Amino acids cyclic. Medical search

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter found ubiquitously. It has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE. It may also act as an ecotropic leukemia retroviral receptor.

Enzymes that catalyze either the racemization or epimerization of chiral centers within amino acids or derivatives. EC 5.1.1.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

Peptides composed of two amino acid units.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

Synthesis and degradation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by Penicillium citrinum. (1/197)

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), which is a precursor of ethylene in plants, has never been known to occur in microorganisms. We describe the synthesis of ACC by Penicillium citrinum, purification of ACC synthase [EC 4.4.1.14] and ACC deaminase [EC 4.1.99.4], and their properties. Analyses of P. citrinum culture showed occurrence of ACC in the culture broth and in the cell extract. ACC synthase was purified from cells grown in a medium containing 0.05% L-methionine and ACC deaminase was done from cells incubated in a medium containing 1% 2-aminoisobutyrate. The purified ACC synthase, with a specific activity of 327 milliunit/mg protein, showed a single band of M(r) 48,000 in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular mass of the native enzyme by gel filtration was 96,000 Da. The ACC synthase had the Km for S-adenosyl-L-methionine of 1.74 mM and kcat of 0.56 s-1 per monomer. The purified ACC deaminase, with a specific activity of 4.7 unit/mg protein, showed one band in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of M(r) 41,000. The molecular mass of the native ACC deaminase was 68,000 Da by gel filtration. The enzyme had a Km for ACC of 4.8 mM and kcat of 3.52 s-1. The presence of 7 mM Cu2+ in alkaline buffer solution was effective for increasing the stability of the ACC deaminase in the process of purification. (+info)

Expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase during leaf ontogeny in white clover. (2/197)

We examined the expression of three distinct 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase genes during leaf ontogeny in white clover (Trifolium repens). Significant production of ethylene occurs at the apex, in newly initiated leaves, and in senescent leaf tissue. We used a combination of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends to identify three distinct DNA sequences designated TRACO1, TRACO2, and TRACO3, each with homology to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase. Southern analysis confirmed that these sequences represent three distinct genes. Northern analysis revealed that TRACO1 is expressed specifically in the apex and TRACO2 is expressed in the apex and in developing and mature green leaves, with maximum expression in developing leaf tissue. The third gene, TRACO3, is expressed in senescent leaf tissue. Antibodies were raised to each gene product expressed in Escherichia coli, and western analysis showed that the TRACO1 antibody recognizes a protein of approximately 205 kD (as determined by gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacylamide gel electrophoresis) that is expressed preferentially in apical tissue. The TRACO2 antibody recognizes a protein of approximately 36.4 kD (as determined by gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacylamide gel electrophoresis) that is expressed in the apex and in developing and mature green leaves, with maximum expression in mature green tissue. No protein recognition by the TRACO3 antibody could be detected in senescent tissue or at any other stage of leaf development. (+info)

Glucose regulation of glutaminolysis and its role in insulin secretion. (3/197)

Leucine or the nonmetabolized leucine analog +/- 2-amino-2-norbornane-carboxylic acid (BCH) (both at 10 mmol/l) induced biphasic insulin secretion in the presence of 2 mmol/l glutamine (Q2) in cultured mouse islets pretreated for 40 min without glucose but with Q2 present. The beta-cell response consisted of an initial peak of 20- to 25-fold above basal and a less marked secondary phase. However, BCH produced only a delayed response, while leucine was totally ineffective when islets were pretreated with 25 mmol/l glucose plus Q2. With Q2, 10 mmol/l BCH or leucine caused a nearly threefold increase, a twofold increase, or had no effect on cytosolic Ca2+ levels in islets pretreated for 40 min with 0, 5, or 15 mmol/l glucose, respectively. Thus, pretreatment of islets with high glucose inhibited BCH- and leucine-induced cytosolic Ca2+ changes and insulin release. Glucose decreased glutamine oxidation in cultured rat islets when BCH was present at 10 mmol/l, but not in its absence, with a lowest effective level of approximately 0.1 mmol/l, a maximum of 18-30 mmol/l, and an inhibitory concentration, 50%, of approximately 3 mmol/l. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that glucose inhibits glutaminolysis in pancreatic beta-cells in a concentration-dependent manner and hence blocks leucine-stimulated insulin secretion. We postulate that in the basal interprandial state, glutaminolysis of beta-cells is partly turned on because glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is activated by a decreased P-potential due to partial fuel depletion and sensitization to endogenous activators such as leucine. Additionally, it may contribute significantly to basal insulin release, which is known to be responsible for about half of the insulin released daily. The data explain "leucine-hypersensitivity" of beta-cells during hypoglycemia and contribute to the elucidation of the GDH-linked syndrome of hyperinsulinism associated with elevated serum ammonia levels. Thus, understanding the precise regulation and role of beta-cell glutaminolysis is probably central to our concept of normal blood glucose control. (+info)

Putative partial agonist 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid acts concurrently as a glycine-site agonist and a glutamate-site antagonist at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. (4/197)

1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) has been shown to protect against neuronal cell death after ischemic insult in vivo. Such results can be correlated with in vitro assays in which ACPC protected neurons against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity by reducing the activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channel activation. Electrophysiological studies have determined that ACPC inhibits NMDA receptor activity by acting as a glycine-binding site partial agonist. In this study, rapid drug perfusion combined with whole-cell voltage-clamp was used to elicit and measure the effects of ACPC on NMDA receptor-mediated responses from cultured hippocampal neurons and cerebellar granule cells. The ACPC steady-state dose-response curve had both stimulatory and inhibitory phases. Half-maximal activation by ACPC as a glycine-site agonist was 0.7 to 0.9 microM. Half-maximal inhibition by ACPC was dependent on NMDA concentration. Peak responses to a >100 microM ACPC pulse in the presence of 1 microM glutamate were similar to those of glycine but decayed to a steady-state amplitude below that of glycine. The removal of ACPC initially caused an increase in inward current followed by a subsequent decrease to baseline levels. This suggests that relief of low-affinity antagonism occurs before high-affinity agonist dissociation. Simulations of ACPC action by a two glutamate-binding site/two glycine-binding site model for NMDA channel activation in conjunction with the concurrent role of ACPC as a glycine-site full agonist and glutamate-site competitive antagonist were able to successfully approximate experimental results. (+info)

Regulation of L-methionine and L-lysine uptake in chicken jejunal brush-border membrane by dietary methionine. (5/197)

In the chicken intestine, L-methionine is transported by systems that are specific for neutral amino acids (L- and B-like) and by systems that can also transport cationic amino acids (y(+)m and b(0,+)-like). These four uptake pathways have been investigated in brush-border membrane vesicles from the jejunum of chickens fed a diet enriched with 0.4% L-methionine. Methionine supplementation from the 1st to the 6th wk of age has no effect on body weight or on the efficiency of food utilization. The kinetic analysis of L-methionine influx across the transport systems specific for neutral amino acids shows, for system L, no dietary effect on the Michaelis constant (Km) and a 30% reduction in maximal velocity (Vmax); for system B it shows a decrease in Km (30%) and in Vmax (51%). Transport systems shared by cationic and neutral amino acids show no dietary effect on b(0,+) activity and a significant reduction in y(+)m Vmax, similar for L-methionine and L-lysine, both in the absence and in the presence of Na+ (L-methionine, 30 and 26% reduction; L-lysine, 19 and 28% reduction, respectively). The downregulation induced by L-methionine supplementation may be an adaptive response to reduce the risk of intoxication by dietary excess of L-methionine. These results support the view that the toxicity of the supplemented substrate can be an important factor in the regulation of amino acid transport by dietary content. (+info)

Hypaphorine from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius counteracts activities of indole-3-acetic acid and ethylene but not synthetic auxins in eucalypt seedlings. (6/197)

Very little is known about the molecules regulating the interaction between plants and ectomycorrhizal fungi during root colonization. The role of fungal auxin in ectomycorrhiza has repeatedly been suggested and questioned, suggesting that, if fungal auxin controls some steps of colonized root development, its activity might be tightly controlled in time and in space by plant and/or fungal regulatory mechanisms. We demonstrate that fungal hypaphorine, the betaine of tryptophan, counteracts the activity of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on eucalypt tap root elongation but does not affect the activity of the IAA analogs 2,4-D ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid) or NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid). These data suggest that IAA and hypaphorine interact during the very early steps of the IAA perception or signal transduction pathway. Furthermore, while seedling treatment with 1-amincocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the precursor of ethylene, results in formation of a hypocotyl apical hook, hypaphorine application as well as root colonization by Pisolithus tinctorius, a hypaphorine-accumulating ectomycorrhizal fungus, stimulated hook opening. Hypaphorine counteraction with ACC is likely a consequence of hypaphorine interaction with IAA. In most plant-microbe interactions studied, the interactions result in increased auxin synthesis or auxin accumulation in plant tissues. The P. tinctorius / eucalypt interaction is intriguing because in this interaction the microbe down-regulates the auxin activity in the host plant. Hypaphorine might be the first specific IAA antagonist identified. (+info)

Expression of AtPRP3, a proline-rich structural cell wall protein from Arabidopsis, is regulated by cell-type-specific developmental pathways involved in root hair formation. (7/197)

The tightly regulated expression patterns of structural cell wall proteins in several plant species indicate that they play a crucial role in determining the extracellular matrix structure for specific cell types. We demonstrate that AtPRP3, a proline-rich cell wall protein in Arabidopsis, is expressed in root-hair-bearing epidermal cells at the root/shoot junction and within the root differentiation zone of light-grown seedlings. Several lines of evidence support a direct relationship between AtPRP3 expression and root hair development. AtPRP3/beta-glucuronidase (GUS) expression increased in roots of transgenic seedlings treated with either 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) or alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (alpha-NAA), compounds known to promote root hair formation. In the presence of 1-alpha-(2-aminoethoxyvinyl)glycine (AVG), an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, AtPRP3/GUS expression was strongly reduced, but could be rescued by co-addition of ACC or alpha-NAA to the growth medium. In addition, AtPRP3/GUS activity was enhanced in ttg and gl2 mutant backgrounds that exhibit ectopic root hairs, but was reduced in rhd6 and 35S-R root-hair-less mutant seedlings. These results indicate that AtPRP3 is regulated by developmental pathways involved in root hair formation, and are consistent with AtPRP3's contributing to cell wall structure in Arabidopsis root hairs. (+info)

Salicylates of intact Salix myrsinifolia plantlets do not undergo rapid metabolic turnover. (8/197)

Salicylates, the main phenolic glucosides of northern willow (Salix spp.), play an important role in plant-herbivore interactions. Salicylates are labile metabolites that are thought to undergo metabolic turnover. Salicylates are synthesized from phenylalanine (Phe) via the shikimate pathway. 2-Aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP), a strong inhibitor of Phe ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5), was used to block the biosynthesis of salicylates. The aim of this study was to investigate long-term turnover of salicylates in intact micropropagated plantlets of Salix myrsinifolia Salisb. The biosynthesis of salicylates was inhibited efficiently but not completely by 30 microM 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid. Inhibitor treatment, aside from leading to a high accumulation of Phe, also led to an increase in tyrosine and tryptophan, indicating that 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid may also inhibit enzymes other than Phe ammonia-lyase. Salicylates were shown to be unexpectedly stable metabolites that did not undergo marked metabolic turnover in intact plants; in leaves no significant turnover occurred, and in the stems the five salicylates studied were turned over slowly, with half-lives of 11 to 25 d. The total amount of salicylate in mature shoots decreased only 0.6% per day. (+info)

Cyclic peptides[edit]. A peptide is a short polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They have the same chemical ... Amino acids[edit]. BMAA[edit]. The non-proteinogenic amino acid beta-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is ubiquitously produced by ... Amino Acid BMAA Nervous System All Most cyanotoxins have a number of variants (analogues). As of 1999, altogether over 84 ... a neurotoxic amino acid". PNAS. 102 (14): 5074-5078. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.5074C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501526102. PMC 555964. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotoxin

Amino Acids. 35 (2): 283-289. doi:10.1007/s00726-007-0629-6. PMID 18163175. Prasad C (Dec 1995). "Bioactive cyclic dipeptides ... The Ugi reaction using an isonitrile, amino acid, aldehyde and amine, can produce a dipeptide in equally high yield and optical ... As a consequence of their predominant biosynthetic origin from L-α-amino acids most naturally occurring 2,5-DKPs are cis ... They have a rigid backbone, which can mimic a preferential peptide conformation and contain constrained amino acids embedded ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Diketopiperazine

Banerjee, A. B.; Bose, S. K. (1963). "Amino acid configuration of mycobacillin". Nature. 200 (4905): 471. Bibcode:1963Natur.200 ... Mycobacillin is an antifungal cyclic peptide. It was first isolated in 1958 from the bacteria Bacillus subtilis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacillin

... is a cyclic peptide of 11 amino acids; it contains a single D-amino acid, which is rarely encountered in nature. ... then covalently binds the amino acid to phosphopantetheine through a thioester linkage. Some of the amino acid substrates ... Amino acids such as D-Ala and butenyl-methyl-L-threonine (Bmt) indicate cyclosporin synthetase requires the action of other ... With the adenylation domain, cyclosporin synthetase generates the acyl-adenylated amino acids, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclosporin

Folding control of CPP using unnatural β, δ cyclic amino acids. CPPs found applications as transporters of contrast agents ... CPPs typically have an amino acid composition that either contains a high relative abundance of positively charged amino acids ... a natural degradation process by which peptide bonds are hydrolyzed to amino acids. Unnatural acid insertion in the peptide ... CADY contains a short peptide sequence of 20 amino acids, with the sequence "Ac-GLWRALWRLLRSLWRLLWRA-cysteamide." [40] This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_penetrating_peptide

It is a cyclic fungal peptide, composed of 11 amino acids. Ciclosporin is thought to bind to the cytosolic protein cyclophilin ... Mycophenolic acid acts as a non-competitive, selective, and reversible inhibitor of Inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase ( ... Methotrexate is a folic acid analogue. It binds dihydrofolate reductase and prevents synthesis of tetrahydrofolate. It is used ... which then binds to cell membranes preventing the phospholipase A2 from coming into contact with its substrate arachidonic acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug

Leucine and isoleucine belong to the proteinogenic amino acids; the others are non-natural. Including the stereoisomers, six ... Cycloleucine could be classified as a cyclic derivative of norleucine. With a cyclopentane-ring, it has two hydrogen atoms ... The leucines are primarily the four isomeric amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, tert-leucine (terleucine, pseudoleucine) and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucines

"Two piperazic acid-containing cyclic hexapeptides from Streptomyces alboflavus 313". Amino Acids. 43 (5): 2191-8. doi:10.1007/ ... Ji, Z; Qiao, G; Wei, S; Fan, L; Wu, W (2012). "Isolation and characterization of two novel antibacterial cyclic hexapeptides ... Ji, Zhiqin; Wei, Shaopeng; Fan, Lixia; Wu, Wenjun (2012). "Three novel cyclic hexapeptides from Streptomyces alboflavus 313 and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces_alboflavus

... or α-amanitin is a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids. It is possibly the most deadly of all the amatoxins, ... The outer loop is formed by peptide bonds between a carboxyl terminus of an amino acid to the subsequent amino terminus of the ... In addition, α-amanitin is decorated with modified amino acid side chains (2S,3R,4R)-4,5-dihydroxy-isoleucine, trans-4-hydroxy- ... Two key stereochemistry-defining steps include Brown crotylation at (3R,4R)-positions, and asymmetric Strecker amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Amanitin

He is known for his studies of unnatural amino acids, cyclic peptides and biologically active natural products and is an ... Amino acids Cyclic peptides Har Gobind Khorana India portal Chemistry portal "Santanu Bhattacharya". Indian Institute of ... Bhattacharya is reported to have made notable contributions in the design and synthesis of unnatural amino acids, cyclic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santanu_Bhattacharya

... or γ-amanitin is a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids. It is an amatoxin, a group of toxins isolated from and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Amanitin

... s are linear peptides with 15 amino acids. This is in contrast to unrelated gramicidin S, which is a cyclic peptide. ... They consist of 15 L- and D-amino acids. Their amino acid sequence is: formyl-L-X-Gly-L-Ala-D-Leu-L-Ala-D-Val-L-Val-D-Val-L-Trp ... The alternating pattern of D- and L-amino acids is important for the formation of these structures. Helices occur most often as ... It is soluble in small alcohols, acetic acid, pyridine, poorly soluble in acetone, dioxane, practically insoluble diethylether ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramicidin

NR58.3-14-3 is a cyclic peptide consisting of 11 D-amino acids. It is a broad-spectrum chemokine inhibitor and anti- ... the amino acid sequence was reversed and the amino acids replaced with D-amino acids. This combined transformation changes the ... Peptide 3' is a 12-amino acid linear peptide corresponding to amino acids 51 to 62 of mature human chemokine CCL2. It is formed ... The corresponding 11th amino acid in CXCL12 is Ile. Ala4 in CCL2 is also present in CCL3 but the corresponding residue is Leu ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NR58-3.14.3

... or β-amanitin is a cyclic peptide comprising eight amino acids. It is part of a group of toxins called amatoxins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Amanitin

Accordingly, various non-proteinogenic (non-ribosomal) amino acids are found in katanosins, such as 3-hydroxyleucine, 3- ... All katanosins have a cyclic and a linear segment ("lariat structure"). The peptidic ring is closed with an ester bond (lactone ... Katanosin A and B differ in the amino acid position 7. The minor metabolite katanosin A has a valine in this position, whereas ... Katanosins are cyclic depsipeptides (acylcyclodepsipeptides). These non-proteinogenic structures are not regular proteins from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanosin

The fruit further contains 1-2.7% of free aminoacids; chiefly proline, and including [[γ -aminobutyric acid]] (GABA) and ... Of particular interest are cyclic oligopeptides with 8 aminoacid rings, christened lyciumins A and B.[16] ... vanillic acid, salicylic acid, and nicotinic acid. From the flowers, diosgenin, β-sitosterol, and lanosterol have been isolated ... Other detected compounds include flavonoids derived from myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol; hexadecanoic acid, linoleic acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycium_barbarum

... is a non-proteinogenic amino acid. It could be classified as a cyclic derivate of norleucine, having two hydrogen ... Cycloleucine is a non-metabolisable amino acid and is a specific and reversible inhibitor of nucleic acid methylation, and as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloleucine

"Messenger RNA-programmed incorporation of multiple N-methyl-amino acids into linear and cyclic peptides". Chemistry & Biology. ... It has been shown that some unnatural amino acids, such as N-methyl-amino acid accylated tRNA can be incorporated into peptides ... N-substituted amino acid-containing peptides have been associated with good proteolytic stability and improved pharmacokinetic ... Some components, such as amino acids and aminoacyl-tRNA synthases (AARSs) can be omitted from the system. Instead, chemically ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_display

Endothelin-1 is a peptide (comprising 21 amino acids) that is produced in endothelial cells. It acts on the endothelin ... Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP in cell signaling and drug development". The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (19): 2003-11. ... Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which is abundant in the pulmonary tissue, hydrolyzes the cyclic bond of cGMP. Consequently, ... This sends a signal to increase adenylate cyclase activity, which leads to increased synthesis of cyclic adenosine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_Hypertension

... s form from cyclic ketones and hydrazoic acid in the Schmidt reaction. Lactams form from cyclisation of amino acids. ... A lactam is a cyclic amide, formally derived from an amino alkanoic acid. The term is a portmanteau of the words lactone + ... ring-size nomenclature stems from the fact that a hydrolyzed α-Lactam leads to an α-amino acid and a β-Lactam to a β-amino acid ... A lactim is a cyclic carboximidic acid compound characterized by an endocyclic carbon-nitrogen double bond. They are formed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactam

Epoxides, cyclic trisiloxanes, some lactones, lactides, cyclic carbonates, and amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides. In order for ... Many cyclic compounds are susceptible to ring-opening polymerization. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anionic_addition_polymerization

Due to proline's cyclic structure, only few peptidases could cleave the bond between proline and other amino acids. Along with ... Proline and hydroyxyproline make up a quarter of the amino acid residues in collegen, which is the most abundant protein in the ... As shown in Intermediate I of the figure, three potential acidic amino acid residues interact with the N-terminus of the ... Surazynski A, Miltyk W, Palka J, Phang JM (Nov 2008). "Prolidase-dependent regulation of collagen biosynthesis". Amino Acids. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEPD

I.V. Komarov; A.O. Grigorenko; A.V. Turov; V.P. Khilya (2004). "Conformationally rigid cyclic α-amino acids in the design of ... Other examples include natural and unnatural amino acid libraries, collections of conformationally constrained bifunctionalized ... p-Aminobenzoic Acid as a Building Block". Curr. Med. Chem. 9 (21): 1871-1892. doi:10.2174/0929867023368872. PMID 12369873. R. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_block_(chemistry)

"Cyclopropane-Annelated Azaoligoheterocycles by Ti-Mediated Intramolecular Reductive Cyclopropanation of Cyclic Amino Acid ... Cha and its team introduced the use of cyclic Grignard reagents, particularly adapted for these reactions. The methodology has ... Chaplinski, V.; De Meijere, A. (1996). "A Versatile New Preparation of Cyclopropylamines from Acid Dialkylamides". Angewandte ... Cha, Jin Kun; Kulinkovich, Oleg G. (2012). "The Kulinkovich cyclopropanation of carboxylic acid derivatives". Organic Reactions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulinkovich_reaction

They share approximately 90 amino acid residues in their cysteine-rich C terminal regions. Inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) is a ... A unique family of cyclic and knotted proteins that defines the cyclic cystine knot structural motif". Journal of Molecular ... In addition, the size of the motif is approximately 30 amino acid residues. These two characteristics make it an attractive ... The CCK motif has a cyclic backbone, triple stranded beta sheet, and cystine knot conformation. Novel proteins are being added ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystine_knot

Siodłak, Dawid (2015). "α,β-Dehydroamino Acids in Naturally Occurring Peptides". Amino Acids. 47 (1): 1-17. doi:10.1007/s00726- ... The dehydroalanine residue was first detected in nisin, a cyclic peptide with antimicrobial activity. Dehydroalanine is also ... As an amino acid residue, it is unusual because it has an unsaturated backbone. Like most primary enamines, dehydroalanine is ... Most amino acid residues are unreactive toward nucleophiles, but those containing dehydroalanine or some other dehydroamino ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroalanine

... is a cyclic dodecadepsipeptide resembling valinomycin; it contains three repeats of four amino acids: D-Oxy-Leu-D-Ala ... In non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, individual amino acids are added, modified, and linked. Addition is facilitated by the ... CesA1 adds ketoisocaproic acid to the adenylation domain. The thiolation domain will then move the ketoisocaproic acid along ... which reduces ketoisocaproic acid into D-α-hydroxyisocaproic acid with the cofactor NADPH. In module CesA2, L-alanine is added ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereulide

Like most of cyclic peptides containing nonproteogenic amino acids, cereulide is resistant to heat, proteolysis, and acid ... Cereulide is a cyclic polypeptide containing three repeats of four amino acids: D-oxy-Leu-D-Ala-L-oxy-Val-L-Val (similar to ... Bacterial growth results in production of enterotoxins, one of which is highly resistant to heat and acids (pH levels between 2 ... Anaerobic growth: Positive Voges Proskauer test: Positive Acid produced from D-glucose: Positive L-arabinose: Negative D-xylose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_cereus

... fatty acids, and amino acids in most vertebrates, including humans. Ketone bodies are elevated in the blood (ketosis) after ... Cyclic ketonesEdit. Many ketones are cyclic. The simplest class have the formula (CH2)nCO, where n varies from 2 for ... In the Ruzicka cyclization, cyclic ketones are prepared from dicarboxylic acids.. *In the Nef reaction, ketones form by ... The best known ketose is fructose, which exists as a cyclic hemiketal, which masks the ketone functional group. Fatty acid ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone

... the enzyme responsible for converting the amino acid tyrosine to the skin pigment melanin, and is used to treat acne-associated ... and a cyclic worsening of the affected person's anxiety about their appearance.[61] Rare complications from acne or its ... Salicylic acid[edit]. Salicylic acid is a topically applied beta-hydroxy acid that stops bacteria from reproducing and has ... "Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne". Cochrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_vulgaris

Chirality is easily incorporated by using 2-amino alcohols prepared by the reduction of amino acids; which are both optically ... Kobayashi, Shiro; Uyama, Hiroshi (15 January 2002). "Polymerization of cyclic imino ethers: From its discovery to the present ... From acid chlorides[edit]. A routine route to oxazolines entails reactions of acyl chlorides with 2-amino alcohols. Thionyl ... Aminomethyl propanol is the classical precursor to oxazolines using acid chloride method.[12] As applied to fatty acids, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxazoline

In humans, RAD51 is a 339-amino acid protein that plays a major role in homologous recombination of DNA during double strand ... response to organic cyclic compound. • regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. • DNA metabolic ... They each share about 25% amino acid sequence identity with RAD51 and with each other.[28] ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 25 (19): 3868-74. doi:10.1093/nar/25.19.3868. PMC 146972 . PMID 9380510.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad51

Protonated amino groups (-NH+. 3) are the most common positively charged moieties in proteins, specifically in the amino acid ... Cyclic amines-Cyclic amines are either secondary or tertiary amines. Examples of cyclic amines include the 3-membered ring ... carboxylic acid. −. ,. H. −. N. +. ,. R. 2. R. 1. ,. −. H. +. R. 3. −. COO. −. ⏟. substituted-ammonium. carboxylate salt. →. d ... The breakdown of amino acids releases amines, famously in the case of decaying fish which smell of trimethylamine. Many ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amines

... the amino acid is shown in black). (1) Fmoc-protected amino group, (2) benzyl ester protected carboxyl group and (3) tert-butyl ... Acetals and Ketals - Removed by acid. Normally, the cleavage of acyclic acetals is easier than of cyclic acetals. ... In the example shown, the protected amino acid tyrosine, the benzyl ester can be removed by hydrogenolysis, the ... Acetyl (Ac) - Removed by acid or base (see Acetoxy group).. *Benzoyl (Bz) - Removed by acid or base, more stable than Ac group. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting_group

Amino acid-RNA ligation. The ability to conjugate an amino acid to the 3'-end of an RNA in order to use its chemical groups or ... The Sutherland group's 2009 paper also highlighted the possibility for the photo-sanitization of the pyrimidine-2',3'-cyclic ... As some co-factors contain both nucleotide and amino-acid characteristics, it may be that amino acids, peptides and finally ... as no amino acid molecules lie within 18Å of the enzyme's active site,[15] and, when the majority of the amino acids in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world

TNF is primarily produced as a 233-amino acid-long type II transmembrane protein arranged in stable homotrimers.[24][25] From ... cellular response to organic cyclic compound. • positive regulation of fever generation. • extracellular matrix organization. • ... cellular response to amino acid stimulus. • negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand. ... The common house mouse TNFα and human TNF are structurally different.[28] The 17-kilodalton (kDa) TNF protomers (185-amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alpha

Discovery of asparagine, the first amino-acid ever identified[edit]. In the fall of 1805, Robiquet, then a young help working ... This discovery was opening the door to the huge family of aromatic molecules, that are based on the cyclic 6 carbon benzenoic ... Asparagine will turn out to be one of the 22 amino acids that build-up all living matter on earth, the first ever identified ... Progress in isolating the other amino acids will be very slow, with less than a handful in total during the whole 19th century ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Jean_Robiquet

As well, the amino-thalidomide and amino-EM-12 were potent inhibitors of TNF-α. These two analogs later got the name ... Using a carboxylic acid as a starting point, an amide group has similar PDE4 inhibition activity but both groups were shown to ... In vitro, apremilast reduces PDE4 activity leading to an increase in cyclic-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations in ... It is considerably more potent than its parent drug with only two differences at a molecular level, with an added amino group ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_analogs_of_thalidomide

cDNAs and deduced amino acid sequences of human aldehyde and aldose reductases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (16 ... "Decreased expression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated aldose reductase (AKR1B1) is associated with malignancy in ... AKR1B1 consists of 316 amino acid residues and weighs 35853Da. It does not possess the traditional dinucleotide binding fold. ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 17 (20): 8368. doi:10.1093/nar/17.20.8368. PMC 334974. PMID 2510130.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKR1B1

A nonapeptide has nine amino acids (e.g., oxytocin).. *A decapeptide has ten amino acids (e.g., gonadotropin-releasing hormone ... These peptides are often cyclic and can have highly complex cyclic structures, although linear nonribosomal peptides are also ... such as racemization of L-amino acids to D-amino acids in platypus venom.[8] ... The covalent chemical bonds are formed when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another. The ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypeptide

Amino Acids into Nitriles by Oxidative Decarboxylation with Trichloroisocyanuric Acid". Synthetic Communications. 34 (19): 3449 ... Fleming, Fraser F.; Zhang, Zhiyu (24 January 2005). "Cyclic nitriles: tactical advantages in synthesis". Tetrahedron. 61 (4): ... α-Amino acids form nitriles and carbon dioxide via various means of oxidative decarboxylation.[22][23] Henry Drysdale Dakin ... NH2 and then carboxylic acids RCOOH. The hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids is efficient. In acid or base, the balanced ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrile

... s synthesize the hormone melatonin by first converting the amino acid tryptophan to serotonin. The serotonin is then ... AANAT is activated through a protein kinase A system in which cyclic AMP (cAMP) is involved. The activation of AANAT leads to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinealocyte

3S)-3-[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanamido]-3-{[(1S)-1-{[(1S)-1-carboxy -2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl]carbamoyl}-3-(methylsulfanyl)propyl] ... "Structure-based design of new constrained cyclic agonists of the cholecystokinin CCK-B receptor". Journal of Medicinal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCK-4

Serotonin is synthesized from an amino acid called L-tryptophan. Active transport system regulates the uptake of tryptophan ... an effect mediated by decreased cyclic AMP-mediated phosphorylation-activation of the enzyme.[25] α2 receptors also cause ... decreased intracellular cyclic AMP expression which results in smooth muscle relaxation or decreased secretion.[26] TCAs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor

cellular response to amino acid starvation. • positive regulation of programmed cell death. • negative regulation of apoptotic ... response to organic cyclic compound. • negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P21

Amatoxins consist of at least eight compounds with a similar structure, that of eight amino-acid rings; they were isolated in ... "Expansion and diversification of the MSDIN family of cyclic peptide genes in the poisonous agarics Amanita phalloides and A. ... β-Amanitin, where an amide of the α-amanitin has been replaced by a carboxylic acid (lower left corner) ... and acid-base disturbances.[71][72] These first symptoms resolve two to three days after the ingestion. A more serious ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides

Dintilhac A, Bernués J (2002). "HMGB1 interacts with many apparently unrelated proteins by recognizing short amino acid ... Lin B, Morris DW, Chou JY (1997). "The role of HNF1alpha, HNF3gamma, and cyclic AMP in glucose-6-phosphatase gene activation". ... "Nucleic Acids Res. 23 (7): 1184-91. doi:10.1093/nar/23.7.1184. PMC 306829 . PMID 7739897.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXA3

For example, some aphids use bacteria in their gut to provide essential amino acids lacking in their sap diet.[31] ... According to the theory of predator-prey interactions, the relationship between herbivores and plants is cyclic.[39] When prey ... Nitrogen-based defenses are synthesized from amino acids and primarily come in the form of alkaloids and cyanogens. Alkaloids ... defensive response elicited by jasmonic acid". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (3): 1083-1088. doi:10.1073/ ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivores

Crick began to develop a theory which argued that the arrangement of nucleotides in DNA determined the sequence of amino acids ... The next steps involve extension-based sequencing with cyclic washes of the flow cell with fluorescently labeled nucleotides ( ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 10 (8): 2709-21. doi:10.1093/nar/10.8.2709. PMC 320645 . PMID 7079182.. ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 1 (3): 331-53. doi:10.1093/nar/1.3.331. PMC 344020 . PMID 10793670.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing_technology

GR-113,808（英语：GR-113,808） (1-methyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid, [1-[2-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]ethyl]-4-piperidinyl]methyl ester ... G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger. • regulation of appetite. • 訊息傳遞. ... gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway. • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway. • ... RS-39604 (1-[4-Amino-5-chloro-2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methyloxy]-3-[1-[2-methylsulphonylamino]piperidin-4-yl]propan-1-one) ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT4受體

Thus, in the 15N-HSQC one signal is expected for each amino acid residue with the exception of proline, which has no amide- ... hydrogen due to the cyclic nature of its backbone. Tryptophan and certain other residues with N-containing sidechains also give ... Comparison of a COSY and TOCSY 2D spectra for an amino acid like glutamate or methionine. The TOCSY shows off diagonal ... The continuous chain of protons are the sidechain of the individual amino acids. Thus these two experiments are used to build ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy

The former may be deprotonated to form the carboxylate and phenoxide anions,[5] and the later may be protonated at the amino or ... Protomers usually arrange in cyclic symmetry to form closed point group symmetries. ... Examples in chemistry include Tyrosine and 4-aminobenzoic acid. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protomer

... increased gastric acid secretion, diarrhea and polyuria. If muscarine reaches the brain it can cause tremor, convulsions and ... which results in a decrease of intracellular concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Most agonists for ... the pharmacologically more relevant compounds from this mushroom are ibotenic acid and muscimol. A. muscaria fruitbodies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarine

For example, diphenyldiazomethane reacts readily with C60 to give the compound C61Ph2.[37] Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester ... Three reversible oxidation processes have been observed by using cyclic voltammetry with ultra-dry methylene chloride and a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckyballs

... while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from ... cyclic phosphate terminus and a 5'-hydroxyl terminus.[5][6] Ribonuclease deoxyribozymes typically undergo selection as long, ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 33 (19): 6151-63. doi:10.1093/nar/gki930. PMC 1283523. PMID 16286368.. ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (20): 5982-92. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg791. PMC 219472. PMID 14530446.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribozyme

Nutrients used in cellular respiration include carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids. These nutrients are oxidized to ... The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the non-cyclic, but differs in that it generates only ATP, and no reduced NADP (NADPH ... Blue nodes: amino acid metabolism. Grey nodes: vitamin and cofactor metabolism. Brown nodes: nucleotide and protein metabolism. ... creating the four-carbon organic acid oxaloacetic acid. Oxaloacetic acid or malate synthesized by this process is then ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

PLP forms an imine with the amino acid derivative. The amine on the pyridine is protonated and acts as an electron sink, ... Some of the metabolites formed via the reaction of melatonin with a free radical include cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin, N1-acetyl- ... "Molecular cloning of genomic DNA and chromosomal assignment of the gene for human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, the ... Lerner AB, Case JD, Takahashi Y (July 1960). "Isolation of melatonin and 5-methoxyindole-3-acetic acid from bovine pineal ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin

Given the medicinal and biological significance of the hydroxylated β-amino acids, an increasing volume of research is ... a short summary of the developments in the field of natural and synthetic alicyclic and heterocyclic hydroxylated β-amino acids ...

http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cmc/2005/00000012/00000026/art00003

A series of cyclic enediyne-containing amino acids with ring sizes varying from 10 to 12 atoms have been prepared starting from ... Synthesis and aromatisation of cyclic enediyne-containing amino acids Org Biomol Chem. 2009 Feb 21;7(4):695-705. doi: 10.1039/ ... A series of cyclic enediyne-containing amino acids with ring sizes varying from 10 to 12 atoms have been prepared starting from ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19194585/

A cyclic hexapeptide comprising alternating alpha-aminoxy and alpha-amino acids is a selective chloride ion receptor.. Yang D1 ... In nonpolar solvents, the cyclic hexapeptide 2, which comprises alternating D-alpha-amino and D-alpha-aminoxy acids, adopts a ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15761910

Similarities in amino acid sequences of Drosophila eag and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels ... Similarities in amino acid sequences of Drosophila eag and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels ... Similarities in amino acid sequences of Drosophila eag and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels ... Similarities in amino acid sequences of Drosophila eag and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels ...

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/254/5032/730?ijkey=5215f0cd7fa5a256d700b65fb803eebe6753d85c&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Synthetic cyclic peptides are used as artificial receptors due to a series of advantages over conventional receptors. In order ... Cyclic peptides represent a large class of substances that occur in nature with important biological and medical functions. ... Structural analyses of isolated cyclic tetrapeptides with varying amino acid residues A. Stamm, D. Maué, A. Schaly, S. ... The investigated cyclic peptides contain an arrangement of an amino acid sequence which is no longer symmetric compared to the ...

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2017/CP/C6CP08696A

Keywords: amino acids, cyclic amino acids, enantioselective synthesis, conformationally constrained, peptides, asymmetric ... Keywords:amino acids, cyclic amino acids, enantioselective synthesis, conformationally constrained, peptides, asymmetric ... The Enantioselective Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained Cyclic β- Amino Acids. Author(s): Jason A. Miller, SonBinh T. ... Many methods have been developed to prepare chiral cyclic β-amino acids in high optical purity. This mini-review will discuss ...

https://www.eurekaselect.com/83957/article/enantioselective-synthesis-conformationally-constrained-cyclic-amp946-amino-acids?tracking-code=4

Mixed quartic-harmonic oscillators: a study of the ring puckering vibration of a cyclic amino acid dimer Author(s): Robert ...

http://spie.org/Publications/Proceedings/Paper/10.1117/12.447379

2-amino-4-cyclohexene-, and -2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acids was investigated with host-guest complexes where tetraethyl ... 0/Amino Acids, Cyclic; 0/Indicators and Reagents; 0/Ions From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of ... Amino Acids, Cyclic / analysis*, chemistry*. Cyclotrons. Hydrogen-Ion Concentration. Indicators and Reagents / chemistry. Ions ... Differentiation of diastereomeric cyclic beta-amino acids by varying the neutral reagent in ion/molecule reactions studied by ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Differentiation-diastereomeric-cyclic-beta-amino/18181235.html

I. Amino acids, glucose, and ions in uterine lumenal flushings of cyclic and pregnant ewes. ... amino acids, glutathione, calcium, sodium, and potassium in uterine lumenal fluid from cyclic (Days 3-16) and pregnant (Days 10 ... Amino Acids / metabolism*. Animals. Calcium / metabolism. Estrous Cycle / metabolism*. Female. Glucose / metabolism*. ... amino acids, and glutathione, required to activate nutrient-sensing cell signaling pathways for growth, development, and ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Select-nutrients-in-ovine-uterine/18753605.html

A. Synthesis of an isoguaninyl amino acid and alanyl-PNA oligomers B.Cyclic peptides for DNA binding and bending , PDF ... A contribution to evaluate and predict the strength and life time of angleply CFRP laminates under static and cyclic loads , ...

https://www.fachzeitungen.de/ebooks-alphabetisch/buchstabe/a?lang=German

Amino Acids" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications ... "Highly functionalized cyclic β-amino acid moieties as promising scaffolds in peptide research and drug design, ... Asymmetric synthesis of ß-amino acids and α-substituted β-amino acids ... Amino Acids Springer Journals http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer-journals/highly-functionalized-cyclic-amino-acid-moieties-as- ...

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer_journal/highly-functionalized-cyclic-amino-acid-moieties-as-promising-znu0Tp0ivd

Pd-Catalyzed directed CH-(hetero)arylation of cyclic α-amino acids: effects of substituents and the ring size. Org. Biomol. ... For the first time, the 7- and 8-membered cyclic amino acids were introduced to C-H activation. 8-Aminoquinoline was used as a ... A systematic study on the directed Pd-catalyzed (hetero)arylation of 26 substituted cyclic α-amino acids at the C(3)-atom was ... Pd-Catalyzed directed CH-(hetero)arylation of cyclic α-amino acids: effects of substituents and the ring size ...

https://enamine.net/research/publications/1060-pd-catalyzed-directed-ch-hetero-arylation-of-cyclic-amino-acids-effects-of-substituents-and-the-ring-size

Metal-catalyzed derivatization of C alpha-tetrasubstituted amino acids and their use in the synthesis of cyclic peptides ... Metal-catalyzed derivatization of C alpha-tetrasubstituted amino acids and their use in the synthesis of cyclic peptides. ... C(alpha)-tetrasubstituted amino acids are important building blocks in the design and preparation of novel peptidomimetics. We ... C(alpha)-tetrasubstituted amino acids are important building blocks in the design and preparation of novel peptidomimetics. We ...

https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/8676/

... and application of cyclic Cα-tetrasubstituted α-amino acids in a systematic order beginning with cyclopropane amino acids, ... Maity, P. und König, Burkhard (2007) Enantio- and Diastereoselective Syntheses of Cyclic Cα-Tetrasubstituted α-Amino Acids and ... artificial amino acids; cyclic compounds; synthesis; conformation. Dewey-Dezimal-Klassifikation:. 500 Naturwissenschaften und ... This survey presents recent advances in the synthesis and application of cyclic Cα-tetrasubstituted α-amino acids in a ...

https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/6286/

"Amino Acids, Cyclic" by people in this website by year, and whether "Amino Acids, Cyclic" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Amino Acids, Cyclic" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Amino Acids, Cyclic*Amino Acids, Cyclic. *Cyclic Amino Acids. *Acids, Cyclic Amino ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Amino Acids, Cyclic" by people in Profiles. ...

https://reach.sickkids.ca/display/9150

... β-Amino Acids,Cyclic β-amino Acids,α-hydroxy Acids,β-Hydroxy Acids,Chiral Amines,Chiral Alcohols,Chiral Amino Alcohols,Chiral ...

http://www.chiralblock.com/category64/list1.html

Plays a role in signal transduction by regulating the intracellular concentration of cyclic nucleotides. This phosphodiesterase ... cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesteraseAdd BLAST. 865. Amino acid modifications. Feature key. Position(s). Description ... 3,5-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activity Source: MGI. *3,5-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity Source: MGI ,p> ... cyclic GMP degradation. This protein is involved in step 1 of the subpathway that synthesizes GMP from 3,5-cyclic GMP. This ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8CG03

Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1Add BLAST. 341. Amino acid modifications. Feature key. Position(s). Description ... "Nucleotide and derived amino-acid sequences of the CRE-binding proteins from rat C6 glioma and HeLa cells.". Short M.L., ... p>This subsection describes interesting single amino acid sites on the sequence that are not defined in any other subsection. ... section describes the effect of the experimental mutation of one or more amino acid(s) on the biological properties of the ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P16220

Amino Acid/Peptide*Intramolecular Hydroamination of Dithioketene Acetals: An Easy Route To Cyclic Amino Acid Derivatives ... Amino Acid/Peptide / Intramolecular Hydroamination of Dithioketene Acetals: An Easy Route To Cyclic Amino Acid Derivatives ... Intramolecular Hydroamination of Dithioketene Acetals: An Easy Route To Cyclic Amino Acid Derivatives. Hai-Chao Xu and Kevin D ... Catalytic intramolecular hydroamination of dithioketene acetals was developed for the synthesis of cyclic amino acid ...

https://pages.wustl.edu/moellergroup/articles/8152

Will the torsions make problems or do I have to define somthing new ? My guess is that any D-amino acids would be converted to ... gmx-users] MD simulating cyclic peptides including D-aminoacids. Joern Lenz JLenz at zbh.uni-hamburg.de Wed Jan 21 13:54:41 CET ... We have successfully simulated D-amino acids with OPLS (e.g. Int. J. Mass. Spectrom. 248 (2006) p. 124). If the coordinates are ... Within the ffamber ports, I believe all of the amino acids are in their standard L configuration. ...

https://mailman-1.sys.kth.se/pipermail/gromacs.org_gmx-users/2009-January/039109.html

A METHOD OF PRODUCTION OF A CYCLIC L-AMINO ACID. Abstract. The invention concerns a method for producing a cyclic L-amino acid ... amino acids with acidic side chains (such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid), amino acids with apolar side chains (such as ... deletion and/or insertion of an amino acid or a reduced number of amino acids, particularly by substitution of natural amino ... There is an increasing demand for cyclic amino acids, particularly L-proline, L-pipecolic acid or L-piperazine-2-carboxylic ...

http://www.allindianpatents.com/patents/204279-a-method-of-production-of-a-cyclic-l-amino-acid

The direct decarboxylative azidation of cyclic α-amino acids has been achieved via visible light-mediated organo-photoredox ... Photoinduced decarboxylative azidation of cyclic amino acids David C. Marcote, Rosie Street-Jeakings, Elizabeth Dauncey, James ... Achiral amino acid glycine acts as an origin of homochirality in asymmetric autocatalysis Arimasa Matsumoto, Hanae Ozaki, ... This review covers new trends towards the selective synthesis of organoboron compounds where boron reagents and cyclic ...

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/journals/articlecollectionlanding?sercode=ob&themeid=17ac202e-9491-4cd6-a19f-01ffe1f07697

PG is a two-amino acid linker inserted between PKA-C (C, orange) and cpGFP (G, green). AC is a two-amino acid linker inserted ... contains amino acid residues 91 to 244 of the regulatory subunit of PKA. The binding of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP; ... We used amino acid residues 91 to 244 of PKA-R, which lack the D/D domain, to ensure that the sensor would remain in the ... The first C-G-R construct with the shortest linkers did not fluoresce in E. coli at either 18° or 37°C. Because amino acid ...

https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/11/520/eaah3738

These peptides may be composed of any mixture of L- or D-amino acid residues, achiral amino acid residues, peptoid residues, or ... cyclic_peptide:prohibit_D_at_negative_phi ,Bool, If true, only L-amino acids are permitted at positions in the negative-phi ... cyclic_peptide:prohibit_L_at_positive_phi ,Bool, If true, only D-amino acids are permitted at positions in the positive-phi ... cyclic_peptide:L_beta_comp_file ,String, An optional aa_composition file for biasing the amino acid composition of residues in ...

https://www.rosettacommons.org/docs/latest/structure_prediction/simple_cycpep_predict

Cyclic amino acids. US4960931 *. Oct 6, 1989. Oct 2, 1990. Warner-Lambert Company. Gabapentin mohohydrate and a process for ... All the prior art processes yield, however, gabapentin hydrochloride, which has then to be transformed into the free amino acid ... 4,894,476 discloses a process for the transformation of gabapentin hydrochloride into the free amino acid, which comprises ... which is then hydrogenated under drastic conditions to give the free amino acid. ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US6576790?dq=6317900

The instant invention concerns a novel process for the preparation of 1-aminomethyl-1-cyclohexaneacetic acid (gabapentin), a ... Cyclic amino acids. US4087544 *. Apr 28, 1977. May 2, 1978. Warner-Lambert Company. Treatment of cranial dysfunctions using ... Cyclic amino acid derivatives. EP0007824A1 *. Jun 27, 1979. Feb 6, 1980. LABORATOIRES JACQUES LOGEAIS Soci t dite:. Benzofurane ... Substituted cyclic amino acids as pharmaceutical agents. US6294690. Sep 16, 1998. Sep 25, 2001. Warner-Lambert Company. Process ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US5091567?dq=5319712

Cyclic amino acids. US4772594. 16 maart 1987. 20 sept 1988. Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. Prodrug compounds, process for ... acetic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid or maleic acid. In ... such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p- ... phosphonic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfinic acid or carboxylic acid; and the like. An amino terminus is also known as the N- ...

http://www.google.nl/patents/US8268887

Cyclic : Proline. *Polar Amino Acids. Sulfur-Containing : cysteine, methionine. Hydroxyl-Containing : serine, threonine. ... 2-amino acids, also known as alpha-amino acids, are a specific type of amino acid that makes up proteins. These amino acids ... Amino Acids[edit]. Amino acids are molecules which contain both a carboxylic acid and an amine group. In amino acid, the ... Acidic : aspartic acid, glutamic acid. Basic : histidine, lysine, arginine. List of the 20 Amino Acids[edit]. Amino Acid 3- ...

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Proteins/Amino_Acids

Current subject areas covered are Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins. Carbohydrate Chemistry, Catalysis, Electron Spin ... carbapenem carboxylic catalysed chain Chem Chem.Lett Chen chiral auxiliary Chromatogr complex compounds conformation cyclic ... a-amino acid derivatives acid esters aldehyde alkylation allyl amide amination amino acids Anal analogues antagonist antibiotic ... Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins, Volume 28. Amino acids, peptides and proteins. Volume 28 of Specialist Periodical Reports. ...

https://books.google.com/books/about/Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins.html?id=7kHYVk7c25QC&hl=en

Cyclic α,β-peptoid octamers with differing side chain patterns: synthesis and conformational investigation. Amino Acids. 41 (3 ... Figure 1: Cyclic peptoid octamers A, B and C with different side chain patterns. (Bn: benzyl; Ph: phenyl).. ... Figure 2: SRCD spectra of (a) cyclic octamers (A-C) with differing side chain sequences in MeOH and (b) octamer C in different ... De Santis, E. et al, Cyclic α,β-peptoid octamers with differing side chain patterns: synthesis and conformational investigation ...

http://www.diamond.ac.uk/Science/Research/Highlights/2013/study10.html

Proteins are polymers of multiple monomer units called amino acid, which have many different functional groups. (wikibooks.org)
More than 500 amino acids exist in nature, but the proteins in all species, from bacteria to humans, consist mainly of only 20 called the essential amino acids. (wikibooks.org)
2-amino acids, also known as alpha-amino acids, are a specific type of amino acid that makes up proteins. (wikibooks.org)
Amino acids play central roles both as building blocks of proteins and as intermediates in metabolism. (wikibooks.org)
Proteins are linear polymers formed by linking the a-carboxyl group of one amino acid to the a-amino group of another amino acid. (wikibooks.org)
Thus, the 20 amino acids that are found within proteins convey a vast array of chemical versatility. (wikibooks.org)
The chemical properties of the amino acids of proteins determine the biological activity of the protein. (wikibooks.org)
In addition, proteins contain within their amino acid sequences the necessary information to determine how that protein will fold into a three dimensional structure, and the stability of the resulting structure. (wikibooks.org)
There are twenty major amino acids which make up proteins. (wikibooks.org)
Current subject areas covered are Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins. (google.com)
Give an example of amino acids that could give rise to the interactions pictured in Fig. 21-24 that maintain the tertiary structures of proteins. (bartleby.com)
Amino acids bind together to form large chain molecules of high molecular masses known as proteins. (bartleby.com)
amino acids (proteins) and cofactors (enzymes and vitamins). (le.ac.uk)
Amino acids are those L-amino acids commonly found in naturally occurring proteins and are listed in WIPO Standard ST.25 (1998), Appendix 2, Table 3. (uspto.gov)
For example, amino acids that make up proteins are left-handed, and sugars found in cells are typically right-handed. (answersingenesis.org)
Naturally occurring amino acids that are incorporated into proteins are, for the most part, the levorotary (L) isomer. (fsu.edu)
Amino acids are the principal building blocks of proteins and enzymes. (fsu.edu)
Alanine - The second simplest amino acid, but used the most in proteins. (fsu.edu)
Glutamic Acid - Negatively charged amino acid found on the surface of proteins. (fsu.edu)
Hydroxyproline - Important amino acid used in structural proteins like collagen. (fsu.edu)
Phenylalanine - Most common aromatic amino acid found in proteins. (fsu.edu)
Tryptophan - Aromatic amino acid used the least frequently in proteins. (fsu.edu)
Valine - Hydrophobic aliphatic amino acid used to hold proteins together. (fsu.edu)
advances in both DNA manufacturing and protein design that have led to a fortunate convergence between the upper limit of the size of oligonucleotides (230 bp) that can be synthesized as pools of 10,000 or larger, and the lower limit of the size of genetically encodable computationally designed proteins (roughly 40 amino acids). (sciencemag.org)
Antimalarial drugs inhibit the synthesis of DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and proteins by interacting with nucleic acids. (medscape.com)

Moreover, a number of synthetic approaches have been developed for the synthesis of various pharmacologically interesting cyclic β-amino acid derivatives as monomers with multiple stereogenic centers. (deepdyve.com)
Catalytic intramolecular hydroamination of dithioketene acetals was developed for the synthesis of cyclic amino acid derivatives. (wustl.edu)
Triggered by the addition of a catalytical amount of n -BuLi, the reaction proceeds to give proline and pipecolic acid derivatives in excellent yields and diastereoselectivity. (wustl.edu)
The present invention relates to the stereoselective preparation of cyclic L-amino acids or salts and derivatives thereof. (allindianpatents.com)
Several anti-influenza drugs such as oseltamivir and zanamivir are derivatives of sialic acid, which inhibits neuraminidase. (hindawi.com)
These are amide derivatives of alpha amino acids. (hmdb.ca)

The aim of the studies reported in this investigation was to examine (from both a theoretical and experimental perspective) the effect of the change in structure and conformation of the diketopiperazine (DKP) ring and the cis amide geometry of the peptide bond, in relation to the vibrational spectra of a series of cyclic di-amino acid peptides (CDAPs). (gre.ac.uk)
Proline is a non-polar proteinogenic amino acid that forms a tertiary amide when incorporated into peptides. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Asparagine - Amide derivative of aspartic acid. (fsu.edu)
2,5-Diketopiperazine, also known as piperazine-2,5-dione and as the cyclodipeptide cyclo(Gly-Gly), is an organic compound and the smallest cyclic dipeptide that consists of a six-membered ring containing two amide linkages where the two nitrogen atoms and the two carbonyls are at opposite positions in the ring. (wikipedia.org)
Amide bonds can be formed at the purine C(8) position (via an intermediate carboxylic acid) toward use of the molecules as heterocyclic amino acids. (ufl.edu)
In the second reaction, the thioester bond is cleaved, and an amide bond is formed between the bile acid and the amino acids glycine or taurine. (hmdb.ca)

Herein we report the design and synthesis of cyclic dominant negative competence-stimulating peptide (dnCSP) analogs capable of intercepting the competence regulon in both S. pneumoniae specificity groups with activities at the low nanomolar range. (pnas.org)

Plays a role in signal transduction by regulating the intracellular concentration of cyclic nucleotides. (uniprot.org)
a) Nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences as used in §§ 1.821 through 1.825 are interpreted to mean an unbranched sequence of four or more amino acids or an unbranched sequence of ten or more nucleotides. (uspto.gov)
Sequences with fewer than four specifically defined nucleotides or amino acids are specifically excluded from this section. (uspto.gov)
It is named for its ability to catalyze the phosphodiester hydrolysis of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides to 2'-nucleotides, though a cohesive understanding of its specific physiologic functions are still ambiguous. (wikipedia.org)

CPPs typically have an amino acid composition that either contains a high relative abundance of positively charged amino acids such as lysine or arginine or has sequences that contain an alternating pattern of polar /charged amino acids and non-polar , hydrophobic amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
Cell-penetrating peptides are of different sizes, amino acid sequences, and charges but all CPPs have one distinct characteristic, which is the ability to translocate the plasma membrane and facilitate the delivery of various molecular cargoes to the cytoplasm or an organelle. (wikipedia.org)
Graphic representation of the cyclic V2 loop and alignment of V2 loop amino acid sequences. (nih.gov)
(B) Alignment of V2 loop amino acid sequences. (nih.gov)
Sequences that vary from 92TH023 are boxed and the first (157) and last (196) amino acids of the V2 are shown on top of the alignment. (nih.gov)
Those amino acid sequences containing D-amino acids are not intended to be embraced by this definition. (uspto.gov)
b) Patent applications which contain disclosures of nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences, in accordance with the definition in paragraph (a) of this section, shall, with regard to the manner in which the nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences are presented and described, conform exclusively to the requirements of §§ 1.821 through 1.825 . (uspto.gov)
c) Patent applications which contain disclosures of nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences must contain, as a separate part of the disclosure, a paper copy disclosing the nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences and associated information using the symbols and format in accordance with the requirements of §§ 1.822 and 1.823 . (uspto.gov)
We seek cyclic azobenzene-peptide sequences that assemble when the azobenzene linker is in the trans configuration and disassemble when azobenzene linker is in the cis configuration. (aiche.org)
The large potential parameter space for amino acid sequences makes experimental screening cumbersome. (aiche.org)
We computationally screened cyclic azobenzene-peptide sequences by computing dimer binding free energies for azobenzene-peptide sequences using well-tempered metadynamics [4]. (aiche.org)

Given the medicinal and biological significance of the hydroxylated β-amino acids, an increasing volume of research is currently being directed toward regio-, stereo- and enantioselective access to this class of compounds. (ingentaconnect.com)
Subcategories of these compounds are cyclic Cα-tetrasubstituted α-amino acids, in which both α-substituents are covalently connected. (uni-regensburg.de)
This review covers new trends towards the selective synthesis of organoboron compounds where boron reagents and cyclic substrates participate in the generation of carbanions, in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of main-group metals or catalytic amounts of transition metal complexes, via ring opening coupling transformations. (rsc.org)
The patents describe various processes for the preparation of this and similar compounds of general formula ##STR2## wherein R 1 is a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl radical and n is 4, 5, or 6 and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which depend upon known methods used for the preparation of primary amines or amino acids. (google.com)
Trifluoroacetylation of the 3 position hydroxyl groups after pentylation of the 2,6 hydroxyl groups creates a phase with high selectivity for oxygen containing analytes in the form of alcohols, ketones, acids, aldehydes, lactones, and halogenated compounds. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Only the element carbon is capable of bonding with itself to form stable, long chains, as well as branched and cyclic compounds, permitting the construction of myriad structures with different chemical and physical properties suitable for life. (answersingenesis.org)
The hereditary molecules of life, the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, are composed of carbon compounds. (answersingenesis.org)
The split/combine method was demonstrated to work well to form mixtures of compounds based on 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid as a core structure. (springer.com)
Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as l-alpha-amino acids. (hmdb.ca)
Cinnavalininate, also known as cinnabarinic acid or cinnabarinate, is a member of the class of compounds known as phenoxazines. (hmdb.ca)
Structure-activity relationships for 60 cyclic analogs were evaluated by competitive radioligand binding with C5a (affinity) and myeloperoxidase release (antagonist potency) from human PMNLs, with 20 compounds having high antagonist potencies (IC 50 , 20 nM-1 μM). (aspetjournals.org)

Nucleic Acids Res. (rcsb.org)

A cyclic hexapeptide comprising alternating alpha-aminoxy and alpha-amino acids is a selective chloride ion receptor. (nih.gov)
These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. (hmdb.ca)

In nonpolar solvents, the cyclic hexapeptide 2, which comprises alternating D-alpha-amino and D-alpha-aminoxy acids, adopts a C3-symmetric conformation with alternating eight (N--O turns)- and seven (gamma turns)-membered-ring hydrogen bonds. (nih.gov)
We discuss synthetic routes to the cyclic Cα-tetrasubstituted α-amino acids and their use as conformation determining elements in peptides. (uni-regensburg.de)
In our previous work we have shown that, despite the decreased hydrogen-bonding potential of the peptoid backbone, linear and cyclic α,β-peptoids can adopt more than one ordered conformation 6 and these can be perturbed by different solvent environments and temperatures. (diamond.ac.uk)
Structural analysis of lead analogs provided important insights as to the molecular mechanism that drives CSP receptor binding and revealed that the pan-group cyclic CSPs exhibit a chimeric hydrophobic patch conformation that resembles the hydrophobic patches required for both ComD1 and ComD2 binding. (pnas.org)
We have hypothesized that a turn conformation is important for activity of the C terminus of C5a and herein report small cyclic peptides that are stable turn mimics with potent antagonism at C5aR on human PMNLs. (aspetjournals.org)

My personal favorite is coconut butter-which includes the MCTs but also contains essential amino acids and minerals. (muscleandfitness.com)

A series of cyclic enediyne-containing amino acids with ring sizes varying from 10 to 12 atoms have been prepared starting from propargylglycine and homopropargylglycine. (nih.gov)

The single administration of narcotic analgesics, gamma (γ)-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogs such as gabapentin, pregabalin and baclofen, antidepressants and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to display pain alleviating properties in the clinic and in various animal models. (google.nl)

The investigated cyclic peptides contain an arrangement of an amino acid sequence which is no longer symmetric compared to the former investigations of the cyclo [ L -Tyr(Me)- D -Pro] 2 peptide. (rsc.org)

These fatty acids are less likely to be stored as body fat and instead are readily usable as an energy substrate. (muscleandfitness.com)
Carnitine - Unusual amino acid that carries fatty acids into mitochondria. (fsu.edu)
The diet trains the bodies metabolism to run off of fatty acids or ketone bodies. (naturalnews.com)
Specifically, fatty acids are broken down into ketone bodies. (naturalnews.com)
The cell membrane is the double outer layer of fatty acids. (naturalnews.com)
This structure is made up of a blend of saturated, monounsaturated and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs). (naturalnews.com)

For drug design, to improve proteolytic stability, it is desirable to include unnatural building blocks, such as conformationally restricted β-amino acid moieties, into the peptide sequence. (deepdyve.com)
p>This subsection describes interesting single amino acid sites on the sequence that are not defined in any other subsection. (uniprot.org)
The precise amino acid content, and the sequence of those amino acids, of a specific protein, is determined by the sequence of the bases in the gene that encodes that protein. (wikibooks.org)
Antibody responses targeted the mid-region of the V2 loop that contains conserved epitopes and has the amino acid sequence KQKVHALFYKLDIVPI (HXB2 Numbering sequence 169-184). (nih.gov)
(A) Amino acid sequence of the cyclic (Cyc) V2 loop of the HIV-1 CRF01_AE 92TH023 strain. (nih.gov)
37 CFR 1.821 Nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence disclosures in patent applications. (uspto.gov)
Specifically defined" means those amino acids other than "Xaa" and those nucleotide bases other than "n" defined in accordance with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Handbook on Industrial Property Information and Documentation, Standard ST.25: Standard for the Presentation of Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequence Listings in Patent Applications (1998), including Tables 1 through 6 in Appendix 2, herein incorporated by reference. (uspto.gov)
e.g. , hydroxylations or glycosylations, being described as set forth in WIPO Standard ST.25 (1998), Appendix 2, Table 4, but these modifications shall not be shown explicitly in the amino acid sequence. (uspto.gov)
The amino acid backbone determines the primary sequence of a protein, but the nature of the side chains determines the protein's properties. (fsu.edu)
To develop a subunit RVB vaccine with maximal effect, we characterized the amino acid sequence variability and predicted antigenicity of RVB viral protein 7 (VP7), a major neutralizing antibody target, from clinically infected pigs in the United States and Canada. (mdpi.com)
1. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a S. epidermis polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2992, SEQ ID NO: 3209, SEQ ID NO: 4536, SEQ ID NO: 4728, SEQ ID NO: 4737, SEQ ID NO: 5089, SEQ ID NO: 5172, SEQ ID NO: 5318, and SEQ ID NO: 5510. (patents.com)
5. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a S. epidermis polypeptide or fragment thereof, said nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 155, SEQ ID NO: 372, SEQ ID NO: 1699, SEQ ID NO: 1891, SEQ ID NO: 1900, SEQ ID NO: 2252, SEQ ID NO: 2335, SEQ ID NO: 2481, and SEQ ID NO: 2673. (patents.com)

Many methods have been developed to prepare chiral cyclic β-amino acids in high optical purity. (eurekaselect.com)
However, these processes do not provide a satisfactory solution for the synthesis of chiral cyclic amino acids on an industrial scale. (allindianpatents.com)

abstract = "Previous studies have shown that excitatory amino acids (EAAs) and their receptors may play important roles in the mammalian enteric system. (elsevier.com)

Amino acids are molecules which contain both a carboxylic acid and an amine group. (wikibooks.org)
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is one of the most important signaling molecules in virtually all cell types and organisms. (sciencemag.org)
Amino acids which are acidic and basic in nature interact through charge-charge interactions and ionic bonds as they are charged molecules and those contain functional groups also interact through hydrogen bonding as they are polarized. (bartleby.com)
Aldehydes, carboxylic acids and epoxides separate better on the gamma while alcohols, alcohol amines and other linear molecules separate better on the beta derivative. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Furthermore, the manufacturing technique developed by Associate Professor of Chemistry Danith Ly could further the study of cyclic peptides by making the molecules easier and less expensive to produce. (healthcanal.com)

Various S2 mutations had effects on the kinetics of desensitization and recovery from desensitization, but no single amino acid substitution was found to block desensitization, as in the L/Y mutant AMPA receptors, or to prevent desensitization to KA. (jneurosci.org)

Peptides are short chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. (healthcanal.com)

Transport of the aromatic amino acids into isolated rat liver cells. (sickkids.ca)
Aliphatic and aromatic amino acids are non-polar in nature and interact mainly by hydrophobic interactions and vanderwaals forces. (bartleby.com)

In order to optimize their binding abilities, investigations of their intrinsic structural properties especially with regard to the influence of different amino acid residues are fundamental. (rsc.org)
These peptides may be composed of any mixture of L- or D-amino acid residues, achiral amino acid residues, peptoid residues, or L- or D-oligourea residues. (rosettacommons.org)
A third class of CPPs are the hydrophobic peptides, containing only apolar residues, with low net charge or have hydrophobic amino acid groups that are crucial for cellular uptake. (wikipedia.org)
The glutamate receptor (GluR) agonist-binding site consists of amino acid residues in the extracellular S1 and S2 segments in the N-terminal and M3-M4 loop regions, respectively. (jneurosci.org)
D-amino acids are labeled 'D' , instead of the 'X' used for other non-standard residues. (proteopedia.org)

REFLECT AND APPLY Assume that you are getting ready to do an amino acid sequencing experiment on a protein cont. (bartleby.com)
Dr Redman's research interests are in the areas of amino acid, protein and peptide chemistry, nucleic acids and mass spectrometry. (cardiff.ac.uk)
Research Fellow, Scripps Research Institute (2000-2, M. R. Ghadiri, protein design and mass spectrometry of cyclic peptides). (cardiff.ac.uk)
Protein-nucleic acid interaction is an important process in many biological phenomena. (springer.com)
In this study, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based protein-DNA binding assay has been developed, in which a fluorescent amino acid is genetically incorporated into a DNA-binding protein. (springer.com)
A coumarin-containing amino acid was incorporated into a DNA-binding protein, and the mutant protein specifically produced a FRET signal upon binding to its cognate DNA labeled with a fluorophore. (springer.com)
This method is advantageous for studying protein-nucleic acid interactions, because it is performed under equilibrium conditions, technically easy, and applicable to any nucleic acid-binding protein. (springer.com)
The binding specificity of cyclic AMP receptor protein to recognition sites. (springer.com)
De Crombrugghe B, Busby S, Buc H (1984) Cyclic AMP receptor protein: role in transcription activation. (springer.com)
Hellman LM, Fried MG (2007) Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) for detecting protein-nucleic acid interactions. (springer.com)
Lee HS, Dimla RD, Schultz PG (2009b) Protein-DNA photo-crosslinking with a genetically encoded benzophenone-containing amino acid. (springer.com)
During and after the final assembly of a protein, the amino acid content dictates the spatial and biochemical properties of the protein or enzyme. (fsu.edu)
On the other hand, non-polar amino acids tend to reside within the center of the protein where they can interact with similar non-polar neighbors. (fsu.edu)
Cysteine - Thiol containing amino acid involved in active sites and protein tertiary structure determination. (fsu.edu)
Isoleucine - Hydrophobic amino acid used almost exclusively in protein and enzyme construction. (fsu.edu)
Methionine - An essential amino acid that helps initiate protein synthesis. (fsu.edu)
The 2,5-diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs) are the smallest possible cyclic peptides, which are peptidomimetic in nature and bear resemblance with a constrained protein beta turn. (wikipedia.org)
ELANE gene mutations that cause cyclic neutropenia change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in neutrophil elastase. (medlineplus.gov)
We show here that K-Ras is a substrate for cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs). (asm.org)

An amino acid is in a zwitterionic state when the carboxylic acid group is deprotonated and the amino group is protonated, simultaneously. (wikibooks.org)
These organic acids exist naturally in a zwitterion state where the carboxylic acid moiety is ionized and the basic amino group is protonated. (fsu.edu)

Examples of the syntheses end in an isocyanate or urethane that can be converted into the desired (1-aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexaneacetic acid by acidic hydrolysis to give an acid or basic hydrolysis to give a basic salt or followed by acidification to give an acid salt. (google.com)

Likewise, enzymes can also have polar amino acid substituents within the active site that provide a polar region in which to conduct biochemical synthesis. (fsu.edu)

Jason A. Miller and SonBinh T. Nguyen, " The Enantioselective Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained Cyclic β- Amino Acids", Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry (2005) 2: 39. (eurekaselect.com)

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure. (sickkids.ca)
The entire class of amino acids has a common backbone of an organic carboxylic acid group and an amino group attached to a saturated carbon atom. (fsu.edu)

or pipA (WO-A-96/01901) could be involved in the synthesis route of Rapamycin via transformation of lysine into pipecolic acid. (allindianpatents.com)
To date, however, even if it has sometimes been suggested obiter dictum, no activity of cyclodeamination of L-lysine into L-pipecolic acid has been demonstrated, exemplified or quantified. (allindianpatents.com)
This lack of knowledge of the reaction actually catalysed by these genes is demonstrated by the diversity of hypotheses concerning the biological route leading to pipecolic acid by certain of these authors who also relate in these publications that the conversion of lysine into pipecolic acid could be effected via D-lysine (Khaw et al. (allindianpatents.com)
The examples of amino acids that have ionic interactions are lysine and aspartic acid. (bartleby.com)
Lysine - An essential amino acid with a positive charge on the aliphatic side chain. (fsu.edu)

Amino Acids, Cyclic" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (sickkids.ca)
Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)

Glycine - Simplest amino acid that also acts as a neurotransmitter antagonist. (fsu.edu)
In humans, bile acids conjugated with glycine and taurine are the major solutes in bile, and unconjugated bile acids are almost nondetectable in normal bile. (hmdb.ca)

A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is highly specific for CYCLIC GMP. (harvard.edu)
Novel Mechanism for Cyclic Dinucleotide Degradation Revealed by Structural Studies of Vibrio Phosphodiesterase V-cGAP3. (harvard.edu)
2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase also known as CNPase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CNP gene. (wikipedia.org)

The intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP was also released into the perfusate, and its content was enhanced by local application of various biogenic amines. (muscimol.xyz)
A reduced activity of LAT1 remains the primary hypothesis possibly due to a modification of intracellular amino acid content which may reduce F-FDOPA uptake. (bireme.br)

Taurine - Mercaptan-containing amino acid that is involved in bile acid biochemistry. (fsu.edu)

We are preparing amino acids with mono- and bicyclic guanidine side chains as constrained analogues of arginine that are predicted to form hydrogen bonded interactions with nucleobases. (cardiff.ac.uk)

Cyclic peptides represent a large class of substances that occur in nature with important biological and medical functions. (rsc.org)
Relative to the tissue content, the egress of the dopamine metabolites and of the non-transmitter (metabolic) amino acids was higher than that of the transmitter substances. (muscimol.xyz)

I. Amino acids, glucose, and ions in uterine lumenal flushings of cyclic and pregnant ewes. (biomedsearch.com)

In solid state, the amine functionality deprotonates the carboxylic acid group, giving rise to the zwitterionic, dipolar entity. (wikibooks.org)

For example, gabapentin can be prepared by converting 1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid, via a reactive acid derivative, into the azide which is subsequently subjected by thermal decomposition to a Curtius reaction. (google.com)
2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the first moiety is a baclofen, vigabatrin, gabapentin, or pregabalin, or a γ-amino-phosphinic acid derivative. (google.nl)

The ring closure proceeds by replacement of the hydroxy by the amino group and is kinetically controlled. (uni-greifswald.de)
The benzoic acid of the core structure served as the attachment point for the resin and the amino and hydroxy positions were variably substituted. (springer.com)
Chemically, cyclosporine is designated as [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]-cyclic(L-alanyl-D-alanyl-N-methyl-L-leucyl-N-methyl-L-leucyl-N-methyl-L-valyl-3-hydroxy-N,4-dimethyl-L-2-amino-6-octenoyl-L-α-amino-butyryl-Nmethylglycyl-N-methyl-L-leucyl-L-valyl-N-methyl-L-leucyl). (medscape.com)

Prompted by significant changes in the expression of genes involved in Ca 2+ and cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathways in CAD-resistant MCF7 breast cancer cells, we identified here an early lysosomal Ca 2+ release through P2X purinergic receptor 4 (P2RX4) and subsequent Ca 2+ - and adenylyl cyclase 1 (ADCY1)-dependent synthesis of cAMP as a signaling route mediating CAD-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cell death. (aacrjournals.org)
Potent Cyclic Antagonists of the Complement C5a Receptor on Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. (aspetjournals.org)
A comparison of solution structures for the C terminus of C5a, small acyclic peptide ligands, and cyclic antagonists supports the importance of a turn for receptor binding. (aspetjournals.org)

The reactions proceed via primary attack of the P-lone electron pair, as shown by the synthesis of phosphonium glycolates from tertiary phosphines and glyoxylic acid, and addition of PH at the carbonyl group. (uni-greifswald.de)

Amino acids can be broadly hydrophobic and hydrophilic , depending on the chemical properties of the R group side chain. (wikibooks.org)
On the other hand, hydrophilic amino acids tend to interact in the aqueous environment due to polarity. (wikibooks.org)
While the D- and L-substitutions of Leu, Phe, and Tyr all resulted in strong hemolytic activity, the substitutions of hydrophilic D-amino acids D-Lys and D-Asn in GS14 at position 4 resulted in weaker hemolytic activity than in the L-diastereomers, which demonstrated strong hemolysis. (sahmriresearch.org)

Cyclic peptides have been widely studied for applications such as targeted therapeutics [1] and biologically compatible nanostructures [2]. (aiche.org)

Iodinated and brominated tyrosine are also amino acids found in species, but are not included in the 20 major amino acids because of their rarity: iodinated tyrosin is only found in thyroid hormones, and brominated tyrosine is only found in coral. (wikibooks.org)
Tyrosine - Hydroxyphenyl amino acid that is used to build neurotransmitters and hormones. (fsu.edu)

Thus, there are some analysis methods of selected DKPs available, but to the best of our knowledge there is no publication of a comprehensive study for separation of DKPs and their corresponding linear dipeptides and amino acids and method validation. (hindawi.com)
These cyclic dipeptides incorporate both donor and acceptor groups for hydrogen bonding and are small, conformationally constrained heterocyclic scaffolds in which diversity can be introduced at up to six positions and stereochemistry controlled at up to four positions, and they are stable to proteolysis. (wikipedia.org)

This review is intended to give a short summary of the developments in the field of natural and synthetic alicyclic and heterocyclic hydroxylated β-amino acids and to focus on the main strategies that have been reported for their synthesis. (ingentaconnect.com)
Synthetic cyclic peptides are used as artificial receptors due to a series of advantages over conventional receptors. (rsc.org)
Here we report the structural analysis of two synthetic cyclic tetrapeptides cyclo [ L -Tyr(Me)- D -Pro- L -Ala- D -Pro] ( CP Ala ) and cyclo [ L -Tyr(Me)- D -Pro- L -Glu(Me)- D -Pro] ( CP Glu ) in a molecular beam by means of combined IR/UV spectroscopic techniques. (rsc.org)
PITTSBURGH-Carnegie Mellon University chemists have created a synthetic form of a cyclic peptide known for its remarkable ability to combat a wide variety of pathogens, including HIV and SARS. (healthcanal.com)
Ly and colleagues created a mimic of RTD-1 using the building blocks of natural and synthetic nucleic acids called peptide nucleic acids. (healthcanal.com)

Peptides can also be constrained by backbone cyclisation and we are investigating the use of computer aided interpretation of collision induced dissociation mass spectra of cyclic peptides as a tool for characterisation of this class of compound. (cardiff.ac.uk)
Computer modeling comparisons reveal that potent antagonists share a common cyclic backbone shape, with affinity-determining side chains of defined volume projecting from the cyclic scaffold. (aspetjournals.org)

Gramicidin S (GS) is a 10-residue cyclic β-sheet peptide with lytic activity against the membranes of both microbial and human cells, i.e. it possesses little to no biologic specificity for either cell type. (sahmriresearch.org)
Structure-activity studies of de novo-designed 14-residue cyclic peptides based on GS have previously shown that higher specificity against microbial membranes, i.e. a high therapeutic index (TI), can be achieved by the replacement of a single L-amino acid with its corresponding D-enantiomer [Kondejewski, L.H. et al. (sahmriresearch.org)
The diastereomer with a D-Lys substituted at position 4 caused the greatest improvement in specificity vs. other L to D substitutions within the cyclic 14-residue peptide GS14, through a combination of decreased peptide amphipathicity and disrupted β-sheet structure in aqueous conditions [McInnes, C. et al. (sahmriresearch.org)

Enantiomerically pure and conformationally constrained cyclic β-amino acids have been the subject of a vast amount of research across the chemical, biological, and medicinal disciplines. (eurekaselect.com)

A selective inhibitor of LAT, 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), suppressed cellular uptake of l- C-leucine and cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. (bireme.br)
Cyclic AMP response element modulator is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that is regulated by CYCLIC AMP. (curehunter.com)

The instant invention concerns a novel process for the preparation of 1-aminomethyl-1-cyclohexaneacetic acid (gabapentin), a known compound useful for treating certain cerebral diseases such as epilepsy and dizziness. (google.com)
Gabapentin is a generic term used to identify the chemical compound (1-aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexaneacetic acid ##STR1## It is useful in therapy of certain cerebral disorders such as certain forms of epilepsy, faintness attacks, hypokinesia, and cranial traumas. (google.com)
The key component is the complexing agent, which comprises a C3 -C5 aliphatic alcohol a cyclic, bidentate compound. (google.es)
The key component is the complexing agent, which comprises a C 3 -C 5 aliphatic alcohol a cyclic, bidentate compound selected from lactams and lactones. (google.es)
4. The catalyst of claim 1 wherein the cyclic, bidentate compound is selected from the group consisting of γ-butyrolactone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, 1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone, δ-valerolactam, ε-caprolactone, ε-caprolactam, methyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetate, and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidone. (google.es)
of the cyclic, bidentate compound. (google.es)

n-Propylamine and i-propylamine proved to be the best neutral reagents, providing clear diastereoselectivity for beta-amino acids in ion/molecule reactions. (biomedsearch.com)

Differentiation of diastereomeric cyclic beta-amino acids by varying the neutral reagent in ion/molecule reactions studied by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. (biomedsearch.com)
We report on the functionalization of the C(alpha)-tetrasubstituted THF amino acid rac-5 by copper(I) catalyzed N-arylation reactions. (uni-regensburg.de)
The synthesis of bile acid and amino acid conjugates in human liver is the result of two independent enzymatic reactions with a bile acid coenzyme A thioester intermediate formation of bile acid-CoA esters, considered the rate-limiting step in bile acid amidation and catalyzed by an ATP-dependent microsomal enzyme, bile acid-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.7). (hmdb.ca)

Interestingly, diastereoselectivity was better for flexible cyclohexane beta-amino acids (2 and 3) than for more rigid cyclopentane beta-amino acids (6 and 7). (biomedsearch.com)
The results of ab initio and hybrid density functional theory calculations on the structures of the host-guest complexes of saturated beta-amino acids were in good agreement with the experimental results. (biomedsearch.com)
beta -Alanine - The only naturally occurring beta amino acid. (fsu.edu)

Serine - Amino acid alcohol found in the active site of serine proteases. (fsu.edu)
Threonine - Amino acid alcohol involved in porphyrin metabolism. (fsu.edu)

Interestingly, the hydrophobic D-amino acid substitutions had superior antimicrobial activity vs. the L-enantiomers although substitution of a hydrophobic D-amino acid increases the nonpolar face hydrophobicity. (sahmriresearch.org)

Anatomy13

Organisms14

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Phenomena and Processes80

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care2

Synthesis and degradation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by Penicillium citrinum. (1/197)

Expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase during leaf ontogeny in white clover. (2/197)

Glucose regulation of glutaminolysis and its role in insulin secretion. (3/197)

Putative partial agonist 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid acts concurrently as a glycine-site agonist and a glutamate-site antagonist at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. (4/197)

Regulation of L-methionine and L-lysine uptake in chicken jejunal brush-border membrane by dietary methionine. (5/197)

Hypaphorine from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius counteracts activities of indole-3-acetic acid and ethylene but not synthetic auxins in eucalypt seedlings. (6/197)

Expression of AtPRP3, a proline-rich structural cell wall protein from Arabidopsis, is regulated by cell-type-specific developmental pathways involved in root hair formation. (7/197)

Salicylates of intact Salix myrsinifolia plantlets do not undergo rapid metabolic turnover. (8/197)

Amino Acids

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Amino Acid Sequence

Amino Acid Substitution

Cloning, Molecular

Amino Acids, Essential

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Sequence Alignment

Amino Acid Motifs

Base Sequence

Escherichia coli

Mutation

Binding Sites

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

DNA, Complementary

Amino Acids, Aromatic

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Peptide Fragments

Amino Acids, Sulfur

Kinetics

Recombinant Proteins

Leucine

Protein Conformation

Models, Molecular

Structure-Activity Relationship

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Substrate Specificity

DNA

Molecular Weight

Peptides

Protein Binding

Bacterial Proteins

Restriction Mapping

Cell Line

Phylogeny

Alanine

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Genes, Bacterial

Proteins

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

RNA, Messenger

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Protein Structure, Secondary

Plasmids

Conserved Sequence

Isoleucine

Amino Acids, Basic

Lysine

Species Specificity

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

DNA Primers

Carrier Proteins

Codon

Cyanogen Bromide

Trypsin

Glycine

Cattle

Biological Transport

Amino Acids, Diamino

Glutamine

Open Reading Frames

Genes

Valine

Protein Biosynthesis

Excitatory Amino Acids

Methionine

Arginine

Aspartic Acid

Gene Library

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Sequence Deletion

Sequence Analysis

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Nitrogen

Proline

Phenylalanine

Point Mutation