Amino Acids
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Cycloleucine
Amino Acid Sequence
Amino Acid Substitution
The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.
Cloning, Molecular
Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters
Succinates
Amino Acids, Essential
Amino Acid Transport Systems
Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Aspartic Acid
Mutation
Succinic Acid
A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)
Base Sequence
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Binding Sites
Adipates
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Amino Acid Motifs
Substrate Specificity
Reye Syndrome
Structure-Activity Relationship
Models, Molecular
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Carboxylic Acids
DNA, Complementary
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Glycine
Peptide Fragments
Glutamic Acid
Protein Binding
Alanine
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Receptors, Amino Acid
Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.
Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors
Drugs that inhibit the transport of neurotransmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. For many transmitters, uptake determines the time course of transmitter action so inhibiting uptake prolongs the activity of the transmitter. Blocking uptake may also deplete available transmitter stores. Many clinically important drugs are uptake inhibitors although the indirect reactions of the brain rather than the acute block of uptake itself is often responsible for the therapeutic effects.
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Glutamates
Biological Transport
Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists
Restriction Mapping
Carrier Proteins
Acenaphthenes
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Quisqualic Acid
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Biological Transport, Active
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Heptanes
Cattle
Aminobutyrates
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Carbon Isotopes
Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic
Protein Structure, Secondary
Plasmids
Amino Acid Transport System X-AG
Tyrosine Phenol-Lyase
Conserved Sequence
Isoleucine
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
DNA Primers
Mass Spectrometry
Stereoisomerism
Liver
Codon
A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).
Benzoates
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Cyanogen Bromide
Molecular Structure
Sulfhydryl Reagents
Trypsin
Aspartate Aminotransferases
Glutamine
Open Reading Frames
Genes
Valine
Protein Biosynthesis
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Binding, Competitive
Excitatory Amino Acids
Oxaloacetates
Ketoglutaric Acids
Gene Library
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Sequence Analysis
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Nitrogen
Chemistry
Swine
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Fatty Acids
Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic
Proline
Receptors, Glutamate
Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.
Chemical Phenomena
Phenylalanine
Point Mutation
Mutagenesis
Amino Acid Transport System A
Cell Membrane
Transaminases
Malate Dehydrogenase
Renal Aminoacidurias
A group of inherited kidney disorders characterized by the abnormally elevated levels of AMINO ACIDS in URINE. Genetic mutations of transport proteins result in the defective reabsorption of free amino acids at the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. Renal aminoaciduria are classified by the specific amino acid or acids involved.
D-Aspartate Oxidase
Tryptophan
An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.
Transfection
Transcription, Genetic
Membrane Proteins
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Pseudomonas
Neurotoxins
Cells, Cultured
Blotting, Northern
Macromolecular Substances
Evolution, Molecular
Sequence Analysis, Protein
Gene Expression
Models, Chemical
Plant Proteins
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Trimethylsilyl Compounds
Glucose
Threonine
Citric Acid Cycle
N-Methylaspartate
Tricarboxylic Acids
Rabbits
Dietary Proteins
Chromatography, Gel
COS Cells
CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)
Spectrophotometry
Chymotrypsin
Protein Sorting Signals
Rats, Inbred Strains
Endopeptidases
Citrobacter freundii
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in humans and other animals including MAMMALS; BIRDS; REPTILES; and AMPHIBIANS. It has also been isolated from SOIL and WATER as well as from clinical specimens such as URINE; THROAT; SPUTUM; BLOOD; and wound swabs as an opportunistic pathogen.
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Serine
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid
Nitrogen Fixation
Mechanisms involved in the metabotropic glutamate receptor-enhancement of NMDA-mediated motoneurone responses in frog spinal cord. (1/185)
1. The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist trans-(+/-)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (trans-ACPD) (10-100 microM) depolarized isolated frog spinal cord motoneurones, a process sensitive to kynurenate (1.0 mM) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) (0.783 microM). 2. In the presence of NMDA open channel blockers [Mg2+; (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK801); 3,5-dimethyl-1-adamantanamine hydrochloride (memantine)] and TTX, trans-ACPD significantly potentiated NMDA-induced motoneurone depolarizations, but not alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionate (AMPA)- or kainate-induced depolarizations. 3. NMDA potentiation was blocked by (RS)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG) (240 microM), but not by alpha-methyl-(2S,3S,4S)-alpha-(carboxycyclopropyl)-glycine (MCCG) (290 microM) or by alpha-methyl-(S)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-MAP4) (250 microM), and was mimicked by 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) (30 microM), but not by L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4) (100 microM). Therefore, trans-ACPD's facilitatory effects appear to involve group I mGluRs. 4. Potentiation was prevented by the G-protein decoupling agent pertussis toxin (3-6 ng ml(-1), 36 h preincubation). The protein kinase C inhibitors staurosporine (2.0 microM) and N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulphonamide HCI (H9) (77 microM) did not significantly reduce enhanced NMDA responses. Protein kinase C activation with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (5.0 microM) had no effect. 5. Intracellular Ca2+ depletion with thapsigargin (0.1 microM) (which inhibits Ca2+/ATPase), 1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetracetic acid acetyl methyl ester (BAPTA-AM) (50 microM) (which buffers elevations of [Ca2+]i), and bathing spinal cords in nominally Ca2+-free medium all reduced trans-ACPD's effects. 6. The calmodulin antagonists N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulphonamide (W7) (100 microM) and chlorpromazine (100 microM) diminished the potentiation. 7. In summary, group I mGluRs selectively facilitate NMDA-depolarization of frog motoneurones via a G-protein, a rise in [Ca2+]i from the presumed generation of phosphoinositides, binding of Ca2+ to calmodulin, and lessening of the Mg2+-produced channel block of the NMDA receptor. (+info)Basolateral sorting of furin in MDCK cells requires a phenylalanine-isoleucine motif together with an acidic amino acid cluster. (2/185)
Furin is a subtilisin-related endoprotease which processes a wide range of bioactive proteins. Furin is concentrated in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), where proteolytic activation of many precursor proteins takes place. A significant fraction of furin, however, cycles among the TGN, the plasma membrane, and endosomes, indicating that the accumulation in the TGN reflects a dynamic localization process. The cytosolic domain of furin is necessary and sufficient for TGN localization, and two signals are responsible for retrieval of furin to the TGN. A tyrosine-based (YKGL) motif mediates internalization of furin from the cell surface into endosomes. An acidic cluster that is part of two casein kinase II phosphorylation sites (SDSEEDE) is then responsible for retrieval of furin from endosomes to the TGN. In addition, the acidic EEDE sequence also mediates endocytic activity. Here, we analyzed the sorting of furin in polarized epithelial cells. We show that furin is delivered to the basolateral surface of MDCK cells, from where a significant fraction of the protein can return to the TGN. A phenylalanine-isoleucine motif together with the acidic EEDE cluster is required for basolateral sorting and constitutes a novel signal regulating intracellular traffic of furin. (+info)Role of reductase domain cluster 1 acidic residues in neuronal nitric-oxide synthase. Characterization of the FMN-FREE enzyme. (3/185)
The nNOS reductase domain is homologous to cytochrome P450 reductase, which contains two conserved clusters of acidic residues in its FMN module that play varied roles in its electron transfer reactions. To study the role of nNOS reductase domain cluster 1 acidic residues, we mutated two conserved acidic (Asp(918) and Glu(919)) and one conserved aromatic residue (Phe(892)), and investigated the effect of each mutation on flavin binding, conformational change, electron transfer reactions, calmodulin regulation, and catalytic activities. Each mutation destabilized FMN binding without significantly affecting other aspects including substrate, cofactor or calmodulin binding, or catalytic activities upon FMN reconstitution, indicating the mutational effect was restricted to the FMN module. Characterization of the FMN-depleted mutants showed that bound FMN was essential for reduction of the nNOS heme or cytochrome c, but not for ferricyanide or dichlorophenolindolphenol, and established that the electron transfer path in nNOS is NADPH to FAD to FMN to heme. Steady-state and stopped-flow kinetic analysis revealed a novel role for bound FMN in suppressing FAD reduction by NADPH. The suppression could be relieved either by FMN removal or calmodulin binding. Calmodulin binding induced a conformational change that was restricted to the FMN module. This increased the rate of FMN reduction and triggered electron transfer to the heme. We propose that the FMN module of nNOS is the key positive or negative regulator of electron transfer at all points in nNOS. This distinguishes nNOS from other related flavoproteins, and helps explain the mechanism of calmodulin regulation. (+info)Group I, II, and III mGluR compounds affect rhythm generation in the gastric circuit of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion. (4/185)
We have studied the effects of group I, II, and III metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonists on rhythm generation by the gastric circuit of the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus. All mGluR agonists and some antagonists we tested in this study had clear and distinct effects on gastric rhythm generation when superfused over combined oscillating or blocked silent STG preparations. A consistent difference between group I agonists and group II and III agonists was that group I agonists acted excitatory. The group I-specific agonists L-quisqualic acid and (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine, as well as the nonspecific agonist (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid accelerated ongoing rhythms and could induce gastric rhythms in silent preparations. The group II agonist (2S,1'S, 2'S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (L-CCG-I) and the group III agonist L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4) slowed down or completely blocked ongoing gastric rhythms and were without detectable effect on silent preparations. The action of L-CCG-I was blocked partially by the group-II-specific antagonist, (RS)-1-amino-5-phosphonoindan-1-carboxylic acid [(RS)APICA], and the group-III-specific antagonist (RS)-alpha-methyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine completely blocked the action of L-AP4. Besides its antagonistic action, the group-II-specific antagonist (RS)APICA had a remarkably strong apparent inverse agonist action when applied alone on oscillating preparations. The action of all drugs was dose dependent and reversible, although recovery was not always complete. In our experiments, the effects of none of the mGluR-specific agonists were antagonized or amplified by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor-specific antagonist D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid, excluding the contamination of responses to mGluR agonists by nonspecific cross-reactivity with NMDA receptors. Picrotoxin did not prevent the inhibitory action of L-CCG-I and L-AP4. We conclude that mGluRs, probably similar to those belonging to groups I, II, and III described in mammals, may play a role as modulators of gastric circuit rhythm generation in vivo. (+info)Cocaine and kindling alter the sensitivity of group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central amygdala. (5/185)
G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are being implicated in various forms of neuroplasticity and CNS disorders. This study examined whether the sensitivities of mGluR agonists are modulated in a distinct fashion in different models of synaptic plasticity, specifically, kindling and chronic cocaine treatment. The influence of kindling and chronic cocaine exposure in vivo was examined in vitro on the modulation of synaptic transmission by group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors using whole cell voltage-clamp recordings of central amygdala (CeA) neurons. Synaptic transmission was evoked by electrical stimulation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and ventral amygdaloid pathway (VAP) afferents in brain slices from control rats and from rats treated with cocaine or exposed to three to five stage-five kindled seizures. This study shows that after chemical stimulation with chronic cocaine exposure or after electrical stimulation with kindling the receptor sensitivities for mGluR agonists are altered in opposite ways. In slices from control rats, group II agonists, (2S,1'S,2'S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (LCCG1) and (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740), depressed neurotransmission more potently at the BLA-CeA than at the VAP-CeA synapse while group III agonist, L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (LAP4), depressed neurotransmission more potently at the VAP-CeA synapse than at the BLA-CeA. These agonist actions were not seen (were absent) in amygdala neurons from chronic cocaine-treated animals. In contrast, after kindling, concentration response relationships for LCCG1 and LAP4 were shifted to the left, suggesting that sensitivity to these agonists is increased. Except at high concentrations, LCCG1, LY354740, and LAP4 neither induced membrane currents nor changed current-voltage relationships. Loss of mGluR inhibition with chronic cocaine treatment may contribute to counter-adaptive changes including anxiety and depression in cocaine withdrawal. Drugs that restore the inhibitory effects of group II and III mGluRs may be novel tools in the treatment of cocaine dependence. The enhanced sensitivity to group II and III mGluR agonists in kindling is similar to that recorded at the lateral to BLA synapse in the amygdala where they reduce epileptiform bursting. These findings suggest that drugs modifying mGluRs may prove useful in the treatment of cocaine withdrawal or epilepsy. (+info)Slow synaptic inhibition mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptor activation of GIRK channels. (6/185)
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate CNS. Ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate fast excitatory actions whereas metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) mediate a variety of slower effects. For example, mGluRs can mediate presynaptic inhibition, postsynaptic excitation, or, more rarely, postsynaptic inhibition. We previously described an unusually slow form of postsynaptic inhibition in one class of projection neuron in the song-control nucleus HVc of the songbird forebrain. These neurons, which participate in a circuit that is essential for vocal learning, exhibit an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) that lasts several seconds. Only a portion of this slow IPSP is mediated by GABA(B) receptors. Since these cells are strongly hyperpolarized by agonists of mGluRs, we used intracellular recording from brain slices to investigate the mechanism of this hyperpolarization and to determine whether mGluRs contribute to the slow synaptic inhibition. We report that mGluRs hyperpolarize these HVc neurons by activating G protein-coupled, inwardly-rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels. MGluR antagonists blocked this response and the slow synaptic inhibition. Thus, glutamate can combine with GABA to mediate slow synaptic inhibition by activating GIRK channels in the CNS. (+info)Activation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors induces long-term depression of synaptic transmission in the rat amygdala. (7/185)
An animal model most sensitive for measuring anticipatory anxiety is fear conditioning, which is expressed by an enduring increase in synaptic strength in the amygdala. A converse view predicts that agents that induce long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic efficacy in the amygdala may be useful in the amelioration of stress disorders. In the present study, we show that activation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR II) by (2S,3S, 4S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl) glycine (l-ccg) induces an LTD in the basolateral amygdala neurons. The effect was concentration-dependent with a maximal inhibition of approximately 30%. The induction of l-CCG LTD required concurrent synaptic activity, required presynaptic but not postsynaptic Ca(2+) increases, and was independent of NMDA receptors. l-CCG LTD was associated with an increase in the ratio of paired-pulse facilitation and was not occluded by low-frequency stimulation-induced LTD, suggesting that these two forms of LTD did not share a common underlying mechanism. After eliciting LTD with l-CCG, application of isoproterenol increased the synaptic responses back to its original baseline, demonstrating that chemically depressed synapses could be potentiated by another chemical. A selective PKA inhibitor, KT 5720, by its own caused a depression of synaptic transmission and blocked l-CCG LTD, presumably by mimicking and thereby occluding any further depression. Together, these results suggest that l-CCG LTD is induced by presynaptically mGluR II-mediated inhibition of Ca(2+)-sensitive adenylyl cyclase, resulting in a decrease in cAMP formation and PKA activation, which leads to a long-lasting decrease in transmitter release. (+info)cAMP-dependent presynaptic regulation of spontaneous glycinergic IPSCs in mechanically dissociated rat spinal cord neurons. (8/185)
Spontaneous miniature glycinergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) in mechanically dissociated rat sacral dorsal commissural nucleus (SDCN) neurons attached with intact glycinergic presynaptic nerve terminals and evoked IPSCs (eIPSCs) in the slice preparation were investigated using nystatin-perforated patch and conventional whole cell recording modes under the voltage-clamp conditions. Trans-ACPD (tACPD) reversibly reduced the mIPSC frequency without affecting the mean amplitude. The effect was mimicked by a specific metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) II subtype agonist, (2S, 1'S, 2'S)-2-(carboxycyclo propyl) glycine (L-CCG-I), and a specific mGluRIII subtype agonist, 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4). These inhibitory effects on mIPSC frequency were blocked by the specific antagonists for mGluRII, alpha-methyl-1-(2S, 1'S, 2'S)-2-(carboxycyclo propyl) glycine and (RS)-alpha-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine. In the slice preparation, eIPSC amplitude and mIPSC frequency were decreased reversibly by L-CCG-I (10(-6) M) and L-AP4 (10(-6) M). In K(+)-free or K(+)-free external solution with Ba(2+) and Cs(+), Ca(2+)-free or Cd(2+) external solution, the inhibitory effect of tACPD on mIPSC frequency was unaltered. Forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP significantly increased presynaptic glycine release, and prevented the inhibitory action of tACPD on mIPSC frequency. Sp-cAMP, however, did not prevent the inhibitory action of tACPD on mIPSC frequency. It was concluded that the activation of mGluRs inhibits glycine release by reducing the action of cAMP/PKA pathway. (+info)
Neuroprotection by dimethyloxalylglycine following permanent and transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats - Radcliffe...
Conformational aspects of proline hydroxylation in collagen biosynthesis : studies with synthetic peptides - Memorial...
METABOLISM OF GLUTATHIONE, GLUTAMINE AND ASPARAGINE
February | 2015 | CARS signal
Regulation of intracellular pH in cancer cell lines under normoxia and hypoxia. - Oxford Neuroscience
2S,1S,2R)-2-(CARBOXYCYCLOPROPYL)GLYCINE - 1 MG
Role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha in the integrity of articular cartilage in murine knee joints | Arthritis Research &...
HIF Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibition Protects Skeletal Muscle from Contraction-Induced Injury - refine.bio
Reverse Biomimetic Synthesis of L-Arogenate and its Stabilized Analogues from L-Tyrosine<...
A Possible Novel Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism for the Pharmacological Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate:...
LY 379268 | Abcam
HIF ACTIVATOR DMOG IMPROVES FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY FOLLOWING ISCHAEMIA-REPERFUSION IN THE TYPE 2 DIABETIC HEART - Radcliffe...
PROLYL HYDROXYLASE INHIBITORS AND METHODS OF USE - Patent application
Most recent papers with the keyword Endotheline | Read by QxMD
SUBSTITUTED DIHYDROPYRAZOLONES AND USE THEREOF AS HIF-PROLYL-4 -HYDROXYLASE INHIBITORS - Patent application
Connectors - RF / Coaxial | Electronic Component Store; Huge Selection, Fast Delivery
Differential effects of Th1 versus Th2 cytokines in combination with hypoxia on HIFs and angiogenesis in RA. - Nuffield...
10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]oxepine-4,6-dicarboxylic acid | C16H12O5 - ChemSynthesis
Static build of Qt-embedded applications
HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibition prior to transient focal cerebral ischaemia is neuroprotective in mice. - Oxford Neuroscience
HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibition prior to transient focal cerebral ischaemia is neuroprotective in mice - Zurich Open...
New Drug To Treat Anemia - Redorbit
cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid 5445-51-2 MSDS, Safety Technical Specifications MSDS
Benzoflavones | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Search
L-Tyrosine,L-asparaginyl-L-asparaginyl-L-glutaminyl-L-leucyl-L-valyl-L-alanylglycyl-,L-Tyrosine,L-asparaginyl-L-isoleucyl-L...
Use of small molecule inhibitors of hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylases (HIF PHDs) as novel therapeutics for...
Plus it
Naphthalene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid
Rabbit polyclonal to PLCXD1 | Epigenetic regulation of CpG promoter methylation
Anti Human Prolyl Hydroxylase 1 Antibody, clone PHD112/G7 - Mouse Anti-Human Monoclonal Antibody WB, IHC-P - Buy Now! |Abgent
2,6-Dimethyl-D,L-tyrosine | 81806-45-3
NutraBio L-Tyrosine | News, Reviews, & Prices at PricePlow
Ningbo Zhenhai Haide Biochem Co., Ltd公司提供的L-Tyrosine -- 食品、飲料與營養保健品
synaptic plasticity - Dwight Bergles Laboratory
RCSB PDB - 6U60: Crystal structure of prephenate dehydrogenase tyrA from Bacillus anthracis in complex with NAD and L-tyrosine
Plus it
Buy L-Tyrosine 500mg by Solgar I HealthPost NZ
Publikācijas - Latvijas Organiskās sintēzes institūts
Synthesis of N<sup>1</sup>-substituted analogues of (2R,4R)-4-amino-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid as agonists, partial...
Cobalt Chloride in Rajkot,Cobalt Chloride Manufacturers and Suppliers from india
furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid CAS NO (3238-40-2)-Molbase
5-[3-[[[[3-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-oxomethyl]hydrazinylidene]methyl]-2,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolyl]benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid -...
China L-Tyrosine - China L-Tyrosine, Amino Acid
Differential Regulation Of Neutrophil (pmn) Survival By The Prolyl Hydroxylase Enzymes Phd2 And Phd3 - Oxford Cardiovascular...
The benefits and drawbacks of N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine - PsychoDrugs
CAS # 142374-01-4, N-(Butylsulfonyl)-L-tyrosine methyl ester, N-(n-Butylsulfonyl)-L-tyrosine methyl ester
Patent US7556784 - Optimized production of aromatic dicarboxylic acids - Google Patents
The Tyra Banks Show Fan Reviews & Ratings - TV.com
L-Tyrosine,N-acetyl-L-tyrosine,2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine--Zibo Zengrui Chemical Co.,Ltd
Pimelic acid
... is one CH 2 unit longer than a related dicarboxylic acid, adipic acid, a precursor to many polyesters and ... Derivatives of pimelic acid are involved in the biosynthesis of the amino acid lysine and the vitamin biotin. The biosynthesis ... Like other simple dicarboxylic acids, many methods have been developed for producing pimelic acid. Pimelic acid is produced ... Pimelic acid has been synthesized from cyclohexanone and from salicylic acid. In the former route, the additional carbon is ...
Carboxylic acid
Acid anhydride Acid chloride Amide Amino acid Ester List of carboxylic acids Dicarboxylic acid Polyhydroxy carboxylic acid (PHC ... Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid ... fatty acids (coatings), maleic acid (polymers), propionic acid (food preservative), terephthalic acid (polymers). Important ... Carboxylic acids are decarboxylated in the Hunsdiecker reaction. The Dakin-West reaction converts an amino acid to the ...
Acid
... among those dicarboxylic acids play an essential role in many biological behaviors. Many of those acids are amino acids, which ... Fluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic acid Chloroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic acid Normal carboxylic acids are ... Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydroiodic acid (HI), hydrobromic acid (HBr), perchloric acid (HClO4), ... Examples in organic acids include formic acid (HCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH) and benzoic acid (C6H5COOH). Polyprotic acids, ...
Branching (polymer chemistry)
But "star" branched nylon can be produced by the condensation of dicarboxylic acids with polyamines having three or more amino ...
Excitatory amino acid transporter 3
EAAT3 also transports aspartate, and mutations in this gene are thought to cause dicarboxylic aminoaciduria, also known as ... Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A1 gene. EAAT3 is expressed on ... Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 is a member of the high-affinity glutamate transporters which plays an essential role in ... Excitatory amino acid transporter Glutamate transporter Solute carrier family GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000106688 - ...
11-Aminoundecanoic acid
M.-H. Koh et al.: Divergent process for C10, C11, and C12 α-amino acid and α,ω-dicarboxylic acid monomers of polyamides from ... undecylenic acid) is obtained. 4. Hydrobromination of 10-undecenoic acid to 11-bromoundecanoic acid The undecenoic acid is ... 5. Bromine exchange of 11-bromoundecanoic acid to 11-aminoundecanoic acid 11-Bromodecanoic acid is mixed at 30 °C with a large ... 11-Aminoundecanoic acid is a precursor to Nylon-11. As practiced by Arkema, 11-aminoundecanoic acid is prepared industrially ...
Daminozide
While being described in FDA reporting as an amino acid derivative, it is more formally and correctly described as a ... dicarboxylic acid monohydrazide.[citation needed] It is the product of the condensation of succinic acid with 2,2- ... The agent is neither synthesized from, not does it contain as component, any amino acid.[citation needed] Marshall, Eliot (7 ... When consumed by mammals, daminozide (see structure at right) is catabolised into two chemical components, succinic acid (a non ...
Eglumetad
"Dipeptides as effective prodrugs of the unnatural amino acid (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740), ... 2-amino)propionyl]aminobicyclo[3.1.0.]hexen-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY544344) in rats and dogs: assessment of first-pass ... 6-dicarboxylic acid (LY379268)". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 331 (3): 1126-36. doi:10.1124/jpet.109.160598. PMID 19755662. S2CID ... Amino acids, Eli Lilly and Company brands, MGlu2 receptor agonists, MGlu3 receptor agonists, Cyclopropanes, Cyclopentanes). ...
2-Aminomuconic acid
Amino acids, Dicarboxylic acids, All stub articles, Alkene stubs). ... 2-Aminomuconic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan. Muconic acid He Z, Spain J (August 1999). "Preparation ...
Kainic acid
Toxic amino acids, Dicarboxylic acids, Excitotoxins, Isopropenyl compounds). ... Kainic acid, or kainate, is an acid that naturally occurs in some seaweed. Kainic acid is a potent neuroexcitatory amino acid ... Kainic acid is commonly injected into laboratory animal models to study the effects of experimental ablation. Kainic acid is a ... Moloney, Mark G. (1998). "Excitatory amino acids". Natural Product Reports. 15 (2): 205-219. doi:10.1039/a815205y. PMID 9586226 ...
N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid
Dicarboxylic acids, Amino acid derivatives, Glutamate (neurotransmitter), Secondary amino acids). ... N-methyl-D-aspartic acid or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative that acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA ... NMDA is a water-soluble D-alpha-amino acid - an aspartic acid derivative with an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration - ... Watkins, J. C. (November 1962). "The synthesis of some acidic amino acids possessing neuropharmacological activity". Journal of ...
Stizolobic acid
Amino acids, Dicarboxylic acids, Lactones). ... Stizolobic acid is an amino acid found in the sap epicotyl tips ... alpha-amino-6-carboxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-3-propionic acid, and stizolobic acid, alpha-amino-6-carboxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-4-propionic ... Hattori, S.; Komamine, A. (1959). "Stizolobic Acid: a New Amino-Acid in Stizolobium hassjoo". Nature. 183 (4668): 1116. Bibcode ... Stizolobium hassjoo catalyzes the conversion of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine into stizolobinic acid, ...
Congenital disorders of amino acid metabolism
Hypermethioninemia Hyperlysinemias Nonketotic hyperglycinemia Propionic acidemia Hyperprolinemia Cystinuria Dicarboxylic ... Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism are metabolic disorders which impair the synthesis and degradation of amino acids. ... Amino acid metabolism disorders, All stub articles, Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disease stubs). ... Alkaptonuria Aspartylglucosaminuria Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency Methylmalonic acidemia Maple syrup ...
Penicilloic acid
Dicarboxylic acids, Formamides, Secondary amino acids, All stub articles, Molecular biology stubs). ... Penicilloic acid is any of several acids which are obtained from the penicillins by the hydrolytic opening of the lactam ring ( ... The major antigenic determinant of penicillin hypersensitivity is its metabolite, penicilloic acid, which reacts with proteins ...
Carglumic acid
Amino acid derivatives, Carbamates, Dicarboxylic acids, Orphan drugs, All stub articles, Gastrointestinal system drug stubs). ... Carglumic acid, sold under the brand name Carbaglu among others, is used for the treatment of hyperammonaemia. Carglumic acid ... Carglumic acid is an orphan drug. Carglumic acid is indicated for the treatment of acute hyperammonemia and chronic ... "Carglumic acid". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Portal: Medicine v t e (Drugs with non-standard ...
Diaminopimelic acid
Amino acids, Dicarboxylic acids, Non-proteinogenic amino acids, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ... Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) is an amino acid, representing an epsilon-carboxy derivative of lysine. DAP is a characteristic of ... Aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in DAP synthesis Peptidoglycan Pimelic acid Brooks, George H.; Geo F. ...
3-Hydroxyaspartic acid
Acidic amino acids, Dicarboxylic acids, Alpha hydroxy acids, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ... 3-Hydroxyaspartic acid (three letter abbreviation: Hya) also known as beta-hydroxyaspartic acid is derivative of aspartic acid ... The Hya amino acid residue is sometimes contained in EGF-like domains such as Vitamin K-dependent coagulation plasma proteins ...
N-Methyl-L-glutamic acid
Amino acid derivatives, Dicarboxylic acids, Secondary amino acids, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ... N-Methyl-l-glutamic acid (methylglutamate) is a chemical derivative of glutamic acid in which a methyl group has been added to ... It can also be demethylated by methylglutamate dehydrogenase to regenerate glutamic acid. Shaw, WV; Tsai, L; Stadtman, ER (1966 ... Biosynthetically, it is produced from methylamine and glutamic acid by the enzyme methylamine-glutamate N-methyltransferase. ...
4-(γ-Glutamylamino)butanoic acid
Amino acid derivatives, Biosynthesis, Dicarboxylic acids, All stub articles, Biochemistry stubs). ... 4-(γ-Glutamylamino)butanoic acid is molecule that consists of L-glutamate conjugated to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is the ...
Formiminoglutamic acid
Dicarboxylic acids, Amidines, Amino acid derivatives). ... semialdehyde Glutamic acid Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid ... Formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU; conjugate base, formiminoglutamate) is an intermediate in the catabolism of L-histidine to L- ... It is elevated with folate trapping, where it is accompanied by decreased methylmalonic acid, increased folate and a decrease ... glutamic acid. It thus is also a biomarker for intracellular levels of folate. The FIGLU test is used to identify vitamin B₁₂ ...
Oxalyldiaminopropionic acid
Amino acids, Dicarboxylic acids, Neurotoxins, Toxic amino acids, Plant toxins). ... Further, L. sativus, as a food, is deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids, enhancing the receptor-level effects of ODAP on ... One antioxidant in the neutralizing pathway is glutathione (GSH), whose synthesis requires the sulfur-containing amino acids ... ODAP can be synthesized from L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid and dimethyl oxalate at a pH of 4.5-5. Cupric oxide can be used to ...
Gostatin
Amino acids, Secondary amino acids, Dicarboxylic acids, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ... Lanthorn, T.H.; Fagg, G.E. (April 1989). "Gostatin blocks physiological actions and binding of acidic amino acids in rat brain ... Its structure is a dihydro-4-pyridone analog of glutamic acid. ...
Α-Aminoadipate pathway
Dicarboxylic acids, Amino acids, All stub articles, Biochemistry stubs). ... The α-aminoadipate pathway is a biochemical pathway for the synthesis of the amino acid L-lysine. In the eukaryotes, this ... α-Aminoadipic acid is the conjugate acid of α-aminoadipate, the latter of which is the prevalent form at physiological pH. A ... Adipic acid Zabriskie TM, Jackson MD (2000). "Lysine biosynthesis and metabolism in fungi". Natural Product Reports. 17 (1): 85 ...
2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde
Amino acids, Conjugated aldehydes, Dicarboxylic acids, Enoic acids, All stub articles, Alkene stubs). ... "Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for 2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic acid semialdehyde (HMDB0001330)". hmdb.ca. Retrieved ... Quinolinate is a neurotoxin formed nonenzymatically from 2-amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde in mammalian tissues. 2-Amino-3- ... 2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan in the tryptophan-niacin catabolic ...
PCCG-4
Amino acids, Dicarboxylic acids, Cyclopropanes, MGlu2 receptor antagonists, All stub articles, Nervous system drug stubs). ...
ACPD
Amino acids, Dicarboxylic acids, MGlu1 receptor agonists, MGlu5 receptor agonists, NMDA receptor agonists, Cyclopentanes, All ... 1-Amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane (ACPD) is a chemical compound that binds to the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR), ... Manzoni O, Fagni L, Pin JP, Rassendren F, Poulat F, Sladeczek F, Bockaert J (July 1990). "(trans)-1-amino-cyclopentyl-1,3- ... "1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane - Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 25 ...
Monatin
Amino acids, Alpha hydroxy acids, Indoles, Dicarboxylic acids). ...
Condensation polymer
When prepared from amino-carboxylic acids, e.g. amino acids, the stoichiometry of the polymerization includes co-formation of ... H2O When prepared from diamines and dicarboxylic acids, e.g. the production of nylon 66, the polymerization produces two ... They arise from the reaction of carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Examples include polyesters, e.g. polyethyleneterephthalate: n ... They arise from the reaction of carboxylic acid and an amine. Examples include nylons and proteins. ...
LY-379,268
... and molecular modeling of heterobicyclic amino acids related to (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0] hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid ( ... 4-amino-2-sulfonylbicyclo[3.1.0]-hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY404039)". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental ... 6-dicarboxylic acid (LY379268)". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 331 (3): 1126-36. doi:10.1124/jpet.109.160598. PMID 19755662. v t e ( ...
Lanthionine ketimine
Sulfur amino acids, Thioethers, Amino acid derivatives, Dicarboxylic acids). ... Lanthionine ketimine (3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-thiazine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid) is a naturally occurring sulfur amino acid metabolite ... In Sulfur Amino Acids: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects, Alan R. Liss Inc., pp. 355-364 Cavallini, Doriano; Ricci, Giorgio; ... which normally condenses the amino acids homocysteine and serine to form cystathionine. In an alternate pathway, cysteine and ...
Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase
... in different amino acids. The last one, which consists of an acetylation in the amino acid lysine in position 472, activates ... which is produced by the peroxisomal beta oxidation of odd chain length dicarboxylic fatty acids (odd chain length DFAs). While ... Another important PTM is the formation of an interchain disulfide bond in the amino acid cysteine in position 206, which may ... Similarly, a deacetylation in this specific amino acid by SIRT4 (a mitochondrial protein) represses the enzyme activity, ...
Prephenic acid
Hydroxy acids, Alpha-keto acids, Dicarboxylic acids, Cyclohexadienes). ... is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, as well as of a large number of ... Stereochemistry of prephenic acid and an observation on the base-catalyzed rearrangement of prephenic acid to p- ... Prephenic acid is an example of achiral (optically inactive) molecule which has two pseudoasymmetric atoms (i.e. stereogenic ...
Coenzyme A
Its acetyl-coenzyme A form is the primary input in the citric acid cycle and is obtained from glycolysis, amino acid metabolism ... Benzoyl-CoA Phenylacetyl-CoA Acyl derived from dicarboxylic acids Malonyl-CoA (important in chain elongation in fatty acid ... amino acids, and lipids. When there is excess glucose, coenzyme A is used in the cytosol for synthesis of fatty acids. This ... These bacteria synthesize pantothenate from the amino acid aspartate and a metabolite in valine biosynthesis. In all living ...
Flux (metallurgy)
... fatty acids (most often oleic acid and stearic acid), dicarboxylic acids) and sometimes amino acids. Some milder fluxes also ... formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and dicarboxylic, e.g. oxalic acid, malonic acid, sebacic acid) There are three types ... A mixture of organic acids (resin acids, predominantly abietic acid, with pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, neoabietic acid, ... phosphoric acid, citric acid, and hydrobromic acid. Salts of mineral acids with amines are also used as aggressive activators. ...
Tryptophan-rich sensory protein
... interaction amino acid consensus (CRAC) of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and inhibition of steroidogenesis by an ... as well as to dicarboxylic tetrapyrrole intermediates of the haem biosynthetic pathway. Depending upon the tissue, it was shown ... and have been shown to bind and transport dicarboxylic tetrapyrrole intermediates of the haem biosynthetic pathway. They are ...
SYM-2081
Amino acid derivatives, Dicarboxylic acids). ... Finally, the compound was treated with trifluoroacetic acid ( ... Zi-Qiang Gu; Xiao-Fa Lin; Hesson, David P. (1995). "Diastereoselective synthesis of (2S,4R)-4-Methylglutamic acid (sym 2081): A ... TFA) in dichloromethane to produce (2S,4R)-4-methylglutamic acid. Some research has indicated that having the methyl group in ...
Iminodiacetic acid
A white solid, the compound is a dicarboxylic acid amine (the nitrogen atom forms a secondary amino group, not an imino group ... Iminodiacetic acid is an important intermediate in one of the two main industrial processes used to manufacture the herbicide ... Iminodiacetic acid is the organic compound with the formula HN(CH2CO2H)2, often abbreviated to IDA. ... Several technetium-99m complexes are used in cholescintigraphy scans (also known as hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scans) to ...
Meat alternative
... monoacylglycerol esters of dicarboxylic acids, sucrose monoesters of fatty acids, and phospholipids. Polyglycerol monoesters ... Soy protein is also considered a "complete protein" as it contains all of the essential amino acids that are crucial for proper ... Sucrose monoesters are derived from the esterification of sucrose with a fatty acid ester or a fatty acid and it ideally should ... The polymer is created from esterification reactions with fatty acids and contains 14 to 16 carbons per polyglycerol moiety. ...
Octopine
Amino acid derivatives, Dicarboxylic acids, Guanidines). ... Octopine is a derivative of the amino acids arginine and ... Octopine is formed by reductive condensation of pyruvic acid and arginine through the action of the NADH-dependent enzyme ... Pecten maximus and Sipunculus nudus where it functions as an analog of lactic acid. Plants may also produce this compound after ... octopine dehydrogenase (ODH). The reaction is reversible so that pyruvic acid and arginine can be regenerated. Morizawa, ...
Monomer
... the monomers are amino acids. Polymerization occurs at ribosomes. Usually about 20 types of amino acid monomers are used to ... the formation of many nylons requires equal amounts of a dicarboxylic acid and diamine. In the case of addition polymerizations ... For polynucleic acids (DNA/RNA), the monomers are nucleotides, each of which is made of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base and ... to form epoxy BPA is the monomer precursor for polycarbonate Terephthalic acid is a comonomer that, with ethylene glycol, forms ...
MGS-0039
June 2006). "Prodrugs of 3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-amino-6-fluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (MGS0039): a ... 6-dicarboxylic acid derivatives as potent and selective group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists". Journal of ... August 2004). "Synthesis, in vitro pharmacology, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacokinetics of 3-alkoxy-2-amino-6- ...
Abiogenesis
... and L-glutamic acid is more than three times as abundant as its D counterpart. Amino acids from meteorites show a left-handed ... first organisms were self-replicating iron-rich clays which fixed carbon dioxide into oxalic acid and other dicarboxylic acids ... amino acids for protein metabolism, and nucleic acids DNA and RNA for the mechanisms of heredity. Any successful theory of ... "Formation of Amino Acids on the Sonolysis of Aqueous Solutions Containing Acetic Acid, Methane, or Carbon Dioxide, in the ...
Timeline of the history of genetics
Thus the genetic code is a triplet code, where each triplet (called a codon) specifies a particular amino acid. 1961: Sydney ... 1948). "Biosynthesis of Dicarboxylic Acids by Carbon Dioxide Fixation". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 174 (3): 979-1000. doi ... These mutations were used to demonstrate that three sequential bases of the rIIB gene's DNA specify each successive amino acid ... At the time, "yeast nucleic acid" (RNA) was thought to occur only in plants, while "thymus nucleic acid" (DNA) only in animals ...
Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase
The HADH gene encodes a 34.3 kDa protein that has 314 amino acids and 124 observed peptides. This gene is a member of the 3- ... There are other clinical presentations that have been identified, namely: myoglobinuria, dicarboxylic aciduria, feeding ... Its enzymatic activity is highest with medium-chain-length fatty acids. Mutations in this gene cause one form of familial ... "Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia caused by a defect in the SCHAD enzyme of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation". Diabetes ...
Succinic acid
... (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. The name derives from Latin ... amino acids, fatty acids, cholesterol, and heme, rely on the temporary formation of succinate. The intermediate is made ... and dicarboxylic acids, it is not harmful but can be an irritant to skin and eyes. Historically, succinic acid was obtained ... Citric acid cycle compounds, Dicarboxylic acids, Excipients, Succinates, E-number additives). ...
Acridine
2-dicarboxylic acid. Acridine is easily oxidized by peroxymonosulfuric acid to the acridine amine oxide. The carbon 9-position ... the resulting o-nitro-p-diaminotriphenylmethane being reduced to the corresponding o-amino compound, which on oxidation yields ... When formic acid is the carboxylic acid, the reaction yields the parent acridine. With the higher larger carboxylic acids, the ... Acridine is separated from coal tar by extracting with dilute sulfuric acid. Addition of potassium dichromate to this solution ...
Metal-organic framework
4-dicarboxylic acid (BDC or terephthalic acid, biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (BPDC), and the tricarboxylic acid trimesic acid ... Thus, the framework-incorporated amino acid can exist in a form that is not accessible for the free amino acid. While the ... These compounds employ amino acids(L- or D-aspartate) together with dipyridyls as struts. The coordination chemistry is such ... The anhydrous version of HKUST-1 is an acid catalyst. Compared to Brønsted vs. Lewis acid-catalyzed pathways, the product ...
Aspartate transaminase
The amino group transfer catalyzed by this enzyme is crucial in both amino acid degradation and biosynthesis. In amino acid ... Within each active site, a couple arginine residues are responsible for the enzyme's specificity for dicarboxylic acid ... In E. coli, the enzyme is encoded by the aspCgene and has also been shown to exhibit the activity of an aromatic-amino-acid ... In the first half-reaction, amino acid 1 (e.g., L-Asp) reacts with the enzyme-PLP complex to generate ketoacid 1 (oxaloacetate ...
Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases
The active site contains a highly conserved 2-His-1-carboxylate (HXD/E...H) amino acid residue triad motif, in which the ... 4-dicarboxylic acid (2,4-PDCA), 5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline, FG-2216 and FG-4592, which were all designed mimic the co- ... is held by two histidine residues and one aspartic acid/glutamic acid residue. The N2O triad binds to one face of the Fe center ... Sesti C, Simkhovich BZ, Kalvinsh I, Kloner RA (Mar 2006). "Mildronate, a novel fatty acid oxidation inhibitor and antianginal ...
Gluconeogenesis
... these substrates include glucogenic amino acids (although not ketogenic amino acids); from breakdown of lipids (such as ... to produce four-carbon dicarboxylic acid precursors. The glyoxylate shunt comprises two enzymes, malate synthase and isocitrate ... Other glucogenic amino acids and all citric acid cycle intermediates (through conversion to oxaloacetate) can also function as ... Amino Acid Degradation and Synthesis". Biochemistry (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & ...
Dicarboxylic acids from electric discharge | Nature
Significant yields of amino, hydroxy, and monocarboxylic acids have been produced by the action of electric discharge on such a ... Apart from the detection of succinic acid3,4,6, no other dicarboxylic acids have been reported in chemical evolution ... Apart from the detection of succinic acid3,4,6, no other dicarboxylic acids have been reported in chemical evolution ... Significant yields of amino, hydroxy, and monocarboxylic acids have been produced by the action of electric discharge on such a ...
Staff Profile - Faculty of Medical Sciences - Newcastle University
The Status of Excitatory Dicarboxylic Amino Acid Uptake Sites in the Cerebral Cortex in Alzheimers and Parkinsons Diseases. ... Hippocampal Free Amino Acids in Alzheimers Disease. Journal of Neurochemistry 1980, 35(5), 1246-1249. ... Use of post-mortem human synaptosomes for studies of metabolism and transmitter amino acid release. Neuroscience Letters 1982, ... Use of Human Brain to Study Amino‑Acid Neurotransmitters. Neuroscience 1982, 7, 590-590. ...
SICOR - Headquarters Locations, Products, Competitors, Financials, Employees
Glutamates | Profiles RNS
How to name Primary amines, Secondary amines, Tertiary Amines, Quaternary ammonium salts, Amino acids, zwitterions, Primary...
... primary acid amides, secondary acid amides, polyamides (nylons) & polypeptides, tertiary acid amides, diazonium salts and azo ... dyes, nitro-aromatics, acid nitriles via displayed formula of molecules, graphic formula, molecular formula, skeletal formula, ... NYLONS are formed by condensing together a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine (nylon-x,y) OR polymerising an amino carboxylic acid ... amino acids molecules, displayed formula of amino acids molecules, shapes of amino acids molecules, isomers of amino acids ...
Homocystine | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Amino Acids [D12.125]. *Amino Acids, Diamino [D12.125.095]. *Homocystine [D12.125.095.533]. *Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic [D12.125 ... Complementary effects of multivitamin and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on indices of cardiovascular health in individuals ... ine is associated with increased risk of stroke and transient ischemic attack in the era of folic acid grain fortification. ...
amino acid mcq with answers pdf
Enhance your subject knowledge were prepared Based on latest Exam Pattern monoamino dicarboxylic acid b. monocarboxylic! To the ... aliphatic amino acids b) all amino acids c) Non-polar amino acids d) aromatic amino acids Online Practice test on. Amino acids ... glucogenic amino acid B. ketogenic amino acid C. ketogenic and glucogenic amino acid D. keto-gluco amino acid. non active amino ... the match in amino acid sequencs is perfect, except for the amino acids at 3 positions. Amino acid X and amino acid Y both have ...
PDF) Short chain fatty acids and colonic health
Intestinal bacteria are then able to ferment these substances to short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), hydroxy and dicarboxylic ... Carbohydrate metabolism is quantitatively more important than amino acid fermentation in the human large intestine, ... Short-chain fatty acids feature a regulatory function in the cell metabolism of fatty acids, glucose and cholesterol in various ... Acidification to pH 5.0 or less, with hydrochloric acid or a lactic-acetic acid mixture, significantly reduced ammonia ...
RCSB PDB - 1ARI: Aspartate aminotransferase, W140H mutant, maleate complex
All three mutations, i.e. W140H, I17H and V37--H, decreased the aminotransferase activity toward aromatic amino acids by ... 10-100-fold, while decreasing the activity toward dicarboxylic substrates only moderately to 20%, 20% and 60% of the activity ... MALEIC ACID. C4 H4 O4. VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N. Ligand Interaction. ... the quinonoid enzyme substrate intermediate indicates that H140 might assist in the reprotonation of C alpha of the amino acid ...
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters
Sigma-Aldrich offers many products related to excitatory amino acid transporters for your research needs. ... trans-2,3-PDC: L-trans-Pyrrolidine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid. trans-2,4-PDC: L-trans-Pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid. trans-ACPD: ... WAY-855: 3-Amino-tricyclo[2.2.1.02.6]heptane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid ... Nieoullon A, Canolle B, Masmejean F, Guillet B, Pisano P, Lortet S. 2006. The neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter EAAC1/ ...
Daubnet Community • Vatras, Karrypto, Dan and Hamlar United arab emirates
A missense mutation causes aspartase deficiency in Yersinia pestis | Microbiology Society
... at amino acid position 363. The gene from Y. pestis KIM possesses a unique second transversion (G·C→T·A) at amino acid 146 ... provided that the amino acid substitution at position 146 was also reversed. These observations have important implications for ... structures as well as comparable Michaelis constants for l-aspartic acid. However, the k cat of the Y. pestis CRIM of strain ... causing substitution of aspartic acid (encoded by GAU) with tyrosine (encoded by UAU). We show in this study that Y. pestis ...
Code System Concept
DeCS
Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic Entry term(s). Acids, Dicarboxylic Amino Dicarboxylic Amino Acids ... Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic - Preferred Concept UI. M0000926. Preferred term. ... Acids, Dicarboxylic Amino. Dicarboxylic Amino Acids. Tree number(s):. D12.125.119. RDF Unique Identifier:. https://id.nlm.nih. ... Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic Descriptor Spanish: Aminoácidos Dicarboxílicos Spanish from Spain Descriptor. aminoácidos ...
Glycine (YMDB00016) - Yeast Metabolome Database
2. Dicarboxylic amino acid permease. General function:. Involved in transport. Specific function:. Can transport glutamate, ... belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is ... Glycine (abbreviated as Gly or G) is an alpha-amino acid. It is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building ... It is the smallest, simplest amino acid as it lacks any side chain or chirality. It is generally considered a polar amino acid ...
Specific antagonism of excitotoxic action of 'uncommon' amino acids assayed in organotypic mouse cortical cultures<...
2-Amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid, Glutamate receptor antagonism, Organotypic tissue culture, cis-2,3-Piperidine dicarboxylic ... Ross, S. M., Seelig, M., & Spencer, P. S. (1987). Specific antagonism of excitotoxic action of uncommon amino acids assayed ... Ross, Stephen M. ; Seelig, Mary ; Spencer, Peter S. / Specific antagonism of excitotoxic action of uncommon amino acids ... β-N-Methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and β-N-oxalylamino-l-alanine (BOAA) are chemically related excitant amino acids present in ...
WGC2010
Toshihito Kumagai Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search
Abstract: A process for producing a 3-alkoxy-2-amino-6-fluoro bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative represented ... Abstract: A process for producing a 3-alkoxy-2-amino-6-fluoro bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative represented ... Abstract: A process for producing a 3-alkoxy-2-amino-6-fluoro bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative represented ... Abstract: The present invention relates to 2-amino-6-fluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivatives ...
FIXER FLUIDS - HEWLETT PACKARD DEVELOPMENT CO
... diamine sulfonic acids, e.g., 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]-ethanesulfonic acid; etc. Other types of polyester-polyurethanes can also ... C4 to C10 alkyl dicarboxylic acids, e.g., adipic acid; C4 to C10 alkyl diisocyanates, e.g., hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI); ... diamine sulfonic acids, e.g., 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]-ethanesulfonic acid; etc. Alternatively, the polyester-polyurethane ... U42 or other similar aromatic polyester-polyurethane binders can include aromatic dicarboxylic acids, e.g., phthalic acid; C4 ...
Registration Dossier - ECHA
Like other cyclic acid anhydrides, succinic anhydride is readily hydrolyzed to a dicarboxylic acid (WHO, 2009). Dicarboxylic ... Succinic anhydride is an acylating agent which reacts with N-terminal amino acids and consequently falls within a chemical ... acid anhydrides like (phthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, trimellitic acid, methyl tetrahydrophthalic acid) are irritants to ... Effects of cyclic acid anhydride administration on humans In humans, cyclic acid anhydrides can cause irritation and ...
Jeffrey Bada | UCSD Profiles
Amino acids in the Martian meteorite Nakhla. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Aug 03; 96(16):8835-8. Glavin DP, Bada JL, Brinton ... hydroxy and dicarboxylic acids. Adv Space Res. 1984; 4(12):69-74. Peltzer ET, Bada JL, Schlesinger G, Miller SL. PMID: 11537797 ... Amino acids in the Tagish meteorite. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 09 15; 117(37):22649. Bada JL. PMID: 32913062; PMCID: ... Amino acid racemization and the preservation of ancient DNA. Science. 1996 May 10; 272(5263):864-6. Poinar HN, Höss M, Bada JL ...
Isoaspartic Acid | Profiles RNS
Aspartic Acid [D12.125.067.500]. *Isoaspartic Acid [D12.125.067.500.275]. *Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic [D12.125.119] ... An ASPARTIC ACID residue in polypeptide chains that is linked at the beta-carboxyl group instead of at the normal, alpha- ... "Isoaspartic Acid" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Isoaspartic Acid" by people in this website by year, and ...
N-Methylaspartate | Profiles RNS
Model Search | BioModels
Dicarboxylic amino acid permease (4) * Aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] 2 (4) * Sulfate adenylyltransferase (4) ... cis,cis-2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)but-2-enedioic acid (97) ... General amino acid permease AGP1 (4) * 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase ... Nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (4) * Ubiquinone biosynthesis O-methyltransferase, ... 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylic acid (108) ... S)-dihydroorotic acid (74) * UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine ( ...
Nilvadipine: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online
Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives / Vinylogous amides / Enoate esters / Methyl esters / Amino acids and derivatives / ... Carboxylic acid derivative / Carboxylic acid ester / Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives / Dihydropyridinecarboxylic acid ... Allyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound / Alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester / Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / ... Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article] *Araie M, Mayama C: Use of calcium channel blockers for glaucoma. Prog ...
China Low Price (+/-)-1-AMINOCYCLOPENTANE-CIS-1,3-DICARBOXYLIC ACID Manufacturers, Suppliers - Factory Direct Wholesale -...
3-dicarboxylic acid manufacturers and suppliers in China, we warmly welcome you to wholesale chiral compounds at low price from ... 1-Amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane (ACPD) is a chemical compound that binds to the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR), ... 1-AMINOCYCLOPENTANE-CIS-1,3-DICARBOXYLIC ACID. Get Latest Price > FOB Price contact us for price ... Hot tags: (+/-)-1-aminocyclopentane-cis-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, China, manufacturers, suppliers, factory, wholesale, low price, ...
Homocystine | Colorado PROFILES
Can aminoaciduria be treated?
... the glomeruli filter all amino acids out of the blood, and the renal tubules then reabsorb over 95% of the filtered amino acids ... In dicarboxylic aminoaciduria, there are no apparent clinical features and hence no recommended therapy. ... Aminoaciduria is a test that screens for increased levels of amino acid excretion in the urine which may indicate inborn errors ... Aminoaciduria occurs when the urine contains abnormally high amounts of amino acids. In the healthy kidney, ...
PeptidesAspartic acidAromaticDerivativesHydroxyCarboxylicSalicylic acidGlucogenic aminTricarboxylicProteinsTyrosineNucleicSuccinic acidNaturallyLacticGLUTAMIC ACIDActive aminoMetabolismPropionicCompoundsGlycineComplexesValineAspartateAlanineFatty acidsBiochemistryFolic acid fortificationSubstratesProteinSynthesisFortificationGlucoseThereofGlutamicumEnzymeRolesHydrogenCarbonSimplestHomocysteineRenalGlutamate-receptorSaltsAmountsProtonReadilyTransporters1992
Peptides2
- A plausible simultaneous synthesis of amino acids and simple peptides on the primordial Earth. (ucsd.edu)
- The complex formation equilibria of Pd(amine)2+ complexes with amino acids, peptides, dicarboxylic acids and DNA constituents, were extensively investigated. (bvsalud.org)
Aspartic acid6
- It is established that cells of Yersinia pestis , the causative agent of bubonic plague, excrete l -aspartic acid at the expense of exogenous l -glutamic acid during expression of the low-calcium response. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The gene from Y. pestis KIM possesses a unique second transversion (G·C→T·A) at amino acid 146 causing substitution of aspartic acid (encoded by GAU) with tyrosine (encoded by UAU). (microbiologyresearch.org)
- After purification to near homogeneity, the products were subjected to biochemical analysis and found to exhibit similar secondary, tertiary and quaternary (tetrameric) structures as well as comparable Michaelis constants for l -aspartic acid. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Does aspartic acid racemization constrain the depth limit of the subsurface biosphere? (ucsd.edu)
- An ASPARTIC ACID residue in polypeptide chains that is linked at the beta-carboxyl group instead of at the normal, alpha-carboxyl group, polypeptide linkage. (ouhsc.edu)
- It is a result of the spontaneous decomposition of aspartic acid or ASPARAGINE residues. (ouhsc.edu)
Aromatic3
- a) aliphatic amino acids b) all amino acids c) Non-polar amino acids d) aromatic amino acids Online Practice test on. (jacquidankworth.com)
- W140-->H, I17-->H and V37--H, decreased the aminotransferase activity toward aromatic amino acids by 10-100-fold, while decreasing the activity toward dicarboxylic substrates only moderately to 20%, 20% and 60% of the activity of the wild-type enzymes, respectively. (rcsb.org)
- 6. Isaev SG Synthesis, reactivity and biological activity of ortho-halogenbenzoic, aromatic amino acids and acridine: Abstract. (org.ua)
Derivatives3
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dihydropyridinecarboxylic acids and derivatives. (drugbank.com)
- 8. Levitin EY Synthesis and biological activity of halogenbenzoic acid derivatives and acridines created on their basis: Abstract. (org.ua)
- The facultative methylotroph Bacillus methanolicus MGA3 has previously been genetically engineered to overproduce the amino acids L -lysine and L -glutamate and their derivatives cadaverine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from methanol at 50°C. We here explored the potential of utilizing the sugar alcohol mannitol and seaweed extract (SWE) containing mannitol, as alternative feedstocks for production of chemicals by fermentation using B. methanolicus . (frontiersin.org)
Hydroxy3
- Quantitation of α-hydroxy acids in complex prebiotic mixtures via liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. (ucsd.edu)
- Lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus plantarum , have a specific polyunsaturated fatty acid saturation metabolism that generates multiple fatty acid species, such as hydroxy fatty acids, oxo fatty acids, conjugated fatty acids, and trans -fatty acids. (jbc.org)
- A variety of other dicarboxylic acids and hydroxy acids and amino acids were found in elevated amounts in body fluids, along with elevated concentrations of butyric, isobutyric, 2-methylbutyric, and isovaleric acids. (elsevier.com)
Carboxylic8
- were prepared based on … Carboxylic group provides an acidic property to the amino acid while amino group gives it … Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. (jacquidankworth.com)
- The carbon has an amino group, carboxylic group, hydrogen and variable R group. (jacquidankworth.com)
- Definition: Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H. (humpath.com)
- Carboxylic acids are Brønsted-Lowry acids and are proton donors. (humpath.com)
- Salts and anions of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates. (humpath.com)
- The simplest series of carboxylic acids are the alkanoic acids, R-COOH, where R is a hydrogen or an alkyl group. (humpath.com)
- Compounds may also have two or more carboxylic acid groups per molecule. (humpath.com)
- Further, the calculated ∆ pKa values clearly demonstrate that 2A4M6MP is a good salt former when combined with carboxylic acids. (researchsquare.com)
Salicylic acid1
- The title compound was synthesized by the reaction of 1:1 stoichiometric mixture of 2-amino 4-methoxy 6-methyl pyrimidine (34.79 mg, 0.25 mmol) with 4-amino salicylic acid (38.28 mg, 0.25 mmol) or 5-chlorosalicylic acid (43.14 mg, 0.25 mmol) in 20ml of hot methanol solution, after warming a few minutes over a water bath for 30 min. (researchsquare.com)
Glucogenic amin2
- CBSE AIPMT 2014) A. glucogenic amino acid B. ketogenic amino acid C. ketogenic and glucogenic amino acid D. keto-gluco amino acid. (jacquidankworth.com)
- Glycine is classified as a glucogenic amino acid, since it can be converted to serine by serine hydroxymethyltransferase, and serine can be converted back to the glycolytic intermediate, 3-phosphoglycerate or to pyruvate by serine/threonine dehydratase. (ymdb.ca)
Tricarboxylic1
- However, Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 is not able to use tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates such as succinate, fumarate, and L-malate as sole carbon sources. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Proteins2
- In addition to the transport of L-glutamate, a number of other naturally occurring excitatory amino acids, including L-aspartate, L-cysteine sulfinate and L-cysteate, are known substrates of these transporter proteins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- It is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins. (ymdb.ca)
Tyrosine1
- 22) Consider all possible tripeptides made of the amino acids tyrosine, histidine and proline. (jacquidankworth.com)
Nucleic2
- Amino acids in a polypeptide Nucleic acids in a nucleotide Answer- Nucleic acids in a nucleotide Q10) Which one of the following is a non-reducing carbohydrate? (jacquidankworth.com)
- Folate functions as a coenzyme in single-carbon transfers in the metabolism of nucleic and amino acids and is therefore especially important during periods of rapid cell division and growth, such as occurs during infancy and pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
Succinic acid2
- Apart from the detection of succinic acid 3,4,6 , no other dicarboxylic acids have been reported in chemical evolution experiments. (nature.com)
- The cyclic anhydrides used in the read-across approach generally demonstrate structural similarities with succinic anhydride and maleic anhydride in particular is a close structural analogue of succinic acid only differing in a double bond at position 2 of the molecule. (europa.eu)
Naturally3
- β-alanine is naturally occurring β-amino acid (amino group is at the β position not in the α position) 7. (jacquidankworth.com)
- B12 functions as a coenzyme for a critical methyl transfer reaction that converts homocysteine to methionine and for a separate reaction that converts L-methylmalonyl-coenzyme A to succinyl-coenzyme A. Homocysteine (Hcy) is an amino acid naturally found in the blood. (cdc.gov)
- Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a dicarboxylic acid naturally found in the blood. (cdc.gov)
Lactic2
- Here, we investigated the ligand activity of lactic acid bacteria-produced fatty acids in relation to nuclear hormone receptors expressed in the small intestine. (jbc.org)
- Organic acid analysis revealed massive lactic aciduria and glutaric aciduria. (elsevier.com)
GLUTAMIC ACID2
- Read Online Amino Acid Metabolism Mcqs And Answers Multiple Choice Questions- Amino acid and protein chemistry 1-A mutation has changed an isoleucine residue of a protein to Glutamic acid, which statement best describes its location in a endobj Biology MCQs for Class 12 Chapter Wise with Answers PDF Download was Prepared Based on Latest Exam Pattern. (jacquidankworth.com)
- A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. (medindex.am)
Active amino2
- non active amino acid a. (jacquidankworth.com)
- They are designed to covalently bind the catalytically active amino acids through electrophilic groups called warheads. (bvsalud.org)
Metabolism2
- Aminoaciduria is a test that screens for increased levels of amino acid excretion in the urine which may indicate inborn errors of metabolism caused by a specific enzyme deficiency. (digglicious.com)
- Research has shown that myocardial metabolism is altered in cardiac disease, leading to a reduction in β-oxidation of fatty acids and an increased dependence upon glycolysis. (springer.com)
Propionic2
- The topic of this review is the key end products of colonic fermentation, the SCFA butyric, acetic, and propionic acids. (researchgate.net)
- of colonic fermentation, the SCF A butyric, acetic, and propionic acids. (researchgate.net)
Compounds3
- belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. (ymdb.ca)
- In nature, marine, freshwater, and terrestrial organisms are protected from harmful UVR through several important photoprotective mechanisms, including the synthesis of UV-absorbing compounds such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). (bvsalud.org)
- Eleven compounds have been identified that are up regulated in the ID cohort, three of which are previously reported namely Dopamine, Glutarylglycine and Suberic acid. (tsijournals.com)
Glycine3
- Glycine (abbreviated as Gly or G) is an alpha-amino acid. (ymdb.ca)
- In the third pathway, glycine is converted to glyoxylate by D-amino acid oxidase. (ymdb.ca)
- Iminodiacetic acid, HN(CH2CO2H)2, often abbreviated to IDA, is an amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group. (abacus-arte.com)
Complexes2
- Equilibrium studies of the binary and ternary complexes involving oxytetracycline and amino acid or DNA constituents. (fayoum.edu.eg)
- The ∆ pKa values for both base-acid complexes (I & II) were calculated to confirm the formation of molecular salts. (researchsquare.com)
Valine2
- The only known distinction between most sequenced isolates of aspA from Y. pestis and the active gene in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (the immediate progenitor of Y. pestis ) is a single base transversion (G·C→T·A) causing replacement of leucine (encoded by UUG) for valine (encoded by GUG) at amino acid position 363. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Return of valine for leucine at position 363 of the Y. pestis enzyme restored normal turnover ( k cat 86±2 s −1 ) provided that the amino acid substitution at position 146 was also reversed. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Aspartate3
- The subtypes EAAT1, EAAT2 and EAAT3 are the human homologs of the transporter clones initially isolated from non-human species designated as GLAST (GLutamate/ASpartate Transporter), GLT-1 (GLutamate Transporter) and EAAC1 (Excitatory Amino Acid Carrier), respectively. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- BMAA-induced cellular changes were antagonized selectively in a concentration-dependent manner by 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7), an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate-receptor antagonist. (elsevier.com)
- Cephalopod vision involves dicarboxylic amino acids: D-aspartate, L-aspartate and L-glutamate. (evergreen.edu)
Alanine1
- β-N-Methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and β-N-oxalylamino-l-alanine (BOAA) are chemically related excitant amino acids present in the seeds of Cycas circinalis and Lathyrus sativus, respectively. (elsevier.com)
Fatty acids1
- colon cancer , life style, nutrition, short chain fatty acids. (researchgate.net)
Biochemistry2
- Amino acids can be assorted on the basis of the general chemical characteristics of their R w h freeman publishers biochemistry macmillan learning. (jacquidankworth.com)
- Biology MCQ-06: Biochemistry: Amino Acids: Part 2 for JRF/NET Life Science Examination Biochemistry MCQ - 06 MCQ on Amino Acids - Part 2 (1). (jacquidankworth.com)
Folic acid fortification1
- Vitamin B12, homocysteine and carotid plaque in the era of folic acid fortification of enriched cereal grain products. (ucdenver.edu)
Substrates1
- It is estimated that approximately 70% of ATP is produced as a result of fatty acid (FA) oxidation and alternative substrates, predominantly pyruvate, account for the remainder (Stanley et al. (springer.com)
Protein3
- b) The requirement for dietary protein is for individual amino acids, not simply the total amount of protein in the diet. (jacquidankworth.com)
- The function of this protein is to transport certain amino acids into cells. (digglicious.com)
- The roles of bile acids and their receptors, such as the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5, on the development of NASH are not fully clear. (jbc.org)
Synthesis1
- Synthesis of 4-bromo- and 4,6-dibromo-2-carboxysuccinalic acids anilides has been carried out and their physico-chemical properties have been studied. (org.ua)
Fortification1
- Low vitamin B6 but not homocyst(e)ine is associated with increased risk of stroke and transient ischemic attack in the era of folic acid grain fortification. (harvard.edu)
Glucose1
- Improved fermentative production of gamma-aminobutyric acid via the putrescine route: Systems metabolic engineering for production from glucose, amino sugars, and xylose. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Thereof1
- A process for producing a 3-alkoxy-2-amino-6-fluoro bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative represented by the formula (I) or a salt thereof, which includes converting a compound represented by the formula (VI) or a salt thereof to the compound represented by the formula (I) or a salt thereof. (justia.com)
Glutamicum3
- Production of Food and Feed Additives From Non-food-competing Feedstocks: Valorizing N-acetylmuramic Acid for Amino Acid and Carotenoid Fermentation With Corynebacterium glutamicum. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- Efficient Production of the Dicarboxylic Acid Glutarate by Corynebacterium glutamicum via a Novel Synthetic Pathway. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- Recombinant strains of the mesophilic bacteria Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum are used for production of biofuels, chemicals and amino acids. (frontiersin.org)
Enzyme2
- A model of the structure of the quinonoid enzyme substrate intermediate indicates that H140 might assist in the reprotonation of C alpha of the amino acid substrate from the re side of the deprotonated coenzyme-substrate adduct in competition with si-side reprotonation by K258. (rcsb.org)
- It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. (medindex.am)
Roles1
- The dicarboxylic amino acids, D-Asp, L-Asp and L-Glu, may play important roles in vision. (evergreen.edu)
Hydrogen1
- The title salts, namely, 2-amino 4-methoxy 6-methyl pyrimidinium 4-amino salicylate (2A4M6MP-4AMSA) (I), and 2-amino 4-methoxy 6-methyl pyrimidinium 5-chloro salicylate (2A4M6MP-5ClSA) (II), have been investigated in order to study the hydrogen bonding patterns and supramolecular architectures in the crystalline state. (researchsquare.com)
Carbon1
- These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). (ymdb.ca)
Simplest1
- It is the smallest, simplest amino acid as it lacks any side chain or chirality. (ymdb.ca)
Homocysteine1
- Complementary effects of multivitamin and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on indices of cardiovascular health in individuals with elevated homocysteine. (harvard.edu)
Renal1
- In the healthy kidney, the glomeruli filter all amino acids out of the blood, and the renal tubules then reabsorb over 95% of the filtered amino acids back into the blood. (digglicious.com)
Glutamate-receptor1
- We report that the acute neuronotoxic actions of these amino acids are blocked selectively by specific glutamate receptor antagonists. (elsevier.com)
Salts1
- Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure. (umassmed.edu)
Amounts1
- Aminoaciduria occurs when the urine contains abnormally high amounts of amino acids. (digglicious.com)
Proton1
- The proton transfer (PT) complex of 2-amino 4-methoxy 6-methyl pyrimidinium (2A4M6MP) 4-aminosalicylate (4AMSA), C 6 H 10 ON 3 + C 7 H 6 NO 3 − , (I), and 5-chlorosalicylate (5ClSA), C 6 H 10 ON 3 + C 7 H 4 O 3 Cl − (II) were synthesized and crystallized. (researchsquare.com)
Readily1
- Read- across is justified because a common feature of cyclic anhydride is that they readily hydrolyse to their corresponding dicarboxylic acids in aqueous solutions. (europa.eu)
Transporters1
- Hence, they have been termed excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). (sigmaaldrich.com)
19921
- 1991). Thus, CDC and the U.S. Public Health Service have recommended that every woman who could become pregnant consume at least 400 micrograms (µg) of folic acid each day (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1992). (cdc.gov)