Amino acids essential. Medical search

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter found ubiquitously. It has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE. It may also act as an ecotropic leukemia retroviral receptor.

Enzymes that catalyze either the racemization or epimerization of chiral centers within amino acids or derivatives. EC 5.1.1.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

Peptides composed of two amino acid units.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

Pathogenesis of cancrum oris (noma): confounding interactions of malnutrition with infection. (1/363)

This study showed that impoverished Nigerian children at risk for cancrum oris (noma) had significantly reduced plasma concentrations of zinc (< 10.8 micromol/L), retinol (< 1.05 micromol/L), ascorbate (< 11 micromol/L), and the essential amino acids, with prominently increased plasma and saliva levels of free cortisol, compared with their healthy counterparts. The nutrient deficiencies, in concert with previously reported widespread viral infections (measles, herpesviruses) in the children, would impair oral mucosal immunity. We postulate, subject to additional studies, that evolution of the oral mucosal ulcers including acute necrotizing gingivitis to noma is triggered by a consortium of microorganisms of which Fusobacterium necrophorum is a key component. Fusobacterium necrophorum elaborates several dermonecrotic toxic metabolites and is acquired by the impoverished children via fecal contamination resulting from shared residential facilities with animals and very poor environmental sanitation. (+info)

Total parenteral nutrition in the management of acute renal failure. (2/363)

Malnutrition is frequently present in patients with acute renal failure and may affect morbidity and mortality in this condition. When adequate nourishment cannot be given through the gastrointestinal tract, total parental nutrition with amino acids and hypertonic glucose may have beneficial results. Total parenteral nutrition has been reported to stabilize or reduce serum urea nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus levels, improve wound healing, enhance survival from acute renal failure, and possibly increase the rate of recovery of renal function. The optimal composition of the total parenteral nutrition infusate is unknown. Preliminary results of a double-blind study are reported in which one man received hypertonic glucose alone, two received glucose with essential amino acids (21 g/day), and three received glucose with essential (21 g/day) and nonessential (21 g/day) amino acids. All infusates were isocaloric. No differences were observed in serum urea nitrogen levels, serum urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios or urea appearance rates. Nitrogen balance was negative in all patients. The ratio of essential amino acids/nonessential amino acids were higher and the tyrosine/phenylalanine ratios were lower in plasma in the two patients receiving glucose with essential amino acids. No patient survived the hospitalization. In view of the markedly negative nitrogen balance frequently observed in these and earlier studies, the use of a different composition or quantity of amino acids, a higher energy intake, and anabolic hormones deserve further investigation. (+info)

Criteria for choosing amino acid therapy in acute renal failure. (3/363)

Metabolic studies were performed on 19 patients with acute renal failure. Therapy included intravenous hyperalimentation using 15 to 20 g of essential amino acids or 20 to 40 g of essential plus nonessential amino acids and hypertonic glucose (37 to 50%). The effect of this parenteral feeding appears to be primarily pharmacological. Hypertonic glucose promotes the hyperinsulinemia important to be membrane function, the operation of the sodium pump, and cell metabolism. Administration of high biological value crystalline amino acdis potentiates the effect of insulin by inhibiting protein breakdown and promoting protein synthesis, particularly in muscle. This reduces tissue catabolism and urea formation, and promotes potassium, magnesium, and phosphate homeostasis. The branched-chain ketogenic amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine may be of particular importance. When indicated, administration of renal failure hyperalimentation and peritoneal or hemodialysis can be expected to complement each other and accelerate recovery. This intravenous fluid therapy, in turn, must be coordinated with proper hemodynamics, usually requiring a colloidal solution to maintain intravascular volume, and cardiotrophic agents such as digitalis and dopamine. Early use of renal failure can be expected to demonstrate the most striking response in terms of survival, early recovery from acute renal failure, and the preservation of physiological homeostasis. (+info)

Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. (4/363)

We examined the response of net muscle protein synthesis to ingestion of amino acids after a bout of resistance exercise. A primed, constant infusion of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine was used to measure net muscle protein balance in three male and three female volunteers on three occasions. Subjects consumed in random order 1 liter of 1) a mixed amino acid (40 g) solution (MAA), 2) an essential amino acid (40 g) solution (EAA), and 3) a placebo solution (PLA). Arterial amino acid concentrations increased approximately 150-640% above baseline during ingestion of MAA and EAA. Net muscle protein balance was significantly increased from negative during PLA ingestion (-50 +/- 23 nmol. min-1. 100 ml leg volume-1) to positive during MAA ingestion (17 +/- 13 nmol. min-1. 100 ml leg volume-1) and EAA (29 +/- 14 nmol. min-1. 100 ml leg volume-1; P < 0.05). Because net balance was similar for MAA and EAA, it does not appear necessary to include nonessential amino acids in a formulation designed to elicit an anabolic response from muscle after exercise. We concluded that ingestion of oral essential amino acids results in a change from net muscle protein degradation to net muscle protein synthesis after heavy resistance exercise in humans similar to that seen when the amino acids were infused. (+info)

Effects of dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei lesions on intake of an imbalanced amino acid diet. (5/363)

Within 3 h of ingesting an imbalanced amino acid diet (Imb), rats show attenuated intake, which can be ameliorated by prior administration of the serotonin receptor antagonist tropisetron (Trop). Earlier work in which the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) was electrolytically lesioned (DMNL) determined that this structure plays a role in the early detection of and subsequent adaptation to Imb. However, that study did not address whether cell bodies in the DMN, fibers of passage, or both were involved in the DMNL response to Imb. In the present investigation in experiment 1, rats were given electrolytic DMNL or a sham operation (Sham). The rats were injected with saline (Sal) or Trop just before introduction of Imb. By 3 h Sal-DMNL rats consumed more Imb than did the Sal-Sham rats; intake was normal by 12 h. Trop enhanced Imb intake, with Trop and DMNL being additive. By day 4 the DMNL rats were eating and gaining weight less than were Sham rats. In experiment 2, DMN cell bodies were destroyed by ibotenic acid (Ibo). Sal-injected Ibo-lesioned and Sham rats showed similar food intake depression on Imb; Trop similarly increased Imb intake in both groups. By day 4 both Ibo-L rats were eating and gaining weight less than were Sham rats. In experiment 3, groups of rats were given knife cuts posterior, lateral, ventral, dorsal, or anterior to the DMN. During the first 3 h of consuming Imb, all cuts except posterior enhanced the intake of Imb. Over the next 24 h the anterior cut group continued to eat more Imb than did the Sham rats. In experiment 4 DMNL rats were given novel diets; the DMNL rats did not display a neophilic response. The data suggest that fiber tracts that pass through the DMN may be involved in the early detection of Imb. DMN cell bodies, or fibers of passage, are not involved in the Trop effect. Finally, DMN cell bodies are necessary for proper long-term adaptation to Imb. (+info)

Temporal and differential effects of amino acids on bovine embryo development in culture. (6/363)

The aim of the study was to determine the amino acid requirements of the in vitro-produced bovine embryo as it develops from the zygote to the blastocyst, using a two-step culture system. When added to synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) for the first 72-h culture, Eagle's nonessential amino acids and glutamine (NeGln) significantly increased development to the 8- to 16-cell stage (Day 4 postinsemination [pi]) and subsequent blastocyst development (Day 7 pi). Glutamine alone during the first 72-h culture did not stimulate development to the 8- to 16-cell stage (p > 0.05); however, the removal of glutamine from NeGln reduced the stimulatory effects of the nonessential amino acids. Replacing glutamine with betaine (an organic osmolyte) in NeGln did not stimulate development to the 8- to 16-cell stage compared to culture in SOF, but it did improve subsequent blastocyst development, indicating an osmolytic function of glutamine during the first 72-h culture. The addition of Eagle's essential amino acids and glutamine to SOF, or to medium already containing nonessential amino acids and glutamine for the first 72-h culture, did not affect cleavage to the 8- to 16-cell stage or subsequent blastocyst development (p > 0.05). Beyond Day 4 pi, culture with 20aa (nonessential and essential amino acids and glutamine) increased blastocyst development, total cell number, and the number of cells in both the trophectoderm and inner cell mass, compared to culture with other groups of amino acids (p < 0.05). Substituting betaine for glutamine in 20aa reduced blastocyst formation, indicating a non-osmolytic function of glutamine during the second 72-h culture. Further, there was a significant negative correlation between the concentration of essential amino acids (quarter, half, or single strength) and embryo development during both the first 72-h and second 72-h culture (p < 0.01), indicating that the concentration of essential amino acids was too high during culture of the bovine embryo. This study identified the temporal and differential effects of amino acids during development of the bovine embryo from the zygote to the blastocyst. (+info)

Essential amino acids affect interstitial dopamine metabolites in the anterior piriform cortex of rats. (7/363)

The anterior piriform cortex (APC) is essential for the anorectic reactions to an amino acid-imbalanced diet, and it also responds to repletion of the limiting amino acid. In the present study, we examine the dynamic changes of the interstitial dopamine metabolites in the APC following feeding of either an amino acid-corrected or -imbalanced diet. Microdialysates, collected from the APC, were analyzed using HPLC with electrochemical detection. The concentrations were 19.7 +/- 4.8 microg/L for 3, 4-dyhydroxyphenylacetic acid and 25.1 +/- 4.4 microg/L for homovanillic acid, respectively, in the baseline dialysates. After diet treatments, no significant changes occurred in 3, 4-dyhydroxyphenylacetic acid in the corrected (n = 7) or imbalanced (n = 9) groups vs. the basal group (n = 7). However, after feeding the threonine-corrected diet, the concentration of homovanillic acid was significantly less (P < 0.01) than after the basal and imbalanced diets. The homovanillic acid level in the corrected group was already significantly lower than in the basal group by 20 min (P < 0.05), and reached its lowest level at 70 min (P < 0.05). The concentrations of homovanillic acid in the corrected group remained at this low level until the end of the experiment. The present results introduce the idea that the dopaminergic system is involved in the feeding responses to essential amino acid repletion. (+info)

A tracer investigation of obligatory oxidative amino acid losses in healthy, young adults. (8/363)

BACKGROUND: Estimation of the minimum requirement for indispensable amino acids (IAAs) has been attempted by assuming that obligatory oxidative losses (OOLs) of IAAs can be approximated from nitrogen losses and that the efficiency of utilization of IAAs at requirement intakes is approximately 70%. OBJECTIVE: We wished to determine the rates of OOLs in healthy adults, using L-[1-(13)C]leucine and L-[1-(13)C, methyl-(2)H(3)]methio-nine as tracers, after adjustment to a protein-free diet and how these rates compare with those when either sulfur amino acids (SAAs: methionine and cyst(e)ine) or leucine were removed from an otherwise adequate diet. DESIGN: Eleven subjects were randomly assigned to a 5-d protein-free diet or a 5-d diet providing adequate nitrogen and amino acids except for the SAAs or leucine. A 24-h constant intravenous infusion of [(15)N, (15)N]urea and L-[1-(13)C]leucine (Leu group; n = 5) or L-[1-(13)C, methyl-(2)H(3)]methionine (Met group; n = 6 ) began at 1800 on day 5 and rates of amino acid oxidation were determined. RESULTS: Mean (+/-SD) oxidation rates (mg kg(-)(1) d(-)(1)) of methionine and leucine were 6.4 +/- 1.4 and 24.7 +/- 3.6, respectively, with the protein-free diet; rates were significantly lower (3.9 +/- 2.2 and 7. 2 +/- 3.4, respectively) after the SAA- and leucine-free diets. Urea production was significantly lower (P < 0.01) with the protein-free than with the SAA- or leucine-free diet. CONCLUSIONS: Isotopically determined OOLs for methionine and leucine are consistent with losses predicted from nitrogen excretion, and consistent with our previous measurements of cysteine oxidation as an index of total SAA losses. The data further support our earlier conclusions regarding methionine sparing by cysteine and tentative recommended SAA requirements in adults. (+info)

Essential amino acids are in Capitals. K→acetyl-CoA. LYSINE→. *Saccharopine dehydrogenase ... about 700 amino acids) than the GSI (450 to 470 amino acids) or GSII (350 to 420 amino acids) enzymes. ... The four amino acids bind to the site by their common atoms, "the main chain" of amino acids.[5] Glutamate is another product ... and amino acid.[4][6][10][11] ATP binds to the top of the bifunnel that opens to the external surface of GS.[4] Glutamate binds ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine_synthetase

Essential amino acids are in Capitals. K→acetyl-CoA. LYSINE→. *Saccharopine dehydrogenase ... Forty percent of the amino acids are arranged in an alpha helical and twelve percent are arranged in beta sheets. Docking of ... 2005). "[A polymorphism of kynureninase gene in a hypertensive candidate chromosomal region is associated with essential ... 3e9k: Crystal structure of Homo sapiens kynureninase-3-hydroxyhippuric acid inhibitor complex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynureninase

Essential amino acids are in Capitals. K→acetyl-CoA. LYSINE→. *Saccharopine dehydrogenase ... The system is a series of enzymes that are triggered in response to high concentrations of the amino acid glycine.[1] The same ... is modified with lipoic acid and interacts with all other components in a cycle of reductive methylamination (catalysed by the ... Purification, characterization, and role of its prosthetic group, lipoic acid, in the glycine cleavage reaction". Arch. Biochem ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine_cleavage_system

Essential amino acids are in Capitals. K→acetyl-CoA. LYSINE→. *Saccharopine dehydrogenase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_kinase

Essential amino acid. *Ketogenic amino acid. *Glucogenic amino acid. *Non-proteinogenic amino acid ... L-DOPA (/ˌɛlˈdoʊpə/), also known as levodopa (/ˌlɛvoʊˈdoʊpə/) or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an amino acid that is made and ... Some animals and humans make it via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine. L-DOPA is the precursor to the ... L-DOPA is produced from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. It is also the precursor for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-dopa

... which gives an undesirable taste and color and also decreases the availability of certain essential amino acids as well as the ... In models D and E, histidine amino acids are shown as a blue line representation. From model E, each copper atom within the ... Well known tyrosinase inhibitors include kojic acid,[22] tropolone,[23] coumarins,[24] vanillic acid, vanillin, and vanillic ... Tranexamic acid. Applications[edit]. In the food industry[edit]. In food industry, tyrosinase inhibition is desired as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosinase

Essential Amino Acids. phy-astr.gsu.edu: "Tillery points out that a number of popular ethnic foods involve such a combination, ... This combination contains the essential amino acids necessary for humans in adequate amounts: corn complements beans' relative ... so that in a single dish, one might hope to get the ten essential amino acids. Mexican corn and beans, Japanese rice and ... A nutrient-dense legume, the pinto bean contains many essential nutrients. It is a good source of protein, phosphorus and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinto_bean

"Nutritional Sources of Essential Amino Acids". Retrieved 5 June 2017. "Essential Amino Acids". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. ... Combining a grain with a legume provides a dish that is high in all essential amino acids. Because of the relatively ... "an essential part of the affair." Sylvester the Cat's trademark exclamation is "Sufferin' succotash!", which is said to be a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succotash

Taurine is an essential amino acid found only in animal tissues and cannot be produced in sufficient amounts by the cat. As it ... Kittens are undergoing growth and require high amounts of protein to provide essential amino acids that enable the growth of ... The domestic cat's liver has adapted to the lack of carbohydrates in the diet by utilizing amino acids to produce glucose to ... The enzymes that breakdown amino acids are constantly active in cats and thus, cats need a constant source of protein in their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitten

These are known as essential amino acids (EAAs), of which there are 9 in humans. The number of EAAs varies according to species ... Amino acid composition is the principal effect. All proteins are made up of combinations of the 21 biological amino acids. Some ... Amino acid composition, and the limiting amino acid, which is usually lysine ... the limiting rate at which the amino acids may be incorporated into the body is not the availability of amino acids but the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Value

Other effects of a diet lacking in this essential amino acid are dilated cardiomyopathy and reproductive failure in females.[54 ... "Review: taurine: a "very essential" amino acid". Molecular Vision. 18: 2673-86. PMC 3501277. PMID 23170060 ... Olive MF (2002). "Interactions between taurine and ethanol in the central nervous system". Amino Acids. 23 (4): 345-57. doi: ... Shao A, Hathcock JN (April 2008). "Risk assessment for the amino acids taurine, L-glutamine and L-arginine". Regulatory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine

Prepared solutions generally consist of water and electrolytes; glucose, amino acids, and lipids; essential vitamins, minerals ... "Human essential fatty acid deficiency: treatment by topical application of linoleic acid". Archives of Dermatology. 113 (7): ... In situations where there is no suitable emulsifying agent for a person at risk of developing essential fatty acid deficiency, ... The person receives a nutritional formulae[citation needed] that contain nutrients including glucose, salts, amino acids, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenteral_nutrition

Its protein harbours all essential amino acids. Arthrospira also contain high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), ... These PUFAs contain the γ-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid. Further contents of Arthrospira include vitamins, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrospira

... which catalyze the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to an α-keto acid. In this manner, an amino acid can transfer ... Check date values in: ,date= and ,archive-date= (help) Bhagavan & Ha, N.V.,Chung-Eun (2015). Essentials Of Medical Biochemistry ... amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase is present only in the liver and kidney. Oxidative deamination is an important step ... in the catabolism of amino acids, generating a more metabolizable form of the amino acid, and also generating ammonia as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_deamination

The needs for protein and essential amino acids are more than adequately satisfied. However, the supply of iron, niacin, ... This bead work plays an essential part in the ornamentation of their body. Although there are variations in the meaning of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaai

It is classified as a charge-neutral, polar amino acid. It is non-essential and conditionally essential in humans, meaning the ... Glutamine is the most abundant naturally occurring, nonessential amino acid in the human body, and one of the few amino acids ... Watford, Malcolm (September 2015). "Glutamine and glutamate: Nonessential or essential amino acids?". Animal Nutrition. 1 (3): ... "Is glutamine a conditionally essential amino acid?". Nutrition Reviews. 48 (8): 297-309. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1990.tb02967.x ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine

Selenium is a component of the amino acids selenocysteine and selenomethionine. In humans, selenium is a trace element nutrient ... Although selenium is an essential trace element, it is toxic if taken in excess. Exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of ... Selenium exerts its biological functions through selenoproteins, which contain the amino acid selenocysteine. Twenty-five ... Although it is toxic in large doses, selenium is an essential micronutrient for animals. In plants, it sometimes occurs in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium_in_biology

These amino acids form the DDE motif that coordinate divalent metal ions (Mg2+ or Mn2+). These metal ions are essential for the ... A loop containing amino acid residues 140-149 is located in the catalytic-core domain and is important for IN function as ... 2. The catalytic core domain (CCD), which encompasses amino acids 51- 212, contains the active site of IN but it can't catalyze ... 3. The C-terminal domain (CTD), which encompasses amino acids 213-288, binds DNA nonspecifically and its interaction with NTD ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_integrase_inhibitors

... an essential carbon metabolite involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Lysine is one of the nine essential amino acids ... Lysine is the limiting amino acid (the essential amino acid found in the smallest quantity in the particular foodstuff) in most ... Since the two amino acids are taken up in the intestine, reclaimed in the kidney, and moved into cells by the same amino acid ... Wu G (May 2009). "Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition". Amino Acids. 37 (1): 1-17. doi:10.1007/s00726-009-0269-0 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysine

... it supplies the host with some essential amino acids. It is therefore probably in the evolutionary process of becoming an ... Numerous genes considered essential for life seem to be missing, suggesting that the species may have achieved organelle-like ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidatus_Carsonella_ruddii

Methionine is an essential amino acid. This means the body cannot produce the amino acid and needs an external source to obtain ... Oftentimes in flocks it is the first limiting bj mino acids. Methionine contains sulfur which is used to grow feathers and this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalism_in_poultry

100 grams of cooked soba yields 99 kcal (410 kJ) of energy.[15] Soba contains all eight essential amino acids,[13] including ... Soba contains all eight essential amino acids, including lysine, which is lacking in wheat flour. The tradition of eating soba ... Soba noodles also contain antioxidants, including rutin and quercetin, and essential nutrients including choline, thiamine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soba

The plant also produces an essential oil, that can be used in herbal medicines. It also contains an Amino acid.[citation needed ... essential-oil and lignan profiles of fruits". Chemistry & Biodiversity. 9 (7): 1320-37. doi:10.1002/cbdv.201100430. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrantia_major

... venom is a mixture of neurotoxins; most of these are peptides, chains of amino acids. Many of them interfere with ... These channels are essential for nerve conduction, muscle contraction and many other biological processes. Some of these ... They excrete insoluble compounds such as xanthine, guanine, and uric acid, not requiring water for their removal from the body ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion

Essential amino acids cannot be made by the animal. Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to ... As there is no protein or amino acid storage provision, amino acids must be present in the diet. Excess amino acids are ... For all animals, some amino acids are essential (an animal cannot produce them internally) and some are non-essential (the ... A diet that contains adequate amounts of amino acids (especially those that are essential) is particularly important in some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_nutrition

It is found in two amino acids: cysteine and methionine. Chlorine (Cl) is a halogen. It is used as a disinfectant, especially ... It is an essential component of proteins and therefore of life. Oxygen (O) comprising 21% of the atmosphere by volume and is ... Phosphorus (P) is a nonmetal essential to DNA. It is highly reactive, and as such is never found in nature as a free element. ... It is an essential plant micronutrient, required for cell wall strength and development, cell division, seed and fruit ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)

Tsumori H, Minami T, Kuramitsu HK (June 1997). "Identification of essential amino acids in the Streptococcus mutans ... Additionally, some amino acids between domains A and B form a calcium binding site near the nucleophilic aspartate. The Ca2+ ... Glucansucrase allows the oral bacteria Streptococcus mutans to metabolize sucrose into lactic acid. This lactic acid lowers the ... Glucansucrase (also known as glucosyltransferase) is an enzyme in the glycoside hydrolase family GH70 used by lactic acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucansucrase

The degradation of such essential amino acids provides propanoyl-CoA. This compound is further transformed into propanoic acid ... Essential amino acids, such as valine serve as precursors for the production of the hemolymph toxins of Chrysomelina leaf ... The amino group in β-alanine is then oxidized to yield either an oxime or the nitro-toxin 3-nitropropanoic acid (3-NPA). The ... 2006). "3-Nitropropionic Acid Is a Suicide Inhibitor of Mitochondrial Respiration That, upon Oxidation by Complex II, Forms a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_in_insects

Any of these may be sources of essential amino acids. When proteins are heated they become denatured (unfolded) and change ... a form of non-enzymatic browning involving an amino acid, a reducing sugar and heat. Home cooking has traditionally been a ... a traditional South American dish where fish is cooked with the acids in lemon or lime juice or orange juice. Preparing food ... Many minerals are also essential in small quantities including iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium chloride and sulfur; and in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking

... it contains all essential amino acids. Rare for any food, it is a good source of alpha-linolenic acid, an omega 3 fatty acid ... and that a scientific approval basis is essential. It says that EU rules set out strict criteria for the acceptance of a drug ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition

Conjugating bile acids with amino acids lowers the pKa of the bile-acid/amino-acid conjugate to between 1 and 4. Thus ... Essentials of Medical Biochemistry, Lieberman, Marks and Smith, eds, p432, 2007' *^ a b c Hofmann AF (October 1963). "The ... Cholic acid is converted into deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid into lithocholic acid. All four of these bile acids ... Primary bile acidsEdit. Bile acid synthesis occurs in liver cells, which synthesize primary bile acids (cholic acid and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acids

Momordica charantia extracts inhibit uptake of monosaccharide and amino acid across rat everted gut sacs in-vitro.». Biological ... non L.)». Journal of Essential Oil Research. doi:10.1080/10412905.1996.9700689. *Gurib-Fakim, A.; Sewraj, M.; J., Gueho; Dulloo ... Constituents of the Essential Oils from Piper sylvestre Growing in Mauritius.». Planta Medica. doi:10.1055/s-2006-959506. ... rodriguesensis Wickens». Journal of Essential Oil Research. doi:10.1080/10412905.1994.9698443. *Gurib-Fakim, A.; Sewraj, M.; ...

https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Αμινά_Γκουρίμπ

... amino acids, and chemical signals, such as adenosine, GABA, and glycine. The pre-Bötzinger complex produces two types of ... This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the ... Other research has also suggested that calcium flow through N-type calcium channels is essential for normal breathing, and is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Bötzinger_complex

... the enzyme responsible for converting the amino acid tyrosine to the skin pigment melanin, and is used to treat acne-associated ... Tan JK, Jones E, Allen E, Pripotnev S, Raza A, Wolfe B (November 2013). "Evaluation of essential clinical components and ... Salicylic acid[edit]. Salicylic acid is a topically applied beta-hydroxy acid that stops bacteria from reproducing and has ... "Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne". Cochrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_vulgaris

... binds to amino acids 170-173 and 182-185 on CD20, which are physically close to each other as a result of a disulfide ... "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the ... bond between amino acids 167 and 183.[39] History[edit]. Rituximab was developed by researcher Nabil Hanna and coworkers at ... Rituximab was approved for medical use in 1997.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituximab

... binds to amino acids 170-173 and 182-185 on CD20, which are physically close to each other as a result of a disulfide ... "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the ... Rituximab was approved for medical use in 1997.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the ... It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medications needed in a ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituximab

S)-2-Amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propanoic acid ... "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the ... Levothyroxine was first made in 1927.[4] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levothyroxine

... a gain of function after protein expansion from around 400 amino acids in Caulobacter crescentus to more than 800 amino acids ... An essential feature of the Caulobacter cell cycle is that the chromosome is replicated once and only once per cell cycle. This ... The opposing roles of the Caulobacter DnaA and CtrA proteins are essential to the tight control of Caulobacter chromosome ... The landmark protein TipN is essential for the proper placement of the flagellum. [24] Mutants lacking TipN make serious ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulobacter_crescentus

Iron will bond with an amino acid produced by the kōji to produce off flavors and a yellowish color. Manganese, when exposed to ... Mirin, an essential condiment used in Japanese cuisine, which has been drunk as a sweet sake ... As the proportion of amino acids rises, the sake tastes more savory. This number is determined by titration of the sake with a ... aldehydes and amino acids, among other unknown factors.[23] Tōji[edit]. Tōji (杜氏) is the job title of the sake brewer, named ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake

... with its affinity for amino acids, permits charged species of endogenous and exogenous origin to take up residence.[2] ... a b Marshak, Stephen, 2009, Essentials of Geology, W. W. Norton & Company, 3rd ed. ISBN 978-0393196566 ... A kinetic model based on experimental data can capture most of the essential transformation in diagenesis,[9] and a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagenesis

Primack, Richard (2014). Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA USA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers. pp. 217- ... Amato, Katherine R.; Meyer, Andreas L. S.; Wich, Serge; Sussman, Robert W.; Pan, Ruliang; Kone, Inza; Li, Baoguo (January 18, ... which possess calcium carbonate shells or exoskeletons experience physiological pressure as the carbonate reacts with acid. For ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_mass_extinction

... al-anbiq al-ama), aludel (al-uthal), goblets (qadah), flasks (qarura atau quwarir), flask air mawar (ma wariyya), cauldron ( ... Dia mempunyai sebilangan pots carefully examined and discovered that they contained traces of nitrates and sulfur, essential ... satu-satunya acid yang diketahui pada orang zaman silam adalah vinegar), dari alkali, dari garam merkuri, dari antimoni dan ... untuk membuat nitric acid dan oleh al-Razi dan yang lain. Saltpeter telah digelar "natrun" tetapi juga mempunyai gelaran lain ...

https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reka_cipta_pada_zaman_pertengahan_Islam

382 in the pre-processed form containing the 24 amino acid signal peptide), a residue essential for binding elastase; this is ... UniProtKB amino acid nomenclature). These glycans carry different amounts of negatively charged sialic acids; this causes the ... A1AT is a single-chain glycoprotein consisting of 394 amino acids in the mature form and exhibits many glycoforms. The three N- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_antitrypsin

George, Ronald B. (2005). Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine (ika-5th ed. (na) edisyon). ... Si Sir William Osler, kilala bilang "ang ama ng modernong medisina," ay tinanggap ang pagkamatay at pagkabalda na sanhi ng ... "Use of acid-suppressive drugs and risk of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis". CMAJ : Canadian Medical ... Cunha, edited by Burke A. (2010). Pneumonia essentials (ika-3rd ed. (na) edisyon). Sudbury, MA: Physicians' Press. ISBN ...

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonya

Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol). *Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive ... pyrimidinone and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole derivatives". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 23 (3): 480-7. doi:10.1016/j.bmc. ... showed that the 3alpha-OH group is essential for the anesthetic actions of these steroids,[31] they also have an optimally- ... Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs although barbituric acid itself is not pharmacologically active. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator

In this process, fats, obtained from adipose tissue, or fat cells, are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, which can be ... Laurence D. Chalem (5 September 2009). Essential Diabetes Leadership. Laurence Chalem. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4392-4566-8. Retrieved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_plan

Glutamate receptor antagonist（英語：Excitatory amino acid antagonist） (NMDA（英語：NMDA receptor antagonist）) ... Essentials of Medical Physiology. Elsevier India. 2008: 460 [2016-03-19]. ISBN 9788131215661. （原始內容存檔於2015-11-21）.. ... Glutamate receptor agonist（英語：Excitatory amino acid agonist） (AMPA（英語：Ampakine）) ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/肾上腺素

a b c AMA Guides Archived 2006-05-02 at the Wayback Machine ... a person can do any work for which eyesight is essential, not ... and breaks down into the substances formaldehyde and formic acid which in turn can cause blindness, an array of other health ... "so blind as to be unable to perform any work for which eye sight is essential". Certification is based on whether ... Contemporary examples include the addition of methods such as acid throwing as a form of disfigurement. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness

In humans, RAD51 is a 339-amino acid protein that plays a major role in homologous recombination of DNA during double strand ... A number of paralogs (see Figure) of RAD51 are essential for RAD51 protein recruitment or stabilization at damage sites in ... They each share about 25% amino acid sequence identity with RAD51 and with each other.[28] ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 25 (19): 3868-74. doi:10.1093/nar/25.19.3868. PMC 146972 . PMID 9380510.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad51

... essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids.[4] The five major minerals in the human body are calcium, phosphorus, ... amino acids, organic acids, etc.) improves the bioavailability of the supplemented mineral.[36] ... Ashmead, H. DeWayne (1993). The Roles of Amino Acid Chelates in Animal Nutrition. Westwood: Noyes Publications.. ... Elements considered possibly essential but not confirmed[edit]. Many ultratrace elements have been suggested as essential, but ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_mineral

Two enzymes convert L-amino acids to D-amino acids. D-Amino-acid racemase, a PLP-dependent enzyme, racemizes amino acids via ... D-Amino acids are amino acids where the stereogenic carbon alpha to the amino group has the D-configuration. For most naturally ... L-amino-acid oxidases convert L-amino acids to the alpha-ketoacids, which are susceptible to reductive amination. Some amino ... L- and D-amino acids are usually enantiomers. The exceptions are two amino acids with two stereogenic centers, threonine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-amino_acids

... such as the polyphenols and amino acids, but is a suspension when all of the insoluble components are considered, such as the ... Black and green teas contain no essential nutrients in significant amounts, with the exception of the dietary mineral, ... Williamson, G; Dionisi, F; Renouf, M (2011). "Flavanols from green tea and phenolic acids from coffee: critical quantitative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea

Four hydrogen bonds form between polar side chains on TBP amino acid (Asn27, Asn117, Thr82, Thr173)( and bases in the minor ... TATA-containing genes are not involved in essential cellular functions such as cell growth, DNA replication, transcription, and ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 9 (19): 5145-58. doi:10.1093/nar/9.19.5145. PMC 327505. PMID 6171774.. ... "Functional analysis of the molecular interactions of TATA box-containing genes and essential genes". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box

The single-letter amino acid abbreviation (e.g., K for Lysine) and the amino acid position in the protein ... Benevolenskaya EV (Aug 2007). "Histone H3K4 demethylases are essential in development and differentiation". Biochemistry and ... compared amino acid compositions in the same histone from different organisms, and compared amino acid sequences of the same ... 3. Complete amino acid sequence of pea seedling histone IV; comparison with the homologous calf thymus histone". The Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_modification

This huge enzyme complex is responsible for building the long chain fatty acids essential for cellular life. A 0.33 nanometer ... The reconstruction has high enough resolution to have amino acid side chain densities easily visible. EM Data Bank (EM Data ... Fatty acid synthase from yeast at 0.59 nanometer resolution. ... into the substrate-shuttling mechanism of yeast fatty acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_particle_analysis

"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active ... which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"[۱۱۱] ... "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[۲۹] ... "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[۲۹] ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/فهرست_یهودیان_برنده_جایزه_نوبل

Kopple, J D; Swendseid, M E (1975). „Evidence that histidine is an essential amino acid in normal and chronically uremic man". ...

https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidinas

... and differences with previous cDNA and amino acid sequences". DNA and Cell Biology. 9 (2): 85-94. doi:10.1089/dna.1990.9.85. ... This gene encodes lysosomal alpha-glucosidase, which is essential for the degradation of glycogen to glucose in lysosomes. ... Acid alpha-glucosidase, also called α-1,4-glucosidase[5] and acid maltase,[6] is an enzyme (EC 3.2.1.20) that helps to break ... Different forms of acid alpha-glucosidase are obtained by proteolytic processing. Defects in this gene are the cause of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_alpha-glucosidase

... as the amino acid change occurs on the portion of the prodomain where sortilin binds; and sortilin is essential for normal ... results in an amino acid switch: valine to methionine exchange at codon 66, Val66Met, which is in the prodomain of BDNF.[39][38 ... AMPA and NMDA receptors are two ionotropic glutamate receptors involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission and essential to ... neurotrophic factor regulates the expression and synaptic delivery of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF

... amino acid substitution), 9 (alkylation) and 10 (deletion). These substitutions inhibit rapid degradation. Agonists with two ... Suppression of spontaneous ovulation as part of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, which is an essential component in in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_agonist

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Can you name the Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids? Test your knowledge on this science quiz to see how you do and ... There is one amino acid that is conditionally essential. Type "Essential (Conditionally)" for this amino acid. ... Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids. Random Science or Biology Quiz QUIZ: Can you name the Essential and Non-Essential ... Tags:Biology Quiz, Chemistry Quiz, amino, Amino Acids, biochemistry, essential. Top Quizzes Today. Top Quizzes Today in Science ...

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... amino acids are the building block of protein. It can aid in weight loss, decrease risk of heart disease and improve imm ... The Essential Aminos The majority of amino acids can appear in two forms, known as the L- and D- series. Amino acids in the L- ... This portion is commonly referred to as the essential amino acids. Many studies have shown that amino acids possess health- ... Antioxidants Energy Supplements Essential Fatty Acids Multi Vitamins Probiotics Vitamins See More ». Amino Acids Minerals ...

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... we stock only the most reputable Essential Amino Acids brands on the market, youll find a huge range of quality EAAs brought ... And our range of Essential Amino Acids is no exception. Stocking only the most reputable brands on the market, youll find a ... From preventing muscle breakdown and encouraging growth to improving and enhancing energy, Essential Amino Acid supplementation ... From preventing muscle breakdown and encouraging growth to improving and enhancing energy, Essential Amino Acid supplementation ...

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... an amino acid that is a vital component of proteins in all living organisms. ... Phenylalanine is an aromatic amino acid that serves as a building block for many compounds essential to plant structure, ... another essential amino acid.. "Its very unusual that the cell would sacrifice tyrosine to make phenylalanine," Dudareva said ... This is the first indication that the synthesis of aromatic amino acids can occur outside of the plastids, Widhalm said. ...

https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2014/Q1/plants-use-unusual-microbial-like-pathway-to-make-essential-amino-acid.html

There are numerous myths about fitness and exercise. It is a strange fact that people, who are exercising for long, possess lots of knowledge ...

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The purpose of this research was to analyze for the determination of essential amino acid in Pangasius bocourti which was aged ... Essential amino acids; Extracting; EZ-Fasst; GCMS; Pangasius bocourti. Introduction. Essential amino acids are amino acids that ... Quantitative results of essential amino acid are shown in Table 1. Percentage values of essential amino acid among fish groups ... The highest quantities of essential amino acids were Lysine 8.41% and Leucine 8.30%. Other essential amino acid such as ...

https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/determination-of-essential-amino-acids-in-pangasius-bocourti-2157-7110-1000552.php?aid=67723

It plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration, and although it is one of the few amino acids ... amino acid, or more generously as a "conditionally essential" amino acid. Considering its broad distribution, its many ... and although it is one of the few amino acids not incorporated into proteins, taurine is one of the most abundant amino acids ... Amino Acids, Essential / metabolism*, pharmacology. Animals. Brain / metabolism. Ciliary Body / metabolism. Cornea / metabolism ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Review-Taurine-very-essential-amino/23170060.html

Chemix EAA is an ultra-premium amino acid formula carefully designed to enhance endurance, improve recovery, reduce muscle ... Chemix EAA contains specific ratios of all nine essential amino acids at a much higher dose compared to most other EAA products ... Chemixs cutting-edge essential amino acid formula contains research-backed ingredients offered at clinical and efficacious ... Looking for a complete essential amino acid product with added immune-boosting benefits? Look no further than Chemix EAA! ...

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Support endurance, recovery and general health with amino acids!* ... Essential Amino Acids are the nine amino acids humans cannot ... Supplies all nine essential amino acids for muscle building and recovery, including 5g BCAAs* ... Intra-Workout Supplement With All Nine Essential Amino Acids To Support Performance & Endurance* ... With full amino acid profile and 5g of BCAAs per serving to support muscle growth & recovery* ...

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Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are ... Essential Amino Acids. Subscribe to New Research on Essential Amino Acids Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human ... Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins*Amino Acids: 10808*Essential Amino Acids: 403*Arginine: 7940 ... and essential amino acids for maintenance and body weight gains. ". 06/01/2014 - "Dietary deprivation of essential amino acids ...

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... on WN Network delivers the latest Videos and Editable pages for News & Events, including Entertainment ... Essential amino acid. An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo ( ... Essential amino acid. An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo ( ... non-essential and essential amino acids. The term non-essential amino acids is slightly misleading ... There are nine essential ...

https://wn.com/Non-essential_amino_acid

TEN AMINO ACIDS ESSENTIAL FOR PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION EFFECTIVE ORALLY OR INTRAVENOUSLY. S. C. Madden, J. R. Carter, A. A. ... TEN AMINO ACIDS ESSENTIAL FOR PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION EFFECTIVE ORALLY OR INTRAVENOUSLY ... The above amino acid mixture in aqueous solution may be given by vein with equally good plasma protein production and no ... When the protein intake of such dogs is completely replaced by the growth mixture (Rose) of crystalline amino acids, plasma ...

http://jem.rupress.org/content/77/3/277

0/Amino Acids, Essential; 0/Milk Proteins; 0/Protein Hydrolysates From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National ... Amino Acids, Essential / blood, urine. Child Development / drug effects. Female. Humans. Infant Formula / administration & ... Higher renal excretion of essential amino acids may be one of the mechanisms involved. These findings must be confirmed by ... infants receiving formula A had statistically significant higher urinary levels of essential amino acids compared to infants ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Higher-urinary-excretion-essential-amino/15858965.html

M. Rondanelli, A. Opizzi, N. Antoniello et al., "Effect of essential amino acid supplementation on quality of life, Amino acid ... "Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly ... J. D. Fernstrom, "Large neutral amino acids: dietary effects on brain neurochemistry and function," Amino Acids, vol. 45, no. 3 ... all amino acids contained in the nutritional mixture used here. It is interesting to note that the mixtures amino acids were ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/341603/

... so having essential amino acid supplements is crucial. An essential amino acid supplement will support muscle recovery and ... We all get essential amino acids through food, but a bodybuilders dose is larger, ... Essential Amino Acids. Essential amino acids supplements (EAAs) provide the human bodys most foundational building blocks. ... Three of the essential amino acids are called the branched chain amino acids, and are found in quality protein food and powders ...

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Flexx EAAs by GAT Sport contains all nine Essential Amino Acids and is designed for workout, recovery and hydration. Fruit ... Flexx EAAs Essential Amino Acids Fruit Punch Details. https://www.vitaminworld.com/flexx-eaas-essential-amino-acids-fruit-punch ... Essential Amino Acids (EAAs) perform many important body functions including the breakdown of food, grow and repair body tissue ... What are EAAs? There are nine essential amino acids that the body cannot produce itself and they are valine, leucine, ...

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Essential amino acids (EAAs) are amino acids which are necessary to build proteins in an organism but can not be synthesized by ... "Amino acids in food" (PDF). www.livsmedelsverket.se. "Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition" (PDF). apps.who. ... "Amino acids: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2020-01-07. "FoodData Central". fdc.nal.usda.gov. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_amino_acids_in_plant_food

An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism ... The distinction between essential and non-essential amino acids is somewhat unclear, as some amino acids can be produced from ... The limiting amino acid is the essential amino acid found in the smallest quantity in the foodstuff. This concept is important ... Biological Value (BV) Essential fatty acid Essential genes List of standard amino acids Low-protein diet Orthomolecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_amino_acid

These are the siblings of branched-chain amino acids who dont make the headlines, but should definitely make their way into ... All Nine Essential Amino Acids: While conditionally essential and nonessential amino acids play important roles in the body, ... Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid-induced muscle protein anabolism.[3] Just make sure the ... Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly ...

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... we stock a vast selection of amino acid supplements. Our amino acid supplements are available in many forms including tablets, ... Amino Acids. The Importance of Amino Acids. Amino acids are essential components for optimal health, particular for those do a ... Amino Acids The Importance of Amino Acids. Amino acids are essential components for optimal health, particular for those do a ... Buying Amino Acids at Evergreen.ie. At Evergreen.ie, we stock a vast selection of amino acid supplements. Our amino acid ...

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EAAs are considered essential due to our body's inability to create them, meaning they need to be sourced from our diet or through supplementation. (australiansportsnutrition.com.au)
Gaspari's Proven EAAs provide 9 grams of the full spectrum of all essential amino acids, including 6 grams of vegan fermented BCAAs in a scientifically supported Leucine heavy ratio of 4:1 :1, to maximize muscle growth and recovery. (gasparinutrition.com)
Recent studies show that supplemented essential amino acids (EAAs) may exert beneficial effects on CHF/COPD physical capacity. (hindawi.com)
Essential amino acids supplements (EAAs) provide the human body's most foundational building blocks. (sportyshealth.com.au)
Essential Amino Acids (EAAs) perform many important body functions including the breakdown of food, grow and repair body tissue as well as to build muscle. (vitaminworld.com)
Containing 5g in the clinically-preferred 2:1:1 ratio, FLEXX features 7g of EAAs total amino acid profile. (vitaminworld.com)
Essential amino acids (EAAs) are amino acids which are necessary to build proteins in an organism but can not be synthesized by the organism itself and us such must be provide in the diet. (wikipedia.org)
There are nine essential amino acids (EAAs) in proteins-not just three-which your body can't make on its own. (bodybuilding.com)
Here's a quick primer on the essential amino acids (EAAs), with the bodybuilder, lifter, or other hard-training athlete in mind. (bodybuilding.com)
Die Abkürzung EAAs stammt aus dem englischen und steht für Essential Amino Acids. (ironmaxx.de)
Verantwortlich für die Stimulierung der Proteinsynthese sind vor allem die drei Aminosäuren L-Leucin, L-Valin und L-Isoleucin, auch als BCAAs (Branched Chain Amino Acids) bekannt.Durch ihre Wirkung sind EAAs besonders für Bodybuilder, Fitness- und Kraftsportler wichtig. (ironmaxx.de)
We have previously demonstrated that an essential amino acid supplement (EAAS) improved protein synthesis and reduced intrahepatic lipid in the elderly. (preprints.org)
There were a few proponents shouting that all the essential amino acids (EAAs) were needed to maximize size and strength (as opposed to just the three BCAAs), but alas, those few voices were dwarfed by the sheer force and noise that was the BCAA movement. (priceplow.com)
Deciding between EAAs and BCAAs begins with an understanding of amino acids. (priceplow.com)
The EAAs (and BCAAs) are our primary focus here, so we'll leave the discussion of nonessential and conditionally essential amino acids for a separate article. (priceplow.com)
Schematic representation of the recycling of essential amino acids (EAAs) from muscle protein breakdown into muscle protein synthesis in the post-absorptive state. (priceplow.com)
Effectively maintaining and building lean muscle mass requires all nine essential amino acids (EAAs). (bulldognutrition.com)
Ensuring your diet has all nine EAAs can be difficult, so Dymatize® has developed ALL 9 AMINO™-our most complete amino acid powder blend for optimal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and training recovery support. (bulldognutrition.com)
ALL 9 AMINO supplies 10g of EAAs, including 7.2g of BCAAs. (bulldognutrition.com)
Essential Amino Acids - At a dose of 7 grams, the EAAs in EAminoMax are as effective as a full serving of whey protein for enhancing body composition and recovery. (performaxlabs.com)
The Essential Amino Acids, or EAAs, are essential because the body must obtain they from the diet in complete proteins or EAA supplements. (performaxlabs.com)
When we think intra-workout supplementation, we often find ourselves thinking BCAA, BCAA, BCAA, but what about Essential Amino Acids (EAAs)? (suppz.com)
Otherwise known as EAAs , read our EAA vs. BCAA article and learn why "Full-Spectrum" Essential Amino Acid Supplements are the 'new' Branched Chain Amino Acid Supplements! (priceplow.com)
An action-packed "energy amino" supplement with tons of EAAs, tons of versatility, and an amazing price point? (priceplow.com)
Granite Supplements' Essential Aminos provide a 10g / dose of all the Essential Amino Acids (EAAs) because it's the dietarily essential [not the non-essential 1 ] amino acids that trigger muscle protein synthesis 2-4 . (granitesupplements.com)
The amounts of the other EAAs blended in Essential Aminos are based on the anabolic EAA mixture used extensively in research 2,10-13 , adjusted slightly to take advantage of the anabolic signaling 6 and insulin-releasing 14 effects of lysine and phenylalanine. (granitesupplements.com)

If the body is allowed to deplete itself of any of the essential amino acids, it cannot produce those proteins requiring such amino acids. (prohealth.com)
There are nearly 30 known amino acids that make up the various forms of proteins found in living things. (prohealth.com)
Essential amino acid content determines the nutritional and functional quality of proteins which in turn play several important roles in body physiology and development. (hindawi.com)
Whey contains high quality and nutritious dairy proteins like alpha-lactoglobulins, beta-lactoglobulins, bovine serum albumin, and immunoglobulins which are good for healthy living because of their richness in essential amino acids, especially the branched-chain amino acids which include leucine, isoleucine, and valine [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
Purdue University researchers have discovered a microbial-like pathway in plants that produces phenylalanine, an amino acid that is a vital component of proteins in all living organisms. (purdue.edu)
It plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration, and although it is one of the few amino acids not incorporated into proteins, taurine is one of the most abundant amino acids in the brain, retina, muscle tissue, and organs throughout the body. (biomedsearch.com)
Cheap, healthy Mexican food is just about everywhere, and I think even the most beginner vegetarian learns quickly about the concept of combining non-meat protein sources to create "complete proteins" that have all essential amino acids. (veganforum.com)
There are a total of 20 amino acids that human bodies require to produce all the proteins needed to function and grow. (mindbodygreen.com)
When we consume proteins through food, our body breaks them back down into amino acids, which can be reused to make the proteins the body needs," Lisa Hayim, M.S., R.D. , NYC-based registered dietitian and founder of The Well Necessities , told mbg . (mindbodygreen.com)
Although animal proteins such as beef, eggs, fish, dairy, and poultry contain good amounts of all nine essential amino acids (making them "complete" proteins), you can also obtain essential amino acids from plant-based foods . (mindbodygreen.com)
It is proven that these proteins are termed "essential' because the body does not produce them and, must get them from dietary sources. (gasparinutrition.com)
Analyzing blood samples from more than 300 African children - more than 60 percent of whom had stunted growth - researchers found that children who were stunted had 15 to 20 percent lower levels of essential amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, than children who were growing normally. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
In the form of proteins , amino acids comprise the second-largest component (water is the largest) of human muscles , cells and other tissues . (wn.com)
Outside proteins, amino acids perform critical roles in processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis . (wn.com)
We designed a randomized, controlled trial to test the effects of a preterm formula with hydrolysed cow's milk proteins on short-term growth and urinary and plasma amino acids levels. (biomedsearch.com)
Foodstuffs that lack essential amino acids are poor sources of protein equivalents, as the body tends to deaminate the amino acids obtained, converting proteins into fats and carbohydrates. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, a balance of essential amino acids is necessary for a high degree of net protein utilization, which is the mass ratio of amino acids converted to proteins to amino acids supplied. (wikipedia.org)
Complete proteins contain a balanced set of essential amino acids for humans. (wikipedia.org)
Measures include the biological value, net protein utilization, protein efficiency ratio, protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score and complete proteins concept. (wikipedia.org)
Vital for the production of proteins, amino acids are an important part of a healthy diet, particularly for muscle building and keeping a lean figure. (elephantjournal.com)
While more than 20 different amino acids are needed to form proteins, only the essential amino acids need to be taken in on a daily basis. (elephantjournal.com)
Amino acids combine to form proteins, one of the most important nutrients. (evergreen.ie)
Firstly, the study used a customised mix of essential singular free-form amino acids as opposed to popular whole proteins such as whey or casein. (mrsupplement.com.au)
Stress, physical exertion, and age can damage the structural and functional proteins in the body, which are built from amino acids. (biketiresdirect.com)
Interestingly, this 15-amino acid transactivation sequence is well conserved in NFAT family proteins, although the sequences contiguous to the carboxyl-terminal regions of the NFAT family are much less conserved. (jimmunol.org)
The existence of this characteristic Rel similarity domain allowed us to divide NFAT family proteins into three distinct regions: an amino-terminal region, a carboxyl-terminal region, and a middle region containing the Rel similarity domain. (jimmunol.org)
The amino-terminal region shows significant, albeit weak, sequence similarity among NFAT family proteins and is characterized by the presence of three perfect repeats for NFAT1(NFATp), NFATc, and NFATx and one for NFAT3, containing the sequence SPXXSPXXSPXXXXX(D,E)(D,E), referred to as SP boxes ( 10 ). (jimmunol.org)
Out of the 20-odd amino acids that are required by the the body to make proteins, it is said that 9 amino acids are not synthesised by the body. (scienceforums.net)
Essential amino acids are necessary for nutrition whether obtained by digestion of proteins or by oral supplementation of amino acids. (wku.edu)
To have a balanced quantity of indispensable amino acids , it is essential to balance the sources of proteins between animal and vegetable proteins. (codifra.fr)
The BCAAs are among the nine essential amino acids for humans, accounting for 35% of the essential amino acids in muscle proteins and 40% of the preformed amino acids required by mammals. (manufacturer.com)
Amino acids are known as the building blocks of proteins, these compounds play a crucial role in several bodily processes and functions. (netmeds.com)
Amino acids are needed for important processes like the building of proteins, synthesis of hormones and neurotransmitters. (netmeds.com)
Phenylalanine plays a critical role in maintaining the structure and function of proteins and enzymes and the synthesis of other amino acids. (netmeds.com)
It is a hydrophobic essential amino acid which is found in the interior region of proteins. (netmeds.com)
Threonine is a vital amino acid vital for protein synthesis and forms a key part of structural proteins like collagen and elastin. (netmeds.com)
Strings of amino acids make up proteins, of which there are countless varieties. (encyclopedia.com)
Of the 20 amino acids required for manufacturing the proteins the human body needs, the body itself produces only 12, meaning that we have to meet our requirements for the other eight through nutrition. (encyclopedia.com)
Your body uses amino acids to produce new proteins and to replace damaged proteins. (humanelivingnet.net)
It should come as no surprise that protein is the most important single nutrient to consider, but did you know that proteins quintessential importance is due almost entirely to its essential amino acid (EAA) content? (performaxlabs.com)
Amino acid catabolism - During times of starvation, amino acids are used to replenish TCA cycle intermediates and used as precursors for gluconeogenesis - Organisms with a diet rich in proteins can oxidize excess amino acids as fuels - Excess amino acids are not stored - In animals, amino acids released from proteins are the major sources of nitrogen. (corsetbride.com)
Typical protein sources and powders contain large complex proteins, but ESSENTIAL AMINO PROTEIN starts with an ultra-high quality protein source and we then create a "super" protein by fortifying it with even higher levels of Essential and Branched Chain amino acids. (procapslabs.com)
Some proteins, especially plant origin proteins, are incomplete, because Some proteins, especially plant origin proteins, are incomplete, because they do not contain the all of essential amino acids at the recommended level, while others, especially. (ozonahockey.com)
Protein and Amino Acids Proteins are essential for energy and growth. (mybariatriclife.org)
or anabolic - the building up (synthesis) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). (wikipedia.org)
These biochemicals can be joined together to make polymers such as DNA and proteins, essential macromolecules of life. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined together by peptide bonds. (wikipedia.org)

Featuring the same essential amino acid profile as our Impact Whey Protein , but with faster amino acid absorption rate, 1 and a 4:1:1 ratio of the BCAAs, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. (myprotein.com)
What's more, there's a 4:1:1 ratio of the BCAAs, leucine, isoleucine, and valine, to provide a premium amino-acid supplement. (myprotein.com)
The BCAAs (leucine, valine and isoleucine) are perhaps the three most important of the essential amino acids. (prosource.net)
BCAAs (L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine) are essential aminos that must be ingested from dietary sources, and are well-recognized as crucial for muscle protection, recovery and growth. (prosource.net)
Among the proteinogenic amino acids, there are three BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine and valine. (manufacturer.com)
That's where branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) come in. (suppsrus.com.au)
They can help create protein and stop the body from going through its protein stocks as quickly.BCAAs provide a healthy dose of three of the nine essential amino acids. (suppsrus.com.au)
[1] The former had just BCAAs, while the latter was augmented with a full spectrum of essential amino acids (hence the 'eaa' letters highlighted in Purple Wraath). (priceplow.com)
Not until recently has the public started to catch on to the notion that BCAAs aren't the be all, end off of amino acid supplementation. (priceplow.com)
So the question comes down to whether it's worth a bit extra to get a product where the other six essential amino acids have been added to the BCAAs. (priceplow.com)
BCAAs are metabolized differently than the rest of the amino acids in the body. (priceplow.com)
Rather than pass through the stomach and onto the liver for processing, the BCAAs bypass the liver and are transported to your muscles, where they are broken down into branched-chain oxo acids (BCOA) . (priceplow.com)
ALL 9 AMINO contains essential amino acids, such as BCAAs. (bulldognutrition.com)
Optimum Nutrition Amino Energy Helps build muscle with BCAAs & amino acids Intensify with only 10 calories Boost nitric oxide production Improved energy and focus Everybody wants a lean. (bulldognutrition.com)

Children who were stunted had lower concentrations of all nine essential amino acids, including tryptophan (27 percent lower), isoleucine (15 percent lower), leucine (17 percent lower), valine (15 percent lower), methionine (13 percent lower), threonine (21 percent lower), histidine (15 percent lower), phenylalanine (6 percent lower) and lysine (22 percent lower), compared with nonstunted children. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Leucine is another amino acid found in seafood, particularly fish like pike, cod, and tuna, and in eggs. (elephantjournal.com)
Leucine-enriched essential amino acids (LEAAs) enhance the recovery in muscles that are damaged after eccentric contractions. (mdpi.com)
Also, recent research has shown that leucine which is found in essential amino acid supplements are important in promoting muscle protein synthesis. (prosource.net)
This stalwart performance enhancer's cornerstone formula starts with a 5 gram blend of micronized amino acids, including taurine, glutamine, arginine, leucine, beta alanine and 10 more, mixed with an energy blend of caffeine, green tea and green coffee. (prosource.net)
Optimum's Pro BCAA combines 8 grams of branched chain amino acids (L-leucine, L-valine, L-isoleucine) with 5 grams of L-glutamine and, additionally, a Phyto Blend that contains grape seed, red wine extract and citrus bioflavonoids. (prosource.net)
Each one-scoop dose (blended in water provides 5 grams of the essential aminos L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-valine. (prosource.net)
Supplementing with a leucine-rich amino acid and carbohydrate combination can increase muscle protein synthesis by triggering important cell-signaling molecules. (nutritionexpress.com)
T cells responded to antigen by upregulating expression of many amino-acid transporters, but a single System L ('leucine-preferring system') transporter, Slc7a5, mediated uptake of LNAAs in activated T cells. (nih.gov)
Your body can synthesize most of the 21 amino acids that you need to make protein, with the exception of nine essential amino acids (histadine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine) that must come from your food. (humanelivingnet.net)
EAminoMax contains all 9 of the essential amino acids, including 3 grams of leucine. (performaxlabs.com)
L-Leucine - The most important amino acid triggers muscle protein synthesis at an optimal dose of 3 grams. (performaxlabs.com)
α-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA), or leucic acid, is a metabolite of the most important amino acid for muscle anabolism, leucine. (performaxlabs.com)
Leucine, however, is not the only important component of this process as it does require the other Essential Amino Acids to work best. (suppz.com)
Clean protein that is high in muscle promoting amino acid leucine. (granitesupplements.com)

This premium amino-acid supplement is set to become your favourite gym partner. (myprotein.com)
D. Gary Young saw a need for an advanced amino supplement in our product offering. (youngliving.com)
FUEL BCAA is the elite Branch Chained Amino Acids supplement on the market. (amazon.com)
Gibco® MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids are used as a supplement for cell culture medium, to increase cell growth and viability. (thermofisher.com)
Thus, various feedstuffs may be fed in combination to increase net protein utilization, or a supplement of an individual amino acid (methionine, lysine, threonine, or tryptophan) can be added to the feed. (wikipedia.org)
These are the siblings of branched-chain amino acids who don't make the headlines, but should definitely make their way into your supplement arsenal. (bodybuilding.com)
Most savvy supplement users know that whey is the best protein for muscle recovery and growth primarily because its constituent amino acids are digested quickly and delivered to muscle tissue rapidly to stimulate muscle growth. (mrsupplement.com.au)
USN BCAA Power Punch Energy is a high quality amino acid supplement with added caffeine. (monstersupplements.com)
We hypothesized that the older participants acutely ingesting the essential amino acid supplement during the exercise regime will have increased physical performance and diminished symptoms of DOMS. (wku.edu)
So why the need for an amino acid supplement? (bodyhealth.com)
PerfectAmino is an amino acid supplement that is 99% utilized by the body to make protein. (bodyhealth.com)
These individuals often require higher doses (as compared to the minimum recommended five tablets) of an amino acid supplement like MAP* or PerfectAmino to provide their bodies adequate building blocks for protein synthesis - critical for healing from disease, muscle recovery and stamina, etc. (bodyhealth.com)
Coker, R.H. Essential Amino Acid Supplement Lowers Intrahepatic Lipid despite Excess Alcohol Consumption. (preprints.org)
Essential Amino Energy is a dietary supplement created by Optimum Nutrition, an advanced formula that allows you to reduce body fat. (masmusculo.com)
Essential Amino Energy by Optimum Nutrition is an innovative sports supplement that also contains arginine, BCAA, beta alanine and natural origin energizers, which is used to increase the level of nitric oxide in the body. (masmusculo.com)
This amino acid supplement gives you eight essential amino acids and is designed to be efficiently used by the body, producing very little waste. (advancedbionutritionals.com)
This supplement gives you eight essential amino acids to support and maintain your body's muscular, skeletal, enzymatic, and hormonal systems. (advancedbionutritionals.com)
Supplement companies had bros and broettes believing that pounding gallon jugs of these three amino acids would bring unheralded gains in size and strength. (priceplow.com)
Amix Amino Pills is a new amino acid supplement ideal for periods of intense training and dieting, because of very low fat and sugar content. (fitnessdigital.se)
If you intend to keep training hard, correct supplementation is key, and EAminoMax is an essential part of a supplement regime! (performaxlabs.com)
Amino Synergy is an amino acid supplement made by Kaged Muscle. (supplementreviewsau.com)
The Grind is an amino acid supplement made by Axe & Sledge Supplements. (supplementreviewsau.com)
Ryse Up BCAA + EAA is an amino-acid supplement made by Ryse. (supplementreviewsau.com)
Latitude is an amino acid supplement made by BUILT Sports Nutrition. (supplementreviewsau.com)
In addition to making you a fantastic Scrabble player, knowing your amino acids is a great way to cut through the supplement industry clutter. (beachbodyondemand.com)
Because arginine stimulates human growth hormone (HGH) release and lysine amplifies the situation, the pair, combined with a third amino acid ornithine, is sometimes used as a sport supplement in order to increase HGH. (beachbodyondemand.com)

Known primarily for its pain-controlling abilities, Phenylalanine is one of the building blocks of amino acids and can increase mental alertness, suppress the appetite, and has a positive, effect in reducing the symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease. (prohealth.com)
Plants mainly synthesize phenylalanine through a chain of chemical reactions that converts the organic acid arogenate to phenylalanine. (purdue.edu)
Phenylalanine is an aromatic amino acid that serves as a building block for many compounds essential to plant structure, reproduction, defense and communication. (purdue.edu)
Phenylalanine is also used to synthesize other compounds such as benzoic acid, a component of cancer-treating drugs. (purdue.edu)
The researchers were surprised to find that in the alternative pathway phenylpyruvate is converted into phenylalanine by taking a nitrogen group from tyrosine, another essential amino acid. (purdue.edu)
Other essential amino acid such as Phenylalanine, Methionine, Isoleucine and Tryptophan were found at 4.54%, 4.35%, 4.25% and 2.36% respectively. (omicsonline.org)
L-Phenylalanine plays a role in the synthesis of amino acids. (bodybuilding.com)
While we are discussing "brain food" type Amino Acids, we can find two further examples in the other superstars on our present agenda - Tyrosine and Phenylalanine. (indianjmedsci.org)
Certain instances of chronic pain have responded well to therapeutic use of Phenylalanine supplements, again owing to another of the neurochemicals the brain can produce from this Amino Acid. (indianjmedsci.org)
Such pain relieving neurochemicals are called endorphins and the Amino Acid Phenylalanine can prompt their release in the bloodstream where they travel directly to the traumatized tissue's nerve endings and there proceed to block the pain receptor sites in key positions along the nerve fibers. (indianjmedsci.org)
Because they cannot synthesize enough tyrosine from phenylalanine, tyrosine becomes essential in the diet of PKU patients. (humanelivingnet.net)

Valine is one of three branched-chain amino acids, which has stimulant activity. (netmeds.com)

Maize ogi, though widely consumed, has poor nutritional quality due to deficiency in some essential amino acids including L-lysine, L-tryptophan, and L-methionine in maize [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
It is important to state that L-methionine is the third limiting amino acid in normal maize after L-lysine and L-tryptophan and it is the first limiting amino acid in legumes. (hindawi.com)

There is one amino acid that is conditionally essential. (sporcle.com)
Type "Essential (Conditionally)" for this amino acid. (sporcle.com)
Others are considered conditionally essential amino acids, meaning that they're nonessential (i.e., your body produces them) except under specific circumstances, such as illness or stress. (mindbodygreen.com)
Your body uses essential amino acids to produce nonessential and conditionally essential amino acids, which makes them of vital importance. (mindbodygreen.com)
In addition, stunted children had 10 to 40 percent lower concentrations of other nutritional markers, such as conditionally essential amino acids (arginine, glycine, glutamine), nonessential amino acids (asparagine, glutamate, serine) and six different sphingolipids. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Six other amino acids are considered conditionally essential in the human diet, meaning their synthesis can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress. (wn.com)
This product is a precise blend of Essential Branched Chain and Conditionally Essential Amino Acids. (vitaminking.com.au)
The remaining 11 amino acids that are nonessential amino acids are categorised as conditionally essential. (netmeds.com)
Conditionally essential amino acids are ones that most humans can produce from other amino acids, and are not normally required in your diet. (humanelivingnet.net)
Taurine: a conditionally essential amino acids in humans? (corsetbride.com)
Six are "conditionally essential," meaning we don't need to eat them except under extraordinary circumstances, such as after severe injuries or during extreme training, when our body can't produce enough of them. (beachbodyondemand.com)

Lysine: Considered to be an essential building block for protein, Lysine is necessary for growth and proper bone development in children. (prohealth.com)
Substitution by aspartic acid, lysine or tyrosine totally eliminated androgen binding and the mutated androgen receptors did not have any transcriptional activating potential with either R1881, R5020 or estradiol. (eur.nl)
Everyone always asked did I try L-Lysine and I had tried it but I obviously needed a range or Amino Acids because this product works. (procapslabs.com)
Histidine, lysine, branched chain amino acids-do you really need to know the difference? (beachbodyondemand.com)

5.4% NephrAmine® (Essential Amino Acid Injection) is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution containing crystalline essential amino acids plus histidine . (rxlist.com)
Each 250 mL unit provides Rose's recommended daily intake of essential amino acids 1 plus 625 mg of histidine, considered essential for uremics. (rxlist.com)
2 Histidine is considered an essential amino acid in uremic patients. (rxlist.com)
In month 9, Threonine and Histidine were found at the highest amounts of essential amino acid, this was 5.85% and 2.96%, respectively. (omicsonline.org)
In infants, there are addition 2 essential amino acids which are Arginine and Histidine. (omicsonline.org)
The essential amino acid histidine is needed for the growth and repair of tissue, particularly for the maintenance of myelin sheaths-sleeves of fatty tissue that protect nerve cells, ensuring that they're able to send and receive messages. (mindbodygreen.com)
One important note: Adults can typically produce enough histidine from other amino acids, but children need to obtain histidine from food. (mindbodygreen.com)
Histidine recently joined the "essential" ranks. (beachbodyondemand.com)

Essential amino acids supplements have the tremendous advantage of being in free-form. (sportyshealth.com.au)
Individuals with digestive difficulties may find essential amino acids supplements more helpful than standard protein powders for this reason-they do not need to be digested by acids and enzymes, which we may not always have enough of. (sportyshealth.com.au)
You may wish to try essential amino acids supplements between meals, to maximise muscle protein synthesis, or take them immediately before or during exercise, to offset the catabolic effects of strenuous training. (sportyshealth.com.au)
This can be done through amino acid supplements, but also through certain foods that contain naturally high levels of the essential amino acids your body cannot produce on its own. (elephantjournal.com)
At Evergreen.ie, we stock a vast selection of amino acid supplements. (evergreen.ie)
Our amino acid supplements are available in many forms including tablets, capsules, liquids, chewable vitamins, sprays and powders so you are sure to find something that suits your needs perfectly. (evergreen.ie)
Only the best, most trusted brands of amino acid supplements are available including Solgar, Viridian, Terranova, Higher Nature, NHP and Patrick Holford to name but a few! (evergreen.ie)
Food supplements are an effective and easy way to ensure your body is getting the adequate levels of amino acids it requires, as modern diets often lack all of the amino acids that we need to stay healthy. (evergreen.ie)
Restore these essential building blocks for the body with Pure Clean Performance FUNDAMINOS™ dietary supplements. (biketiresdirect.com)
To sort this out, a combination of vegan amino and essential amino acid powder provides high-quality plant-based essential amino acid supplements for athletic performance for women and men. (biketiresdirect.com)
Unlike other incomplete amino acid blends or protein powder formulas, these supplements have been clinically proven to be rapidly absorbed and fully utilized by the body. (biketiresdirect.com)
We also offer custom blended amino acid supplements. (forresthealth.com)
Fitshape Amino 2200 consists of a blend of top notch ingredients, including supplements that are specifically developed to help both athletes and non-athletes shape their bodies the right way. (summer365.co.uk)
Essential Amino Energy by Optimum Nutrition is a perfect product to be consumed alone or in combination with other powdered supplements that optimize the action of mental concentration, physical energy, nitric oxide production and achieve a faster recovery, after any physical activity. (masmusculo.com)
Over the decades, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplements have been some of the most popular (and profitable) products on the market. (priceplow.com)

s.com Essential Amino Acids (EAA) - BCAA Powder - Muscle Buildi. (ebay.com)
Our Impact EAA is a super-convenient powder, containing all nine of the essential amino acids, to make the ideal workout shake. (myprotein.com)
Flavored with Lemon and Lime essential oils and formulated with wolfberry powder, this refreshing post-workout blend is naturally sweetened and has no added sugar or artificial sweeteners. (youngliving.com)
Samples were extracted by using Hydrochloric acid 6M and Thioglycolic acid 4% at a ratio of 1:1:1 (fish powder : HCl : Thioglycolic acid). (omicsonline.org)
Amino Acid Powder with Caffeine from Natural Sources! (bodybuilding.com)
Das 100% Amino Essentials Powder punktet vor allem durch seinen leckeren Geschmack und das bei nur 0,1g Zucker pro Portion. (ironmaxx.de)
Amino Acid Complex Powder (Hydrolysed Milk Protein), Bulking agent: Microcrystalline Cellulose, di-Calcium Phosphate, Magnesium Stearate, Anticaking agent: Silicon Dioxide, Glazing Agent: hypromellose. (bodykind.com)
If you are looking for a broad-spectrum amino blend, then you should select All-Basic Powder or BAM caps. (forresthealth.com)
Easy to Mix Anytime Energy Powder with Amino Acids. (vitadigest.com)
Shanghai Xintai Chemicals Co., Ltd. was founded in Shanghai in 1995,We are specialized in Amino acid series, amino acid powder, Fertilizers,feed grade amino acid, Food additives, Feed additives, pharmaceutical raw material, alanine amino acid and so on. (manufacturer.com)
Gen-Tec Nutraceuticals source and package this 100% pure pharmaceutical grade Free Form Amino Acid powder to ensure that the product you purchase meets the extremely high Gen-Tec standard. (vitaminking.com.au)
L-glutamine free form amino acid in convenient powder form. (pharmacydirect.co.nz)

Cysteine (or sulfur-containing amino acids), tyrosine (or aromatic amino acids), and arginine are always required by infants and growing children. (wikipedia.org)
L-arginine is an amino acid necessary for protein synthesis. (nutritionexpress.com)
Although the body can synthesize it, L-arginine is considered a semi-essential amino acid. (nutritionexpress.com)
The formula used by Optimum Nutrition is created based on a combination of an optimal index of free amino acids with rapid absorption and arginine, which causes intense vascular pumping. (masmusculo.com)
One such amino acid is arginine which the body needs when combatting against cancer and should be supplemented via diet. (netmeds.com)

Racemic methionine is a synthesized amino acid similar to natural methionine, and is often added to pet foods and some processed products. (elephantjournal.com)
Methionine is an essential amino acid that plays a distinct role both in protein structure and in metabolism. (netmeds.com)
Methionine is the clean-up man of the essential nine. (beachbodyondemand.com)

The total nitrogen content of a 250 mL unit is approximately 1.6 grams (10 g of protein equivalent) in 14 grams of amino acids. (rxlist.com)
Three grams of nitrogen per day provided as essential amino acids with adequate calories produce nitrogen equilibrium in many stable patients with chronic uremia . (rxlist.com)
The usual methods of determining individual patient requirements for amino acids such as nitrogen balance or daily body weight are difficult to perform or interpret in the uremic patient. (rxlist.com)
Rate of rise of blood urea nitrogen generally diminishes with infusion of essential amino acids. (rxlist.com)
Generally, 250 to 500 mL of 5.4% NephrAmine® (Essential Amino Acid Injection), containing approximately 1.6 to 3.2 grams of nitrogen (in 13.4 to 26.8 grams of essential amino acids), are given daily. (rxlist.com)
The key elements of an amino acid are carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , and nitrogen , though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. (wn.com)
Yeast assimilable nitrogen or YAN is the combination of Free Amino Nitrogen (FAN), ammonia (NH 3 ) and ammonium (NH 4 + ) that is available for the wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to use during fermentation . (wn.com)
When the protein intake of such dogs is completely replaced by the growth mixture (Rose) of crystalline amino acids, plasma protein production is excellent, weight and nitrogen balance are maintained. (rupress.org)
The findings indicate that the growth mixture of amino acids should be a valuable addition to transfusion and infusion therapy in disease states associated with deficient nitrogen intake or tissue injury and accelerated nitrogen loss, including shock, burns, and major operative procedures. (rupress.org)
Essential amino acid which is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. (abcam.com)
Plant roots incorporate inorganic nitrogen into the amino acids glutamine, glutamic acid, asparagine and aspartic acid, which together serve as the primary metabolites of nitrogen transport to other tissues. (biologists.org)
or γ- 15 N). The metabolic fate of the dietary 15 N and 13 C was traced using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Nitrogen was the major contributor to the observed amino acid isotopomers with one additional unit mass (M+1). (biologists.org)
However, there was differential incorporation, with the amine nitrogen of asparagine being incorporated into other amino acids more efficiently than the amide nitrogen. (biologists.org)
Aspartic acid aminotransferase and asparagine synthase use glutamic acid and glutamine, respectively, as nitrogen donors to produce aspartic acid and asparagine. (biologists.org)
Protein molecules are 16% nitrogen, an essential body nutrient. (indianjmedsci.org)
Amino Acids are the body's chief supply of nitrogen which is used up in the functions of tissue repair, enzyme manufacture and the cumulative effects of stress both physical and emotional. (indianjmedsci.org)
Amino acids are organic compounds made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, together with the different side-chain groups. (netmeds.com)
It is an essential amino acid that is required for several important functions such as maintaining nitrogen balance in adults, promotes growth and development in infants. (netmeds.com)
Amino acids are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and (in some cases) sulfur bonded in characteristic formations. (encyclopedia.com)
In the amino group, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to each other and then to nitrogen, whereas the carboxyl group has two separate oxygen atoms strung between a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom. (encyclopedia.com)
Protein molecules are composed of amino acids, which contain nitrogen and sometimes sulphur. (humanelivingnet.net)
the nitrogen of amino acids converted to ammonia is toxic to the body. (corsetbride.com)
They were traditionally classified as nutritionally essential or non-essential for mammals, birds and fish based on nitrogen balance or growth. (ozonahockey.com)
A series of nitrogen balance experiments was carried out to determine the relationship of the essential and nonessential amino acid portions of the nitrogen requirement to the protein reserve status of the adult rooster. (ozonahockey.com)

This is why Pure Clean Performance FUNDAMINOS™ offers a unique and proprietary blend of the eight essential amino acids the body needs to support and strengthen its muscular, skeletal, enzymatic and hormonal systems. (biketiresdirect.com)
PerfectAmino ® contains the eight essential amino acids the body needs to support and maintain its muscular, skeletal, enzymatic, and hormonal systems. (bodyhealth.com)

Both these Aminos act as natural sources or precursors to the brain's own production of neurochemicals which are natural chemical substances that directly affect brain activity - emotions, feelings of well-being - and which the body can manufacture from raw amino acid materials. (indianjmedsci.org)
William Cumming Rose , through experiments on selectively feeding rats, initially determined what was essential for them by noting their physiological progress with and without various aminos. (scienceforums.net)
Essential Amino Acids are recommended for anyone looking to increase their daily intake of aminos conveniently. (com.pk)
ATP SCENCE VEGAN ESSENTIAL AMINOS Vegan-friendly - Don't be fooled, ATP Science's brand new formula may be entirely plant-based, but it certainly doesn't compromise on taste or quality. (powersupps.com.au)

As the average diet generally doesn't include many EAA-rich foods, and with many others struggling to digest and utilise the nutrients to its full capacity, Essential Amino Acid supplementation has become a popular choice for many athletes to get the most out of their training. (australiansportsnutrition.com.au)
Consequently, only a subset of the amino acids used in protein synthesis are essential nutrients. (wikipedia.org)
Without a proper balance of nutrients, an essential amino acid deficiency can interfere with the production of hormones, digestive enzymes, and neurotransmitters. (biketiresdirect.com)
It also maintains the acid-base and electrolyte balance in the system and transports oxygen and nutrients. (netmeds.com)

Here's what you need to know about them-including the benefits of the nine amino acids that are considered "essential. (mindbodygreen.com)
Essential amino acids (EAA) consist of a group of nine amino acids that animals are unable to synthesize via de novo pathways. (mdpi.com)

Our bodies need twenty different amino acids, but we are able to make the other twelve kinds from these eight, which we must get from food. (forresthealth.com)
There are about 20 different amino acids that are sequenced and folded to combine in boundless ways. (netmeds.com)

From preventing muscle breakdown and encouraging growth to improving and enhancing energy, Essential Amino Acid supplementation is the perfect solution for helping to protect and repair your body during. (australiansportsnutrition.com.au)
These three amino acids have special application, do very specialized work in the body and can actually be taken as extra supplementation in specific cases of need. (indianjmedsci.org)
Results suggest that the Overtime essential amino acid supplementation combined with training improves overall athletic performance in the older sedentary population. (wku.edu)
Amino Acid supplementation is ideal for individuals engaging in intensive exercise. (vitaminking.com.au)
Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body and must be acquired through protein consumption or supplementation. (bulldognutrition.com)

It also contains all essential amino acids (often described as the building blocks of the human body) and so-called BCAA's, to help you build fat free muscles and a great resilience. (summer365.co.uk)

To further elucidate the role of threonine 868 on androgen binding capacity, specificity and functional activity, threonine 868 was substituted by six different amino acid residues. (eur.nl)

The objective of nutritional management of renal decompensation is the provision of sufficient amino acid and caloric support for protein synthesis without greatly exceeding the renal capacity to excrete metabolic wastes. (rxlist.com)
If you're familiar with amino acids, you'll likely be aware that they are the key nutrient for the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis. (australiansportsnutrition.com.au)
Chemix EAA contains specific ratios of all nine essential amino acids at a much higher dose compared to most other EAA products on the market, based on research that indicates optimal EAA levels for protein synthesis post-workout. (australiansportsnutrition.com.au)
But one of the key themes that should pop out is that many of the essential amino acids are involved in protein synthesis-and not just the three branched-chain amino acids. (bodybuilding.com)
And research has shown that supplementing essential amino acids in conjunction with resistance training has an additive effect on stimulating muscle protein synthesis through this pathway compared to just resistance training. (bodybuilding.com)
The translation for you: Essential amino acids can help maximize the hard work we put in at the gym to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. (bodybuilding.com)
Building on a previous study that showed taking an essential amino acid and carbohydrate combination during resistance exercise stimulated muscle protein synthesis, scientists from the University of Texas showed that taking this same solution following resistance exercise further increased muscle protein synthesis. (nutritionexpress.com)
Additionally, if the amino acids supplied are not in the proper, or ideal, ratio in relation to the needs of the animal, then amino acids in excess of the least limiting amino acid will be deaminated and likely used as a source of energy rather than towards body protein synthesis. (ozonahockey.com)

needed for carnitine synthesis, which aids in mitochondrial health and the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to energy. (sportyshealth.com.au)
The same goes for the essential fatty acids also. (scienceforums.net)
I would like to know about the study/studies which concluded that they (9 essential amino acids and essential fatty acids) are really not synthesized in the body. (scienceforums.net)
2) Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were not measured. (preprints.org)
1/3 of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PFA) of vegetable origin and cold water fatty fish. (codifra.fr)
The polyunsaturated fatty acids are divided into omega-6 and omega-3. (codifra.fr)
This double imbalance Fatty acids - Omega-6 / Omega-3 has serious consequences for the cardiovascular system and contributes to an inflammatory condition and chronic allergies. (codifra.fr)
Ingredients Calcium casein, soy protein isolate, fatty acids (anti-caking agent), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (coating), whey protein, magnesium salts of fatty acids (anti-caking agent), cross-linked sodium, carboxymethyl (binder) and carnauba wax (rinse aid). (summer365.co.uk)

This is the first indication that the synthesis of aromatic amino acids can occur outside of the plastids, Widhalm said. (purdue.edu)

Our Impact EAA offers a superior blend of all nine essential amino acids, with zero calories and zero sugar, * so that you can get the amino acids you need without derailing your training. (myprotein.com)
This Impact EAA blend has the same essential amino acid profile as our bestselling Impact Whey Protein, but has an even faster amino acid absorption rate, 1 making it the ideal choice for fast-acting amino acids. (myprotein.com)
What's more, this amino acid blend is entirely free from calories, fat, and sugar,* making it a great fit for any lifestyle, especially for those following a low-calorie diet. (myprotein.com)
This blend is the perfect addition to your gym routine to help you keep on top of your amino intake. (myprotein.com)

Stocking only the most reputable brands on the market, you'll find a huge range of quality Essential Amino Acids brought to you by Scivation, ATP Science, Optimum Nutrition, EHP Labs, Gen-Tec, and more. (australiansportsnutrition.com.au)
5.4% NephrAmine ( essential amino acid ) Injection is amino acids used in conjunction with other measures, to provide nutritional support for uremic patients, particularly when oral nutrition is infeasible or impractical. (rxlist.com)
Nevertheless, considering its broad distribution, its many cytoprotective attributes, and its functional significance in cell development, nutrition, and survival, taurine is undoubtedly one of the most essential substances in the body. (biomedsearch.com)
Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
Gen-Tec Nutrition Essential Amino Acids - Amino Acids are the building blocks of protein. (mrsupplement.com.au)
Optimum Nutrition Essential Amino Chewables (Orange Pinea. (evergreen.ie)
the rest are non-essential (can be manufactured by the body with proper nutrition). (forresthealth.com)
Drs. Coker and Wolfe are Managing Partners and Co-Owners of Essential Blends, LLC that have received funding through the Small Business Innovations in Research from the National Institutes of Health to develop clinical nutrition products. (preprints.org)
Essential Amino Energy by Optimum Nutrition also stimulates blood flow pumping. (masmusculo.com)
Essential Amino Energy by Optimum Nutrition provides a minimum of calories that does not modify the diet to be followed in a training program. (masmusculo.com)
Optimum Nutrition is a company that has developed Essential Amino Energy to meet the demands during intense training periods. (masmusculo.com)
The formula created by Optimum Nutrition for its Essential Amino Energy product optimizes energy levels and mental concentration, also improves the process of amino acid transport and helps the of nitric oxide production in the human body. (masmusculo.com)
Essential Amino Energy by Optimum Nutrition also improves muscle recovery process after physical exercise. (masmusculo.com)
Essential Amino Energy by Optimum Nutrition you can now help your body to take the next level, growing better and faster and as a result, be able to follow the most intense training programs. (masmusculo.com)
Essential Amino Energy by Optimum Nutrition contains caffeine so it is not recommended to consume after 5:00 pm if you have sleep disorder. (masmusculo.com)
Optimum Nutrition Amino Energy combines a broad spectrum of key essential and non-essential amino acids with natural caffeine derived from green tea extract and green coffee extract to enhance energy. (mmfitness.com.au)
Who is Optimum Nutrition Amino Energy suitable for? (mmfitness.com.au)
How do I use Optimum Nutrition Amino Energy? (mmfitness.com.au)
Sports nutrition products included in this category are formulated with some of these amino acids in order to cover certain needs. (fitnessdigital.se)
Amino acid solution for parenteral nutrition. (ozonahockey.com)

These five are alanine , aspartic acid , asparagine , glutamic acid and serine (i.e. (wn.com)
What you need is the ultimate endurance-supporting, fatigue-postponing amino, beta alanine! (prosource.net)
Essential Amino Energy contains in its formula free-form micronized amino acids, beta alanine, green tea extract and green coffee extract. (masmusculo.com)
However-fun fact-it's the amino acid that combines with beta alanine to make carnosine, the stuff in your muscles that buffers acidification so that they can work longer. (beachbodyondemand.com)

Meat, along with certain species of fish and seafood, is a rich source of taurine, an important amino acid whose concentration in eggs, milk, and plant foods ranges from negligible to none[Laidlow SA][Pasantes-Morales H]. Taurine is found in high concentrations in the heart, brain, and central nervous system, where it helps stabilize the cellular response to nervous stimulation. (veganforum.com)
Review: taurine: a 'very essential' amino acid. (biomedsearch.com)
All ocular tissues contain taurine, and quantitative analysis of ocular tissue extracts of the rat eye revealed that taurine was the most abundant amino acid in the retina, vitreous, lens, cornea, iris, and ciliary body. (biomedsearch.com)
Interestingly, taurine satisfies many of the criteria considered essential for inclusion in the inventory of neurotransmitters, but evidence of a taurine-specific receptor has yet to be identified in the vertebrate nervous system. (biomedsearch.com)

Nonessential amino acids (AA), particularly glycine and serine, recently have received increasing attention in the context of crude protein (CP) reduction in poultry feed. (ozonahockey.com)

GC-MS assays also showed that, even with an excess of dietary labeled glutamine, glutamic acid, asparagine or aspartic acid, the overall content of these amino acids in aphid bodies was mostly the product of catabolism of dietary amino acids and subsequent re-synthesis within the aphids. (biologists.org)
Phloem-feeding insects benefit from having evolved rapid and efficient pathways for the uptake and metabolic conversion of glutamine, glutamic acid, asparagine and aspartic acid into essential amino acids. (biologists.org)

However, protein cannot be used directly by the body and must be digested and catabolized from its food source into isolated singular amino acids. (prohealth.com)
The body must then recombine or anabolize these amino acids into protein. (prohealth.com)
The body's protein metabolism uses a base of essential amino acids to create 150 or more others inside the body, which on an ongoing basis recombine and produce some 40,000 protein types on an as needed-basis. (prohealth.com)
The end result will be that the body will break down its own protein structure, including healthy muscle, to meet its need for isolated singular amino acids. (prohealth.com)
Essential amino acids can be defined as amino acids that your body needs, but can't produce itself. (myprotein.com)
Dosage of NephrAmine® above one gram of essential amino acids per kg of body weight per day is not recommended. (rxlist.com)
As long as the complimentary amino acids appear in the next meal or two that day, the body will have what it needs to make protein. (veganforum.com)
Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. (curehunter.com)
While you need all 20 amino acids to function optimally, some of these are produced naturally by your body, making them nonessential amino acids . (mindbodygreen.com)
There are nine essential amino acids that must be present in sufficient amounts for the body to grow and repair muscle tissue. (gasparinutrition.com)
Essential amino acids are considered essential because they cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from diet, Semba says. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Insufficient intake of essential amino acids can not only impact growth but could also adversely affect multiple metabolic pathways in the body since they play diverse roles in human health. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
R C G Q P Y). Five amino acids are dispensable in humans, meaning they can be synthesized in the body. (wn.com)
Six amino acids are non-essential (dispensable) in humans, meaning they can be synthesized in sufficient quantities in the body. (wikipedia.org)
The net protein utilization is profoundly affected by the limiting amino acid content (the essential amino acid found in the smallest quantity in the foodstuff), and somewhat affected by salvage of essential amino acids in the body. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acids make up about 75% of the human body. (elephantjournal.com)
Unlike fats and starches , amino acids cannot be stored in the body for long periods of time. (elephantjournal.com)
These amino acids play important roles throughout the body, not just in muscle building, but also in recovery and general health. (mrsupplement.com.au)
So it is emphasized that these 9 amino acids must be compulsorily ingested from the food only, so that body is not deprived of them. (scienceforums.net)
At the low end of the spectrum are branched chain amino acids - only 1% of their content is utilized by the body with 99% resulting in waste that your body must then process and eliminate. (bodyhealth.com)
I'm thrilled to be able to now offer PerfectAmino - same amino acid content and body utilization as MAP*, with verified purity, quality and affordable value! (bodyhealth.com)
The essential amino acids in PerfectAmino are in the exact proportions needed for maximum utilization by the body. (bodyhealth.com)
It is important to know how much of each AA is present, as some amino acids exert specific effects on body systems that can impact lipid metabolism. (preprints.org)
8 Amino Acids are indispensable as the body cannot synthesize them. (codifra.fr)
BURN FAT FASTER - Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) help your body burn fat faster while protecting your muscles. (summer365.co.uk)
Perfect examples of this are the nine essential amino acids that your body cannot produce. (suppsrus.com.au)
Working out and dieting can drain the body of amino acids, potentially making it more difficult to continue adding on muscle. (suppsrus.com.au)
Essential amino acids are those that cannot be made by the body , and must be obtained through the diet. (priceplow.com)
Long chains of amino acids are linked to peptide bonds which form the primary structure and determines its role in the body. (netmeds.com)
Essential amino acids cannot be synthesised in the body and must be supplemented through diet. (netmeds.com)
When we eat a diet rich in protein, it is broken down into amino acids which are utilised by the body for several processes like building muscle mass and regulating the immune system. (netmeds.com)
All of the amino acids in the human body, except glycine, are either right-hand or left-hand versions of the same molecule, meaning that in some amino acids the positions of the carboxyl group and the R -group are switched. (encyclopedia.com)
Essential amino acids are those that the body cannot synthesize by itself and which must therefore be consumed directly through diet. (fitnessdigital.se)
An Essential Amino Acid cannot be synthesised or created by the body and therefore must be supplied from the diet. (probikekit.com.au)
Don't you have to carefully combine certain plant foods with certain amino acids to make "complete" protein that your body can use? (humanelivingnet.net)
All the essential and nonessential amino acids are present in any single one of these foods in amounts that meet or exceed your needs, even if you are an endurance athlete or body builder. (humanelivingnet.net)
Whenever you eat, your body stores amino acids, and then withdraws them when it needs them to make protein. (humanelivingnet.net)
Your body puts together amino acids from food to make protein throughout the day. (humanelivingnet.net)
Amino acids are categorized into two types - non-essential amino acids (can be synthesized by the body) and essential amino acids which cannot, and have to be provided from the diet. (ozonahockey.com)
To do this, the body uses building blocks called amino acids. (beachbodyondemand.com)

Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from 178 INSULlN IN AMINO ACID METABOLISM muscle amino acids below it. (corsetbride.com)

Below are reviews of Amino Complex 500mg - 8 Amino Acids - 45 Tablets by bodykind customers. (bodykind.com)
Amino 2200 is available in a free form as well as tablets. (summer365.co.uk)
Fitshape Amino 2200 is available in both packages of 150 and 325 tablets. (summer365.co.uk)

Thus, these predominant dietary amino acids are not passed directly to Buchnera endosymbionts for synthesis of essential amino acids, but are rather are produced de novo , most likely by endogenous aphid enzymes. (biologists.org)
PerfectAmino is recommended in the dietary managment of those individuals with inadequate amino acids intake. (advancedbionutritionals.com)
Dietary requirements of "nutritionally non-essential amino and non-essential amino acids. (ozonahockey.com)

Stomach ulcers responded because the Glutamine protected ulcerated stomach wall tissue from stomach acids and thereby assisted healing. (indianjmedsci.org)

Protein also helps tissue form, regulates the body's water and acid-base balance, and stimulates the production of antibodies. (prohealth.com)
As the building blocks of protein, Amino Acids make up a large portion of our cells, muscles and tissues and play an important role in facilitating our body's ability to repair and refuel. (australiansportsnutrition.com.au)
The lack of just one essential amino acid can reduce your body's ability to build and maintain muscle. (biketiresdirect.com)
HELPS BOOST YOUR ENDURANCE - BCAA are amino acids that are essential for the body's health. (summer365.co.uk)

On the other hand, the liver dysfunction can influence the disposition and metabolic pathways of certain amino acids, e.g. (preprints.org)

Essential versus nonessential amino acids. (mindbodygreen.com)
This makes it sort of unique in that it's both essential and nonessential, depending on your age. (mindbodygreen.com)
These foods will also contain a substantial amount of nonessential amino acids. (sportyshealth.com.au)
Essential and nonessential amino acids in the urine of General description It contains 19 amino acids. (ozonahockey.com)

But I feel a little sorry for Frances Moore Lapp , who - 40 years ago - launched the theory that vegans and vegetarians needed to eat certain combinations of food, in the same meal even, so that the plant ingredients with incomplete essential amino acids could combine to form a complete protein. (veganforum.com)
Chemix's cutting-edge essential amino acid formula contains research-backed ingredients offered at clinical and efficacious doses and powerful essential amino acids to deliver the ultimate performance and recovery formula. (australiansportsnutrition.com.au)

It appears that plant aromatic amino acid metabolism is even more dynamic than we gave it credit for," he said. (purdue.edu)
We hypothesize that essential amino acid metabolism is altered following bariatric surgery and that this may reflect altered muscle metabolism. (sages.org)
A quick review of the literature regarding the effects of essential amino acids on lipids and processes that impact their metabolism would help advance the Discussion and provide guidance to future research. (preprints.org)
Metabolism of Amino Acids General Aspects: The amino acids undergo certain common reactions like transamination followed by deamination for the liberation of ammonia. (corsetbride.com)
The amino group of the amino acids is utilized for the formation of urea which is an excretory end product of protein metabolism. (corsetbride.com)
advantages and disadvantages of biotechnology pdf Non essential amino acids are synthesized from intermediates of metabolism or, from essential amino acids. (corsetbride.com)
protein aminoacids synthesis of urea is the end product of protein metabolism (amino acid metabolism). (corsetbride.com)
Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress. (wikipedia.org)

5 Grams of Free Form Amino Acids per serving. (vitadigest.com)

6 capsules cover 25% of the recommended daily amount of each essential amino acid recommended by the WHO for a 155 lb. (70 kg) adult. (livingclean.com)
ESSENTIAL AMINO PROTEIN's convenient and easy-to-swallow capsules contain a perfectly balanced, mild and easy-to-absorb source of amino acids that renders typical protein powders obsolete. (procapslabs.com)

Essential amino acid were extracting by 6 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) using the EZ-Fast technology technique and afterwards the quality and quantity was analyzed by using the GC-MS. The highest amounts of essential amino acid were found in Pangasius bocourti aged 1 month. (omicsonline.org)
EDIT: And I didn't notice this before, but if you scroll down to protein, you can click on 'more info' and it drops down to show you the amounts of every amino acid, essential and non. (veganforum.com)
The following table lists the WHO and United States recommended daily amounts currently in use for essential amino acids in adult humans, together with their standard one-letter abbreviations. (wikipedia.org)
Certain traditional combinations of foods, such as corn and beans, or beans and rice, contain the essential amino acids necessary for humans in adequate amounts. (wikipedia.org)
Animals that feed on nutritionally unbalanced resources such as phloem sap, which typically has sub-optimal amounts of essential amino acids, have evolved mechanisms for acquiring or synthesizing these amino acids. (biologists.org)
However, certain people have medical conditions that don't allow them to synthesize these amino acids in adequate amounts. (humanelivingnet.net)

It's true that amino acids are the foundation of protein -one of the three macronutrients, along with fats and carbohydrates, that make up the bulk of the human diet. (mindbodygreen.com)
Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from four basic classes of molecule: amino acids, carbohydrates , nucleic acid and lipids (often called fats). (wikipedia.org)

it's an advanced, targeted workout essential to aid in recovery and hydration during and after your hardest workout. (youngliving.com)
Flexx contains this full matrix of essential amino acids and is designed for muscle health, recovery and hydration. (vitaminworld.com)
shortdesc] Essential Amino Acids Improve Recovery and Hydration. (performaxlabs.com)

After 14 d, infants receiving formula A had statistically significant higher urinary levels of essential amino acids compared to infants receiving formula B. CONCLUSION: Our results support the hypothesis of less nutritional value of hydrolysed versus conventional preterm formulae. (biomedsearch.com)

So people say that there is no single vegetable that contains all essential amino acids, but that you can get all of them by consuming a wide variety of vegetables. (veganforum.com)

ESSENTIAL AMINO PROTEIN starts with an ultra-high quality, easy-to-digest protein source delivering exceptional potencies of the Essential and Branched Chain amino acids in the form of easy-to-absorb, simpler peptides and free-form amino acids. (procapslabs.com)

Humans and some farm animals lack the cellular proficiency to synthesize these amino acids (essential), thus, necessitating the need to increase the levels of these nutrient molecules in certain foods in which they are deficient. (hindawi.com)

Protein foods are broken down into amino acids during digestion and are intricate in growth and tissue repair. (mybariatriclife.org)

Amino acids in the L-series are in the same natural form as those found in living plants or animals, and are the form most compatible to the biochemistry of humans. (prohealth.com)
In humans, the liver is responsible for the production of some 80% of the amino acids we need. (prohealth.com)
The inability of humans to synthesize essential amino acids (EAA) necessitates the need to increase the levels of these nutrient molecules in certain foods in which they are deficient. (hindawi.com)
Pyrrolysine , sometimes considered "the 22nd amino acid", is not listed here as it is not used by humans. (wn.com)
Pyrrolysine, which is proteinogenic only in certain microorganisms, is not used by and therefore non-essential for most organisms, including humans. (wikipedia.org)
Pyrrolysine, sometimes considered the "22nd amino acid", is not used by humans. (wikipedia.org)
What negates an alternative theory which presumes that humans indeed are capable of synthesizing those essential amino acids? (scienceforums.net)
It's a misleading term, because it suggest that humans (and other animals, one would assume) can't get enough essential amino acids to make protein from plants. (humanelivingnet.net)
One distinction between plant protein and animal protein is that animal protein contains carnitine, which is not an essential amino acid for humans. (humanelivingnet.net)
Although amino acids are critical for all forms of life, only proteogenic amino acids that humans and animals cannot synthesize de novo and therefore must acquire in their diets are classified as essential. (corsetbride.com)

This is just one example of the importance of amino acids in the functioning of life. (encyclopedia.com)

Dymatize ALL 9 AMINO - All 9 Essential Amino Acids - Train-Recover-Build! (bulldognutrition.com)

A table giving the precise pH and concentrations of amino acids, the UV spectra of Gly at various pHs, the UV. (rsc.org)
Research by Bohe and colleagues (2003) have found that maintaining high concentrations of amino acids in the blood is more important than increasing intramuscular amino acid concentrations. (performaxlabs.com)

L-Theanine - a naturally occurring amino acid found in green tea. (forresthealth.com)
Amino acids naturally occur in protein which helps to build and repair new muscle 1 - and that's important whether you're trying to add size or simply tone-up. (com.pk)

How important are amino acids? (prohealth.com)
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein, which helps to grow and maintain muscle mass. 2 This is a great support for all fitness goals, as maintaining your muscles is super-important to progress - whether you are looking to bulk up or slim down. (myprotein.com)
Amino acids are important in the chemical composition of fish . (omicsonline.org)
The data obtained will also be important for the consumers, as they can obtain sufficient essential amino acids through consumption of Pangasius bocourti fish containing these amino acids. (omicsonline.org)
For example, while some essential amino acids are extra important for muscle development, others play a greater role in collagen production or regulating mood . (mindbodygreen.com)
Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds containing amine (-NH 2 ) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups , usually along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid . (wn.com)
These concepts are important in the livestock industry, because the relative lack of one or more of the essential amino acids in animal feeds would have a limiting effect on growth and thus on feed conversion ratio. (wikipedia.org)
Check out the most important essential amino acids! (prosource.net)
On the other hand, the amino-terminal region of NFAT1(NFATp) and NFATx/NFAT4 is important and sufficient for binding to calcineurin and seems to regulate nuclear translocation ( 16 , 17 , 18 ). (jimmunol.org)
The authors present an interesting study of the effects of essential amino acids on hepatic lipids, which may have important therapeutic implications. (preprints.org)
Using these pills and powders affords you more control over your diet, as you know you will already have a steady resource of important amino acids. (suppsrus.com.au)
It is well-established that the quality (more than the quantity) of protein determines optimum health and physical performance, which is why ESSENTIAL AMINO PROTEIN focuses on quality providing higher levels of the most important, costly and difficult-to-obtain amino acids. (procapslabs.com)

Increase in myofibrillar protein accretion can occur in the very early post-exercise period and can be potentiated by ingestion of essential amino acid (EAA). (nih.gov)

When protein is broken down by digestion the result is 22 known amino acids. (forresthealth.com)

Our Impact EAA is perfect for anyone looking to increase their amino-acid intake in a super-convenient shake - ideal for those wanting an on-the-go boost. (myprotein.com)
While it's true that most plant foods don't contain all nine essential amino acids (or at least not in adequate proportions), vegetarians and vegans can ensure healthy intake by consuming a variety of plant protein sources over the course of a day. (mindbodygreen.com)
It provides a convenient way to reach your daily fluid intake, essential during tough training sessions. (monstersupplements.com)

Anatomy11

Organisms12

Chemicals and Drugs103

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment37

Phenomena and Processes78

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care2

Pathogenesis of cancrum oris (noma): confounding interactions of malnutrition with infection. (1/363)

Total parenteral nutrition in the management of acute renal failure. (2/363)

Criteria for choosing amino acid therapy in acute renal failure. (3/363)

Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. (4/363)

Effects of dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei lesions on intake of an imbalanced amino acid diet. (5/363)

Temporal and differential effects of amino acids on bovine embryo development in culture. (6/363)

Essential amino acids affect interstitial dopamine metabolites in the anterior piriform cortex of rats. (7/363)

A tracer investigation of obligatory oxidative amino acid losses in healthy, young adults. (8/363)

Amino Acid Sequence

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acids

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Amino Acid Substitution

Cloning, Molecular

Amino Acids, Essential

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Sequence Alignment

Amino Acid Motifs

Base Sequence

Escherichia coli

Mutation

Binding Sites

DNA, Complementary

Amino Acids, Aromatic

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Peptide Fragments

Amino Acids, Sulfur

Kinetics

Recombinant Proteins

Leucine

Protein Conformation

Models, Molecular

Structure-Activity Relationship

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Substrate Specificity

DNA

Molecular Weight

Peptides

Protein Binding

Bacterial Proteins

Restriction Mapping

Cell Line

Phylogeny

Alanine

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Genes, Bacterial

Proteins

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

RNA, Messenger

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Protein Structure, Secondary

Plasmids

Conserved Sequence

Isoleucine

Amino Acids, Basic

Lysine

Species Specificity

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

DNA Primers

Carrier Proteins

Codon

Cyanogen Bromide

Trypsin

Glycine

Cattle

Biological Transport

Amino Acids, Diamino

Glutamine

Open Reading Frames

Genes

Valine

Protein Biosynthesis

Excitatory Amino Acids

Methionine

Arginine

Aspartic Acid

Gene Library

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Sequence Deletion

Sequence Analysis

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Nitrogen

Proline

Phenylalanine

Point Mutation