mitochondria and chloroplasts. (diva-portal.org)
Removal of 20 residues from the dTP of ProRS abolished chloroplastic import, indicating that the N-terminal region was required for chloroplast targeting, whereas deletion of 16 N-terminal amino acids from AspRS-dTP inhibited the mitochondrial import, showing that in this case, the N-terminal portion was required for the mitochondrial import. (diva-portal.org)
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are enzymes that join amino acids to tRNAs. (ox.ac.uk)
tRNA molecules are misaminoacylated with non-radioactive markers which may be non-native amino acids, amino acid analogs. (google.ca)
tRNA molecules are misaminoacylated with non-radioactive markers which may be non-native amino acids, amino acid analogs or derivatives, or substances recognized by the protein synthesizing machinery. (google.ca)
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the amino acid is selected from the group consisting of native amino acids, non-native amino acids and amino acid derivatives. (google.ca)
Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from four basic classes of molecule: amino acids, carbohydrates , nucleic acid and lipids (often called fats). (wikipedia.org)
Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined together by peptide bonds. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress. (wikipedia.org)

In humans, the 20 different types of aa-tRNA are made by the 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, one for each amino acid of the genetic code . (wikipedia.org)

Since tRNA synthetase improperly acylates the tRNA when the synthetase is overproduced, a limit must exist on the levels of aaRSs and tRNAs in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, some aaRSs have additional RNA binding domains and editing domains that cleave incorrectly paired aminoacyl-tRNA molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Most of the organellar amino acyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are dually targeted to both mitochondria and chloroplasts using dual targeting peptides (dTPs). (diva-portal.org)
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are a family of enzymes whose function in specific aminoacylation of tRNAs is central to the process of protein translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm of all living cells. (elsevier.com)

The accuracy of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is so high that it is often paired with the word "superspecificity" when it is compared to other enzymes that are involved in metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
There are two classes of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, each composed of ten enzymes: Class I has two highly conserved sequence motifs. (wikipedia.org)
enzymes catalyzing the formation of a specific aminoacyl-tRNA from an amino acid and adenosine 5'-triphosphate with the concomitant formation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate and pyrophosphate. (thefreedictionary.com)
Cubist received the milestone payment for developing and transferring technology enabling Bristol-Myers Squibb to target specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes. (thefreedictionary.com)

An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase ( aaRS or ARS ), also called tRNA-ligase, is an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its tRNA . (wikipedia.org)
It does so by catalyzing the esterification of a specific cognate amino acid or its precursor to one of all its compatible cognate tRNAs to form an aminoacyl-tRNA . (wikipedia.org)
This is sometimes called "charging" or "loading" the tRNA with the amino acid. (wikipedia.org)
Once the tRNA is charged, a ribosome can transfer the amino acid from the tRNA onto a growing peptide , according to the genetic code. (wikipedia.org)
The synthetase first binds ATP and the corresponding amino acid (or its precursor) to form an aminoacyl-adenylate, releasing inorganic pyrophosphate (PP i ). (wikipedia.org)
The adenylate-aaRS complex then binds the appropriate tRNA molecule's D arm , and the amino acid is transferred from the aa-AMP to either the 2'- or the 3'-OH of the last tRNA nucleotide (A76) at the 3'-end. (wikipedia.org)
In a typical scenario, an aaRS consists of a catalytic domain (where both the above reactions take place) and an anticodon binding domain (which interacts mostly with the anticodon region of the tRNA and ensures binding of the correct tRNA to the amino acid). (wikipedia.org)
The mechanism can be summarized in the following reaction series: Amino Acid + ATP → Aminoacyl-AMP + PPi Aminoacyl-AMP + tRNA → Aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP Summing the reactions, the highly exergonic overall reaction is as follows: Amino Acid + tRNA + ATP → Aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP + PPi Some synthetases also mediate an editing reaction to ensure high fidelity of tRNA charging. (wikipedia.org)
An aminoacyl tRNA synthetase ( aaRS ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of a specific amino acid or its precursor to one of all its compatible cognate tRNAs to form an aminoacyl-tRNA. (bionity.com)
However, mutations that introduce amino acid substitutions in the last position of the McC peptide abolish McC production. (asm.org)
Microcin J, a 21-amino-acid peptide, assumes an unusual threaded lasso structure ( 2 , 23 , 27 ) and inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase ( 1 , 18 ). (asm.org)
one of two tRNA binding sites on a ribosome that holds the incoming tRNA molecule charged with an amino acid. (thefreedictionary.com)
Analysis of the amino acid content of all currently known dually targeted proteins revealed that the dTPs are enriched in hydroxylated, hydrophobic and positively charged residues, lacking acidic residues, whereas the content of serine, arginine and proline is intermediary in comparison to the mitochondrial and chloroplastic TPs. (diva-portal.org)
We analyzed the codon and amino acid usages in mimiviruses, as well as both the transfer RNA (tRNA) and amino acyl-tRNA synthetases. (ird.fr)
We confirmed that the codon and amino acid usages of these giant viruses are highly dissimilar to those in their amoebal host Acanthamoeba castellanii and are instead correlated with the high adenine and thymine (AT) content of Mimivirus genomes. (ird.fr)
We further describe that the set of tRNAs and amino acyl-tRNA synthetases in mimiviruses is globally not adapted to the codon and amino acid usages of these viruses. (ird.fr)
Recent studies point to a great diversity of non-ribosomal peptide synthesis systems with major roles in amino acid and co-factor biosynthesis, secondary metabolism, and post-translational modifications of proteins by peptide tags. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, glycine- and L-amino acid-containing cross-links are synthesized by the Fem ligases of the GCN5-like acetyltransferase (GNAT) fold. (biomedcentral.com)
The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (also known as aminoacyl-tRNA ligases) catalyse the attachment of an amino acid to its cognate transfer RNA molecule in a highly specific two-step reaction [ PMID: 10704480 , PMID: 12458790 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the marker comprises an amino acid. (google.ca)

Aminoacyl tRNA therefore plays an important role in RNA translation , the expression of genes to create proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Both classes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are multidomain proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Both the conventional AAtRS and their closely related paralogs often provide aminoacylated tRNAs for peptide ligations by MprF/Fem/MurM-type acetyltransferase fold ligases in the synthesis of peptidoglycan, N-end rule modifications of proteins, lipid aminoacylation or biosynthesis of antibiotics, such as valinamycin. (biomedcentral.com)
Application to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-like proteins. (ub.es)
The ARS-related proteins that have resulted from these genetic events are generally known as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-like proteins (ARS-like). (ub.es)
The invention also comprises proteins prepared using misaminoacylated tRNAs which can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of diseases and disorders in humans and other mammals, and kits which may be used for the detection of diseases and disorders. (google.ca)

Alternatively they might supply aminoacylated tRNAs for other biosynthetic pathways like that for tetrapyrrole or directly function as peptide ligases as in the case of mycothiol and those identified here. (biomedcentral.com)

Autoantibodies against aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (antisynthetases) have been found to be highly specific for polymyositis and dermatomyositis and to correlate strongly with complicating interstitial lung disease (ILD). (nih.gov)
Anti-synthetase syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies toward amino acyl-tRNA synthetases (ARS), anti-Jo 1 being the most commonly detected. (springer.com)

Mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in human disease. (nih.gov)
Mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (mtARSs) are essential in the process of transferring genetic information from mitochondrial DNA to the complexes of the oxidative phosphorylation system. (nih.gov)
Two crucial partners of the mitochondrial translation machinery are the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and the tRNAs. (nih.gov)
All mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and many tRNAs are imported from the cytosol into the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. (nih.gov)
dTPs do not form amphiphilic a-helices, characteristic of the mitochondrial TPs, but the helical structure can be induced in membrane mimetic environment, as revealed by spectroscopic studies of a dTP of an aminoacyl- tRNA-synthetase (aaRS). (diva-portal.org)

The main difference between class I and class II synthetases is the activation site. (wikipedia.org)
Although this trend was seen in both class I and class II synthetases, the magnesium dependence for the two classes are very distinct. (wikipedia.org)
Class II synthetases have two or three (more frequently three) Mg2+ ions, while class I only requires one Mg2+ ion. (wikipedia.org)
However, tRNA binding involves an alpha-helical structure that is conserved between class I and class II synthetases. (ebi.ac.uk)

The least studied of these systems are those utilizing tRNAs or aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AAtRS) in non-ribosomal peptide ligation. (biomedcentral.com)

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the tRNA molecule is aminoacylated by chemical misaminoacylation. (google.ca)

Now that we know how AN2690 works, the same approach could be adapted to target other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases with editing sites, which are also excellent targets for anti-microbial drugs," said Cusack, whose group performed the X-ray crystallography which revealed how AN2690 binds to LeuRS. (thefreedictionary.com)
Trbp111 selectively binds a noncovalently assembled tRNA-like structure. (ebi.ac.uk)

We describe the clinical presentations and course of 10 patients with ILD and anti-synthetase antibodies in whom underlying myositis was not clinically evident. (nih.gov)
Uruha A, Suzuki S, Suzuki N, Nishino I (2016) Perifascicular necrosis in anti-synthetase syndrome beyond anti-Jo 1. (springer.com)

Class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases contain a characteristic Rossman fold catalytic domain and are mostly monomeric [ PMID: 10673435 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
Class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases share an anti-parallel beta-sheet fold flanked by alpha-helices [ PMID: 8364025 ], and are mostly dimeric or multimeric, containing at least three conserved regions [ PMID: 8274143 , PMID: 2053131 , PMID: 1852601 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
Based on their mode of binding to the tRNA acceptor stem, both classes of tRNA synthetases have been subdivided into three subclasses, designated 1a, 1b, 1c and 2a, 2b, 2c [ PMID: 10447505 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)

In this regard, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) provide a promising platform to develop novel antibiotics that show no cross-resistance to other classical antibiotics. (nih.gov)
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are in charge of cellular protein synthesis and have additional domains that function in a versatile manner beyond translation. (cdc.gov)

Import of tRNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases into mitochondria. (nih.gov)

The one exception to the above rule is PheRS, a class II enzyme that attaches phenylalanine to the 2'-OH of tRNA Phe . (bionity.com)

It aminoacylates at the 2'-OH of a terminal adenosine nucleotide on tRNA, and it is usually monomeric or dimeric (one or two subunits, respectively). (wikipedia.org)
It aminoacylates at the 3'-OH of a terminal adenosine on tRNA, and is usually dimeric or tetrameric (two or four subunits, respectively). (wikipedia.org)
McC is a heptapeptide with a formylated N-terminal methionine and a C-terminal aspartate whose α-carboxyl group is covalently linked to adenosine through an N -acyl phosphoramide bond ( 10 , 14 ). (asm.org)

The identified mutation spectrum suggests that only mutation types that allow some residual tRNA-charging activity can result in the described mtARS diseases but the molecular mechanisms behind the selective tissue involvement are not currently understood. (nih.gov)

Structural basis for transfer RNA aminoacylation by Escherichia coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. (ebi.ac.uk)

In a typical scenario, an aaRS consists of a catalytic domain (where both the above reactions take place) and an anticodon binding domain (which interacts mostly with the anticodon region of the tRNA). (wikipedia.org)
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been kinetically studied, showing that Mg2+ ions play an active catalytic role and therefore aaRs have a degree of magnesium dependence. (wikipedia.org)

The p43 protein is associated with human macromolecular aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex and secreted to up-regulate diverse proinflammatory genes including TNF. (elsevier.com)
During their extended evolution genes coding for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARS) have experienced numerous instances of duplication, insertion and deletion of domains. (ub.es)

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, the genetic code, and the evolutionary process. (ebi.ac.uk)
Classes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and the establishment of the genetic code. (ebi.ac.uk)

Some synthetases also mediate an editing reaction to ensure high fidelity of tRNA charging. (wikipedia.org)

one of two tRNA binding sites on a ribosome that holds the tRNA that is normally linked to the polypeptide chain. (thefreedictionary.com)

Association of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases gene polymorphisms with the risk of congenital heart disease in the Chinese Han population. (cdc.gov)
Evolution of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases--analysis of unique domain architectures and phylogenetic trees reveals a complex history of horizontal gene transfer events. (ebi.ac.uk)

These investigations will undoubtedly provide some of the most fundamental understanding of how and possibly why synthetases became so tightly involved in such a vast array of cell signaling pathways. (ox.ac.uk)

tuberculosis aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to develop a novel class antibiotics. (thefreedictionary.com)

In addition to their well-established cytoplasmic localization, fluorescence microscopy studies and analysis of the aminoacylation state of nuclear tRNAs have revealed that synthetases are localized in the nuclei of cells from several species including Xenopus laevis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (elsevier.com)

Although phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase is class II, it aminoacylates at the 2'-OH. (wikipedia.org)

McC is a Trojan horse inhibitor: it is actively taken inside sensitive cells and processed there, and the product of processing, a nonhydrolyzable aspartyl-adenylate, inhibits translation by preventing aminoacylation of tRNA Asp by aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (AspRS). (asm.org)
Mammalian aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: cell signaling functions of the protein translation machinery. (ox.ac.uk)
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: versatile players in the changing theater of translation. (ebi.ac.uk)

Amino acyl-tRNA Synthetases carry out a two-step reaction involving ATP. (indiana.edu)

Unexpectedly, the clinical presentations of these diseases are highly specific to the affected synthetase. (nih.gov)
Structure-specific tRNA-binding protein from the extreme thermophile Aquifex aeolicus. (ebi.ac.uk)

Structural diversity and protein engineering of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. (illumina.com)
Sequence, structural and evolutionary relationships between class 2 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. (ebi.ac.uk)

Partition of tRNA synthetases into two classes based on mutually exclusive sets of sequence motifs. (ebi.ac.uk)

The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family: modules at work. (ebi.ac.uk)

Anatomy8

Organisms19

Chemicals and Drugs139

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Phenomena and Processes64

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care1

In vivo and in vitro processing of the Bacillus subtilis transcript coding for glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, serine acetyltransferase, and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. (1/1309)

The peculiar architectural framework of tRNASec is fully recognized by yeast AspRS. (2/1309)

Genetic dissection of protein-protein interactions in multi-tRNA synthetase complex. (3/1309)

Immunoelectron microscopic localization of glutamyl-/ prolyl-tRNA synthetase within the eukaryotic multisynthetase complex. (4/1309)

Ultrastructure of the eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex derived from two dimensional averaging and classification of negatively stained electron microscopic images. (5/1309)

The identity determinants required for the discrimination between tRNAGlu and tRNAAsp by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli. (6/1309)

tRNA synthetase mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 are resistant to the gyrase inhibitor novobiocin. (7/1309)

Progress toward the evolution of an organism with an expanded genetic code. (8/1309)

Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases

RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl

Transfer RNA Aminoacylation

Isoleucine-tRNA Ligase

Glycine-tRNA Ligase

Alanine-tRNA Ligase

Methionine-tRNA Ligase

Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase

RNA, Transfer

Aminoacylation

Anticodon

Genetic Code

Tryptophan-tRNA Ligase

Molecular Sequence Data

Escherichia coli

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Base Sequence

Amino Acid Sequence

Peptide Synthases

tRNA Methyltransferases

Lysine-tRNA Ligase

Protein Biosynthesis

Amino Acids

Leucine-tRNA Ligase

Glutamate-tRNA Ligase

Serine-tRNA Ligase

Models, Molecular

Sequence Alignment

Valine-tRNA Ligase

Phenylalanine-tRNA Ligase

Binding Sites

Aspartate-tRNA Ligase

Arginine-tRNA Ligase

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Histidine-tRNA Ligase

Acylation

Coenzyme A Ligases

RNA, Transfer, Gln

RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific

RNA, Transfer, Ser

Threonine-tRNA Ligase

RNA, Transfer, Glu

Acyl Coenzyme A

RNA, Transfer, Gly

Substrate Specificity

Nucleic Acid Conformation

RNA, Transfer, Pro

RNA, Transfer, Ile

RNA, Transfer, Trp

Cloning, Molecular

RNA, Transfer, Met

Kinetics

RNA, Transfer, Asp

RNA, Transfer, Ala

RNA, Transfer, Phe

Peptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-Independent

Mutation

RNA, Transfer, Cys

RNA, Transfer, Arg

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

RNA, Bacterial

Codon

RNA, Transfer, His

Bacterial Proteins

Amino Acid Substitution

Isoleucine

Phylogeny

RNA, Transfer, Val

Thermus thermophilus

Genes, Bacterial

Protein Conformation

Structure-Activity Relationship

Ligases

Evolution, Molecular

Acyltransferases

Tyrocidine

Pantetheine

Adenosine Monophosphate

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Leucine