Amino acids essential. Medical search

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter found ubiquitously. It has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE. It may also act as an ecotropic leukemia retroviral receptor.

Enzymes that catalyze either the racemization or epimerization of chiral centers within amino acids or derivatives. EC 5.1.1.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

Peptides composed of two amino acid units.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

Pathogenesis of cancrum oris (noma): confounding interactions of malnutrition with infection. (1/363)

This study showed that impoverished Nigerian children at risk for cancrum oris (noma) had significantly reduced plasma concentrations of zinc (< 10.8 micromol/L), retinol (< 1.05 micromol/L), ascorbate (< 11 micromol/L), and the essential amino acids, with prominently increased plasma and saliva levels of free cortisol, compared with their healthy counterparts. The nutrient deficiencies, in concert with previously reported widespread viral infections (measles, herpesviruses) in the children, would impair oral mucosal immunity. We postulate, subject to additional studies, that evolution of the oral mucosal ulcers including acute necrotizing gingivitis to noma is triggered by a consortium of microorganisms of which Fusobacterium necrophorum is a key component. Fusobacterium necrophorum elaborates several dermonecrotic toxic metabolites and is acquired by the impoverished children via fecal contamination resulting from shared residential facilities with animals and very poor environmental sanitation. (+info)

Total parenteral nutrition in the management of acute renal failure. (2/363)

Malnutrition is frequently present in patients with acute renal failure and may affect morbidity and mortality in this condition. When adequate nourishment cannot be given through the gastrointestinal tract, total parental nutrition with amino acids and hypertonic glucose may have beneficial results. Total parenteral nutrition has been reported to stabilize or reduce serum urea nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus levels, improve wound healing, enhance survival from acute renal failure, and possibly increase the rate of recovery of renal function. The optimal composition of the total parenteral nutrition infusate is unknown. Preliminary results of a double-blind study are reported in which one man received hypertonic glucose alone, two received glucose with essential amino acids (21 g/day), and three received glucose with essential (21 g/day) and nonessential (21 g/day) amino acids. All infusates were isocaloric. No differences were observed in serum urea nitrogen levels, serum urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios or urea appearance rates. Nitrogen balance was negative in all patients. The ratio of essential amino acids/nonessential amino acids were higher and the tyrosine/phenylalanine ratios were lower in plasma in the two patients receiving glucose with essential amino acids. No patient survived the hospitalization. In view of the markedly negative nitrogen balance frequently observed in these and earlier studies, the use of a different composition or quantity of amino acids, a higher energy intake, and anabolic hormones deserve further investigation. (+info)

Criteria for choosing amino acid therapy in acute renal failure. (3/363)

Metabolic studies were performed on 19 patients with acute renal failure. Therapy included intravenous hyperalimentation using 15 to 20 g of essential amino acids or 20 to 40 g of essential plus nonessential amino acids and hypertonic glucose (37 to 50%). The effect of this parenteral feeding appears to be primarily pharmacological. Hypertonic glucose promotes the hyperinsulinemia important to be membrane function, the operation of the sodium pump, and cell metabolism. Administration of high biological value crystalline amino acdis potentiates the effect of insulin by inhibiting protein breakdown and promoting protein synthesis, particularly in muscle. This reduces tissue catabolism and urea formation, and promotes potassium, magnesium, and phosphate homeostasis. The branched-chain ketogenic amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine may be of particular importance. When indicated, administration of renal failure hyperalimentation and peritoneal or hemodialysis can be expected to complement each other and accelerate recovery. This intravenous fluid therapy, in turn, must be coordinated with proper hemodynamics, usually requiring a colloidal solution to maintain intravascular volume, and cardiotrophic agents such as digitalis and dopamine. Early use of renal failure can be expected to demonstrate the most striking response in terms of survival, early recovery from acute renal failure, and the preservation of physiological homeostasis. (+info)

Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. (4/363)

We examined the response of net muscle protein synthesis to ingestion of amino acids after a bout of resistance exercise. A primed, constant infusion of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine was used to measure net muscle protein balance in three male and three female volunteers on three occasions. Subjects consumed in random order 1 liter of 1) a mixed amino acid (40 g) solution (MAA), 2) an essential amino acid (40 g) solution (EAA), and 3) a placebo solution (PLA). Arterial amino acid concentrations increased approximately 150-640% above baseline during ingestion of MAA and EAA. Net muscle protein balance was significantly increased from negative during PLA ingestion (-50 +/- 23 nmol. min-1. 100 ml leg volume-1) to positive during MAA ingestion (17 +/- 13 nmol. min-1. 100 ml leg volume-1) and EAA (29 +/- 14 nmol. min-1. 100 ml leg volume-1; P < 0.05). Because net balance was similar for MAA and EAA, it does not appear necessary to include nonessential amino acids in a formulation designed to elicit an anabolic response from muscle after exercise. We concluded that ingestion of oral essential amino acids results in a change from net muscle protein degradation to net muscle protein synthesis after heavy resistance exercise in humans similar to that seen when the amino acids were infused. (+info)

Effects of dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei lesions on intake of an imbalanced amino acid diet. (5/363)

Within 3 h of ingesting an imbalanced amino acid diet (Imb), rats show attenuated intake, which can be ameliorated by prior administration of the serotonin receptor antagonist tropisetron (Trop). Earlier work in which the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) was electrolytically lesioned (DMNL) determined that this structure plays a role in the early detection of and subsequent adaptation to Imb. However, that study did not address whether cell bodies in the DMN, fibers of passage, or both were involved in the DMNL response to Imb. In the present investigation in experiment 1, rats were given electrolytic DMNL or a sham operation (Sham). The rats were injected with saline (Sal) or Trop just before introduction of Imb. By 3 h Sal-DMNL rats consumed more Imb than did the Sal-Sham rats; intake was normal by 12 h. Trop enhanced Imb intake, with Trop and DMNL being additive. By day 4 the DMNL rats were eating and gaining weight less than were Sham rats. In experiment 2, DMN cell bodies were destroyed by ibotenic acid (Ibo). Sal-injected Ibo-lesioned and Sham rats showed similar food intake depression on Imb; Trop similarly increased Imb intake in both groups. By day 4 both Ibo-L rats were eating and gaining weight less than were Sham rats. In experiment 3, groups of rats were given knife cuts posterior, lateral, ventral, dorsal, or anterior to the DMN. During the first 3 h of consuming Imb, all cuts except posterior enhanced the intake of Imb. Over the next 24 h the anterior cut group continued to eat more Imb than did the Sham rats. In experiment 4 DMNL rats were given novel diets; the DMNL rats did not display a neophilic response. The data suggest that fiber tracts that pass through the DMN may be involved in the early detection of Imb. DMN cell bodies, or fibers of passage, are not involved in the Trop effect. Finally, DMN cell bodies are necessary for proper long-term adaptation to Imb. (+info)

Temporal and differential effects of amino acids on bovine embryo development in culture. (6/363)

The aim of the study was to determine the amino acid requirements of the in vitro-produced bovine embryo as it develops from the zygote to the blastocyst, using a two-step culture system. When added to synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) for the first 72-h culture, Eagle's nonessential amino acids and glutamine (NeGln) significantly increased development to the 8- to 16-cell stage (Day 4 postinsemination [pi]) and subsequent blastocyst development (Day 7 pi). Glutamine alone during the first 72-h culture did not stimulate development to the 8- to 16-cell stage (p > 0.05); however, the removal of glutamine from NeGln reduced the stimulatory effects of the nonessential amino acids. Replacing glutamine with betaine (an organic osmolyte) in NeGln did not stimulate development to the 8- to 16-cell stage compared to culture in SOF, but it did improve subsequent blastocyst development, indicating an osmolytic function of glutamine during the first 72-h culture. The addition of Eagle's essential amino acids and glutamine to SOF, or to medium already containing nonessential amino acids and glutamine for the first 72-h culture, did not affect cleavage to the 8- to 16-cell stage or subsequent blastocyst development (p > 0.05). Beyond Day 4 pi, culture with 20aa (nonessential and essential amino acids and glutamine) increased blastocyst development, total cell number, and the number of cells in both the trophectoderm and inner cell mass, compared to culture with other groups of amino acids (p < 0.05). Substituting betaine for glutamine in 20aa reduced blastocyst formation, indicating a non-osmolytic function of glutamine during the second 72-h culture. Further, there was a significant negative correlation between the concentration of essential amino acids (quarter, half, or single strength) and embryo development during both the first 72-h and second 72-h culture (p < 0.01), indicating that the concentration of essential amino acids was too high during culture of the bovine embryo. This study identified the temporal and differential effects of amino acids during development of the bovine embryo from the zygote to the blastocyst. (+info)

Essential amino acids affect interstitial dopamine metabolites in the anterior piriform cortex of rats. (7/363)

The anterior piriform cortex (APC) is essential for the anorectic reactions to an amino acid-imbalanced diet, and it also responds to repletion of the limiting amino acid. In the present study, we examine the dynamic changes of the interstitial dopamine metabolites in the APC following feeding of either an amino acid-corrected or -imbalanced diet. Microdialysates, collected from the APC, were analyzed using HPLC with electrochemical detection. The concentrations were 19.7 +/- 4.8 microg/L for 3, 4-dyhydroxyphenylacetic acid and 25.1 +/- 4.4 microg/L for homovanillic acid, respectively, in the baseline dialysates. After diet treatments, no significant changes occurred in 3, 4-dyhydroxyphenylacetic acid in the corrected (n = 7) or imbalanced (n = 9) groups vs. the basal group (n = 7). However, after feeding the threonine-corrected diet, the concentration of homovanillic acid was significantly less (P < 0.01) than after the basal and imbalanced diets. The homovanillic acid level in the corrected group was already significantly lower than in the basal group by 20 min (P < 0.05), and reached its lowest level at 70 min (P < 0.05). The concentrations of homovanillic acid in the corrected group remained at this low level until the end of the experiment. The present results introduce the idea that the dopaminergic system is involved in the feeding responses to essential amino acid repletion. (+info)

A tracer investigation of obligatory oxidative amino acid losses in healthy, young adults. (8/363)

BACKGROUND: Estimation of the minimum requirement for indispensable amino acids (IAAs) has been attempted by assuming that obligatory oxidative losses (OOLs) of IAAs can be approximated from nitrogen losses and that the efficiency of utilization of IAAs at requirement intakes is approximately 70%. OBJECTIVE: We wished to determine the rates of OOLs in healthy adults, using L-[1-(13)C]leucine and L-[1-(13)C, methyl-(2)H(3)]methio-nine as tracers, after adjustment to a protein-free diet and how these rates compare with those when either sulfur amino acids (SAAs: methionine and cyst(e)ine) or leucine were removed from an otherwise adequate diet. DESIGN: Eleven subjects were randomly assigned to a 5-d protein-free diet or a 5-d diet providing adequate nitrogen and amino acids except for the SAAs or leucine. A 24-h constant intravenous infusion of [(15)N, (15)N]urea and L-[1-(13)C]leucine (Leu group; n = 5) or L-[1-(13)C, methyl-(2)H(3)]methionine (Met group; n = 6 ) began at 1800 on day 5 and rates of amino acid oxidation were determined. RESULTS: Mean (+/-SD) oxidation rates (mg kg(-)(1) d(-)(1)) of methionine and leucine were 6.4 +/- 1.4 and 24.7 +/- 3.6, respectively, with the protein-free diet; rates were significantly lower (3.9 +/- 2.2 and 7. 2 +/- 3.4, respectively) after the SAA- and leucine-free diets. Urea production was significantly lower (P < 0.01) with the protein-free than with the SAA- or leucine-free diet. CONCLUSIONS: Isotopically determined OOLs for methionine and leucine are consistent with losses predicted from nitrogen excretion, and consistent with our previous measurements of cysteine oxidation as an index of total SAA losses. The data further support our earlier conclusions regarding methionine sparing by cysteine and tentative recommended SAA requirements in adults. (+info)

Essential amino acids (EAAs) are amino acids which are necessary to build proteins in an organism but can not be synthesized by ... Essential amino acids (EAAs) are amino acids that are necessary to build proteins in an organism. The source of complete EAAs ... "Amino acids in food" (PDF). www.livsmedelsverket.se.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) "Protein and Amino Acid ... CS1 maint: url-status, Essential amino acids, Nutrition, Vegetarianism). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_amino_acids_in_plant_food

An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism ... Amino acids that must be obtained from the diet are called essential amino acids. Nonessential amino acids are produced in the ... The distinction between essential and non-essential amino acids is somewhat unclear, as some amino acids can be produced from ... The limiting amino acid is the essential amino acid which is furthest from meeting nutritional requirements. This concept is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_amino_acid

These aromatic amino acids are the derivatives of many secondary metabolites, all essential to a plant's biological functions, ... An aromatic amino acid is an amino acid that includes an aromatic ring. Among the 20 standard amino acids, the following are ... Aromatic amino acids also play a crucial role in glycan-protein interactions. Aromatic amino acids play critical roles in ... Media related to Aromatic amino acids at Wikimedia Commons Aromatic+Amino+Acids at the US National Library of Medicine Medical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acid

Essential Amino Acids. phy-astr.gsu.edu: "Tillery points out that a number of popular ethnic foods involve such a combination, ... This combination contains the essential amino acids necessary for humans in adequate amounts: corn complements beans' relative ... so that in a single dish, one might hope to get the ten essential amino acids. Mexican corn and beans, Japanese rice and ... A nutrient-dense legume, the pinto bean contains many essential nutrients. It is a good source of protein, phosphorus and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinto_bean

"Nutritional Sources of Essential Amino Acids". Retrieved April 28, 2022. "Essential Amino Acids". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu ... Combining a grain with a legume provides a dish that is high in all essential amino acids. Succotash has a long history. An ... "an essential part of the affair." In some parts of the American South, any mixture of vegetables prepared with lima beans and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succotash

Essential amino acids may also vary from species to species. Because of their biological significance, amino acids are ... part of amino acid catabolism (see below). A rare exception to the dominance of α-amino acids in biology is the β-amino acid ... Of the 20 standard amino acids, nine (His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp and Val) are called essential amino acids because ... D-amino acid residues are found in some proteins, but they are rare. Amino acids are designated as α- when the amino nitrogen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid

It is classified as a charge-neutral, polar amino acid. It is non-essential and conditionally essential in humans, meaning the ... Glutamine is the most abundant naturally occurring, nonessential amino acid in the human body, and one of the few amino acids ... Glucogenic amino acids, Proteinogenic amino acids, Medical food, Orphan drugs, Glutamate (neurotransmitter), Multiple Chemboxes ... Glutamine level in the blood serum is the highest among other amino acids and is essential for many cellular functions. Studies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine

PLP is essential to the mechanism of decarboxylation in AADC. In the active enzyme, PLP is bound to lysine-303 of AADC as a ... Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, a class of anti-Parkinson drugs Aromatic amino acids Histidine decarboxylase PDB ... Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase is active as a homodimer. Before addition of the pyridoxal phosphate cofactor, the ... Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid+Decarboxylases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase

The amino acid response pathway is triggered by shortage of any essential amino acid, and results in an increase in activating ... and mobilization of amino acid in an organism. Essential amino acids are crucial to maintain homeostasis within an organism. ... Amino acid response is the mechanism triggered in mammalian cells by amino acid starvation. ... "Adipocyte amino acid sensing controls adult germline stem cell number via the amino acid response pathway and independently of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_response

Prepared solutions generally consist of water and electrolytes; glucose, amino acids, and lipids; essential vitamins, minerals ... "Human essential fatty acid deficiency: treatment by topical application of linoleic acid". Archives of Dermatology. 113 (7): ... In situations where there is no suitable emulsifying agent for a person at risk of developing essential fatty acid deficiency, ... The person receives a nutritional mix according to a formula including glucose, salts, amino acids, lipids and vitamins and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenteral_nutrition

Its protein harbours all essential amino acids. Arthrospira also contain high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), ... These PUFAs contain the γ-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid. Further contents of Arthrospira include vitamins, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrospira

... as with the terms essential amino acid or essential fatty acid, which are so called because they are nutritionally required by ... Complete Guide to Essential Oils Aroma lamp Enfleurage Fragrance oil List of essential oils Tincture Volatility "essential oil ... Reeds, P. J. (2000). "Dispensable and indispensable amino acids for humans". The Journal of Nutrition. 130 (7): 1835S-40S. doi: ... An essential oil is essential in the sense that it contains the essence of the plant's fragrance-the characteristic fragrance ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil

... which catalyze the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to an α-keto acid. In this manner, an amino acid can transfer ... Retrieved 5 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) Bhagavan & Ha, N.V.,Chung-Eun (2015). Essentials Of ... amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase is present only in the liver and kidney. Oxidative deamination is an important step ... in the catabolism of amino acids, generating a more metabolizable form of the amino acid, and also generating ammonia as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_deamination

... "essential amino acids" (amino acid auxotrophy) than of vitamins (cofactor auxotrophy). The osmolytes, sarcosine and glycine ... ic acid.) Most natural amino acids are α-amino acids in the L conformation, but some exceptions exist. Some non-α-amino acids ... a β-amino acid. Taurine is an amino sulfonic acid and not an amino carboxylic acid, however it is occasionally considered as ... amino acids. Other amino acids are solely found in abiotic mixes (e.g. α-methylnorvaline). Over 30 unnatural amino acids have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-proteinogenic_amino_acids

In humans, branched chain amino acids are essential and are degraded by BCATs. In humans, BCATs are homodimers composed of two ... Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are ubiquitous in many organisms, comprising 35% of all proteins and 40% of the amino acids ... The branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases help to produce compounds like isovaleric acid, isobutyric acid, 2- and 3- ... Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BCAT), also known as branched-chain amino acid transaminase, is an aminotransferase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid_aminotransferase

These amino acids form the DDE motif that coordinate divalent metal ions (Mg2+ or Mn2+). These metal ions are essential for the ... A loop containing amino acid residues 140-149 is located in the catalytic-core domain and is important for IN function as ... 2. The catalytic core domain (CCD), which encompasses amino acids 51- 212, contains the active site of IN but it can't catalyze ... 3. The C-terminal domain (CTD), which encompasses amino acids 213-288, binds DNA nonspecifically and its interaction with NTD ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_integrase_inhibitors

... it supplies the host with some essential amino acids. It is therefore probably in the evolutionary process of becoming an ... Numerous genes considered essential for life seem to be missing, suggesting that the species may have achieved organelle-like ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidatus_Carsonella_ruddii

Methionine is an essential amino acid. This means the body cannot produce the amino acid and needs an external source to obtain ... Oftentimes in flocks it is the first limiting amino acids. Methionine contains sulfur which is used to grow feathers and this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalism_in_poultry

... venom is a mixture of neurotoxins; most of these are peptides, chains of amino acids. Many of them interfere with ... These channels are essential for nerve conduction, muscle contraction and many other biological processes. Some of these ... They excrete insoluble compounds such as xanthine, guanine, and uric acid, not requiring water for their removal from the body ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion

"Ketogenic essential amino acids modulate lipid synthetic pathways and prevent hepatic steatosis in mice". PLOS ONE. 5 (8): ... Amino acid metabolism Amino acid metabolism Media related to Ketogenic amino acids at Wikimedia Commons v t e (Articles with ... A ketogenic amino acid is an amino acid that can be degraded directly into acetyl-CoA, which is the precursor of ketone bodies ... Ketogenic amino acids serve important roles in the human body, leading to the study of ketogenic amino acid rich (KAAR) diets ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acid

Essential amino acids cannot be made by the animal. Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to ... As there is no protein or amino acid storage provision, amino acids must be present in the diet. Excess amino acids are ... For all animals, some amino acids are essential (an animal cannot produce them internally) and some are non-essential (the ... A diet that contains adequate amounts of amino acids (especially those that are essential) is particularly important in some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_nutrition

It is found in two amino acids: cysteine and methionine. Chlorine (Cl) is a halogen. It is used as a disinfectant, especially ... It is an essential component of proteins and therefore of life. Oxygen (O) comprising 21% of the atmosphere by volume and is ... Phosphorus (P) is a nonmetal essential to DNA. It is highly reactive, and as such is never found in nature as a free element. ... It is an essential plant micronutrient, required for cell wall strength and development, cell division, seed and fruit ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)

Legumes are also a rich source of essential amino acids. Legumin proteins are insoluble in water because of their hydrophobic ... When treated with sulfuric acid, legumin breaks down to leucine, tyrosine, and glutamic and aspartic acids. Legumin proteins ... Legumins are soluble in very weak acids and alkalies. This protein it is not coagulated by heat. Due to their important storage ... Nucleic Acids Research. 49 (W1): W431-W437. doi:10.1093/nar/gkab314. ISSN 0305-1048. PMC 8262734. PMID 33956157. Srivastava, L ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumin

Tsumori H, Minami T, Kuramitsu HK (June 1997). "Identification of essential amino acids in the Streptococcus mutans ... Additionally, some amino acids between domains A and B form a calcium binding site near the nucleophilic aspartate. The Ca2+ ... Glucansucrase allows the oral bacteria Streptococcus mutans to metabolize sucrose into lactic acid. This lactic acid lowers the ... Glucansucrase (also known as glucosyltransferase) is an enzyme in the glycoside hydrolase family GH70 used by lactic acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucansucrase

The degradation of such essential amino acids provides propanoyl-CoA. This compound is further transformed into propanoic acid ... Essential amino acids, such as valine serve as precursors for the production of the hemolymph toxins of Chrysomelina leaf ... The amino group in β-alanine is then oxidized to yield either an oxime or the nitro-toxin 3-nitropropanoic acid (3-NPA). The ... 2006). "3-Nitropropionic Acid Is a Suicide Inhibitor of Mitochondrial Respiration That, upon Oxidation by Complex II, Forms a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_in_insects

Any of these may be sources of essential amino acids. When proteins are heated they become denatured (unfolded) and change ... Many minerals are also essential in small quantities including iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium chloride and sulfur; and in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking

... it contains all essential amino acids. Rare for any food, it is a good source of alpha-linolenic acid, an omega 3 fatty acid ... and that a scientific approval basis is essential. It says that EU rules set out strict criteria for the acceptance of a drug ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition

... "very essential" amino acid". Molecular Vision. 18: 2673-2686. PMC 3501277. PMID 23170060. (Articles with changed ChemSpider ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystathionine

Ripps H, Shen W (2012). "Review: taurine: a "very essential" amino acid". Molecular Vision. 18: 2673-86. PMC 3501277. PMID ... Raasakka A, Mahootchi E, Winge I, Luan W, Kursula P, Haavik J (January 2018). "Structure of the mouse acidic amino acid ... Taurine is the most abundant amino acid in mammals and plays roles as an antioxidant, membrane stabilizer and neurotransmitter ... GADL1 has 61% homology with another PLP-dependent enzyme cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD). CSAD plays a role in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GADL1

It contains more non-essential amino acids, sodium pyruvate, and vitamins (ascorbic acid (vitamin C), biotin, and ... His 1959 "Minimal Essential Medium" doubles the amount of many amino acids to "conform more closely to the protein composition ... with 13 essential amino acids and 9 vitamins added. BME contains biotin (vitamin B7), which Eagle later found to be superfluous ... supplemented with 13 essential amino acids, and 8 vitamins: thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), nicotinamide ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle's_minimal_essential_medium

They also increase the availability of certain essential amino acids in the muscle, as well as regulate the transcription of a ... Harlow, H.J.; Frank, C.L. (2001). "The role of dietary fatty acids in the evolution of spontaneous and facultative hibernation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernation

"A single amino acid substitution uncouples catalysis and allostery in an essential biosynthetic enzyme in Mycobacterium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Parker

11563-11567 Subbarao EK, London W, Murphy BR (1993). A single amino acid in the PB2 gene of influenza A virus is a determinant ... Production of infectious human respiratory syncytial virus from cloned cDNA confirms an essential role for the transcription ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_R._Murphy

In SARS-CoV, the causative agent of SARS, the N protein is 422 amino acid residues long and in SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent ... Encapsidation of the genome occurs through interactions between N and M. N is essential for viral assembly. N also serves as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_nucleocapsid_protein

... but mammals can only synthesize eleven nonessential amino acids, so nine essential amino acids must be obtained from food. Some ... lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts. All amino acids are synthesized from ... amino acids can be linked in varying sequences to form a huge variety of proteins. Proteins are made from amino acids that have ... which is then transaminated to form an amino acid. Amino acids are made into proteins by being joined in a chain of peptide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

... "humans and chimps have different amino-acid sequences in at least 55% of their proteins, a figure that rises to 95% for humans ... "essential book" and its author "both a distinguished scientist ... and one of our great science writers." The journalist Dick ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endless_Forms_Most_Beautiful_(book)

... activity with a major exception compared to other parasites still retain the bio-synthetic ability of production of amino acid ... those factors reduce the retention and increase the genetic drift leading to an acceleration of the loss of non-essential genes ... Commoner, Barry (June 1964). "Roles Of Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Inheritance". Nature. 202 (4936): 960-968. Bibcode:1964Natur. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_size

The human protein 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 is 37 kDa in size and composed of 324 amino acids. The ... An essential function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. The gene PSMD7 ... Accordingly, misfolded proteins and damaged protein need to be continuously removed to recycle amino acids for new synthesis; ... Additionally, evidence is accumulating that the UPS plays an essential role in malignant transformation. UPS proteolysis plays ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSMD7

Haag Breese E, Uversky VN, Georgiadis MM, Harrington MA (December 2006). "The disordered amino-terminus of SIMPL interacts with ... January 2011). "ChChd3, an inner mitochondrial membrane protein, is essential for maintaining crista integrity and ... protein phosphatase 5 dissociates from heat-shock proteins and is proteolytically activated in response to arachidonic acid and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA1B

Oxygen sensing is essential for homeostasis in all aerobic organisms. A phagocyte-type oxidase, similar to that responsible for ... Schwarzer C, Machen TE, Illek B, Fischer H (2004). "NADPH oxidase-dependent acid production in airway epithelial cells". J. ... Nox-dependent reactive oxygen species modulation by amino endoperoxides can induce apoptosis in high Nox4-expressing cancer ... 2004). "Cutting edge: direct interaction of TLR4 with NAD(P)H oxidase 4 isozyme is essential for lipopolysaccharide-induced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOX4

Some examples also contain stretches of basic amino acids, or stretches of aromatic amino acids thought to reside in the ... Viroporins are not necessarily essential for viral replication, but do enhance growth rates. They are found in a variety of ... Viroporins are usually small - under 100 or 120 amino acid residues - and contain at least one region capable of folding into ... Viroporins can also be considered virulence factors; in viruses in which viroporins are not essential, their pathogenicity is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroporin

... that have amino acid sequences that are at least 85% identical to those encoded by all other members of the species. Marmots ... In Canine minute virus NP1 has been shown to be essential for an early step in viral replication and is also required for the ... Like other parvoviruses, the VP1 unique region contains a phospholipase A(2) motif with a conserved Histidine-Aspartic acid-XXY ... read through of an internal polyadenylation site that is essential for expression of the capsid proteins. Viral replication is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocaparvovirus

found 87% amino acid identity among insect sequences, which shows a high level of molecular convergence among four orders of ... After this essential binding occurs, a dephosphorylation of the alpha subunit occurs which reduces the effect of cardiac ... amino acids and other nutrients into the cell by use of the sodium ion gradient. Another important task of the Na⁺-K⁺ pump is ... ATPase through the change of glutamic acid to aspartic acid.[verification needed] Thus, the insects were found to have a higher ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium–potassium_pump

... essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. The five major minerals in the human body are calcium, phosphorus, potassium ... "Essential Plant Micronutrients. Boron in Idaho" (PDF). University of Idaho. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2009 ... McCall AS, Cummings CF, Bhave G, Vanacore R, Page-McCaw A, Hudson BG (June 2014). "Bromine is an essential trace element for ... Bacteria and fungi play an essential role in the weathering of primary elements that results in the release of nutrients for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)

... amino acids, and chemical signals, such as adenosine, GABA, and glycine. The pre-Bötzinger complex produces two types of ... This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of the respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of ... Other research has also suggested that calcium flow through N-type calcium channels is essential for normal breathing, and is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Bötzinger_complex

19 February 2019). "Exceptionally high δ15N values in collagen single amino acids confirm Neandertals as high-trophic level ... For example, microliths or small stone tools or points were invented around 70,000-65,000 BP and were essential to the ... Isotope analyses performed on single amino acids in Neanderthals' collagen samples shed new light on their debated diet". ... Each member of the group was skilled at all tasks essential to survival, regardless of individual abilities. Theories to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic

Other mutations observed include a nonsense mutation, an in-frame deletion of amino acids and an entire gene deletion. De novo ... PRDM14 is a pluripotency regulator and MED24 is a mediator complex essential in the maintenance of pluripotency. In wild-type ... SON is a large protein consisting of 2426 amino acids and repeat sequences. SON is located within the human chromosomal region ... 2016). "De Novo Mutations in SON Disrupt RNA Splicing of Genes Essential for Brain Development and Metabolism, Causing an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTTK_syndrome

It appears that the medication works by causing depletion of important substrates such as amino acids and/or ions within fungal ... thus preventing the demethylation of lanosterol to ergosterol which is an essential component of the fungal cell membrane. The ... also referred to as undecylenic acid and undecenoic acid, is a type of unsaturated fatty acid that inhibits fungal growth on ... Salts of undecylenic acid such as zinc undecenoate and calcium undecenoate are commonly formulated into antifungal creams, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topical_antifungal_drugs

1988). "Amino-acid and cDNA nucleotide sequences of human Clara cell 10 kDa protein". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 950 (3): 329-37. ... 1999). "Uteroglobin is essential in preventing immunoglobulin A nephropathy in mice". Nat. Med. 5 (9): 1018-25. doi:10.1038/ ... 2002). "Lys 43 and Asp 46 in alpha-helix 3 of uteroglobin are essential for its phospholipase A2 inhibitory activity". Biochem ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uteroglobin

... is able to endure the rapid acidificiation in the phagosome to pH 4.0-4.5 by expressing metabolism genes mainly for amino acid ... Nickel is essential for many enzymatic reactions, including ureolysis to produce ammonia which in turn may neutralize acidic pH ... Phagocytes are an essential component of the host's innate immune system with various antimicrobial defense mechanisms to clear ... The acidic pH is actually essential for replication of the bacteria by inducing major virulence genes of the virB operon and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_suis

Metabolites of nonsulfur amino acid constituents (simple and branched-chain hydrocarbons) such as ethylene (produced by mycelia ... In arid-land ecosystems, these fungi become essential for the survival of their host plants by enhancing ability to withstand ... Fatty acid-derived volatiles (C8-alcohols and aldehydes with a characteristic fungal odor, such as 1-octen-3-ol and 2-octenal ... The former is derived from linoleic acid, and produced by mature white truffle T. borchii. Thiophene derivatives appear to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle

Substances reabsorbed include: water, sodium chloride, glucose, amino acids, lactate, magnesium, calcium phosphate, uric acid, ... "Section 7/7ch03/7ch03p16". Essentials of Human Physiology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Jameson JL, Loscalzo J ( ... primarily glucose and amino acids).: 400-401 The loop of Henle is a U-shaped tube that extends from the proximal tubule. It ... by removing two amino acids: this is accomplished by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). This sequence of events is referred ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron

The IbpB protein, whose expression is regulated by the IbpB thermometer, is 48% identical to IbpA (at the level of amino acid ... Jiao W, Qian M, Li P, Zhao L, Chang Z (April 2005). "The essential role of the flexible termini in the temperature- ... This "remarkable conformational transformation" is thought to be essential for IbpB to act as a co-chaperone with IbpA under ... Nucleic Acids Research. 27 (19): 3821-3835. doi:10.1093/nar/27.19.3821. PMC 148645. PMID 10481021. Waldminghaus T, Gaubig LC, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IbpB_thermometer

To attempt to answer this question, Mahowald and team isolated two actin genes, Act42A and Act5C, with only two amino acids ... He argues that pre-mitotic endocycling is essential for non-cancerous polyploid development, specifically in papillary ... However, a hybrid gene containing Act42A prevented organism death, indicating that the amino acid differences between the two ... Using genomic DNA and Reverse Transcription PCR Sequences, Mahowald determined that these amino acid substitutions in Act5C and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mahowald

The addition of a nitroso group to a sulfur atom of an amino acid residue of a protein is known as S-nitrosylation or S- ... Red blood cells, for instance, carry an essential reservoir of S-nitrosohemoglobin and release S-nitrosothiols into the ... SNO donors target specific amino acids motifs; post-translational modification leads to changes in protein activity, protein ... S-Nitrosothiols may arise from condensation from nitrous acid and a thiol: RSH + HONO ⟶ RSNO + H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {RSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Nitrosothiol

As the proportion of amino acids rises, the sake tastes more savory. This number is determined by titration of the sake with a ... Kohama style, a method of sake brewing Mijiu, a Chinese equivalent Mirin, an essential condiment used in Japanese cuisine, ... Iron will bond with an amino acid produced by the kōji to produce off flavors and a yellowish color. Manganese, when exposed to ... aldehydes and amino acids, among other unknown factors. Tōji (杜氏) is the job title of the sake brewer, named after Du Kang. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake

... five amino acid sequence identical to the last five amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end of gastrin. The numbers refer to ... Holst JJ, Orskov C, Seier-Poulsen S (1992). "Somatostatin is an essential paracrine link in acid inhibition of gastrin ... especially amino acids, in the stomach. Aromatic amino acids are particularly powerful stimuli for gastrin release. ... Factors influencing secretion of gastrin can be divided into 2 categories: Stimulatory factors: dietary protein and amino acids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrin

The different amino acids cause antibiotics, that target cell walls like penicillin, to be ineffective against ... Essentials of Glycobiology (3rd ed.), Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, doi:10.1101/glycobiology.3e ... These sugars are made of different amino acids, and the peptide cross-links within pseudopeptidoglycan are formed with ... different amino acids. The peptide bond is formed between the lysine of a N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid and a glutamine of a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudopeptidoglycan

... aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. The release of ... Insulin is essential in triggering the sympathoadrenal system (the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine) to respond to ... Sapru, Hreday N. (2007). Essential Neuroscience. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-9121-2. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathoadrenal_system

... which has 76 amino acid residues arranged into a "beta-grasp" protein fold consisting of a five-strand antiparallel beta sheet ... "A protein conjugation system essential for autophagy". Nature. 395 (6700): 395-8. Bibcode:1998Natur.395..395M. doi:10.1038/ ... Nucleic Acids Research. 46 (D1): D447-D453. doi:10.1093/nar/gkx1041. PMC 5753239. PMID 29106644. Hochstrasser M (March 2009). " ... Nucleic Acids Research. 39 (8): 3204-23. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq1228. PMC 3082918. PMID 21169198. Hennell James R, Caceres EF, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin-like_protein

... Health and Wellness amino acids, EAA, eaa supplements, essential amino acids, essential amino acids ... functions of essential amino acids, roles of essential amino acids Essential Amino Acids Explained - Its Roles And Functions ... Essential amino acids explained. Below are the 9 essential amino acids and the varied and crucial role they play in our body ... "essential", we need to get these amino acids from certain foods or from Essential Amino Acid (EAA) supplements. ...

https://www.npsretirees.org/tag/essential-amino-acids

Plant proteins are deficient in some essential amino acids. Animals obtain EAA from plant sources. Simple biotechnologies are ... Protein-bounded and free amino acids of mature peanut seeds were determined by HPLC. GDH-synthesized RNA probes homologous to ... The aim was to integrate-discriminate glycolysis and citric-glyoxylic acid cycles to optimize biosynthesis of EAA in food crops ... citric-glyoxylic acid cycles. There were 42 permutations in the NPPKtreated, 105 in control, 420 in KN-, and NPKS-treated ...

https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=61824

Which fruit contains all 9 or 9 essential amin acids? I know bananas are one of the fruits... ... You can certainly get all essential amino acids from eating a variety of fruits. There is not one essential amino acid that is ... You can certainly get all essential amino acids from eating a variety of fruits. There is not one essential amino acid that is ... of amino acids that your body uses is a bit simplified. Your body cannot store amino acids for future use (like it stores ...

https://www.veganbodybuilding.com/forums/topic/7212-which-fruit-contains-all-essential-amino-acids/

... and in the absence of essential amino acids egg laying declines. However, it is unclear whether all essential amino acids have ... For most essential amino acids, depleting a single amino acid induced as rapid a decline in egg production as when there were ... Target of Rapamycin drives unequal responses to essential amino acid depletion in egg laying. View ORCID ProfileAndré N. Alves ... Target of Rapamycin drives unequal responses to essential amino acid depletion in egg laying ...

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467165v2

... amino acids 166-168) and second motif (amino acids 461-463) for enzymatic activity, whereas the third one was dispensable. ... amino acids 166-168) and second motif (amino acids 461-463) for enzymatic activity, whereas the third one was dispensable. ... Perrin-Tricaud, C; Rutschmann, C; Hennet, T (2011). Identification of domains and amino acids essential to the collagen ... Identification of domains and amino acids essential to the collagen galactosyltransferase activity of GLT25D1 ...

https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/55143/

Includes All 8 essential amino acids. Natural, Vegan, Soy/Egg/Dairy/Gluten Free, Keto, Paleo, Sugar free, Non-gmo and Dr. ... Q: What are essential amino acids?. A: Amino acids are the building blocks of protein, used to build cells, tissue, nerves, ... Q: What are essential amino acids?. A: Amino acids are the building blocks of protein, used to build cells, tissue, nerves, ... Q: Where are the amino acids sourced from?. A: The amino acids in PerfectAmino products are derived from plant-based sources ...

https://bodyhealth.com/products/perfectamino-tablets-600-count

AMINO ACID RESIDUE ILE211 IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF HUMAN UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE 1A10 (UGT1A10). Isabelle ... AMINO ACID RESIDUE ILE211 IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF HUMAN UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE 1A10 (UGT1A10). Isabelle ... AMINO ACID RESIDUE ILE211 IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF HUMAN UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE 1A10 (UGT1A10). Isabelle ... AMINO ACID RESIDUE ILE211 IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF HUMAN UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE 1A10 (UGT1A10) ...

https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/32/4/455/tab-figures-data

High quality amino acids for lean muscle building and quick muscle regeneration. Order BCAA powder 2: 1: 1 online. ... SKU: N/A Categories: Amino Acids, BCAAs, Complex Amino Acids, Essential Amino Acids ... BSN BCAA DNA It contains the important BCAAs amino acids for a solid muscle building. They are among the essential amino acids ... The amino acids are very important for building lean muscle mass, since the muscles consist of more than 40% branched-chain ...

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The Essential Amino Acids. There are 20 different amino acids that humans require for normal, healthy functioning, the ... This clears out almost all amino acids in your blood except for tryptophan. Once this amino acid enters the brain, it is ... you need to get these essential acids in your food every day because your body doesnt store any excess amino acids for future ... These are known as essential amino acids; you can obtain them only through the food you eat. Unlike other nutrients like fat ...

https://healthfully.com/what-happens-when-you-dont-get-enough-essential-amino-acids-7475097.html

We aimed to investigate the effect of a mixed meal and free amino acids intake on plasma leucine concentrations. In this ... after intake and changes in amino acid concentrations were evaluated. Although the maximum plasma leucine concentration ... Plasma amino acid concentrations increase with protein intake and increases in muscle protein synthesis are dependent on ... AUCi for essential amino acids. AUCi for essential amino acids was significantly higher for MEAL than LEU (p , 0.05). On the ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/10/1543

This article describes the sources of essential amino acids and their uses in the body, plus various industries (health, ... Obtaining essential amino acids through health and pharmaceuticals. Essential amino acids are amino acids that the body cannot ... Essential amino acids in the food industry. Flavour enhancers. Several amino acids or their derivatives are used as flavour ... Lysine, methionine, and glutamic acid are widely used in animal feeds.. Amino acids in the chemical industry. Many amino acids ...

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Amino-Acid-Uses-in-Industry.aspx

Nutritionally essential amino acids and metabolic signaling in aging. Amino Acids. 2013 Sep;45(3):431-441. doi: 10.1007/s00726- ... Nutritionally essential amino acids and metabolic signaling in aging. In: Amino Acids. 2013 ; Vol. 45, No. 3. pp. 431-441. ... Dillon, E. L. (2013). Nutritionally essential amino acids and metabolic signaling in aging. Amino Acids, 45(3), 431-441. https ... Dillon, EL 2013, Nutritionally essential amino acids and metabolic signaling in aging, Amino Acids, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 431- ...

https://researchexperts.utmb.edu/en/publications/nutritionally-essential-amino-acids-and-metabolic-signaling-in-ag

This glossary will help you understand everything about amino acids ... Non-Essential Amino Acid. Amino acids that can be made by our bodies are called non-essential amino acids. Other amino acids ... Sulfur-Containing Amino Acid. Amino acids such as methionine and cystine are called "sulfur-containing amino acids" because ... What are Amino Acids?. Amino acids are essential to all living things, from microbes to humans.All living bodies contain the ...

https://www.ajinomoto.com/amino-acids/amino-acid-glossary

Our Glutamine Supplements offer an easy and delicious way of getting more Amino Acids into your diet. Available in both powder ... Is glutamine an essential amino acid?. It is considered "conditionally essential" meaning it is only considered essential under ... L-glutamine is a non-essential amino acid and is made in our muscle tissue. As this amino acid occurs naturally in protein, ... making them an ideal boost of amino acids for those following a plant-based diet. This amino acid can help you to achieve your ...

https://www.myprotein.com/nutrition/amino-acids/glutamine.list

Glutamine Supplements: An Essential Guide Posted by Prolab Nutrition on 24th Oct 2022 ... Amino acids can be found naturally in foods like meats, dairy, and legumes, or they can be taken as supplements. Amino acid ... What is glutamine?Glutamine, also known as l-glutamine, is an amino acid found in the muscles and transferred by the blood into ... Proven Benefits Of Amino Acids , Prolab Nutrition Posted by Prolab Nutrition on 1st Jun 2022 ...

https://prolab.com/blog/tag/Amino+Acid

Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of ... Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and ...

https://www.breakspearmedical.com/product-category/amino-acids/?add-to-cart=2976

Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life. ... Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins. ... You do not need to eat essential and nonessential amino acids at every meal, but getting a balance of them over the whole day ... NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS. Nonessential means that our bodies can produce the amino acid, even if we do not get it from the food ... Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life.. When proteins are digested or broken down, amino acids are left. The ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002222.htm

WebMD explains the uses and risks of the supplement branched-chain amino acids, sometimes used by athletes to prevent muscle ... What Are Branched-Chain Amino Acids?. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential nutrients. They are proteins found in ... these amino acids for energy.. The names of the specific amino acids that make up the branched-chain amino acids are leucine, ... Benefits of Branched-Chain Amino Acids. Branched-chain amino acids are essential nutrients that help support muscle metabolism ...

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/branched-chain-amino-acids-uses-risks

Amino Acids, BCAAs, Ketosis, Bonking & More With 42 Time Ironman Triathlete Dr. David Minkoff. ... Purium buys their amino acid formula directly from INRC, the makers of MAP (Master Amino Acid Pattern). We sold MAP for years. ... And hes back to fill us in on amino acids, branched chain amino acids, ketosis, bonking and more! During our discussion, ... Can I take essential amino acids like Kion Aminos during my fasted state without breaking my fast? I train in the morning and ...

https://bengreenfieldlife.com/podcast/supplements-podcasts/what-are-essential-amino-acids/

Potential application of essential amino acid supplementation to treat sarcopenia in elderly people ... Henderson, G., Irving, B., & Nair, K. (2009). Potential application of essential amino acid supplementation to treat sarcopenia ...

https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/kinesiology_pubs/127/

Essential update: Study suggests imaging of neural representations of social interactions can iden... ... Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). Increased risk of developmental delay and ASD is associated with prematurity. Reductions in ... Practice Essentials. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) manifests in early childhood and is characterized by qualitative ... Postmortem specimens of the brains of people with ASD demonstrated reductions for gamma-aminobutyric acid-B (GABAB) receptors ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/912781-193663/which-patient-groups-have-the-highest-prevalence-of-autism-spectrum-disorder-asd

DISCLAIMER: All of our supplements have been notified to the Ministry of Health. Supplements are not intended as a substitute for a varied diet. The information on this site should not be considered as a substitute for any medical therapies. Despite the medical-scientific studies presented, the benefits on the body may vary by virtue of human individuality, as well as by endogenous and exogenous factors, so they cannot be objectively guaranteed.. ...

https://swissnaturalmed.it/en/product-tag/essential-amino-acids/

... is the supreme choice of fitness enthusiasts or weightlifters to fulfill the need of all 9 amino acids in their bodies. ... What are Essential Amino Acids? Essential Amino Acids are the Essential amino to run body functions smoothly. There are a total ... 9 are considered as Essential Amino Acids, and the rest 11 Amino Acids are classified as non essential amino acids. ... essential amino acids) is to help in muscle growth. As we already, discussed before, essential amino acids encourage protein ...

https://healthfarmnutrition.com/essential-amino-acids-types-sources-benefits-of-eaas-in-workout/

Amino 75 Essential Amino Acids is a Vegan formula containing amino acids which are essential for human health.Amino acids are ... Solgar® Amino 75 Essential Amino Acids combines the 8 essential amino acids L-Lysine, L-Leucine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Valine, L- ... Solgar® Amino 75 Essential Amino Acids is a Vegan formula containing amino acids which are essential for human health. ... A suboptimal intake of the essential amino acids increases the bodys need for the non-essential amino acids either through ...

https://www.johnway.je/solgar-amino-75-essential-amino-acids-vegetable-capsules---pack-of-90

BME amino acids solution 50X has been used for embryo culture; ... BME Amino Acids Solution 50× (Without L-glutamine, sterile- ... MEM Non-essential Amino Acid Solution (100×). without L-glutamine, liquid, sterile-filtered, BioReagent, suitable for cell ...

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Discover the health benefits of Superior Amino 2222 and more Amino Acids ... Our Superior Amino 2222 Tabs provide a full spectrum 2,222 mg array of essential, conditionally essential, and non-essential ... Buy Amino 1000 190 Caplets & other Amino Acids Products. This Amino Acid formula contains all three Branch Chained Amino Acids ... Amino Complete, 360 Capsules. Buy Amino Complete™ 360 Capsules & other Amino Acids. Balanced Blend of Amino Acids. Manufactured ...

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ECER Meeting help you find quality essential amino acid powder suppliers ... To find China essential amino acid powder products, online meetings with China factories. ... Amino Acid Powder Instant Branched Chain Amino Acid BCAA CAS 69430-36-0. supplement amino acids amino acids weight loss amino ... CAS 73-22-3 L Tryptophan Powder 25kg/Carton Essential Amino Acid. essential amino acid l glutamine powder amino acid powder ...

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Introduction The organic compounds that contain both the carboxyl and amino groups are Amino acids. So there are ... ... There are mainly two types of amino acids that are essential and nonessential amino acids. Essential amino acids need to be ... List the essential and nonessential amino acids.. Examples of Essential and nonessential amino acids are shown below. ... Functions of essential amino acids. Some of the functions of essential amino acids are given below. ...

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/amino-acids-properties-functions-sources

Valine, isoleucine and leucine are called branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). (ajinomoto.com)
The names of the specific amino acids that make up the branched-chain amino acids are leucine, isoleucine, and valine. (webmd.com)
Boost energy, high potency, enhanced endurance, optimal muscle growth are the key advantages of Valine amino acids. (healthfarmnutrition.com)
Solgar® Amino 75 Essential Amino Acids combines the 8 essential amino acids L-Lysine, L-Leucine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Valine, L-Methionine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine and L-Threonine for a holistic approach giving you the full spectrum of these essential protein building blocks. (johnway.je)
Naked BCAAs is a branched chain amino acids blend which contains a ratio of three core amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine). (nakednutrition.com)
Example of essential amino acid is histidine, valine, etc. (tutorialspoint.com)
Most amino acid RDAs are met within 2 servings, but valine needs a little more (again about 2.5 servings). (nxtaltfoods.com)
symbol: P). These elements are combined to amino acids which are the essential components of all living: leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. (foodlexicon.org)
Essential amino acids like isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine are essential for the composition of proteins in the body and cannot be synthesized. (foodlexicon.org)
When people talk about amino acid supplements, though, they're usually talking about three specific essential amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. (bodybuilding.com)

Plasma amino acid concentrations increase with protein intake and increases in muscle protein synthesis are dependent on leucine concentrations. (mdpi.com)
We aimed to investigate the effect of a mixed meal and free amino acids intake on plasma leucine concentrations. (mdpi.com)
The major pathway through which essential amino acids induce anabolic responses involves the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) Complex 1, a signaling pathway that is especially sensitive to regulation by the branched chain amino acid leucine. (utmb.edu)
Leucine activates an essential compound in your muscles called mTOR, which regulates protein biosynthesis, and cell growth. (healthfarmnutrition.com)
The isolated form of 'leucine' is called Isoleucine amino acids. (healthfarmnutrition.com)
Naked EAAS is a pharmaceutical-grade, fast-absorbing, leucine-enhanced blend of essential amino acids. (nakednutrition.com)
Leucine is a key amino acid playing a vital role in muscle-protein synthesis, muscle repair after training, and athletic training performance. (nakednutrition.com)

It is made from the amino acids alanine and proline. (ajinomoto.com)
Non-essential amino acids like alanine, aspartic acid, aspartate, glutamic acid, glycine, serine and proline do not have to be supplied by out diet. (foodlexicon.org)

While the evolutionary forces driving these polyphyletic deletion events are not well understood, the consequence is that extant metazoans are unable to produce nine essential amino acids (EAAs). (nih.gov)
Naked EAAs is an amino acids formula which contains all nine essential amino acids in varying amounts. (nakednutrition.com)
It only contains nine essential amino acids and sunflower lecithin to aid solubility. (nakednutrition.com)
Apart from the nine essential amino acids all the other amino acids are synthesized in the cells present in our body itself and are given the name nonessential amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)
Soybeans are one of the few plant-based foods that is a complete protein, meaning it has all nine essential amino acids. (top10.com)
However, with the exception of soybeans, the proteins in legumes are considered "complementary," meaning that they must be eaten together with grains, seeds or nuts or on the same day to provide all nine essential amino acids. (vitamedica.com)

At the bottom of the spectrum are branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). (bodyhealth.com)
BSN BCAA DNA It contains the important BCAAs amino acids for a solid muscle building. (fatburners.at)
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) help reduce the breakdown of proteins in the body. (ajinomoto.com)
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are often used to manage the nutrition of patients after surgery or for people with liver disease. (ajinomoto.com)
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential nutrients. (webmd.com)
If you're an athlete or bodybuilder, you may take oral supplements of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) to try to help with recovery from workouts and enhance athletic performance. (webmd.com)
But, Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) only contain 3 of these 9. (faktfuel.com)
Due to the limiting amino acid principle, EAAs are shown to be more effective than BCAAs. (faktfuel.com)
And then there are the branched-chain amino acids , or BCAAs, which are a subgroup of the essential amino acids. (aminoco.com)
These are known as the "branched-chain amino acids," or BCAAs. (bodybuilding.com)

There are 20 different amino acids that humans require for normal, healthy functioning, the University of Arizona explains. (healthfully.com)
To run all body functions in an optimum way, your body requires 20 different amino acids, and Out of 20 amino acids, 9 are considered as Essential Amino Acids, and the rest 11 Amino Acids are classified as non essential amino acids. (healthfarmnutrition.com)
No, both supplements contain different amino acids and are designed for different needs. (nakednutrition.com)
Of the over 300 different amino acids known to science, 20 are used by the human body to create the proteins required for life. (aminoco.com)
ON's Superior Amino 2222 Tabs provide 2.2grams of 18 different amino acids to add to the amount you take in through protein shakes, protein bars and whole foods. (supplementcityusa.com)

TRYPTOPHAN is frequently linked with drowsiness, however this amino acid has a lot of other important functions such as in the maintenance of the proper balance of nitrogen. (npsretirees.org)
This clears out almost all amino acids in your blood except for tryptophan. (healthfully.com)
Amino acids that have an aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine) are called aromatic amino acids. (ajinomoto.com)
Tryptophan is one of the essential amino acids and the biosynthetic precursor of many alkaloids. (eurekalert.org)
As one of the essential amino acids, tryptophan has a variety of physiological functions, closely related to regulation of immune system, central nervous system, gastrointestinal nervous system and intestinal microflora. (rsc.org)
This paper aims to discuss the role of tryptophan metabolism in a normal organism and investigate the relationship between this amino acid and colorectal cancer. (rsc.org)

EAAs are essential for the human body to get a better version of health. (healthfarmnutrition.com)
Here in the post, you will get the relevant information about the essential amino acids like what exactly the Essential amino acids are, Why they are important for athletes, the right EAAs dosage, etc. (healthfarmnutrition.com)
There are a total of 20 amino acids that are vital to produce protein in your body, and out of 20 EAAs, 11 are non essential amino acids that are already present in the body, and the remaining 9 EAAs you need to cater from protein-rich food or supplements. (healthfarmnutrition.com)
A fast-acting essential amino acids supplement like Naked EAAS will provide you with added fuel and stamina to get through grueling workouts. (nakednutrition.com)
Naked EAAs is effectively powdered protein, it's just broken down into the specific amino acids. (nakednutrition.com)
Essential amino acid (EAA) formula that delivers fermented and vegan-friendly EAAs made from 100% plant-based sources. (bodybuilding.com)

The functions of the compound amino acids are many they are a synthesis of porphyrin, synthesis of proteins, synthesis of plant hormones, synthesis of vitamins, etc. (tutorialspoint.com)
If you're looking for a powerful dose of polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, vitamins, minerals, and protein, look no further than fermented Spirulina, found in Super Spirulina Plus . (bodyecology.com)
The nutrients are vitamins, amino acids and essential fatty acid. (gardenlinks.org)
Micronutrients-these include vitamins and minerals and are essential but needed in much lower quantities. (royalcanin.com)
Besides, free fatty acids work to support cellular function and maca has about 20 of these high-fliers including, vitamins , minerals, sterols, and glucosinolates. (healthinsiders.com)
The most frequent cause of cellular malfunction is a chronic deficiency of essential nutrients in the form of vitamins, amino acids, minerals, and trace elements. (drrathresearch.org)
Vitamin B12 is one of the most essential vitamins to keep our brain and nervous system functioning. (trainmag.com)
Zell Oxygen contains a host of live enzymes, B vitamins, minerals, amino acids and antioxidants. (regenerativenutrition.com)
Not only is it rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, essential amino acids, iron, and protein, but it's widely used to increase breastmilk production in nursing mothers. (herblore.com)
Real meat (by weight) is the most nutritious food on the planet - offal is best, red meat next best and white meat the next best for essential fats, essential proteins (amino acids), vitamins and minerals. (zoeharcombe.com)

Building muscle involves ingesting protein and amino acids that build up the proteins. (news-medical.net)
Dietary Protein and Amino Acids. (routledge.com)
a valuable reference for personal trainers, nutrition advisors, coaches or any athlete who wants to be fully informed about the way protein and amino acids operate in the body. (routledge.com)
Chicken essence products claim to contain various nutrients such as protein and amino acids, which help build muscles, repair cells and tissues and reduce muscle fatigue. (consumer.org.hk)

Lysine is an amino acid that plays a vital role in ensuring normal growth and development. (healthfully.com)
Lysine, methionine, and glutamic acid are widely used in animal feeds. (news-medical.net)
Fermentation is currently only used for lysine and glutamic acid as certain mutant bacteria strains are needed which are difficult to produce. (news-medical.net)
Results of the amino acid analysis showed that the partially fermented sample had the lowest quantities of all amino acids determined and had lysine as the limiting amino acid, whereas the raw and completely fermented samples had very similar amino acid profile with amino acid scores of 100, indicating that there are no limiting amino acids. (ajol.info)
Nevertheless, black finger millet represents a good source of the essential amino acids (except lysine), the two essential fatty acids (linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid), and the minerals calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese , copper and zinc. (cdc.gov)
It contains all the essential amino acids (including lysine) and makes for a deliciously unique hot cereal, polenta, or bread additive for a bit of crunch. (bobsredmill.com)
Their production is regulated by vitamin C and the amino acids lysine and proline, which the body does not produce. (drrathresearch.org)

Our analytical standards of proteins, peptides, and amino acids offer accurate and reliable results in biomarker discovery, pharmaceutical research, clinical and diagnostic testing, top-down and bottom-up proteomics, and food authentication applications. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Chemical synthesis is often used in industry for the mass production of specific amino acids. (news-medical.net)
It reveals the actions of protein and amino acid supplements on muscle size and strength and energy metabolism as well as the role of specific amino acid supplements. (routledge.com)
More importantly, they found that Amino LP7-a supplement containing seven specific amino acids-can slow down brain degeneration and dementia development in these animals. (latestnewsindex.com)
Interestingly, these effects were reversed after supplementation with Amino LP7, indicating that the combination of seven specific amino acids could inhibit brain damage. (latestnewsindex.com)

Pro Line Creatine Monohydrate Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acids (protein building block) made by the combination of Arginine, Glycine, & Methionine. (optimizenutrition.ca)
Conditionally essential amino acids like arginine, histidine, tyrosine and cystine/cysteine are not normally essential in our diet. (foodlexicon.org)

They suggested giving broiler chickens a low-protein diet with the right balance of methionine and other essential amino acids . (naturalnews.com)
Methionine is an L-amino acid, and one of just two that are based on sulfur. (naturalnews.com)
Again, weak in methionine (needs about 4 servings to hit RDA), but all other amino acid RDAs can be met with about 2 servings of kidney beans. (nxtaltfoods.com)
Dogs have the ability to make taurine from two other amino acids-cysteine and methionine. (royalcanin.com)
_a Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by exposure to acrolein, a chemical produced in large quantities and used as an intermediate in the synthesis of several chemicals, most notably acrylic acid and its esters and DL-methionine, an essential amino acid used as a feed supplement for poultry and cattle. (who.int)

We sought to determine whether perioperative supplementation with essential amino acids (EAA) would attenuate muscle atrophy following TKA and whether the supplements were safe for ingestion in an older surgical population. (lww.com)
As they are "essential", we need to get these amino acids from certain foods or from Essential Amino Acid (EAA) supplements. (npsretirees.org)
Many amino acids are used in food supplements to help with certain conditions and disorders. (news-medical.net)
Amino acids can be found naturally in foods like meats, dairy, and legumes, or they can be taken as supplements. (prolab.com)
Protein Foods vs. Protein and Amino Acid Supplements. (routledge.com)
Bodybuilders, fitness enthusiasts, or sportspersons, take amino acids supplements to fill the daily protein gap in the body that helps in building muscles, getting relief from muscle soreness, and improving athletic performance. (healthfarmnutrition.com)
Buy Liquid Aminos 50 Softgels & other Amino Acids supplements. (puritan.com)
This is why many people opt for amino acids supplements for weight loss. (curedisease.com)
Who Should Take Amino Acid Supplements? (bodybuilding.com)
Amino acid supplements are a common sight in gyms-particularly in weight rooms. (bodybuilding.com)
Many chicken essence products claim to contain different types of amino acids, of which branched-chain amino acids are essential amino acids which help reduce muscle fatigue and ease post-exercise muscle pains, making them one of the most used supplements by athletes. (consumer.org.hk)

Moreover, cysteine works with the amino acids glutamic acid and glycine to produce glutathione-the body's master antioxidant. (aminoco.com)

Cysteine is an amino acid that reduces the amount of black melanin pigmentation made in skin. (ajinomoto.com)
Cysteine is a sulfur -containing amino acid that helps give proteins their structure. (aminoco.com)
In addition, cysteine is a precursor of the amino acid taurine, which plays a significant part in heart health, insulin sensitivity, electrolyte balance, hearing, and immune system regulation. (aminoco.com)

Phenylalanine and aspartic acid are combined to produce the dipeptide aspartame. (news-medical.net)

Aspartame is a sweetener made of two amino acids asparagine and phenylalanine. (ajinomoto.com)

High in high quality protein, with all the essential amino acids your body needs, and low in saturated fats, too. (alpro.com)

Another example is monosodium glutamate (MSG), a derivative of glutamic acid, widely used in Asian dishes to intensify the flavour. (news-medical.net)
Glutamic acid can be modified with the addition of sodium hydroxide to produce monosodium glutamate. (news-medical.net)

So, we wanted to understand whether supplementation with essential amino acids can protect the brains of older people from dementia, and if yes, what mechanisms would contribute to this protective effect. (latestnewsindex.com)

Having reported in 2003 on the nutrient content of the more-common tan-colored finger millet, we were interested in knowing the content of essential amino acids, fatty acids and minerals and trace elements of a dark, rust-colored finger millet called "black millet" that is also cultivated in the same mountainous savannah of Nigeria. (cdc.gov)

Most are rich in folic acid, calcium, iron, potassium, zinc, and antioxidants -a 1/2-cup serving of cooked black beans delivers 32%, 15% and 14% of the daily values for folate, magnesium and thiamine, respectively, and about 10% each of the daily values for iron and potassium. (vitamedica.com)

Proteins and Amino Acids. (routledge.com)

The human body may synthesize them of other amino acids or other chemical compounds like keton acids. (foodlexicon.org)

L-glutamine is a non-essential amino acid and is made in our muscle tissue. (myprotein.com)
As this amino acid occurs naturally in protein, which contributes to the growth and maintenance of muscle mass, glutamine is ideal to support your fitness progress. (myprotein.com)
L-glutamine amino acid can be naturally found in food sources such as meat, fish, and eggs, making it tricky for anyone following a vegetarian or vegan diet to get enough from food alone. (myprotein.com)
All our l-glutamine products are vegetarian and vegan friendly, making them an ideal boost of amino acids for those following a plant-based diet. (myprotein.com)
This amino acid can help you to achieve your fitness goals, as glutamine occurs naturally in protein, which helps you grow and maintain muscle. (myprotein.com)
What is glutamine?Glutamine, also known as l-glutamine, is an amino acid found in the muscles and transferred by the blood into different organ systems. (prolab.com)
Here, we report that knockout of solute carrier family 1 member 5 ( Slc1a5 /ASCT2), a transporter of neutral amino acids, especially glutamine, results in mild-to-moderate defects in bone marrow and mature blood cell development under steady-state conditions. (nature.com)

Many plant based products are deficient in certain amino acids which can be introduced to provide the consumer with extra nutrients to improve health. (news-medical.net)
You shouldn't rely on them for all your protein needs, because as we'll see, beans are deficient in certain types of amino acids. (nxtaltfoods.com)

It's actually among the nonessential amino acids that we find the conditionally essential amino acids, or conditional amino acids, as they're sometimes called. (aminoco.com)

Amino acid infusions were developed to help stomach and intestinal surgery patients get enough nutrition intravenously. (ajinomoto.com)
Although amino acids can assist you in shedding excess body weight, it will still be a good idea for you to monitor your daily nutrition intake and to ensure that you remain active. (curedisease.com)
Protein quality, defined as the quantity and balance of essential amino acids, is a major determinant of nutrition status especially in the early years of life. (who.int)

First of all, it is good for you to note that your body cannot produce all varieties of amino acids on its own. (curedisease.com)

Enzymes and structural proteins are made of amino acids, and are used as precursors for other important biomolecules in the body. (news-medical.net)
Proteins are made of amino acids. (consumer.org.hk)

For almost all amino acids, it takes only 1-2 servings of 1 cup of soybeans to reach the RDA for a 70 kg person, which is great. (nxtaltfoods.com)

When you choose a supplement that provides the benefits of amino acids for weight loss, you will always like to choose a specific brand that gives you the confidence and security of getting positive results. (curedisease.com)

Solgar® Amino 75 Essential Amino Acids is a Vegan formula containing amino acids which are essential for human health. (johnway.je)
Only premium vegan essential amino acids and sunflower lecithin. (nakednutrition.com)
It's one of the hardest essential amino acids to get as a vegan . (nxtaltfoods.com)

pros-and-cons pros="-The BCAA Branched Chain Essential Amino Acids supplement is available in the form of a powder. (curedisease.com)

Nonessential or Dispensable Amino Acids. (routledge.com)
Nonessential means that our bodies can produce the amino acid, even if we do not get it from the food we eat. (medlineplus.gov)
You do not need to eat essential and nonessential amino acids at every meal, but getting a balance of them over the whole day is important. (medlineplus.gov)
These 20 amino acids that are essential and nonessential differ from each other in the side chain of the R or hydrocarbon group. (tutorialspoint.com)
The structure of essential and nonessential amino acids is shown below. (tutorialspoint.com)
List the essential and nonessential amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)
Examples of Essential and nonessential amino acids are shown below. (tutorialspoint.com)
Some of these amino acids are considered nonessential because our bodies can make them on their own, and some are considered essential because we must get them from the foods we eat. (aminoco.com)
Eleven of these 20 amino acids are nonessential, and 9 are essential. (aminoco.com)
Like the other nonessential amino acids, the conditionally essential amino acids are also produced in the body-that is, under normal circumstances. (aminoco.com)
However, when the body is overwhelmed by severe stress, illness, or injury, it can start to have trouble creating sufficient amounts of certain nonessential amino acids. (aminoco.com)
There are seven nonessential amino acids that sometimes become conditionally essential. (aminoco.com)
Amino acids are either essential, which must be supplied by food, or nonessential, which are made in the body. (limamemorial.org)

Both asparagine and Aspartate are positioned close to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in energy production. (ajinomoto.com)

Protein-bounded and free amino acids of mature peanut seeds were determined by HPLC. (scirp.org)

The human body needs amino acids which are the proteins' building blocks. (npsretirees.org)
Our body connects together these amino acids in such a way that it builds proteins. (npsretirees.org)
Hence, we need more amino acids for more different proteins for our body to function right and properly . (npsretirees.org)
There are 20 amino acids which are all imperative for the body to have. (npsretirees.org)
I reallz do not care about complete protein because of the fact that we have an amino-pool and whenever the body needs aminos it takes it from this pool. (veganbodybuilding.com)
PerfectAmino is an amino acid supplement that is 99% utilized by the body to make protein. (bodyhealth.com)
They are among the essential amino acids that cannot be produced by the body itself, but must be ingested through food. (fatburners.at)
Unlike other nutrients like fat and starch, you need to get these essential acids in your food every day because your body doesn't store any excess amino acids for future use. (healthfully.com)
Essential amino acids are amino acids that the body cannot produce itself, meaning an outside source is needed. (news-medical.net)
These amino acids are often introduced into the body in intravenous therapy, to help with the recovery of post-operative patients. (news-medical.net)
Amines are often made in the body from amino acids. (ajinomoto.com)
These aromatic amino acids are used to make hormones and various amines in the body. (ajinomoto.com)
Citric acid is a substance in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which generates energy in the body. (ajinomoto.com)
Amino acids can also be used as a source of energy by the body. (medlineplus.gov)
Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body. (medlineplus.gov)
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein that your body requires for building proteins, hormones, and neurotransmitters in the body. (healthfarmnutrition.com)
Essential Amino Acids are the Essential amino to run body functions smoothly. (healthfarmnutrition.com)
When you take a protein-based diet amino acids foods like fish, egg, tofu, or soy products, your body breaks it down to amino acids and these amino acids begin their work in your body such as providing healing after intense workouts, building muscle mass, and recovering from muscle soreness. (healthfarmnutrition.com)
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein and are needed in several internal functions of the body. (johnway.je)
They are classified as "essential" or "non-essential", with essential amino acids meaning they cannot be manufactured by the body and must be supplied in the diet to maintain good all-round health. (johnway.je)
Amino acids can be further used by the body to create hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters, antibodies and nutrient carriers. (johnway.je)
Some of them cannot be synthesized by our body and are given the name essential amino acids since we need to consume them through food. (tutorialspoint.com)
Amino acids have important applications in the human body since they help in food digestion, repairing tissues, proper functioning of enzymes, promoting muscle growth, transportation of molecules, etc. (tutorialspoint.com)
By consuming foods that contain protein we get amino acids for the body. (tutorialspoint.com)
The amino acid that would not be synthesized or produced by our body but is needed for the proper functioning of the human body is an essential amino acid. (tutorialspoint.com)
These categories include the amino acids that are synthesized by the cells present in our body. (tutorialspoint.com)
They are produced by various metabolic processes happening in the body and also from other amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)
Nine proteinogenic amino acids are called "essential" for humans because they cannot be produced from other compounds by the human body and so must be taken in as food. (latestnewsindex.com)
Many of you may not know what amino acids do to your body and how it can assist in losing weight. (curedisease.com)
It is also true that you cannot fulfil the regular needs of your body for amino acids through your daily diet. (curedisease.com)
The simplest way that amino acids can boost your natural rate of reducing weight is by enhancing the metabolism rate of your body. (curedisease.com)
Losing excess body weight is also essential for your general health . (curedisease.com)
You will come across some of the best amino acids for weight loss that have the potential to stimulate weight loss hormones in your body. (curedisease.com)
There are 20 amino acids overall, and nine that your body can't produce on its own. (bodybuilding.com)
These essential amino acids cannot be made by the body and must be obtained by eating protein in a healthy diet. (alpro.com)
Taurine is an amino acid found in tissues and organs throughout the body, including the muscles, heart, brain, and retina. (royalcanin.com)
Add seeds to your meals to get an effective dose of amino acids, which the body uses for its protein needs. (top10.com)
Essential amino acids drive many cellular functions in the body. (healthinsiders.com)
L-theanine is an amino acid from tea leaves that relaxes the body. (phl17.com)
Our Bella Spirit Ultra Nourishing Intensive Body Treatment hydrates the skin with soothing extracts and essential oils like lavender, eucalyptus, and cucumber. (chazdean.com)
Although the needs of these nutrients should not be supplied in large quantities, it is necessary to supplement them daily to cover essential functions of the body. (bestfriendequine.com)
Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. (bvsalud.org)

Several amino acids or their derivatives are used as flavour enhancers in foods. (news-medical.net)
Foods that increase amino acid intake are meat, beans, cheese and eggs. (johnway.je)
Amino-acid-enriched cereals ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) are as effective as milk-based RUTF in recovering essential amino acid during the treatment of severe acute malnutrition in children: An individually randomized control trial in Malawi. (bvsalud.org)
Purchase our lipids and fatty acids standards suitable for your broad range of industrial applications specifically for food matrix testing, microbiology testing, analysis of functional foods or nutraceutical formulations, clinical and diagnostic testing, and biomarker discovery, both prognostic and diagnostic. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Lack of essential amino acids (EAA) in the diet of at-risk populations could beget a state of food insecurity. (scirp.org)
Using a holidic diet, we fed adult female D. melanogaster diets that contain all necessary nutrients except one of the 10 essential amino acids and assessed the effects on egg production. (biorxiv.org)
For most essential amino acids, depleting a single amino acid induced as rapid a decline in egg production as when there were no amino acids in the diet. (biorxiv.org)
A suboptimal intake of the essential amino acids increases the body's need for the non-essential amino acids either through diet or supplementation. (johnway.je)
An Amino Acid supplement can fill the gaps in your diet. (puritan.com)
Based on their findings, the KU researchers concluded that broiler chickens will greatly benefit from starting on a diet with lower levels of dietary protein and balanced levels of amino acids before switching to a diet with low energy. (naturalnews.com)
Brain atrophy occurred in the Alzheimer's mouse model, which was accelerated by a low protein diet and suppressed by Amino LP7. (latestnewsindex.com)
Taurine is essential to include in your cat's diet because they can't produce it themselves. (royalcanin.com)
For this reason, it's not considered essential in their diet. (royalcanin.com)
Its very high protein content and balanced set of essential amino acids make it a complete protein source and a valuable part of a vegetarian's diet. (knowwhereyourfoodcomesfrom.com)

Besides containing a formidable amount of protein, Spirulina is also a complete protein containing essential amino acids. (bodyecology.com)
As a complete protein - with all eight essential amino acids - it can be a meal all by itself. (pricecutteronline.com)

Changing a single amino acid in a protein would create another protein which would have another function as well. (npsretirees.org)

Black beans have a very similar amino acid profile to kidney beans. (nxtaltfoods.com)

Analysis of blood samples from the control group showed lower levels of non-esterified fatty acid. (naturalnews.com)
Amino acid, fatty acid and mineral content of black finger millet (Eleusine coracana) cultivated on the Jos Plateau of Nigeria. (cdc.gov)
Black finger millet contains 8.71 mg/g dry weight fatty acid and 8.47 g/g dry weight protein. (cdc.gov)

This essential amino acid plays a fundamental role in the composition and function of various enzymes and proteins and enzymes as well as the in other amino acids' production. (npsretirees.org)
Identify the key features of amino acids, proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, nucleotides and lipids and use these features in frame of a biochemical experimental design and method in a laboratory context, with some guidance. (sabanciuniv.edu)

Amino acids are important organic compounds that you need to properly digest food, create usable energy, maintain health and generally function normally. (healthfully.com)
This product contains nine amino acids, which are the compounds that combine to form proteins. (nakednutrition.com)
The organic compounds that contain both the carboxyl and amino groups are Amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)
Amino acids are crystalline colourless organic compounds. (tutorialspoint.com)
Amino acids are a set of organic compounds used to build proteins. (latestnewsindex.com)
Amino acids form long compounds that take a spiral form. (foodlexicon.org)

There are about 500 naturally occurring known amino acids, though only 20 appear in the genetic code. (latestnewsindex.com)
Se-methylselenocysteine (SeMC) is a naturally occurring seleno-amino acid that is synthesized by plants such as garlic and broccoli. (drvitaminsolutions.com)

BCAA DNA from BSN are high-quality amino acids for lean muscle building and rapid regeneration of your muscles. (fatburners.at)
The amino acids are very important for building lean muscle mass , since the muscles consist of more than 40% branched-chain amino acids. (fatburners.at)
Your muscles "burn" these amino acids for energy. (webmd.com)
Apart from that, amino acids can also reduce the soreness in your muscles during your workout session . (curedisease.com)

Your body's levels of amino acids play a big part in your ability to focus your efforts, both mentally and physically. (healthfully.com)

Branched-chain amino acids are essential nutrients that help support muscle metabolism and are important for building muscle tissue protein. (webmd.com)
Cellular Medicine identifies the optimum daily intake of these and other essential nutrients needed for health, and the application of this knowledge will reduce the incidence of heart disease, cancer, degenerative diseases and other serious health conditions. (drrathresearch.org)

In particular, the availability of dietary protein is one of the main drivers of egg production, and in the absence of essential amino acids egg laying declines. (biorxiv.org)
The chart illustrates the Amino Acid Utilization (AAU™) that PerfectAmino offers, dramatically greater than dietary protein sources. (bodyhealth.com)

Conditionally Essential Amino Acids. (routledge.com)
Conditionally essential amino acids are usually not essential, except in times of illness and stress. (medlineplus.gov)
But what about the so-called conditionally essential amino acids? (aminoco.com)
And when this happens, these amino acids can enter essential territory-hence, the term conditionally essential . (aminoco.com)

Are you wondering about when to take amino acids for weight loss? (curedisease.com)

An amino acid that is an important source of glucose in the liver. (ajinomoto.com)
It's also needed to make other amino acids and glucose. (prolab.com)
Ayer's research shows that glucose and the amino-acid glutamine8212;the second essential element of cancer's diet8212;are interdependant for cell growth, despite decades of thinking they worked independently. (dailyutahchronicle.com)

Suryawan, A., O'Connor, P.M.J., Bush, J.A., Nguyen, H.V. and Davis, T.A. (2009) Differential Regulation of Protein Synthesis by Amino Acids and Insulin in Peripheral and Visceral Tissues of Neonatal Pigs. (scirp.org)
Planchet, E. and Limami, A.M. (2015) Amino Acid Synthesis under Abiotic Stress. (scirp.org)
Amino acids can be produced by chemical synthesis, enzymatic catalysis, extraction from natural sources, or fermentation. (news-medical.net)
Although basal rates of protein synthesis and degradation are largely unaffected with age, the sensitivity of older muscle cells to the anabolic actions of essential amino acids appears to decline. (utmb.edu)
[ 9 ] This development impairs the first crucial step in the heme synthesis pathway, the formation of δ-amino levulinic acid, resulting in anemia despite intact iron delivery to the mitochondrion and with a lack of heme in which iron is to be incorporated in the final step of this pathway. (medscape.com)
These findings indicate that treatment with either of the 3 RUTFs was associated with adequate protein synthesis and that all the formulations provided sufficient functional metabolites of plasma amino acids to support nutritional recovery from SAM. (bvsalud.org)

Combines delicious chicken and tuna, which deliver essential amino acids. (chewy.com)

Retrieved on December 06, 2022 from https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Amino-Acid-Uses-in-Industry.aspx. (news-medical.net)
Association of dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with breast cancer risk in pre- and postmenopausal Chinese women - Menopause 2022 Jul 26 - 'Higher intake of marine n-3 PUFAs and total n-3 PUFAs was associated with lower risk of breast cancer, with adjusted OR quartile 4 v.1 (95% confidence intervals) of 0.68 (0.55-0.84) and 0.56 (0.42-0.75), respectively. (qualitycounts.com)
Vitamin D: an essential adjuvant therapeutic agent in breast cancer - J Int Med Res 2022 Jul - 'Low serum levels of vitamin D have been reported as a risk factor for breast cancer. (qualitycounts.com)

Bonking, often referred to as "hitting the wall" is an unfortunate but common race-day phenomenon that occurs when carbohydrates and amino acids are completely depleted. (swolverine.com)
You need upwards of 800 grams of carbohydrates during an ultra-endurance event making it essential to refuel along the way for optimal energy levels. (swolverine.com)

The dental caries is a pathological process of microbiological etiology resulting in the local destruction of dental tissues by the dissolution of the mineral phase (mainly constituted by hydroxyapatite crystals) by organic acids from the bacterial fermentation. (bvsalud.org)

Alzheimer's disease, researchers have shown that the intake of a specific set of amino acids can inhibit the death of brain cells, protect the connections between them, and reduce inflammation, preserving brain function. (latestnewsindex.com)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Correlation between food intake and requirements of essential amino acids for the human adult. (who.int)

In recent research out of the UK, children with low levels of omega-3 fatty acids were more likely to perform poorly in school and have behavioral problems. (bodyecology.com)

Unlike most amino acids, taurine doesn't create protein in cells but it does play many other important roles. (royalcanin.com)

The TCA cycle starts with citric acid and is also called the "citric acid cycle. (ajinomoto.com)

The effectiveness of amino acid supplementation is often hotly debated, particularly when compared to whey protein or whole food sources. (bodybuilding.com)

The integration of glycolysis, citric and glyoxylic acid cycles increased the quality and doubled the concentrations of the protein-bounded EAA composition of NPPK-treated (33.37 mg/g) compared with the control peanut (15.66 mg/g). (scirp.org)

Anatomy11

Organisms12

Chemicals and Drugs103

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment37

Phenomena and Processes78

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care2

Pathogenesis of cancrum oris (noma): confounding interactions of malnutrition with infection. (1/363)

Total parenteral nutrition in the management of acute renal failure. (2/363)

Criteria for choosing amino acid therapy in acute renal failure. (3/363)

Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. (4/363)

Effects of dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei lesions on intake of an imbalanced amino acid diet. (5/363)

Temporal and differential effects of amino acids on bovine embryo development in culture. (6/363)

Essential amino acids affect interstitial dopamine metabolites in the anterior piriform cortex of rats. (7/363)

A tracer investigation of obligatory oxidative amino acid losses in healthy, young adults. (8/363)

Amino Acid Sequence

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acids

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Amino Acid Substitution

Cloning, Molecular

Amino Acids, Essential

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Sequence Alignment

Amino Acid Motifs

Base Sequence

Escherichia coli

Mutation

Binding Sites

DNA, Complementary

Amino Acids, Aromatic

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Peptide Fragments

Amino Acids, Sulfur

Kinetics

Recombinant Proteins

Leucine

Protein Conformation

Models, Molecular

Structure-Activity Relationship

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Substrate Specificity

DNA

Molecular Weight

Peptides

Protein Binding

Bacterial Proteins

Restriction Mapping

Cell Line

Phylogeny

Alanine

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Genes, Bacterial

Proteins

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

RNA, Messenger

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Protein Structure, Secondary

Plasmids

Conserved Sequence

Isoleucine

Amino Acids, Basic

Lysine

Species Specificity

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

DNA Primers

Carrier Proteins

Codon

Cyanogen Bromide

Trypsin

Glycine

Cattle

Biological Transport

Amino Acids, Diamino

Glutamine

Open Reading Frames

Genes

Valine

Protein Biosynthesis

Excitatory Amino Acids

Methionine

Arginine

Aspartic Acid

Gene Library

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Sequence Deletion

Sequence Analysis

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Nitrogen

Proline

Phenylalanine

Point Mutation