Amino acids dicarboxylic. Medical search

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A family of organic anion transporters that specifically transport DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS such as alpha-ketoglutaric acid across cellular membranes.

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

Derivatives of adipic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,6-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A form of encephalopathy with fatty infiltration of the LIVER, characterized by brain EDEMA and VOMITING that may rapidly progress to SEIZURES; COMA; and DEATH. It is caused by a generalized loss of mitochondrial function leading to disturbances in fatty acid and CARNITINE metabolism.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.

Drugs that inhibit the transport of neurotransmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. For many transmitters, uptake determines the time course of transmitter action so inhibiting uptake prolongs the activity of the transmitter. Blocking uptake may also deplete available transmitter stores. Many clinically important drugs are uptake inhibitors although the indirect reactions of the brain rather than the acute block of uptake itself is often responsible for the therapeutic effects.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.

Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Tricyclic ethylene-bridged naphthalene derivatives. They are found in petroleum residues and coal tar and used as dye intermediates, in the manufacture of plastics, and in insecticides and fungicides.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Seven-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the aliphatic structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A family of POTASSIUM and SODIUM-dependent acidic amino acid transporters that demonstrate a high affinity for GLUTAMIC ACID and ASPARTIC ACID. Several variants of this system are found in neuronal tissue.

An enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of tyrosine to phenol, pyruvate, and ammonia. It is a pyridoxal phosphate protein. The enzyme also forms pyruvate from D-tyrosine, L-cysteine, S-methyl-L-cysteine, L-serine, and D-serine, although at a slower rate. EC 4.1.99.2.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxybenzene structure.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Salts and esters of the 12-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--lauric acid.

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Chemical agents that react with SH groups. This is a chemically diverse group that is used for a variety of purposes. Among these are enzyme inhibition, enzyme reactivation or protection, and labelling.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

Derivatives of OXALOACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include a 2-keto-1,4-carboxy aliphatic structure.

A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A class of saturated compounds consisting of two rings only, having two or more atoms in common, containing at least one hetero atom, and that take the name of an open chain hydrocarbon containing the same total number of atoms. (From Riguady et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979, p31)

Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Aryl CYCLOPENTANES that are a reduced (protonated) form of INDENES.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

A group of inherited kidney disorders characterized by the abnormally elevated levels of AMINO ACIDS in URINE. Genetic mutations of transport proteins result in the defective reabsorption of free amino acids at the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. Renal aminoaciduria are classified by the specific amino acid or acids involved.

An FAD-dependent peroxisomal flavoenzyme, this catalyzes the oxidative deamination of D-ASPARTATE to OXALOACETATE and AMMONIA using oxygen as electron acceptor.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The D-isomer of ASPARTIC ACID.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.

Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

10-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

Errors in the metabolism of LIPIDS resulting from inborn genetic MUTATIONS that are heritable.

Organic silicon derivatives used to characterize hydroxysteroids, nucleosides, and related compounds. Trimethylsilyl esters of amino acids are used in peptide synthesis.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).

Organic compounds that are acyclic and contain three acid groups. A member of this class is citric acid which is the first product formed by reaction of pyruvate and oxaloacetate. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p443)

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Compounds containing the -SH radical.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in humans and other animals including MAMMALS; BIRDS; REPTILES; and AMPHIBIANS. It has also been isolated from SOIL and WATER as well as from clinical specimens such as URINE; THROAT; SPUTUM; BLOOD; and wound swabs as an opportunistic pathogen.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as AMMONIA; NITRATES; and amino compounds.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Mechanisms involved in the metabotropic glutamate receptor-enhancement of NMDA-mediated motoneurone responses in frog spinal cord. (1/185)

1. The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist trans-(+/-)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (trans-ACPD) (10-100 microM) depolarized isolated frog spinal cord motoneurones, a process sensitive to kynurenate (1.0 mM) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) (0.783 microM). 2. In the presence of NMDA open channel blockers [Mg2+; (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK801); 3,5-dimethyl-1-adamantanamine hydrochloride (memantine)] and TTX, trans-ACPD significantly potentiated NMDA-induced motoneurone depolarizations, but not alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionate (AMPA)- or kainate-induced depolarizations. 3. NMDA potentiation was blocked by (RS)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG) (240 microM), but not by alpha-methyl-(2S,3S,4S)-alpha-(carboxycyclopropyl)-glycine (MCCG) (290 microM) or by alpha-methyl-(S)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-MAP4) (250 microM), and was mimicked by 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) (30 microM), but not by L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4) (100 microM). Therefore, trans-ACPD's facilitatory effects appear to involve group I mGluRs. 4. Potentiation was prevented by the G-protein decoupling agent pertussis toxin (3-6 ng ml(-1), 36 h preincubation). The protein kinase C inhibitors staurosporine (2.0 microM) and N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulphonamide HCI (H9) (77 microM) did not significantly reduce enhanced NMDA responses. Protein kinase C activation with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (5.0 microM) had no effect. 5. Intracellular Ca2+ depletion with thapsigargin (0.1 microM) (which inhibits Ca2+/ATPase), 1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetracetic acid acetyl methyl ester (BAPTA-AM) (50 microM) (which buffers elevations of [Ca2+]i), and bathing spinal cords in nominally Ca2+-free medium all reduced trans-ACPD's effects. 6. The calmodulin antagonists N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulphonamide (W7) (100 microM) and chlorpromazine (100 microM) diminished the potentiation. 7. In summary, group I mGluRs selectively facilitate NMDA-depolarization of frog motoneurones via a G-protein, a rise in [Ca2+]i from the presumed generation of phosphoinositides, binding of Ca2+ to calmodulin, and lessening of the Mg2+-produced channel block of the NMDA receptor. (+info)

Basolateral sorting of furin in MDCK cells requires a phenylalanine-isoleucine motif together with an acidic amino acid cluster. (2/185)

Furin is a subtilisin-related endoprotease which processes a wide range of bioactive proteins. Furin is concentrated in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), where proteolytic activation of many precursor proteins takes place. A significant fraction of furin, however, cycles among the TGN, the plasma membrane, and endosomes, indicating that the accumulation in the TGN reflects a dynamic localization process. The cytosolic domain of furin is necessary and sufficient for TGN localization, and two signals are responsible for retrieval of furin to the TGN. A tyrosine-based (YKGL) motif mediates internalization of furin from the cell surface into endosomes. An acidic cluster that is part of two casein kinase II phosphorylation sites (SDSEEDE) is then responsible for retrieval of furin from endosomes to the TGN. In addition, the acidic EEDE sequence also mediates endocytic activity. Here, we analyzed the sorting of furin in polarized epithelial cells. We show that furin is delivered to the basolateral surface of MDCK cells, from where a significant fraction of the protein can return to the TGN. A phenylalanine-isoleucine motif together with the acidic EEDE cluster is required for basolateral sorting and constitutes a novel signal regulating intracellular traffic of furin. (+info)

Role of reductase domain cluster 1 acidic residues in neuronal nitric-oxide synthase. Characterization of the FMN-FREE enzyme. (3/185)

The nNOS reductase domain is homologous to cytochrome P450 reductase, which contains two conserved clusters of acidic residues in its FMN module that play varied roles in its electron transfer reactions. To study the role of nNOS reductase domain cluster 1 acidic residues, we mutated two conserved acidic (Asp(918) and Glu(919)) and one conserved aromatic residue (Phe(892)), and investigated the effect of each mutation on flavin binding, conformational change, electron transfer reactions, calmodulin regulation, and catalytic activities. Each mutation destabilized FMN binding without significantly affecting other aspects including substrate, cofactor or calmodulin binding, or catalytic activities upon FMN reconstitution, indicating the mutational effect was restricted to the FMN module. Characterization of the FMN-depleted mutants showed that bound FMN was essential for reduction of the nNOS heme or cytochrome c, but not for ferricyanide or dichlorophenolindolphenol, and established that the electron transfer path in nNOS is NADPH to FAD to FMN to heme. Steady-state and stopped-flow kinetic analysis revealed a novel role for bound FMN in suppressing FAD reduction by NADPH. The suppression could be relieved either by FMN removal or calmodulin binding. Calmodulin binding induced a conformational change that was restricted to the FMN module. This increased the rate of FMN reduction and triggered electron transfer to the heme. We propose that the FMN module of nNOS is the key positive or negative regulator of electron transfer at all points in nNOS. This distinguishes nNOS from other related flavoproteins, and helps explain the mechanism of calmodulin regulation. (+info)

Group I, II, and III mGluR compounds affect rhythm generation in the gastric circuit of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion. (4/185)

We have studied the effects of group I, II, and III metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonists on rhythm generation by the gastric circuit of the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus. All mGluR agonists and some antagonists we tested in this study had clear and distinct effects on gastric rhythm generation when superfused over combined oscillating or blocked silent STG preparations. A consistent difference between group I agonists and group II and III agonists was that group I agonists acted excitatory. The group I-specific agonists L-quisqualic acid and (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine, as well as the nonspecific agonist (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid accelerated ongoing rhythms and could induce gastric rhythms in silent preparations. The group II agonist (2S,1'S, 2'S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (L-CCG-I) and the group III agonist L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4) slowed down or completely blocked ongoing gastric rhythms and were without detectable effect on silent preparations. The action of L-CCG-I was blocked partially by the group-II-specific antagonist, (RS)-1-amino-5-phosphonoindan-1-carboxylic acid [(RS)APICA], and the group-III-specific antagonist (RS)-alpha-methyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine completely blocked the action of L-AP4. Besides its antagonistic action, the group-II-specific antagonist (RS)APICA had a remarkably strong apparent inverse agonist action when applied alone on oscillating preparations. The action of all drugs was dose dependent and reversible, although recovery was not always complete. In our experiments, the effects of none of the mGluR-specific agonists were antagonized or amplified by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor-specific antagonist D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid, excluding the contamination of responses to mGluR agonists by nonspecific cross-reactivity with NMDA receptors. Picrotoxin did not prevent the inhibitory action of L-CCG-I and L-AP4. We conclude that mGluRs, probably similar to those belonging to groups I, II, and III described in mammals, may play a role as modulators of gastric circuit rhythm generation in vivo. (+info)

Cocaine and kindling alter the sensitivity of group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central amygdala. (5/185)

G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are being implicated in various forms of neuroplasticity and CNS disorders. This study examined whether the sensitivities of mGluR agonists are modulated in a distinct fashion in different models of synaptic plasticity, specifically, kindling and chronic cocaine treatment. The influence of kindling and chronic cocaine exposure in vivo was examined in vitro on the modulation of synaptic transmission by group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors using whole cell voltage-clamp recordings of central amygdala (CeA) neurons. Synaptic transmission was evoked by electrical stimulation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and ventral amygdaloid pathway (VAP) afferents in brain slices from control rats and from rats treated with cocaine or exposed to three to five stage-five kindled seizures. This study shows that after chemical stimulation with chronic cocaine exposure or after electrical stimulation with kindling the receptor sensitivities for mGluR agonists are altered in opposite ways. In slices from control rats, group II agonists, (2S,1'S,2'S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (LCCG1) and (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740), depressed neurotransmission more potently at the BLA-CeA than at the VAP-CeA synapse while group III agonist, L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (LAP4), depressed neurotransmission more potently at the VAP-CeA synapse than at the BLA-CeA. These agonist actions were not seen (were absent) in amygdala neurons from chronic cocaine-treated animals. In contrast, after kindling, concentration response relationships for LCCG1 and LAP4 were shifted to the left, suggesting that sensitivity to these agonists is increased. Except at high concentrations, LCCG1, LY354740, and LAP4 neither induced membrane currents nor changed current-voltage relationships. Loss of mGluR inhibition with chronic cocaine treatment may contribute to counter-adaptive changes including anxiety and depression in cocaine withdrawal. Drugs that restore the inhibitory effects of group II and III mGluRs may be novel tools in the treatment of cocaine dependence. The enhanced sensitivity to group II and III mGluR agonists in kindling is similar to that recorded at the lateral to BLA synapse in the amygdala where they reduce epileptiform bursting. These findings suggest that drugs modifying mGluRs may prove useful in the treatment of cocaine withdrawal or epilepsy. (+info)

Slow synaptic inhibition mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptor activation of GIRK channels. (6/185)

Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate CNS. Ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate fast excitatory actions whereas metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) mediate a variety of slower effects. For example, mGluRs can mediate presynaptic inhibition, postsynaptic excitation, or, more rarely, postsynaptic inhibition. We previously described an unusually slow form of postsynaptic inhibition in one class of projection neuron in the song-control nucleus HVc of the songbird forebrain. These neurons, which participate in a circuit that is essential for vocal learning, exhibit an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) that lasts several seconds. Only a portion of this slow IPSP is mediated by GABA(B) receptors. Since these cells are strongly hyperpolarized by agonists of mGluRs, we used intracellular recording from brain slices to investigate the mechanism of this hyperpolarization and to determine whether mGluRs contribute to the slow synaptic inhibition. We report that mGluRs hyperpolarize these HVc neurons by activating G protein-coupled, inwardly-rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels. MGluR antagonists blocked this response and the slow synaptic inhibition. Thus, glutamate can combine with GABA to mediate slow synaptic inhibition by activating GIRK channels in the CNS. (+info)

Activation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors induces long-term depression of synaptic transmission in the rat amygdala. (7/185)

An animal model most sensitive for measuring anticipatory anxiety is fear conditioning, which is expressed by an enduring increase in synaptic strength in the amygdala. A converse view predicts that agents that induce long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic efficacy in the amygdala may be useful in the amelioration of stress disorders. In the present study, we show that activation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR II) by (2S,3S, 4S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl) glycine (l-ccg) induces an LTD in the basolateral amygdala neurons. The effect was concentration-dependent with a maximal inhibition of approximately 30%. The induction of l-CCG LTD required concurrent synaptic activity, required presynaptic but not postsynaptic Ca(2+) increases, and was independent of NMDA receptors. l-CCG LTD was associated with an increase in the ratio of paired-pulse facilitation and was not occluded by low-frequency stimulation-induced LTD, suggesting that these two forms of LTD did not share a common underlying mechanism. After eliciting LTD with l-CCG, application of isoproterenol increased the synaptic responses back to its original baseline, demonstrating that chemically depressed synapses could be potentiated by another chemical. A selective PKA inhibitor, KT 5720, by its own caused a depression of synaptic transmission and blocked l-CCG LTD, presumably by mimicking and thereby occluding any further depression. Together, these results suggest that l-CCG LTD is induced by presynaptically mGluR II-mediated inhibition of Ca(2+)-sensitive adenylyl cyclase, resulting in a decrease in cAMP formation and PKA activation, which leads to a long-lasting decrease in transmitter release. (+info)

cAMP-dependent presynaptic regulation of spontaneous glycinergic IPSCs in mechanically dissociated rat spinal cord neurons. (8/185)

Spontaneous miniature glycinergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) in mechanically dissociated rat sacral dorsal commissural nucleus (SDCN) neurons attached with intact glycinergic presynaptic nerve terminals and evoked IPSCs (eIPSCs) in the slice preparation were investigated using nystatin-perforated patch and conventional whole cell recording modes under the voltage-clamp conditions. Trans-ACPD (tACPD) reversibly reduced the mIPSC frequency without affecting the mean amplitude. The effect was mimicked by a specific metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) II subtype agonist, (2S, 1'S, 2'S)-2-(carboxycyclo propyl) glycine (L-CCG-I), and a specific mGluRIII subtype agonist, 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4). These inhibitory effects on mIPSC frequency were blocked by the specific antagonists for mGluRII, alpha-methyl-1-(2S, 1'S, 2'S)-2-(carboxycyclo propyl) glycine and (RS)-alpha-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine. In the slice preparation, eIPSC amplitude and mIPSC frequency were decreased reversibly by L-CCG-I (10(-6) M) and L-AP4 (10(-6) M). In K(+)-free or K(+)-free external solution with Ba(2+) and Cs(+), Ca(2+)-free or Cd(2+) external solution, the inhibitory effect of tACPD on mIPSC frequency was unaltered. Forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP significantly increased presynaptic glycine release, and prevented the inhibitory action of tACPD on mIPSC frequency. Sp-cAMP, however, did not prevent the inhibitory action of tACPD on mIPSC frequency. It was concluded that the activation of mGluRs inhibits glycine release by reducing the action of cAMP/PKA pathway. (+info)

But "star" branched nylon can be produced by the condensation of dicarboxylic acids with polyamines having three or more amino ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_(polymer_chemistry)

... producing the amino acid arginine and dicarboxylic acid fumarate. Located in liver cytosol, ASL is the fourth enzyme of the ... Within the superfamily, ASL is most closely related to δ-crystallin in amino acid sequence and in protein fold structure. There ... These two isoforms conserve 69% and 71% of the ASL amino acid sequence, respectively, but only the δII isoform retains the same ... ISBN 978-0-470-12930-2. Chakraborty AR, Davidson A, Howell PL (February 1999). "Mutational analysis of amino acid residues ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argininosuccinate_lyase

"Dipeptides as effective prodrugs of the unnatural amino acid (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740), ... 2-amino)propionyl]aminobicyclo[3.1.0.]hexen-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY544344) in rats and dogs: assessment of first-pass ... 6-dicarboxylic acid (LY379268)". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 331 (3): 1126-36. doi:10.1124/jpet.109.160598. PMID 19755662. S2CID ... 6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740): a potent, selective, and orally active group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglumegad

... which catalyses the same reaction but is active only toward dicarboxylic D-amino acids. In DAO, a conserved histidine has been ... DAO D-amino-acid dehydrogenase D-amino acid oxidase D-aspartate oxidase Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Sarcosine oxidase ... D-amino-acid dehydrogenase EC 1.4.99.1, D-aspartate oxidase EC 1.4.3.1. D-amino acid oxidase EC 1.4.3.3 (DAMOX or DAO) is an ... FAD flavoenzyme that catalyses the oxidation of neutral and basic D-amino acids into their corresponding keto acids. DAOs have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAD_dependent_oxidoreductase_family

1 combination of the amino acid arginine and tidiacic (thiazolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid), which acts as a sulfur donor. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidiacic

Most nylons are made from the reaction of a dicarboxylic acid with a diamine (e.g. PA66) or a lactam or amino acid with itself ... adipic acid Sebacic acid (decanedioic acid): Castor oil → ricinoleic acid → sebacic acid Dodecanedioic acid: Butadiene → ... Dodecanedioic acid Terephthalic acid: Crude oil → p-xylene → terephthalic acid Isophthalic acid: Crude oil → m-xylene → ... ricinoleic acid → methylricinoleate → methyl-11-undecenoate → undecenoic acid → 11-undecenoic acid → 11-bromoundecanoic acid → ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon

When prepared from amino-carboxylic acids, e.g. amino acids, the stoichiometry of the polymerization includes co-formation of ... H2O When prepared from diamines and dicarboxylic acids, e.g. the production of nylon 66, the polymerization produces two ... They arise from the reaction of carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Examples include polyesters, e.g. polyethyleneterephthalate: n ... They arise from the reaction of carboxylic acid and an amine. Examples include nylons and proteins. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation_polymer

... and molecular modeling of heterobicyclic amino acids related to (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0] hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid ( ... 4-amino-2-sulfonylbicyclo[3.1.0]-hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY404039)". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental ... 6-dicarboxylic acid (LY379268)". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 331 (3): 1126-36. doi:10.1124/jpet.109.160598. PMID 19755662. v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-379,268

... dicarboxylic acids, and amino acids, as electron donors that are oxidized completely to CO2.They are gram negative and complete ... Hydrogen is also used as an electron donor for Fe(III) reduction, whereas other carboxylic acids, sugars, alcohols, amino acids ... some organic acids and amino acids like serine, histidine, lysine, arginine, cysteine and threonine. Only in the presence of ... They are able to grow lithotrophically with hydrogen and sulfur, and oxidize completely volatile fatty acids, fatty acids and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur-reducing_bacteria

The legume-rhizobium symbiosis is a classic example of mutualism-rhizobia supply ammonia or amino acids to the plant and in ... return receive organic acids (principally as the dicarboxylic acids malate and succinate) as a carbon and energy source. ... Ammonium is then converted into amino acids like glutamine and asparagine before it is exported to the plant. In return, the ... plant supplies the bacteria with carbohydrates in the form of organic acids. The plant also provides the bacteroid oxygen for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizobia

Identification of (1 S,2 S,4 S,5 R,6 S)-2-Amino-4-[(3-methoxybenzoyl)amino]bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic Acid ( ... and molecular modeling of heterobicyclic amino acids related to (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0] hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid ( ... 2-amino-6-fluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (MGS0039): a potent and orally active group II mGluR antagonist with ... 2-amino-3-hydroxy-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid-HYDIA". ChemMedChem. 3 (2): 323-35. doi:10.1002/cmdc.200700226. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_3

Isobutyl esters of phthalic, adipic, and related dicarboxylic acids are common plasticizers. Isobutanol is also a component of ... The host's highly active amino acid biosynthetic pathway is shifted to alcohol production. α-Ketoisovalerate, derived from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobutanol

Most nylons are made from the reaction of a dicarboxylic acid with a diamine (e.g. PA66) or a lactam or amino acid with itself ... Sebacic acid (decanedioic acid): Castor oil → ricinoleic acid → sebacic acid. *Dodecanedioic acid: Butadiene → ... ricinoleic acid → methylricinoleate → methyl-11-undecenoate → undecenoic acid → 11-undecenoic acid → 11-bromoundecanoic acid → ... One number after "PA" or "Nylon" indicates a homopolymer which is monadic or based on one amino acid (minus H2O) as monomer: PA ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon

... fatty acids (most often oleic acid and stearic acid), dicarboxylic acids) and sometimes amino acids. Some milder fluxes also ... formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and dicarboxylic, e.g. oxalic acid, malonic acid, sebacic acid) There are three types ... A mixture of organic acids (resin acids, predominantly abietic acid, with pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, neoabietic acid, ... phosphoric acid, citric acid, and hydrobromic acid. Salts of mineral acids with amines are also used as aggressive activators. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)

... among those dicarboxylic acids play an essential role in many biological behaviors. Many of those acids are amino acids which ... Fluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic acid Chloroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic acid Normal carboxylic acids are ... Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydroiodic acid (HI), hydrobromic acid (HBr), perchloric acid (HClO4), ... Examples in organic acids include formic acid (HCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH) and benzoic acid (C6H5COOH). Polyprotic acids, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid

Acid as well as the transfer of an amine group from glutamine to form glutamic acid and 2-amino-2-desoxyisochorismic acid (ADIC ... 6-dicarboxylic acid (HHPDC).[20] The product of this reaction, HHPDC, is unstable and spontaneously undergoes oxidative ... shikimic acid → chorismic acid → phenazine-1-carboxylic acid → 5-methylphenazine-1-carboxylic acid betaine → pyocyanin[6]. The ... Pyocyanin biosynthesis begins with the synthesis of the phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) core.[19] In this reaction the enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyocyanin

Edson, N.L., "Ketogenesis-antiketogenesis: Ketogenesis from amino-acids". Biochemical Journal, 1935. 29: p. 2498-505. Edson, N. ... Edson, N.L., "Ketogenesis-antiketogenesis: Metabolism of aldehydes and dicarboxylic acids". Biochemical Journal, 1936. 30.: p. ... Two papers were co-authored with Krebs, on the micro-determination of uric acid and on the avian synthesis of uric acid; one ... J., . 30: 2319-32.www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov PMID 16746295] Edson N.L., Krebs H.A. and Model A. 1936 The synthesis of uric acid in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lowther_Edson

Derivatives of pimelic acid are involved in the biosynthesis of the amino acid called lysine. Pimelic acid is one CH 2 unit ... longer than a related dicarboxylic acid, adipic acid, a precursor to many polyesters and polyamides. Pimelic acid has been ... In other syntheses, pimelic acid is made from cyclohexene-4-carboxylic acid, and a fourth method also exists based on the 1,4 ... Several patents exist for the production of pimelic acid. Diaminopimelic acid CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 83rd ed. p. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimelic_acid

Acid anhydride Acid chloride Amide Amino acid Ester List of carboxylic acids Dicarboxylic acid Polyhydroxy carboxylic acid (PHC ... Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid ... fatty acids (coatings), maleic acid (polymers), propionic acid (food preservative), terephthalic acid (polymers). Important ... Carboxylic acids are decarboxylated in the Hunsdiecker reaction. The Dakin-West reaction converts an amino acid to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid

M.-H. Koh et al.: Divergent process for C10, C11, and C12 α-amino acid and α,ω-dicarboxylic acid monomers of polyamides from ... undecylenic acid) is obtained. 4. Hydrobromination of 10-undecenoic acid to 11-bromoundecanoic acid The undecenoic acid is ... 5. Bromine exchange of 11-bromoundecanoic acid to 11-aminoundecanoic acid 11-Bromodecanoic acid is mixed at 30 °C with a large ... 11-Aminoundecanoic acid is a precursor to Nylon-11. As practiced by Arkema, 11-aminoundecanoic acid is prepared industrially ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-Aminoundecanoic_acid

In dicarboxylic aminoaciduria, the anionic amino acid transporter, EAAT3, cannot bring glutamate and aspartate across ... This affects a diseased individual's amino acid pool, as they will have to spend additional resources to replenish the amino ... Enterocytes in the intestines break up peptides into residual amino acids where they would normally use charge-specific amino ... protein digestion and absorption are key to establishing and maintaining amino acid pools. In the case of dicarboxylic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicarboxylic_aminoaciduria

Other examples of dicarboxylic acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid, two amino acids in the human body. The name can ... In general, dicarboxylic acids show similar chemical behavior and reactivity to monocarboxylic acids. Dicarboxylic acids are ... The dicarboxylic acids, especially the small and linear ones, can be used as crosslinking reagents. Dicarboxylic acids where ... C22 and C23 dicarboxylic acids obtained from the sumac tree (Rhus sp.). A large survey of the dicarboxylic acids present in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicarboxylic_acid

... (abbreviated QUIN or QA), also known as pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid with a pyridine ... and other amino acids. Lesions in the pallidum can suppress effects of quinolinic acid in monkeys injected with quinolinic acid ... Quinolinic acid is a downstream product of the kynurenine pathway, which metabolizes the amino acid tryptophan. It acts as an ... kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HANA). Quinolinic acid's neuroactive and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolinic_acid

EAAT3 also transports aspartate, and mutations in this gene are thought to cause dicarboxylic aminoaciduria, also known as ... Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A1 gene. EAAT3 is expressed on ... Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 is a member of the high-affinity glutamate transporters which plays an essential role in ... Excitatory amino acid transporter Glutamate transporter Solute carrier family GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000106688 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitatory_amino_acid_transporter_3

EAAT3 also transports aspartate, and mutations in this gene are thought to cause dicarboxylic aminoaciduria, also known as ... Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A1 gene.[5][6] ... Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 is a member of the high-affinity glutamate transporters which plays an essential role in ... amino acid transmembrane transporter activity. • high-affinity glutamate transmembrane transporter activity. • chloride ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitatory_amino_acid_transporter_3

Hypermethioninemia Hyperlysinemias Nonketotic hyperglycinemia Propionic acidemia Hyperprolinemia Cystinuria Dicarboxylic ... Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism are metabolic disorders which impair the synthesis and degradation of amino acids. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_disorders_of_amino_acid_metabolism

These compounds are polyene dicarboxylic acids that include both lipophilic and polar amino acids. They were extracted from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletocrocin

... is the organic compound with the formula C3H6(COOH)2 . Although the related "linear" dicarboxylic acids adipic ... Glutaric acid is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan. ... Uvitonic acid is obtained by the action of ammonia on glutaric acid. Pyrogallol can be produced from glutaric diester. Glutaric ... DOI 10.1002/14356007.a01_305 "Glutaric acid, Pentanedioic acid, 99%". Chemkits.eu. Retrieved 2020-09-29. [1], "Method of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaric_acid

... (3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-thiazine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid) is a naturally occurring sulfur amino acid metabolite ... In Sulfur Amino Acids: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects, Alan R. Liss Inc., pp. 355-364 Cavallini, Doriano; Ricci, Giorgio; ... which normally condenses the amino acids homocysteine and serine to form cystathionine. In an alternate pathway, cysteine and ... Cooper, Arthur J.L. (2004). "The role of glutamine transaminase K (GTK) in sulfur and α-keto acid metabolism in the brain, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthionine_ketimine

2-amino-3-hydroxy-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid-HYDIA". Chemmedchem 3 (2): 323-35. PMID 18058780. doi:10.1002/cmdc ... 1S,2R,3R,5R,6S)-2-amino-3-hidroksibiciklo[3.1.0]heksan-2,6-dikarboksilna kiselina. ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/HYDIA

... fatty acids, and amino acids in most vertebrates, including humans. Ketone bodies are elevated in the blood (ketosis) after ... In the Ruzicka cyclization, cyclic ketones are prepared from dicarboxylic acids.. *In the Nef reaction, ketones form by ... Acid/base properties of ketonesEdit. Ketones are far more acidic (pKa ≈ 20) than a regular alkane (pKa ≈ 50). This difference ... Acids as weak as pyridinium cation (as found in pyridinium tosylate) with a pKa of 5.2 are able to serve as catalysts in this ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone

... fatty acids (most often oleic acid and stearic acid), dicarboxylic acids) and sometimes amino acids. Some milder fluxes also ... organic acids (monocarboxylic, e.g. formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and dicarboxylic, e.g. oxalic acid, malonic acid ... A mixture of organic acids (resin acids, predominantly abietic acid, with pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, neoabietic acid, ... IA (Inorganic Acid) - rosin activated with inorganic acids (usually hydrochloric acid or phosphoric acid), highest activities, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)

... amino]pentanedioic acid[1] , OtherNames = N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid ... Folic acid crystals.jpg , ImageSize3 = 150px , ImageAlt3 = Folic acid as an orange pouder , IUPACName = (2S)-2-[[4-[(2-amino-4- ... Folic-acid-3D-balls.png , ImageSize1 = 250px , ImageAlt1 = Baw-an-stick model , ImageFile2 = Folic-acid-3D-spacefill.png , ... Dicarboxylic acids. *B vitamins. *Alcohols. Skauk't categeries: *Pages uisin ISBN magic airtins ...

https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid

FA, N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, vitamin B9,[ ... Folic acid is essential for the body to make DNA, RNA, and metabolise amino acids, which are required for cell division. Not ... 2S)-2-[[4-[(2-Amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid[5] ... Folinic acid is not the same as folic acid. Folic acid supplements have little established role in cancer chemotherapy.[46][47] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_b9

It is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid. In fumaric acid the carboxylic acid ... 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid. *2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde. *2-Aminomuconic semialdehyde. *2-Aminomuconic acid ... Fumaric acid or trans-butenedioic acid is the chemical compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H. Fumaric acid has a fruit-like ... Maleic acid, the cis-isomer of fumaric acid. References[edit]. *^ Record in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E297

FA, N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, vitamin B9,[ ... 2S)-2-[[4-[(2-Amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid[5] ... Folic acid is essential for the body to make DNA, RNA, and metabolise amino acids, which are required for cell division.[10] As ... "Folic_Acid_msds".. *^ a b c d e f g h i "Folate". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folacin

SC-26304; 7α-Carboxyisopropylspirolactone; 17α-Hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-ene-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid γ-lactone 1-isopropyl ester. ... L-α-Amino acids (incl. L-arginine, L-lysine, L-ornithine). *Osteocalcin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicirenone

ACADM is the gene involved, located at 1p31, with 12 exons and coding for a protein of 421 amino acids.[2] There is a common ... Urine organic acid analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) will show a pattern of dicarboxylic aciduria with ... is a disorder of fatty acid oxidation that impairs the body's ability to break down medium-chain fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. ... Fatty acid beta-oxidation provides energy after the body has used up its stores of glucose and glycogen. This oxidation ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-chain_acyl-CoA_dehydrogenase_deficiency

Proteinogenic amino acids. *Glucogenic amino acids. *Acidic amino acids. *Dicarboxylic acids. *Neurotransmitters ... Aspartic acid (abbreviatit as Asp or D; encodit bi the codons [GAU an GAC]), an aa kent as aspartate, is an α-amino acid that ... It conteens an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+. 3 form unner biological condeetions), an α-carboxylic acid group ... Aspartic acid". The Merck Index (11th ed.). 1989. p. 132. ISBN 0-911910-28-X. .. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style: ...

https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic_acid

Amino acids. *Proteinogenic amino acids. *Glucogenic amino acids. *Acidic amino acids. *Dicarboxylic acids ... R1-amino acid + R2-α-ketoacid ⇌ R1-α-ketoacid + R2-amino acid. A very common α-keto acid is α-ketoglutarate, an intermediate in ... A key process in amino acid degradation is transamination, in which the amino group of an amino acid is transferred to an α- ... Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E)[4] is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid

Hall, D. G. (2011) Structure, Properties, and Preparation of Boronic Acid Derivatives, in Boronic Acids: Preparation and ... In 1987, E. J. Corey and co-workers found out that the formation of oxazaborolidines from borane and chiral amino alcohols. And ... 5-dicarboxylic esters, a useful class of tartrate ester modified allylboronates". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 107 ... enabling these groups to act as Lewis acids. The C-B bond of boronic acids and esters are slightly longer than typical C-C ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borylation

... Propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid. 1,3-Propanedicarboxylic acid. Pentanedioic acid. n-Pyrotartaric acid ... Glutaric acid is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of some amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan. ... Glutaric acid is the organic compound with the formula C3H6(COOH)2 . Although the related "linear" dicarboxylic acids adipic ... Uvitonic acid is obtained by the action of ammonia on glutaric acid. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaric_acid

Red amino acids represent those involved in binding succinate. All other amino acids are colored according to their chemical ... Succinic acid (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.[5] The name derives from Latin ... Related carboxylic acids. propionic acid. malonic acid. butyric acid. malic acid. tartaric acid. fumaric acid. valeric acid. ... succinic acid readily ionizes to form its conjugate base, succinate (/ˈsʌksɪneɪt/). As a diprotic acid, succinic acid undergoes ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinic_acid

Amino acids. the building-blocks of proteins Keto acids. acids of biochemical significance that contain a ketone group, e.g. ... Dicarboxylic acids. containing two carboxyl groups examples adipic acid the monomer used to produce nylon and aldaric acid - a ... Alpha hydroxy acids. containing a hydroxy group example glyceric acid, glycolic acid and lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid ... acetoacetic acid and pyruvic acid Aromatic carboxylic acids. benzoic acid, the sodium salt of benzoic acid is used as a food ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxyl

Amino acids. the building-blocks of proteins Keto acids. acids of biochemical significance that contain a ketone group, ... Dicarboxylic acids. containing two carboxyl groups, examples: adipic acid the monomer used to produce nylon and aldaric acid - ... Pelargonic acid. Nonanoic acid. CH3(CH2)7COOH. Pelargonium 10. Capric acid. Decanoic acid. CH3(CH2)8COOH. Coconut and Palm ... Undecylic acid. Undecanoic acid. CH3(CH2)9COOH. 12. Lauric acid. Dodecanoic acid. CH3(CH2)10COOH. Coconut oil and hand wash ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxyl

... in different amino acids. The last one, which consists of an acetylation in the amino acid lysine in position 472, activates ... which is produced by the peroxisomal beta oxidation of odd chain length dicarboxylic fatty acids (odd chain length DFAs). While ... Another important PTM is the formation of an interchain disulfide bond in the amino acid cysteine in position 206, which may ... Similarly, a deacetylation in this specific amino acid by SIRT4 (a mitochondrial protein) represses the enzyme activity, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malonyl-CoA_decarboxylase

Its acetyl-coenzyme A form is the primary input in the citric acid cycle and is obtained from glycolysis, amino acid metabolism ... Benzoyl-CoA Phenylacetyl-CoA Acyl derived from dicarboxylic acids Malonyl-CoA (important in chain elongation in fatty acid ... amino acids, and lipids. When there is excess glucose, coenzyme A is used in the cytosol for synthesis of fatty acids. This ... These bacteria synthesize pantothenate from the amino acid aspartate and a metabolite in valine biosynthesis. In all living ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_A

CYP19A1 Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency; 608643; DDC Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 1; 107970; TGFB3 ... SLC26A2 Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria; 222730; SLC1A1 DiGeorge syndrome; 188400; TBX1 Digital clubbing, isolated congenital; ... FREM1 Bile acid malabsorption, primary; 613291; SLC10A2 Bile acid synthesis defect, congenital, 2; 235555; AKR1D1 Bile acid ... SBDS Sialic acid storage disorder, infantile; 269920; SLC17A5 Sialidosis, type I; 256550; NEU1 Sialidosis, type II; 256550; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

... interaction amino acid consensus (CRAC) of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and inhibition of steroidogenesis by an ... as well as to dicarboxylic tetrapyrrole intermediates of the haem biosynthetic pathway. Depending upon the tissue, it was shown ... and have been shown to bind and transport dicarboxylic tetrapyrrole intermediates of the haem biosynthetic pathway. They are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan-rich_sensory_protein

... which is a C4 dicarboxylic acid. CAM plants that use Crassulacean acid metabolism as an adaptation for arid conditions. CO2 ... Ljungdahl L, Wood HG (April 1965). "Incorporation of C14 from Carbon Dioxide into Sugar Phosphates, Carboxylic Acids, and Amino ... They lack C4 dicarboxylic acid cycles, and therefore have higher CO2 compensation points than CAM or C4 plants. C3 plants have ... malic acid or aspartic acid. C4 plants have a distinctive internal leaf anatomy. Tropical grasses, such as sugar cane and maize ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fixation

8-tetracyanoquinodimethane were obtained by the condensation of the acid dichlorides of furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid and... ... The corresponding amino esters and their complexes with 7,7,8, ... The corresponding amino esters and their complexes with 7,7,8,8 ... 5-dicarboxylic acid and tetrahydrothiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid with 8-hydroxy- and 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinolines. Almost ... Ester Organic Chemistry Antimicrobial Activity Dicarboxylic Acid Dichloride Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00477431

Glutamic Acid. Excitatory amino acid transporter 1. target. DB00142. Glutamic Acid. Excitatory amino acid transporter 2. target ... L-Aspartic Acid. Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2. target. DB00128. L-Aspartic Acid. Excitatory amino acid transporter 3. ... Glutamic Acid. Excitatory amino acid transporter 4. target. DB00142. Glutamic Acid. Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial. ... Glutamic Acid. GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]. target. DB00142. Glutamic Acid. Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase ...

https://www.drugbank.ca/categories/DBCAT000288

... amino]benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid

https://scitoys.com/scichem/jqp056/692602.html

... amino-4-chloro-phenyl)sulfamoyl]benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid

https://scitoys.com/scichem/jqp048/4185751.html

2-dicarboxylic acid , C10H9NO6 , CID 16062593 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16062593

Cephalopod vision involves dicarboxylic amino acids: D-aspartate, L-aspartate and L-glutamate. Salvatore DANIELLO, Patrizia ... Our hypothesis is that the dicarboxylic amino acids, D-Asp, L-Asp and L-Glu, play important roles in vision. ... Cephalopod vision involves dicarboxylic amino acids: D-aspartate, L-aspartate and L-glutamate ... Cephalopod vision involves dicarboxylic amino acids: D-aspartate, L-aspartate and L-glutamate ...

http://www.biochemj.org/content/386/2/331

5-dicarboxylic acid 3-ethyl ester 5-methyl ester; CAS Number: 632291-73-7; Linear Formula: C8H10N2O4S; find Chemcia Scientific ... 4-Amino-isothiazole-3,5-dicarboxylic acid 3-ethyl ester 5-methyl ester. ... Home > C12H316CEE5B 4-Amino-isothiazole-3,5-dicarboxylic acid 3-ethyl ester 5-methyl ester ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/buildingblock/product/chemciascientificllc/c12h316cee5b?lang=en®ion=US

... amino]ethenyl]-2,3-dihydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid

https://sci-toys.com/scichem/jqp056/441625.html

The chemical compounds studied include dicarboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars and polyols. These data provide a comprehensive ... dicarboxylic acids, alkyl-substituents, sugars and amino acids Aleksandra Marsh1, Rachael E. H. Miles1, Grazia Rovelli. 1, ... Abstract. Hygroscopicity data for 36 organic compounds, including amino acids, organic acids, alcohols and sugars, are ... dicarboxylic acids, alkyl-substituents, sugars and amino acids, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5583-5599, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp- ...

https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/5583/2017/

L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid and 1S,3R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid reduce paired-pulse depression recorded ... L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid and 1S,3R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid reduce paired-pulse depression recorded ... L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid and 1S,3R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid reduce paired-pulse depression recorded ... L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid and 1S,3R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid reduce paired-pulse depression recorded ...

https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/266/1/207

where to buy 199802-16-9(1-Cyclopentene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, 2-amino-4,5-bis(4-bromophenyl)-3-cyano-, diethyl ester, (3R,4R, ... 3-dicarboxylic acid, 2-amino-4,5-bis(4-bromophenyl)-3-cyano-, diethyl ester, (3R,4R,5R)-rel-) including MSDS sheet(poisoning, ... 3-dicarboxylic acid, 2-amino-4,5-bis(4-bromophenyl)-3-cyano-, diethyl ester, (3R,4R,5R)-rel-) for price inquiry. ... 1-Cyclopentene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, 2-amino-4,5-bis(4-bromophenyl)-3-cyano-, diethyl ester, (3R,4R,5R)-rel- ...

https://www.lookchem.com/cas-199/199802-16-9.html

Synthesis of Diaryl Hydroxyl Dicarboxylic Acids from Amino Acids. / Eronen, Aleksi E. K.; Mannistö, Jere K.; Moslova, Karina; ... Synthesis of Diaryl Hydroxyl Dicarboxylic Acids from Amino Acids. Aleksi E. K. Eronen, Jere K. Mannistö, Karina Moslova, Martin ... Synthesis of Diaryl Hydroxyl Dicarboxylic Acids from Amino Acids. I: Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2020 ; Vol. 85, Nr. 9. s. ... Synthesis of Diaryl Hydroxyl Dicarboxylic Acids from Amino Acids. Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2020 maj 1;85(9):5799-5806. ...

https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/sv/publications/synthesis-of-diaryl-hydroxyl-dicarboxylic-acids-from-amino-acids

Synthesis of Diaryl Hydroxyl Dicarboxylic Acids from Amino Acids. / Eronen, Aleksi E. K.; Mannistö, Jere K.; Moslova, Karina; ... Synthesis of Diaryl Hydroxyl Dicarboxylic Acids from Amino Acids. Aleksi E. K. Eronen, Jere K. Mannistö, Karina Moslova, Martin ... Synthesis of Diaryl Hydroxyl Dicarboxylic Acids from Amino Acids. Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2020 touko 1;85(9):5799-5806. ... Synthesis of Diaryl Hydroxyl Dicarboxylic Acids from Amino Acids. Julkaisussa: Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2020 ; Vuosikerta ...

https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/fi/publications/synthesis-of-diaryl-hydroxyl-dicarboxylic-acids-from-amino-acids

7-dicarboxylic acid , C9H13NO4 , CID 44322843 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/44322843

Prediction : 2s7r-5-amino-3-keto-2-methyl-7-phenyl-7h-thiazolo32-apyridine-68-dicarboxylic-acid-diethyl-ester - albumin. Your ... benzoic-acid-3-anilino-4-bromo-5-keto-2h-furan-2-yl-ester-albumin.html ... 2356-tetrafluoro-4-23456-pentafluorophenoxybenzoic-acid-ethyl-ester-albumin.html. *4-3-4-cyano-2356-tetrafluoro-phenoxy-2456- ...

http://albumin.althotas.com/predictions/2s7r-5-amino-3-keto-2-methyl-7-phenyl-7h-thiazolo32-apyridine-68-dicarboxylic-acid-diethyl-ester-albumin.html

Prediction : 2r7s-5-amino-7-24-dichlorophenyl-3-keto-2-methyl-7h-thiazolo32-apyridine-68-dicarboxylic-acid-diethyl-ester - ... 4-13-diketo-5-methyl-isoindolin-2-ylbutyric-acid-3-3-thienyl-124-oxadiazol-5-ylmethyl-ester-albumin.html ... 4-13-diketo-5-methyl-isoindolin-2-ylbutyric-acid-1r-1-3-nitrophenylethyl-ester-albumin.html ...

http://albumin.althotas.com/predictions/2r7s-5-amino-7-24-dichlorophenyl-3-keto-2-methyl-7h-thiazolo32-apyridine-68-dicarboxylic-acid-diethyl-ester-albumin.html

4-dicarboxylic acid with biogenous sulfur amino acid residues and their antihypoxic activity ... The synthesis of spiro-2-oxindole-derivative imides of pyrrolidine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid with biogenous sulfur amino acid ... 4-dicarboxylic acid imides with residues of biogenic sulfur-containing α-amino acids and study their anti-hypoxic activity. ... Using a three-component one-pot reaction of isatin with sulfur-containing α-amino acids and maleimides a number of new spiro- ...

http://ophcj.nuph.edu.ua/article/view/ophcj.17.914

3-amino-4,6-dihydro-6,6-dimethyl-, 5-(1,1-dimethylethyl) 1-ethyl ester;718632-47-4;ABP010972.Active Biopharma Corp ... Cat.No.ABP010972 Chemical NamePyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole-1,5-dicarboxylic acid, 3-amino-4,6-dihydro-6,6-dimethyl-, 5-(1,1- ... Chemical Name : Pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole-1,5-dicarboxylic acid, 3-amino-4,6-dihydro-6,6-dimethyl-, 5-(1,1-dimethylethyl) 1-ethyl ... Enquiry ABP010972 , Pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole-1,5-dicarboxylic acid, 3-amino-4,6-dihydro-6,6-dimethyl-, 5-(1,1-dimethylethyl) 1- ...

http://activebiopharma.com/Cas718632-47-4.html

Synthesis of N1-substituted analogues of (2R,4R)-4-amino-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid as agonists, partial agonists, and ... Synthesis of N1-substituted analogues of (2R,4R)-4-amino-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid as agonists, partial agonists, and ... Synthesis of N1-substituted analogues of (2R,4R)-4-amino-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid as agonists, partial agonists, and ... T1 - Synthesis of N1-substituted analogues of (2R,4R)-4-amino-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid as agonists, partial agonists, ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/synthesis-of-nsup1sup-substituted-analogues-of-2r4r-4-amino-pyrro

2-amino(3,4-~3~h_2_)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (C8H11NO4) from the PQR. ... 1R,2S,5R,6R)-2-Amino(3,4-~3~H_2_)Bicyclo[3.1.0]Hexane-2,6-Dicarboxylic Acid ... 1s,4s,5r,6r)-4-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid. ...

http://pqr.pitt.edu/mol/VTAARTQTOOYTES-DJSMDIAISA-N

4-dicarboxylic acid with biogenous sulfur amino acid residues and their antihypoxic activity ...

http://ophcj.nuph.edu.ua/article/view/ophcj.17.914/98645

dicarboxylic acid transport Source: UniProtKB ,p>Traceable Author Statement,/p> ,p>Used for information from review articles ... Excitatory amino acid transporter 5Add BLAST. 560. Amino acid modifications. Feature key. Position(s). DescriptionActions. ... Cluster: Excitatory amino acid transporter 5. 114. O00341-2. UPI00072DC882. UPI0003EE14F2. UPI000B50C8BC. UPI0007196E62. ... Cluster: Excitatory amino acid transporter 5. 441. O00341-2. UPI00072DC882. UPI0003EE14F2. UPI000B50C8BC. UPI0007196E62. ...

http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O00341

5-[(3-nitrobenzyl)amino]benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid. C15 H12 N2 O6. OJGIZUUIUXRITB-UHFFFAOYSA-N. Ligand Interaction. ... amino]benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid]. *DOI: 10.2210/pdb4KIW/pdb ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4kiw

... of lower alkyl esters of N-benzoyl-N-chlorophenyl-2-amino-lower alkanoic acids and 3-lower alkyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazinone-(4)-2 ... substituted dicarboxylic acids and their salts, esters and amides substituted dihydrobenzofuranyl sulfonates ... Herbicide mixture of lower alkyl esters of N-benzoyl-N-chlorophenyl-2-amino-lower alkanoic acids and 3-lower alkyl-2,1,3- ... substituted aliphatic carboxylic acids and their salts, esters and amides substituted aromatic carboxylic acids and their salts ...

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3976468.html

4-amino-2,4-pyrrolidine-dicarboxylic acid. BHA. butylated hydroxyanisole. BMM. bone marrow-derived macrophage. Cer. ceramide. ... oleic acid. PA. palmitic acid. ROS. reactive oxygen species. SA. stearic acid. sFA. saturated FA. siRNA. small interfering RNA ... palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA)]) are more lipotoxic than unsaturated FAs (uFAs [e.g., oleic acid (OA) and linoleic ... Adipose Fatty Acid Binding Protein Promotes Saturated Fatty Acid-Induced Macrophage Cell Death through Enhancing Ceramide ...

http://www.jimmunol.org/content/198/2/798

m-Carboxyphenyl-L-alanine: a dicarboxylic aromatic amino acid from iris bulbs. ... Synthesis and x-ray analysis of cis-3,4-methylene-L-proline, the new natural amino acid from horse chestnuts, and of its trans ... Effect of diet on the occurrence of S-methylcysteine and the free amino acid pattern in insect blood. ... Effects of glutathione and thioglycollic acid on acid-production by Lactobacillus arabinosus in presence of atabrine. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=search&term=IRREVERRE+F%5Bau%5D&dispmax=50

5-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid. C8 H4 I3 N O4. JEZJSNULLBSYHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N. Ligand Interaction. ... 5-Amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (I3C), in which three covalently bound iodines form an equilateral triangle, was inc ... ... 5-Amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (I3C), in which three covalently bound iodines form an equilateral triangle, was ... 4-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)-1-PIPERAZINE ETHANESULFONIC ACID. C8 H18 N2 O4 S. JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N. Ligand Interaction. ...

http://www.rcsb.org/structure/3e3d

Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic * Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 * HIF1A protein, human * Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22831549/?dopt=Abstract

Aminoacid derivatives of dicarboxylic acids as flavor ingredients. WO2004078302A1. 28 Feb 2004. 16 Sep 2004. Symrise Gmbh & Co ... ascorbic acids and its salts, alpha-hydroxy acids (for example citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid) and their ... acetic acid monoglycerides (E 472a), lactic acid monoglycerides (E 472b), citric acid monoglycerides (E 472c), tartaric acid ... such as for example butyric acid, acetic acid, methylbutyric acid, caproic acid; alcohols (saturated and unsaturated), such as ...

http://www.google.com.mx/patents/WO2008046895A1?cl=en

BP] amino acid transmembrane transport *[BP] chloride transport *[BP] cognition *[BP] dicarboxylic acid transport *[BP] ... BP] neutral amino acid transport *[BP] proline transmembrane transport *[BP] proline transport *[BP] threonine transport *[BP] ... solute carrier family 1 (glutamate/neutral amino acid transporter), member 4. Protein Similarities Based on Shared Motif ... MF] neutral amino acid transmembrane transporter activity *[MF] sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity *[MF] symporter ...

https://cgap.nci.nih.gov/Genes/GeneInfo?ORG=Mm&CID=6379&LLNO=55963

To synthesize spiro-2-oxindole derivatives of pyrrolidine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid imides with residues of biogenic sulfur-containing α-amino acids and study their anti-hypoxic activity. (edu.ua)
The chemical synthesis of a series of N 1 -substituted derivatives of (2R,4R)-4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid [(2R,4R)-APDC] as constrained analogues of γ-substituted glutamic acids is described. (elsevier.com)
It is known that benzoylaminocarboxylic acids, dinitrophenol derivatives, hydroxybenzonitriles, hydroxybenzaldoxime aryl ethers, benzothiadiazinone dioxides and phenoxycarboxylic acids have a herbicidal action. (freepatentsonline.com)
belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aspartic acid and derivatives. (hmdb.ca)
Aspartic acid and derivatives are compounds containing an aspartic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of aspartic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. (hmdb.ca)
The invention relates to ultrasonic contrast agents composed of microparticles which contain a gas and polyamino-dicarboxylic acid-co-imide derivatives, to processes for their preparation and to their use as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. (google.com)
Serum amino acids were normal, but urinalysis demonstrated elevated levels of free dicarboxylic acids and derivatives, and long-chain 3-OH acyl CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) defect was considered. (aappublications.org)
Davies et al (1984) Phosphonodipeptides and piperazine derivatives as antagonists of amino acid-induced and synaptic excitation in mammalian and amphibian spinal cord. (tocris.com)
In order to advance the concept of photomodulable inhibitors, synthetic routes towards amino acid derivatives based on the more rigid stiff-stilbene chromophore were developed ( Paper II ). (diva-portal.org)
It was indicated that inhibitors with the more rigid amino acid derivative should display larger conformational divergence between photoisomers than corresponding stilbene derivatives. (diva-portal.org)

Furthermore, paired-pulse depression (40-100 msec) does not appear to involve glutamate uptake or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors as L-alpha-aminoadipate did not alter paired-pulse depression and neither trans-L-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate and L-alpha-aminoadipate nor D-2-amino-5-phosphonopropionic acid blocked the effect of L-AP4 on paired-pulse depression. (aspetjournals.org)
Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria is a rare form of aminoaciduria (1:35 000 births) which is an autosomal recessive disorder of urinary glutamate and aspartate due to genetic errors related to transport of these amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria involves excretion of urinary glutamate and aspartate, resulting from the incomplete reabsorption of anionic amino acids from the glomerular filtrate in the kidney. (wikipedia.org)
Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria is diagnosed by finding the increased presence of glutamate and aspartate in the urine. (wikipedia.org)
In the case of dicarboxylic aminoaciduria, where glutamate and aspartate transport are impaired, the alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism are affected. (wikipedia.org)
In dicarboxylic aminoaciduria, the anionic amino acid transporter, EAAT3, cannot bring glutamate and aspartate across epithelial cells, leading to them being excreted via the urine. (wikipedia.org)
An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA). (harvard.edu)
It is the second most concentrated molecule in the brain after the amino acid glutamate. (hmdb.ca)
Insulin-activated amino acid (serine, alanine, glutamate and others):Na + symporter. (tcdb.org)
To test the predictive value of these models, all four stereoisomers of the antagonist 1-(phenanthren-2-carbonyl) piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (PPDA) were docked into the NR2B glutamate-binding site model. (aspetjournals.org)
The 4-fold increase in ATP release from microglia in response to glutamate (0.5 mM) was blocked by α-aminohydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-proprionate (AMPA)/kainate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroguinoxaline-2,3-dione and specific AMPA receptor antagonist 1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine hydrochloride (GYKI 52466) but not by N -methyl- d -aspartic acid or metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. (aspetjournals.org)
Glutamate-stimulated ATP release was significantly antagonized by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) blockers flufenamic acid and glibenclamide. (aspetjournals.org)
The antagonist 2- amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid had no effect on responses to quisqualate and kainate but completely blocked depolarizations due to NMDA and aspartate and reduced depolarizations elicited by low concentrations of glutamate. (jneurosci.org)
of glutamate and related excitatory amino acids suggest that excitotoxic injury may be a contributory factor. (jneurosci.org)
Here, we measure single-molecule transport kinetics of a glutamate transporter homolog from Pyrococcus horikoshii , Glt Ph , using fluorescently labeled periplasmic amino acid binding protein as a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based sensor. (sciencemag.org)
Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 is a member of the high-affinity glutamate transporters which plays an essential role in transporting glutamate across plasma membranes in neurons . (wikipedia.org)
In the brain, excitatory amino acid transporters are crucial in terminating the postsynaptic action of the neurotransmitter glutamate, and in maintaining extracellular glutamate concentrations below neurotoxic levels. (wikipedia.org)
EAAT3 also transports aspartate , and mutations in this gene are thought to cause dicarboxylic aminoaciduria , also known as glutamate-aspartate transport defect. (wikipedia.org)
Slc1a6 encodes a protein that is a glutamate transporters, also known as excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs), are sodium- and potassium-dependent members of the solute carrier family 6 (SLC1), widely distributed throughout the brain. (thermofisher.com)
Sodium-dependent, high-affinity amino acid transporter that mediates the uptake of L-glutamate and also L-aspartate and D-aspartate. (thermofisher.com)

Enterocytes in the intestines break up peptides into residual amino acids where they would normally use charge-specific amino acid transporters to get across the epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
ssy1 and ptr3 mutations manifest identical differential effects on the functional expression of multiple specific amino acid transporters. (asm.org)
Several amino acid transporters are involved in this process and when defective they cause primary inherited aminoacidurias (PIA). (irbbarcelona.org)
The transporters involved in cystinuria, lysinuric protein intolerance, Hartnup disorder, iminoglycinuria, and dicarboxylic amino aciduria have been identified. (irbbarcelona.org)
Eleven families of amino acid transporters are coded in the human genome. (irbbarcelona.org)
Two of these families of proteins correspond to Heteromeric amino acid transporters (HATs), which are composed of a heavy subunit and a light subunit. (irbbarcelona.org)
Role of transporters in amino acid homeostasis. (irbbarcelona.org)
1. Identification of the amino acid transporters involved in the re-absorption of amino acids and those responsible for the development of inherited aminoacidurias. (irbbarcelona.org)
We have also identified the amino acid transporters that are defective in cystinuria (rBAT/b0,+AT) and lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI) (4F2hc/y+LAT1). (irbbarcelona.org)
At present, we are studying the physiology of basolateral transporters that are candidates to play a role in renal and intestinal re-absorption of amino acids. (irbbarcelona.org)
2. Structural and structure-function relationship studies of heteromeric amino acid transporters. (irbbarcelona.org)
4. Transporters and amino acid homeostasis. (irbbarcelona.org)
This relatively new line of research aims to identify the mechanism of transporters involved in the homeostasis of amino acids in the cell. (irbbarcelona.org)

In contrast, the NR2B H486F mutation increased the affinity of the typical antagonists CGS-19755 [(2 R *,4 S *)-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine carboxylic acid] and 4-(3-phosphonopropyl) piperidine-2-carboxylic acid. (aspetjournals.org)
A carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group (C(=O)OH) attached to an R-group. (wikipedia.org)
The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R-COOH or R-CO2H, with R referring to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other group. (wikipedia.org)
Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid gives a carboxylate anion. (wikipedia.org)
For nomenclature of complex molecules containing a carboxylic acid, the carboxyl can be considered position one of the parent chain even if there are other substituents, such as 3-chloropropanoic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Alternately, it can be named as a "carboxy" or "carboxylic acid" substituent on another parent structure, such as 2-carboxyfuran. (wikipedia.org)
The carboxylate anion (R-COO− or RCO2−) of a carboxylic acid is usually named with the suffix -ate, in keeping with the general pattern of -ic acid and -ate for a conjugate acid and its conjugate base, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
In this section the aramids, "aromatic polyamides" that contain benzene rings in their carboxylic-acid portions, are also described. (britannica.com)
A carboxylic acid / ˌ k ɑːr b ɒ k ˈ s ɪ l ɪ k / is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (C(=O)OH). (wikipedia.org)
[1] The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R-COOH, with R referring to the rest of the (possibly quite large) molecule . (wikipedia.org)
benzoic acid , the sodium salt of benzoic acid is used as a food preservative, salicylic acid - a beta hydroxy type found in many skin-care products, phenyl alkanoic acids the class of compounds where a phenyl group is attached to a carboxylic acid. (wikipedia.org)

1] "Expression of a novel insulin-activated amino acid transporter gene during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes. (tcdb.org)
2] "Cloning and functional characterization of a system ASC-like Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. (tcdb.org)
Mutations in these genes cause the nitrogen-regulated general amino acid permease gene ( GAP1 ) to be abnormally expressed and block the nonspecific induction of arginase ( CAR1 ) and the peptide transporter ( PTR2 ). (asm.org)
Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 ( EAAT3 ), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A1 gene . (wikipedia.org)
The neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter EAAC1/EAAT3: does it represent a major actor at the brain excitatory synapse? (wikipedia.org)

1-(4-Bromobenzoyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid sodium salt (Cat. (tocris.com)
Currently there are no citations for 1-(4-Bromobenzoyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid sodium salt. (tocris.com)
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5-Amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (I3C), in which three covalently bound iodines form an equilateral triangle, was incorporated into proteins in order to obtain phases by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD). (rcsb.org)
The l -isomer is one of the amino acids occurring naturally in proteins. (thefreedictionary.com)
as·par·tic ac·id/ ( ah-spahr´tik ) a nonessential, natural dibasic amino acid occurring in proteins and also an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. (thefreedictionary.com)
a nonessential amino acid present in sugar cane, beet molasses, and breakdown products of many proteins. (thefreedictionary.com)
one of 20 AMINO ACIDS common in proteins. (thefreedictionary.com)
a nonessential dicarboxylic amino acid, widely distributed in proteins. (thefreedictionary.com)
Esters of fatty acids are the main components of lipids and polyamides of aminocarboxylic acids are the main components of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
These transport proteins are members of the conserved amino acid permease (AAP) gene family that includes 18 members ( 3 ). (asm.org)
This dicarboxylic acid is one of the amino acids that is a precursor to proteins. (sciencephoto.com)
Carboxylic acids occur widely and include the amino acids (which make up proteins ) and acetic acid (which is part of vinegar and occurs in metabolism ). (wikipedia.org)
These are the 1 and 3 letter codes for the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins. (everything2.com)
There are 23 L- amino acids that form the basis for proteins in all the known life on this planet. (everything2.com)
Alignment of the amino acid sequences of TspO and pk18 revealed ≈30% identity and a further ≈32% conservative replacements between the bacterial and mammalian proteins (Fig. 1 ). (pnas.org)

We observed that some specific pathways including chondroitin sulfate degradation, eicosanoid metabolism, keratan sulfate biosynthesis, vitamin B6 metabolism, and amino acid metabolism tend to show variations in FSGS model compared to healthy kidney. (deepdyve.com)

The corresponding amino esters and their complexes with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane were obtained by the condensation of the acid dichlorides of furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid and tetrahydrothiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid with 8-hydroxy- and 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinolines. (springer.com)
Esters of carboxylic acids tend to have pleasant odours, and many are used in perfume. (wikipedia.org)
Salts and esters of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates . (wikipedia.org)
Crucial steps are a reductive McMurry coupling of the indanone carboxylic acids, yielding stiff stilbene dicarboxylic acid esters. (diva-portal.org)

In the gastrointestinal tract, protein digestion and absorption are key to establishing and maintaining amino acid pools. (wikipedia.org)
See also amino acid , protein . (thefreedictionary.com)
Microarray analysis showed that pinene treatment directly influenced key regulatory genes in SA biosynthesis and SAR (e.g., the gene encoding the lipid transfer protein AZELAIC ACID INDUCED1). (plantcell.org)
Ssy1p is a unique member of the amino acid permease gene family, and Ptr3p is predicted to be a hydrophilic protein that lacks known functional homologs. (asm.org)
Subcellular fractionation experiments reveal that both Ssy1p and Ptr3p are localized to the plasma membrane (PM). Ssy1p requires the endoplasmic reticulum protein Shr3p, the amino acid permease-specific packaging chaperonin, to reach the PM, whereas Ptr3p does not. (asm.org)
The sequence of amino acids in a protein and hence protein function are determined by the genetic code. (everything2.com)
Amino acid s are linked together to form protein s. (everything2.com)
sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain determines the characters of the protein molecule. (everything2.com)
This recently initiated line of research seeks to unravel the cross-talk between integrins and amino acid transport through 4F2hc, a common protein with dual function in transport and integrin signalling. (irbbarcelona.org)
Among different accessions, metabolite-R N correlations were maintained with protein, sucrose, and major amino acids but not stored carbon substrates. (plantphysiol.org)

Similarly, amino acid hygroscopicity is under-predicted by UNIFAC predictions, a consequence of the original data used in the parametrisation of the molecular subgroups. (atmos-chem-phys.net)
However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of macrophages to elevated fatty acids (FAs) and their contribution to metabolic inflammation in obesity remain to be fully elucidated. (jimmunol.org)
Molecular model of the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid (C5.H9.N.O4). (sciencephoto.com)
The technology is based on the complexation and supra-molecular assembly of a long-chain -amino-amide and a dicarboxylic acid. (spe.org)
Over the last twenty years, studies on PIA have uncovered part of the molecular bases underlying the renal reabsorption of amino acids. (irbbarcelona.org)
These studies did not reveal the molecular mechanisms involved in the reabsorption of neutral and acidic amino acid at the basolateral plasma membrane of re-absorptive epithelial cells. (irbbarcelona.org)
The molecular mechanisms involved in the renal and intestinal re-absorption of amino acids. (irbbarcelona.org)
A molecular entity capable of accepting a hydron from a donor (Br o nsted acid). (ebi.ac.uk)

They may be produced by the interaction of a diamine (a compound containing two amino [NH 2 ] groups- e.g., hexamethylenediamine) and a dicarboxylic acid (containing two carboxyl [CO―OH] groups- e.g., adipic acid), or they may be formed by the self-condensation of an amino acid or an amino-acid derivative. (britannica.com)
Adipic Acid - Adipic acid commonly appears as a white crystalline powder that melts at 152 degrees Celsius. (fsu.edu)
Adipic acid is sometimes used in the food industry as well, especially as an ingredient in gelatins that facilitates quick setting and the maintenance of quality. (fsu.edu)

Glutamic Acid" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (umassmed.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Glutamic Acid" by people in this website by year, and whether "Glutamic Acid" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Glutamic Acid" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)
Antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase, choline acetyltransferase, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide stained 22 +/- 2, 2.3 +/- 0.3, and 2.4 +/- 0.2% of all neurons, respectively, suggesting that different neuronal classes survived roughly in proportion to their number in vivo. (jneurosci.org)

Mutations resulting in a lack of expression of the SLC1A1 gene, a member of the solute carrier family, are found to cause development of dicarboxylic aminoaciduria in humans. (wikipedia.org)

We conclude that TM 3 and 4 contain amino acid residues that are important determinants of substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency in NaDC1. (labome.org)
In the NR1-based NR2 models, there were only four subunit-specific amino acid residues exposed to the ligand-binding pocket (and six in the GluR2-based models). (aspetjournals.org)
Phototriggerable peptidomimetic inhibitors of the enzyme M. tuberculosis ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) were obtained by incorporation of a stilbene based amino acid moiety into oligopeptides between 3-9 residues long ( Paper I ). Interstrand hydrogen bond probability in the E and Z forms of the peptidomimetics was used as a tool for predicting conformational preferences. (diva-portal.org)

It is synthesized in neurons from the amino acid aspartate and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). (hmdb.ca)
D-(-)-2-Amino-5-phosphono-valeric acid (100 microM), an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, or the presence of Mg(2+) (1.2mM) in the superfusion medium did not modify trans-ACPD-induced [(3)H]DA release. (jove.com)
N -methyl D -aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) play a critical role in synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory, in part by dynamically regulating the trafficking of 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid (AMPA) receptors via NMDAR channel-mediated Ca 2+ transport into dendritic spines. (aspetjournals.org)
Slc1a6 also mediates Cl(-) flux that is not coupled to amino acid transport and this avoids the accumulation of negative charges due to aspartate and Na(+) symport. (thermofisher.com)

This hindrance of functionality in individuals with dicarboxylic aminoaciduria may be related to growth retardation, intellectual disability, and a tendency toward fasting hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis. (wikipedia.org)
Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria is the result of a point mutation of tryptophan to arginine at position 445 and a deletion mutation of isoleucine at position 395. (wikipedia.org)
Diseases associated with SLC1A6 include Dicarboxylic Aminoaciduria. (thermofisher.com)

A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of 4-amino-4-deoxychorismic acid. (ebi.ac.uk)
LY339434, (2 S ,4 R ,6 E )-2-amino-4-carboxy-7-(2-naphthyl)hept-6-enoate. (aspetjournals.org)

As generally admitted the properties of most natural occurring biopolymers (e.g., starch, poly (lactic acid), PHAs. (scirp.org)
Her potassium was 6.3 mEq/L, and lactic acid level was 8.3 mmol/L. She was also hypertensive without apparent etiology. (aappublications.org)

N-Acetylaspartic acid is a derivative of aspartic acid. (hmdb.ca)
Diaminopimelic acid or DAPA is a lysine-like amino acid derivative that is a key component of the bacterial cell wall. (hmdb.ca)

Hygroscopicity data for 36 organic compounds, including amino acids, organic acids, alcohols and sugars, are determined using a comparative kinetics electrodynamic balance (CK-EDB). (atmos-chem-phys.net)
These longer chain acids tend to be soluble in less-polar solvents such as ethers and alcohols. (wikipedia.org)
A highly efficient and convenient triflic acid (TfOH) catalyzed protocol for the protection of various functionalized alcohols in CH 2 Cl 2 at ambient temperature using tris (trimethylsilyl)silyl- N,N -dimethyl-methaneamide (hypersilylamide) 1 as the protecting reagent is developed. (diva-portal.org)
In general, our protocol exhibited excellent functional group tolerance in the protection of alcohols containing alkoxy, keto, amino, as well as halo substituents in good to excellent yields. (diva-portal.org)
Carboxylate ions are resonance-stabilized , and this increased stability makes carboxylic acids more acidic than alcohols . (wikipedia.org)

Electron-withdrawing substituents, such as -CF3 group, give stronger acids (the pKa of formic acid is 3.75 whereas trifluoroacetic acid, with a trifluoromethyl substituent, has a pKa of 0.23). (wikipedia.org)

These results provide evidence that corticocollicular neurons in culture express both NMDA-type and non-NMDA receptors for excitatory amino acids. (jneurosci.org)
TspO has an unusually high content of l -tryptophan and other aromatic amino acids and is characterized by a high degree of homology to the 18-kDa outer membrane component (pk18) of the mammalian mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptors (MBRs). (pnas.org)

Pure aspartic acid is a water-soluble, colorless crystalline substance. (thefreedictionary.com)
Aspartic acid is interconvertible with oxaloacetic acid from the citric acid cycle. (thefreedictionary.com)
Fig. 53 Aspartic acid . (thefreedictionary.com)
The ISOELECTRIC POINT of aspartic acid is 2.8. (thefreedictionary.com)
2. Because the Aspartic acid is a dicarboxylic amino acid, (and therefore a powerful neural excitoxin! (laleva.org)

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-a plant-wide heightened state of defense following localized exposure to a pathogen-is characterized by increased salicylic acid (SA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and elevated expression of pathogenesis-related genes. (plantcell.org)
Within an accession, R N correlated strongly with stored carbon substrates, including starch and dicarboxylic acids, as well as sucrose, major amino acids, shikimate, and salicylic acid. (plantphysiol.org)

Synthesis and x-ray analysis of cis-3,4-methylene-L-proline, the new natural amino acid from horse chestnuts, and of its trans isomer. (nih.gov)
The bulk of the book covers specific applications including the bioproduction of amino sugars, dicarboxylic acids, omega-3 fatty acids, starch and fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic materials, and phenolics as building blocks for polymer synthesis. (springer.com)
[4] Biosynthesis can be impaired by disrupting the aro pathway which is responsible for the synthesis of chorismic acid from shikimate. (wikipedia.org)

Excitatory amino acids and neuronal plasticity. (tocris.com)

For the treatment and prevention of folate deficiency and for use as an antidote against folic acid antagonists. (drugbank.ca)
Intracellular recording techniques were used to evaluate the response properties of labeled layer V neurons, as well as other, unlabeled neurons, to excitatory amino acid agonists and antagonists. (jneurosci.org)
Evans et al (1987) A comparison of excitatory amino acid antagonists acting at primary afferent C fibres and motoneurones of the isolated spinal cord of the rat. (tocris.com)

The chemical compounds studied include dicarboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars and polyols. (atmos-chem-phys.net)
belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. (hmdb.ca)
Selenocystathionine (CAS: 2196-58-9), also known as SeCysta, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-amino acids. (hmdb.ca)
Pretreatment for the determination of phthalic acid, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in human serum or plasma, and the determination of these compounds in blood products by high-performance liquid chromatography was studied. (biomedsearch.com)

Weerachayaphorn J, Pajor A. Identification of transport pathways for citric acid cycle intermediates in the human colon carcinoma cell line, Caco-2. (labome.org)
The stoichiometries of the reactions and the connections between them are known, which provides us with a metabolic map of respiration that includes glycolysis, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, the citric acid cycle, the mitochondrial electron transport chain ( mETC ), ATP synthase, and several other surrounding reactions. (plantphysiol.org)

In the early phase cells shift to a starvation mode, including gluconeogenic growth, activation of fatty acid degradation, and downregulation of translation. (asm.org)

Quinolinate is a neurotoxin formed nonenzymatically from 2-amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde in mammalian tissues. (hmdb.ca)
MBR, also known as the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, is present in many types of mammalian tissues, and is characterized by its ability to bind with nanomolar affinity to a variety of benzodiazepine-like drugs as well as dicarboxylic tetrapyrrole intermediates of the heme biosynthetic pathway. (pnas.org)

Amino "head" of one amino acid can be linked to the carboxyl tail of another by removal of a molecule of water (Peptide bond). (everything2.com)
Slc1a6 functions as a symporter that transports one amino acid molecule together with two or three Na(+) ions and one proton, in parallel with the counter-transport of one K(+) ion. (thermofisher.com)

The mechanisms that independently control or modulate Ure2p in response to ammonium and Nil2p activity in response to amino acids have not been elucidated. (asm.org)

For example, enathic acid has a low solubility in water (0.2 g/L), but its sodium salt is very soluble in water. (wikipedia.org)

The majority of other AAP family members are low-capacity, high-affinity amino acid permeases, each exhibiting characteristic narrow substrate specificities ( 31 ). (asm.org)

For example, the conjugate base of acetic acid is acetate. (wikipedia.org)
For example, at room temperature, in a 1-molar solution of acetic acid, only 0.4% of the acid are dissociated. (wikipedia.org)

Both Ssy1p and Ptr3p have previously been implicated in relaying signals regarding the presence of extracellular amino acids. (asm.org)
These findings suggest that Ssy1p and Ptr3p function in the PM as components of a sensor of extracellular amino acids. (asm.org)

For example, butyric acid (C3H7CO2H) is butanoic acid by IUPAC guidelines. (wikipedia.org)
[2] For example, butyric acid (C 3 H 7 CO 2 H) is butanoic acid by IUPAC guidelines. (wikipedia.org)

Use of the kojA promoter, involved in kojic acid biosynthesis, for polyketide production in Aspergillus oryzae: implications for long-term production. (nih.gov)
These genes were mainly involved in leucine biosynthesis, amino acid transport and periplasmic/membrane structure. (frontiersin.org)

These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). (hmdb.ca)
These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. (hmdb.ca)
An amino acid is a carbon atom with a hydrogen atom, an organic acid {COOH}, an amino group {NH2}, and one other chemical group attached. (everything2.com)
Any α-amino acid having L -configuration at the α-carbon. (ebi.ac.uk)
and (2) the provision of carbon skeletons needed for the assimilation of nitrogen into amino acids. (plantphysiol.org)

Kynurenic acid, piperidine dicarboxylic acid, and gamma-D- glutamylglycine antagonized responses to all 5 of the agonists. (jneurosci.org)

Although it seems clear that saturated FAs (sFA [e.g., palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA)]) are more lipotoxic than unsaturated FAs (uFAs [e.g., oleic acid (OA) and linoleic acid (LA)]) to various types of cells, whether and how they are transported and metabolized in macrophages to induce chronic inflammation in obesity is unclear ( 14 - 16 ). (jimmunol.org)

Amino acid analysis by precolumn derivatization with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl-5-L-alanine amide (Marfey agent). (uzh.ch)

Carbonic acid, which occurs in bicarbonate buffer systems in nature, is not generally classed as one of the carboxylic acids, despite that it has a moiety that looks like a COOH group. (wikipedia.org)

The Aspartame "dicarboxlic amino acid neural excito toxicity" is also molecularly maximized, when given the two factors entioned above, (which also maximize the methyl alcohol toxic axis toxicity. (laleva.org)

BLP is bound at its C-terminal end (a lysine) by a covalent bond to the peptidoglycan layer (specifically to diaminopimelic acid molecules) and is embedded in the outer membrane by its hydrophobic head (a cysteine with lipids attached). (hmdb.ca)
Smaller carboxylic acids (1 to 5 carbons) are soluble in water, whereas bigger carboxylic acids have limited solubility due to the increasing hydrophobic nature of the alkyl chain. (wikipedia.org)
Aqueous sodium hydroxide and carboxylic acids, even hydrophobic ones, react to yield water-soluble sodium salts. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy8

Organisms19

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs134

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Phenomena and Processes58

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care2

Mechanisms involved in the metabotropic glutamate receptor-enhancement of NMDA-mediated motoneurone responses in frog spinal cord. (1/185)

Basolateral sorting of furin in MDCK cells requires a phenylalanine-isoleucine motif together with an acidic amino acid cluster. (2/185)

Role of reductase domain cluster 1 acidic residues in neuronal nitric-oxide synthase. Characterization of the FMN-FREE enzyme. (3/185)

Group I, II, and III mGluR compounds affect rhythm generation in the gastric circuit of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion. (4/185)

Cocaine and kindling alter the sensitivity of group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central amygdala. (5/185)

Slow synaptic inhibition mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptor activation of GIRK channels. (6/185)

Activation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors induces long-term depression of synaptic transmission in the rat amygdala. (7/185)

cAMP-dependent presynaptic regulation of spontaneous glycinergic IPSCs in mechanically dissociated rat spinal cord neurons. (8/185)

Dicarboxylic Acids

Amino Acids

Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Cycloleucine

Amino Acid Sequence

Amino Acid Substitution

Cloning, Molecular

Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters

Malates

Succinates

Amino Acids, Essential

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate

Kinetics

Escherichia coli

Aspartic Acid

Mutation

Succinic Acid

Base Sequence

Sequence Alignment

Binding Sites

Fumarates

Adipates

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Motifs

Substrate Specificity

Reye Syndrome

Structure-Activity Relationship

Models, Molecular

Pipecolic Acids

Protein Conformation

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Recombinant Proteins

Carboxylic Acids

DNA, Complementary

Amino Acids, Aromatic

Bacterial Proteins

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Glycine

Peptide Fragments

Amino Acids, Sulfur

Glutamic Acid

Protein Binding

Leucine

Alanine

Molecular Weight

Genes, Bacterial

Methylphenazonium Methosulfate

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Receptors, Amino Acid

Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors

Tartrates

DNA

Peptides

Glutamates

Biological Transport

Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists

Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists

Restriction Mapping

Carrier Proteins

Acenaphthenes

Maleates

Species Specificity

Quisqualic Acid

Cell Line

Phylogeny

Bicyclo Compounds

Oxidation-Reduction

Biological Transport, Active

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Proteins

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Heptanes

Glutarates

Cattle