Amino acids cyclic. Medical search

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter found ubiquitously. It has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE. It may also act as an ecotropic leukemia retroviral receptor.

Enzymes that catalyze either the racemization or epimerization of chiral centers within amino acids or derivatives. EC 5.1.1.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

Peptides composed of two amino acid units.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

Synthesis and degradation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by Penicillium citrinum. (1/197)

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), which is a precursor of ethylene in plants, has never been known to occur in microorganisms. We describe the synthesis of ACC by Penicillium citrinum, purification of ACC synthase [EC 4.4.1.14] and ACC deaminase [EC 4.1.99.4], and their properties. Analyses of P. citrinum culture showed occurrence of ACC in the culture broth and in the cell extract. ACC synthase was purified from cells grown in a medium containing 0.05% L-methionine and ACC deaminase was done from cells incubated in a medium containing 1% 2-aminoisobutyrate. The purified ACC synthase, with a specific activity of 327 milliunit/mg protein, showed a single band of M(r) 48,000 in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular mass of the native enzyme by gel filtration was 96,000 Da. The ACC synthase had the Km for S-adenosyl-L-methionine of 1.74 mM and kcat of 0.56 s-1 per monomer. The purified ACC deaminase, with a specific activity of 4.7 unit/mg protein, showed one band in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of M(r) 41,000. The molecular mass of the native ACC deaminase was 68,000 Da by gel filtration. The enzyme had a Km for ACC of 4.8 mM and kcat of 3.52 s-1. The presence of 7 mM Cu2+ in alkaline buffer solution was effective for increasing the stability of the ACC deaminase in the process of purification. (+info)

Expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase during leaf ontogeny in white clover. (2/197)

We examined the expression of three distinct 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase genes during leaf ontogeny in white clover (Trifolium repens). Significant production of ethylene occurs at the apex, in newly initiated leaves, and in senescent leaf tissue. We used a combination of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends to identify three distinct DNA sequences designated TRACO1, TRACO2, and TRACO3, each with homology to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase. Southern analysis confirmed that these sequences represent three distinct genes. Northern analysis revealed that TRACO1 is expressed specifically in the apex and TRACO2 is expressed in the apex and in developing and mature green leaves, with maximum expression in developing leaf tissue. The third gene, TRACO3, is expressed in senescent leaf tissue. Antibodies were raised to each gene product expressed in Escherichia coli, and western analysis showed that the TRACO1 antibody recognizes a protein of approximately 205 kD (as determined by gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacylamide gel electrophoresis) that is expressed preferentially in apical tissue. The TRACO2 antibody recognizes a protein of approximately 36.4 kD (as determined by gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacylamide gel electrophoresis) that is expressed in the apex and in developing and mature green leaves, with maximum expression in mature green tissue. No protein recognition by the TRACO3 antibody could be detected in senescent tissue or at any other stage of leaf development. (+info)

Glucose regulation of glutaminolysis and its role in insulin secretion. (3/197)

Leucine or the nonmetabolized leucine analog +/- 2-amino-2-norbornane-carboxylic acid (BCH) (both at 10 mmol/l) induced biphasic insulin secretion in the presence of 2 mmol/l glutamine (Q2) in cultured mouse islets pretreated for 40 min without glucose but with Q2 present. The beta-cell response consisted of an initial peak of 20- to 25-fold above basal and a less marked secondary phase. However, BCH produced only a delayed response, while leucine was totally ineffective when islets were pretreated with 25 mmol/l glucose plus Q2. With Q2, 10 mmol/l BCH or leucine caused a nearly threefold increase, a twofold increase, or had no effect on cytosolic Ca2+ levels in islets pretreated for 40 min with 0, 5, or 15 mmol/l glucose, respectively. Thus, pretreatment of islets with high glucose inhibited BCH- and leucine-induced cytosolic Ca2+ changes and insulin release. Glucose decreased glutamine oxidation in cultured rat islets when BCH was present at 10 mmol/l, but not in its absence, with a lowest effective level of approximately 0.1 mmol/l, a maximum of 18-30 mmol/l, and an inhibitory concentration, 50%, of approximately 3 mmol/l. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that glucose inhibits glutaminolysis in pancreatic beta-cells in a concentration-dependent manner and hence blocks leucine-stimulated insulin secretion. We postulate that in the basal interprandial state, glutaminolysis of beta-cells is partly turned on because glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is activated by a decreased P-potential due to partial fuel depletion and sensitization to endogenous activators such as leucine. Additionally, it may contribute significantly to basal insulin release, which is known to be responsible for about half of the insulin released daily. The data explain "leucine-hypersensitivity" of beta-cells during hypoglycemia and contribute to the elucidation of the GDH-linked syndrome of hyperinsulinism associated with elevated serum ammonia levels. Thus, understanding the precise regulation and role of beta-cell glutaminolysis is probably central to our concept of normal blood glucose control. (+info)

Putative partial agonist 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid acts concurrently as a glycine-site agonist and a glutamate-site antagonist at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. (4/197)

1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) has been shown to protect against neuronal cell death after ischemic insult in vivo. Such results can be correlated with in vitro assays in which ACPC protected neurons against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity by reducing the activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channel activation. Electrophysiological studies have determined that ACPC inhibits NMDA receptor activity by acting as a glycine-binding site partial agonist. In this study, rapid drug perfusion combined with whole-cell voltage-clamp was used to elicit and measure the effects of ACPC on NMDA receptor-mediated responses from cultured hippocampal neurons and cerebellar granule cells. The ACPC steady-state dose-response curve had both stimulatory and inhibitory phases. Half-maximal activation by ACPC as a glycine-site agonist was 0.7 to 0.9 microM. Half-maximal inhibition by ACPC was dependent on NMDA concentration. Peak responses to a >100 microM ACPC pulse in the presence of 1 microM glutamate were similar to those of glycine but decayed to a steady-state amplitude below that of glycine. The removal of ACPC initially caused an increase in inward current followed by a subsequent decrease to baseline levels. This suggests that relief of low-affinity antagonism occurs before high-affinity agonist dissociation. Simulations of ACPC action by a two glutamate-binding site/two glycine-binding site model for NMDA channel activation in conjunction with the concurrent role of ACPC as a glycine-site full agonist and glutamate-site competitive antagonist were able to successfully approximate experimental results. (+info)

Regulation of L-methionine and L-lysine uptake in chicken jejunal brush-border membrane by dietary methionine. (5/197)

In the chicken intestine, L-methionine is transported by systems that are specific for neutral amino acids (L- and B-like) and by systems that can also transport cationic amino acids (y(+)m and b(0,+)-like). These four uptake pathways have been investigated in brush-border membrane vesicles from the jejunum of chickens fed a diet enriched with 0.4% L-methionine. Methionine supplementation from the 1st to the 6th wk of age has no effect on body weight or on the efficiency of food utilization. The kinetic analysis of L-methionine influx across the transport systems specific for neutral amino acids shows, for system L, no dietary effect on the Michaelis constant (Km) and a 30% reduction in maximal velocity (Vmax); for system B it shows a decrease in Km (30%) and in Vmax (51%). Transport systems shared by cationic and neutral amino acids show no dietary effect on b(0,+) activity and a significant reduction in y(+)m Vmax, similar for L-methionine and L-lysine, both in the absence and in the presence of Na+ (L-methionine, 30 and 26% reduction; L-lysine, 19 and 28% reduction, respectively). The downregulation induced by L-methionine supplementation may be an adaptive response to reduce the risk of intoxication by dietary excess of L-methionine. These results support the view that the toxicity of the supplemented substrate can be an important factor in the regulation of amino acid transport by dietary content. (+info)

Hypaphorine from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius counteracts activities of indole-3-acetic acid and ethylene but not synthetic auxins in eucalypt seedlings. (6/197)

Very little is known about the molecules regulating the interaction between plants and ectomycorrhizal fungi during root colonization. The role of fungal auxin in ectomycorrhiza has repeatedly been suggested and questioned, suggesting that, if fungal auxin controls some steps of colonized root development, its activity might be tightly controlled in time and in space by plant and/or fungal regulatory mechanisms. We demonstrate that fungal hypaphorine, the betaine of tryptophan, counteracts the activity of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on eucalypt tap root elongation but does not affect the activity of the IAA analogs 2,4-D ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid) or NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid). These data suggest that IAA and hypaphorine interact during the very early steps of the IAA perception or signal transduction pathway. Furthermore, while seedling treatment with 1-amincocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the precursor of ethylene, results in formation of a hypocotyl apical hook, hypaphorine application as well as root colonization by Pisolithus tinctorius, a hypaphorine-accumulating ectomycorrhizal fungus, stimulated hook opening. Hypaphorine counteraction with ACC is likely a consequence of hypaphorine interaction with IAA. In most plant-microbe interactions studied, the interactions result in increased auxin synthesis or auxin accumulation in plant tissues. The P. tinctorius / eucalypt interaction is intriguing because in this interaction the microbe down-regulates the auxin activity in the host plant. Hypaphorine might be the first specific IAA antagonist identified. (+info)

Expression of AtPRP3, a proline-rich structural cell wall protein from Arabidopsis, is regulated by cell-type-specific developmental pathways involved in root hair formation. (7/197)

The tightly regulated expression patterns of structural cell wall proteins in several plant species indicate that they play a crucial role in determining the extracellular matrix structure for specific cell types. We demonstrate that AtPRP3, a proline-rich cell wall protein in Arabidopsis, is expressed in root-hair-bearing epidermal cells at the root/shoot junction and within the root differentiation zone of light-grown seedlings. Several lines of evidence support a direct relationship between AtPRP3 expression and root hair development. AtPRP3/beta-glucuronidase (GUS) expression increased in roots of transgenic seedlings treated with either 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) or alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (alpha-NAA), compounds known to promote root hair formation. In the presence of 1-alpha-(2-aminoethoxyvinyl)glycine (AVG), an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, AtPRP3/GUS expression was strongly reduced, but could be rescued by co-addition of ACC or alpha-NAA to the growth medium. In addition, AtPRP3/GUS activity was enhanced in ttg and gl2 mutant backgrounds that exhibit ectopic root hairs, but was reduced in rhd6 and 35S-R root-hair-less mutant seedlings. These results indicate that AtPRP3 is regulated by developmental pathways involved in root hair formation, and are consistent with AtPRP3's contributing to cell wall structure in Arabidopsis root hairs. (+info)

Salicylates of intact Salix myrsinifolia plantlets do not undergo rapid metabolic turnover. (8/197)

Salicylates, the main phenolic glucosides of northern willow (Salix spp.), play an important role in plant-herbivore interactions. Salicylates are labile metabolites that are thought to undergo metabolic turnover. Salicylates are synthesized from phenylalanine (Phe) via the shikimate pathway. 2-Aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP), a strong inhibitor of Phe ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5), was used to block the biosynthesis of salicylates. The aim of this study was to investigate long-term turnover of salicylates in intact micropropagated plantlets of Salix myrsinifolia Salisb. The biosynthesis of salicylates was inhibited efficiently but not completely by 30 microM 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid. Inhibitor treatment, aside from leading to a high accumulation of Phe, also led to an increase in tyrosine and tryptophan, indicating that 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid may also inhibit enzymes other than Phe ammonia-lyase. Salicylates were shown to be unexpectedly stable metabolites that did not undergo marked metabolic turnover in intact plants; in leaves no significant turnover occurred, and in the stems the five salicylates studied were turned over slowly, with half-lives of 11 to 25 d. The total amount of salicylate in mature shoots decreased only 0.6% per day. (+info)

Kurihara T, Takahashi Y, Nishiyama A, Kumanishi T (Apr 1988). "cDNA cloning and amino acid sequence of human brain 2',3'-cyclic ... Kursula P (Feb 2008). "Structural properties of proteins specific to the myelin sheath". Amino Acids. 34 (2): 175-85. doi: ... 2′,3′-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.37, CNPase, systematic name nucleoside-2′,3′-cyclic-phosphate 2′- ... cDNA cloning and amino acid sequences for chicken and bullfrog enzymes". Journal of Neurochemistry. 69 (4): 1335-42. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide_3'-phosphodiesterase

The Ugi reaction using an isonitrile, amino acid, aldehyde and amine, can produce a dipeptide in equally high yield and optical ... Ilaria, Belleza (2014). "Cyclic dipeptides: from bugs to brain". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 20: 551-8. Tullberg M, Grøtli M ... As a consequence of their predominant biosynthetic origin from L-α-amino acids most naturally occurring 2,5-DKPs are cis ... This approach is useful for the production of unnatural amino acids with stereochemical control. The diketopiperazine skeleton ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Diketopiperazine

Banerjee, A. B.; Bose, S. K. (1963). "Amino acid configuration of mycobacillin". Nature. 200 (4905): 471. Bibcode:1963Natur.200 ... Mycobacillin is an antifungal cyclic peptide. It was first isolated in 1958 from the bacteria Bacillus subtilis. ... Cyclic peptides, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacillin

... is a cyclic peptide of 11 amino acids; it contains a single D-amino acid, which is rarely encountered in nature. ... then covalently binds the amino acid to phosphopantetheine through a thioester linkage. Some of the amino acid substrates ... Amino acids such as D-Ala and butenyl-methyl-L-threonine (Bmt) indicate cyclosporin synthetase requires the action of other ... With the adenylation domain, cyclosporin synthetase generates the acyl-adenylated amino acids, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclosporin

Articles lacking sources from August 2015, All articles lacking sources, PubChem ID (CID) not in Wikidata, Amino acids). ... Cycloleucine could be classified as a cyclic derivative of norleucine. With a cyclopentane-ring, it has two hydrogen atoms ... Leucine and isoleucine belong to the proteinogenic amino acids; the others are non-natural. Including the stereoisomers, six ... The leucines are primarily the four isomeric amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, tert-leucine (terleucine, pseudoleucine) and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucines

"Two piperazic acid-containing cyclic hexapeptides from Streptomyces alboflavus 313". Amino Acids. 43 (5): 2191-8. doi:10.1007/ ... Ji, Z; Qiao, G; Wei, S; Fan, L; Wu, W (2012). "Isolation and characterization of two novel antibacterial cyclic hexapeptides ... Ji, Zhiqin; Wei, Shaopeng; Fan, Lixia; Wu, Wenjun (2012). "Three novel cyclic hexapeptides from Streptomyces alboflavus 313 and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces_alboflavus

The amino group on one amino acid is rendered non-nucleophilic (P in eq) and the carboxylic acid group in the second amino acid ... Diketopiperazines are a special class of dipeptides, which are cyclic. They form as side products in peptide synthesis. Many ... A dipeptide is an organic compound derived from two amino acids. The constituent amino acids can be the same or different. When ... Dietary proteins are digested to dipeptides and amino acids, and the dipeptides are absorbed more rapidly than the amino acids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipeptide

... "β-Branched Amino Acids Stabilize Specific Conformations of Cyclic Hexapeptides". Biophysical Journal. 116 (3): 433-444. Bibcode ... Lin and her lab are interested in understanding how co- and post-translational modifications and non-natural amino acids impact ... They also work on understanding the effects of amino acid substitutions during evolution on protein stability, folding, and ... "d-Amino Acid Scan of Two Small Proteins". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 138 (37): 12099-12111. doi:10.1021/jacs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu-Shan_Lin

It is a cyclic fungal peptide, composed of 11 amino acids. Ciclosporin is thought to bind to the cytosolic protein cyclophilin ... Antimetabolites interfere with the synthesis of nucleic acids. These include: folic acid analogues, such as methotrexate purine ... Methotrexate is a folic acid analogue. It binds dihydrofolate reductase and prevents synthesis of tetrahydrofolate. It is used ... Mycophenolic acid acts as a non-competitive, selective, and reversible inhibitor of Inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug

Fayna García-Martín et al., Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 566-575, 2006 (Cyclic amino acids, Peptides). ... Pseudoprolines are obtained by reacting the free amino acids with aldehydes or ketone. The coupling of amino acid derivatives ... A large arsenal of chemical tools is now available for the synthesis of almost all peptides up to 40 amino acid residues. ... Besides attempts to increase the solvation of peptides by external factors, few attempts, i.e. N-substituted Hmb amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoproline

Its major components are the amino acids, glutamic acid and ornithine. An amino group (NH3) and a carboxyl group (COOH) of the ... Acrasin is made up of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP is crucial in passing hormone signals between ... An amino group on the ornithine molecule is blocked by a lactam ring. Both cyclic AMP and glorin are small molecules. Sorocarp ... Tyson JJ, Alexander KA, Manoranjan VS, Murray JD (1989-01-01). "Spiral waves of cyclic amp in a model of slime mold aggregation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slime_mold

"Asymmetric Catalysis of the Strecker Amino Acid Synthesis by a Cyclic Dipeptide". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 118 ... The Strecker amino acid synthesis, also known simply as the Strecker synthesis, is a method for the synthesis of amino acids by ... While usage of ammonium salts gives unsubstituted amino acids, primary and secondary amines also give substituted amino acids. ... Several methods exist to synthesize amino acids aside from the Strecker synthesis. The commercial production of amino acids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strecker_amino_acid_synthesis

... (beta-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide comprising eight amino acids. It is part of a group of toxins called amatoxins, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Β-Amanitin

... (alpha-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids. It is possibly the most deadly of all the amatoxins, ... The outer loop is formed by peptide bonds between a carboxyl terminus of an amino acid to the subsequent amino terminus of the ... In addition, α-amanitin is decorated with modified amino acid side chains (2S,3R,4R)-4,5-dihydroxy-isoleucine, trans-4-hydroxy- ... Two key stereochemistry-defining steps include Brown crotylation at (3R,4R)-positions, and asymmetric Strecker amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Α-Amanitin

... (gamma-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids. It is an amatoxin, a group of toxins isolated from and ... Cyclic peptides, Phenols, Amatoxins, Hepatotoxins, Tryptamines, Sulfoxides, All stub articles, Biochemistry stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Γ-Amanitin

... s are linear peptides with 15 amino acids. This is in contrast to unrelated gramicidin S, which is a cyclic peptide. ... They consist of 15 L- and D-amino acids. Their amino acid sequence is: formyl-L-X-Gly-L-Ala-D-Leu-L-Ala-D-Val-L-Val-D-Val-L-Trp ... The alternating pattern of D- and L-amino acids is important for the formation of these structures. Helices occur most often as ... It is soluble in small alcohols, acetic acid, pyridine, poorly soluble in acetone and dioxane, and practically insoluble in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramicidin

A peptide is a short polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They have the same chemical structure as proteins, except ... In a cyclic peptide, the ends link to form a stable circular chain. In mammals this stability makes them resistant to the ... The non-proteinogenic amino acid beta-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is ubiquitously produced by cyanobacteria in marine, ... a neurotoxic amino acid". PNAS. 102 (14): 5074-5078. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.5074C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501526102. PMC 555964. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotoxin

NR58.3-14-3 is a cyclic peptide consisting of 11 D-amino acids. It is a broad-spectrum chemokine inhibitor and anti- ... the amino acid sequence was reversed and the amino acids replaced with D-amino acids. This combined transformation changes the ... Peptide 3' is a 12-amino acid linear peptide corresponding to amino acids 51 to 62 of mature human chemokine CCL2. It is formed ... The corresponding 11th amino acid in CXCL12 is Ile. Ala4 in CCL2 is also present in CCL3 but the corresponding residue is Leu ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NR58-3.14.3

Of particular interest are cyclic oligopeptides with 8 aminoacid rings. The leaves are known to contain the flavonoids ... linoleic acid, and myristic acid. Other compounds include β-sitosterol, scopoletin, and p-coumaric acid. The alkaloid atropine ... vanillic acid, salicylic acid, and nicotinic acid. From the flowers, diosgenin, β-sitosterol, and lanosterol have been isolated ... The compounds present in the roots have been less studied, but they include betaine, choline, linoleic acid, and β-sitosterol [ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycium_barbarum

Their length ranges from just two amino acid residues to hundreds. In nature they are frequently antimicrobial or toxic; in ... Cyclic peptides can be classified according to the types of bonds that comprise the ring. Homodetic cyclic peptides, such as ... "Amphiphilic Cell-Penetrating Peptides Containing Natural and Unnatural Amino Acids as Drug Delivery Agents". Cells. 11 (7): ... and its subsequent formation into a cyclic structure through activities of a protease-like enzyme or other ways. Cyclic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_peptide

Accordingly, various non-proteinogenic (non-ribosomal) amino acids are found in katanosins, such as 3-hydroxyleucine, 3- ... All katanosins have a cyclic and a linear segment ("lariat structure"). The peptidic ring is closed with an ester bond (lactone ... Katanosin A and B differ in the amino acid position 7. The minor metabolite katanosin A has a valine in this position, whereas ... Katanosins are cyclic depsipeptides (acylcyclodepsipeptides). These non-proteinogenic structures are not regular proteins from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanosin

... is a non-proteinogenic amino acid. It could be classified as a cyclic derivate of norleucine, having two hydrogen ... Cycloleucine is a non-metabolisable amino acid and is a specific and reversible inhibitor of nucleic acid methylation, and as ... Cyclic amino acids, Cyclopentanes). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloleucine

"Messenger RNA-programmed incorporation of multiple N-methyl-amino acids into linear and cyclic peptides". Chemistry & Biology. ... It has been shown that some unnatural amino acids, such as N-methyl-amino acid accylated tRNA can be incorporated into peptides ... N-substituted amino acid-containing peptides have been associated with good proteolytic stability and improved pharmacokinetic ... Some components, such as amino acids and aminoacyl-tRNA synthases (AARSs) can be omitted from the system. Instead, chemically ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_display

"Phosphorylation and activation of brain aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase". Journal of ... Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, a class of anti-Parkinson drugs Aromatic amino acids Histidine decarboxylase PDB ... Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase is active as a homodimer. Before addition of the pyridoxal phosphate cofactor, the ... Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid+Decarboxylases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase

The molecule is a cyclic peptide composed of a thiazolidine heterocycle and three D amino acids. The operon responsible for ... Lugdunin is a non-ribosomally synthesized cyclic peptide that inhibits growth of Staphylococcus aureus strains. The lugdunin ... Lugdunin is an investigational antibiotic, classified as a thiazolidine-containing cyclic peptide. It was isolated in 2016 ... Cyclic peptides, All stub articles, Antibiotic stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugdunin

These proteins have either an EAL or an HD-GYP amino acid motif. Processes that are known to be regulated by cyclic di-GMP, at ... which refers to a conserved sequence of five amino acids. Degradation of cyclic di-GMP is affected by proteins with ... to be regulated by cyclic di-GMP. Riboswitches called the cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitch and cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitch regulate ... Cyclic di-GMP (also called cyclic diguanylate and c-di-GMP) is a second messenger used in signal transduction in a wide variety ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_di-GMP

... s form from cyclic ketones and hydrazoic acid in the Schmidt reaction. Lactams form from cyclisation of amino acids. ... A lactam is a cyclic amide, formally derived from an amino alkanoic acid. The term is a portmanteau of the words lactone + ... ring-size nomenclature stems from the fact that a hydrolyzed α-Lactam leads to an α-amino acid and a β-Lactam to a β-amino acid ... A lactim is a cyclic carboximidic acid compound characterized by an endocyclic carbon-nitrogen double bond. They are formed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactam

Epoxides, cyclic trisiloxanes, some lactones, lactides, cyclic carbonates, and amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides. In order for ... Many cyclic compounds are susceptible to ring-opening polymerization. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anionic_addition_polymerization

... such as amino acids, amino acid derivatives. Progress in the field of crown ether-type CSPs have been reviewed. Proteins are ... These cyclic glycopeptides have multiple chiral centers and a cup-like inclusion area to which a floating sugar lid is attached ... 1. Separation of the enantiomers of sulfoxides, amines, amino acids, alcohols, hydroxy acids, lactones, and mercaptans". The ... They are inherently chiral being composed of L-amino acids and possess ordered 3D-structure. They are known to bind/interact ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_analysis

Endothelin-1 is a peptide (comprising 21 amino acids) that is produced in endothelial cells. It acts on the endothelin ... Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP in cell signaling and drug development". The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (19): 2003-11. ... Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which is abundant in the pulmonary tissue, hydrolyzes the cyclic bond of cGMP. Consequently, ... This sends a signal to increase adenylate cyclase activity, which leads to increased synthesis of cyclic adenosine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension

IUPAC Name [2-amino-4-oxo-6,7-bis(sulfanyl)-3,5,5~{a},8,9~{a},10-hexahydropyrano[3,2-g]pteridin-8-yl]methyl dihydrogen ... Hover BM, Loksztejn A, Ribeiro AA, Yokoyama K (April 2013). "Identification of a cyclic nucleotide as a cryptic intermediate in ... Tungsten-using enzymes typically reduce free carboxylic acids to aldehydes. The first tungsten-requiring enzyme to be ... Two enzyme-mediated reactions convert guanosine triphosphate to the cyclic phosphate of pyranopterin. One of these enzymes is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdopterin

... lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts. All amino acids are synthesized from ... Munekage Y, Hashimoto M, Miyake C, Tomizawa K, Endo T, Tasaka M, Shikanai T (June 2004). "Cyclic electron flow around ... amino acids can be linked in varying sequences to form a huge variety of proteins. Proteins are made from amino acids that have ... which is then transaminated to form an amino acid. Amino acids are made into proteins by being joined in a chain of peptide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

... is able to endure the rapid acidificiation in the phagosome to pH 4.0-4.5 by expressing metabolism genes mainly for amino acid ... "Brucella abortus cyclic beta-1,2-glucan mutants have reduced virulence in mice and are defective in intracellular replication ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_suis

Chirality is easily incorporated by using 2-amino alcohols prepared by the reduction of amino acids; which are both optically ... Kobayashi, Shiro; Uyama, Hiroshi (15 January 2002). "Polymerization of cyclic imino ethers: From its discovery to the present ... typically obtained by the reduction of an amino acid) with a suitable functional group. The overall mechanism is usually ... The synthesis of 2-oxazoline rings is well established and in general proceeds via the cyclisation of a 2-amino alcohol ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxazoline

Of the twenty common naturally occurring amino acids, only proline is likely to adopt the cis isomer of the peptide bond, ... Moreover, these atoms are both H-bond acceptors in proline; there is no H-bond donor due to the cyclic side chain. The PPII ... However, peptide bonds that replace proline with another N-substituted amino acid (such as sarcosine) are also likely to adopt ... This PPII conformation is also common in proteins and polypeptides with other amino acids apart from proline. Similarly, a more ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyproline_helix

... are stimulated most strongly by the excitatory amino acid analog L-quisqualic acid. Stimulating the receptors causes the ... prevent the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or cAMP, by activating a G protein that inhibits the enzyme adenylyl ... Like all glutamate receptors, mGluRs bind with glutamate, an amino acid that functions as an excitatory neurotransmitter. The ... The chemicals 2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV) and eglumegad activate only group II mGluRs, while 2-amino-4- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor

Methionine sulfoxide forms from the amino acid methionine and its accumulation is associated with aging. The enzyme DMSO ... 1995). Syntheses of Sulphones, Sulphoxides and Cyclic Sulphides. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9780470666357. ISBN ... CH3S(O)CH2CH2R → CH3SOH + CH2=CHR The acids are powerful antioxidants, but lack long-term stability. Some parent sulfoxides are ... Peyronneau M, Roques N, Mazières S, Le Roux C (2003). "Catalytic Lewis Acid Activation of Thionyl Chloride: Application to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfoxide

Phenylalanine, a common amino acid. Biphenyl, consisting of two phenyl groups. The two rings tend not to be coplanar. ... In organic chemistry, the phenyl group, or phenyl ring, is a cyclic group of atoms with the formula C6H5, and is often ... Most common among natural products is the amino acid phenylalanine, which contains a phenyl group. A major product of the ... It is often said the resonance stability of phenol makes it a stronger acid than that of aliphatic alcohols such as ethanol ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenyl_group

"Herbicidal inhibitors of amino acid biosynthesis and herbicide-tolerant crops". Amino Acids. 30 (2): 195-204. doi:10.1007/ ... the enzyme that degrades the signalling molecule cyclic guanosine monophosphate. This signalling molecule triggers smooth ... The top molecule is bound reversibly, but the lower one is bound covalently as it has reacted with an amino acid residue ... These electrophilic groups react with amino acid side chains to form covalent adducts. The residues modified are those with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor

GBAP is an 11-amino-acid-residue cyclic peptide containing a lactone linkage between the C-terminal carboxylic acid group and a ... Gelatinase biosynthesis-activating pheromone abbreviated as GBAP is a cyclic peptide produced by pathogenic bacteria such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatinase_biosynthesis-activating_pheromone

... amino - amino acid - amino acid receptor - amino acid sequence - amino acid sequence homology - aminobutyric acid - ammonia - ... cyclic AMP receptor - cyclic AMP receptor protein - cyclic AMP-responsive DNA-binding protein - cyclic electron flow - cyclic ... nucleic acid - nucleic acid regulatory sequence - nucleic acid repetitive sequence - nucleic acid sequence homology - nucleon ... essential amino acid - ester - estradiol receptor - estrogen receptor - ethanol - ether - eukaryote - evolution - evolutionary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

All four structures feature at least two active sites made of three amino acids (tyrosine, histidine, and lysine) that catalyze ... cyclic phosphate end + an intron with a 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate and a 5′-hydroxyl terminus This enzyme catalyses one of the ... takes on a rectangular parallelepiped conformation consisting of four α subunits of 179 amino acids each. Each α subunit is ... cyclic phosphate end, and an intron with a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and a 5'-hydroxyl terminus. The use of tRNA-intron ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRNA-intron_endonuclease

... derived from the amino acid tyrosine, an adhesive used by mussels. Quercetin, which is found in many foods. Catechol ... Cyclic esters are formed upon treatment with dichloro electrophiles. For example, using phosphorus trichloride or phosphorus ... The enzyme is inactivated by adding an acid, such as citric acid contained in lemon juice. Excluding oxygen also prevents the ... Anon.) (1841) "On catechin (catechinic acid) and pyrocatechin (pyrocatechinic acid)", Philosophical Magazine, 19 : 194-195. See ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol

Acid dissolved the nickel, leaving enough of a void within the cage for the silicon to expand. The particles broke into smaller ... Canals Casals, Lluc; Amante García, Beatriz (17 March 2017). "Second-Life Batteries on a Gas Turbine Power Plant to Provide ... Common solvents are organic carbonates (cyclic, straight chain), sulfones, imides, polymers (polyethylene oxide) and ... Casals, Lluc Canals; Amante García, B.; Canal, Camille (February 2019). "Second life batteries lifespan: Rest of useful life ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_in_lithium-ion_batteries

... specifically the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylases including phenylalanine hydroxylase. From 1999 to 2004, Stevens was ... "Structures of the CXCR4 chemokine GPCR with small molecule and cyclic peptide antagonists" Science 330, 1066-1071 (2010). E.Y.T ... The human Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1), the human angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R), human P2Y receptor 1 (P2Y1 ... Crystal structure of human lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 Cell 161: 1633-1643 H. Zhang, H. Unal, C. Gati, G.W. Han, W. Liu, N ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_C._Stevens

Naltner A, Ghaffari M, Whitsett JA, Yan C (2000). "Retinoic acid stimulation of the human surfactant protein B promoter is ... cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase". Endocrinology. 149 (9): 4336-45. doi:10.1210/en.2008-0037. PMID ... "Functional interactions of the AF-2 activation domain core region of the human androgen receptor with the amino-terminal domain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_coactivator_2

Chou, P. Y.; Fasman, G. D. (1978). "Prediction of the secondary structure of proteins from their amino acid sequence". Advances ... Reichenbach, M.; Reimann, K.; Reuter, H. (2014). "Gene expression in response to cyclic mechanical stretch in primary human ... The longest polypeptide of transmembrane protein 217 consists of 229 amino acids. This protein isoform has a predicted weight ... These transmembrane domains consist primarily of uncharged amino acids in predicted alpha helices. The N-terminus and C- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_protein_217

Apart from amino-acids, PBM reaction can also be used to prepare carboxylic acids, albeit with unconventional mechanisms. In ... cyclic secondary amines and aryl- or alkenylboronic acids: In one application the Petasis reaction is used for quick access to ... When used as nitrogen nucleophiles, amino acids can furnish various iminodicarboxylic acid derivatives. High ... Amino Acids from Alkenyl Boronic Acids". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 (2): 445-446. doi:10.1021/ja963178n. Petasis, N. A.; Zavialov, I ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petasis_reaction

"Amino acid bioconjugation via iClick reaction of an oxanorbornadiene-masked alkyne with a MnI(bpy)(CO)3-coordinated azide" (PDF ... "Application of Metal Free Triazole Formation in the Synthesis of Cyclic RGD DTPA Conjugates". ChemBioChem. 9 (11): 1805-15. doi ... in which a model amino acid is linked to the metal moiety, in a novel approach to bioorthogonal reactions. Ring strain and ... Yarema, K. J.; Mahal, LK; Bruehl, RE; Rodriguez, EC; Bertozzi, CR (1998). "Metabolic Delivery of Ketone Groups to Sialic Acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry

Most of these mutations either substitute one amino acid (a building block of proteins) for another amino acid in the CFTR ... Cholera: ADP-ribosylation caused by cholera toxin results in increased production of cyclic AMP which in turn opens the CFTR ... The most common mutation, called ΔF508, is a deletion (Δ) of one amino acid (phenylalanine) at position 508 in the CFTR protein ... and ultimately codes for a sequence of 1,480 amino acids. Normally, the three DNA base pairs A-T-C (paired with T-A-G on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator

... with formic acid and formaldehyde leads to an amino alcohol (B). The amino alcohol converts to an imine under addition of acid ... The aza-Cope/Mannich reaction is a synthetically powerful reaction, as it is able to create complex cyclic molecules from ... and addition of 1 stoichiometric equivalent of acid, commonly camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) or a Lewis acid. Other routes toward ... Cook G.R.; Barta N.S.; Stille J.R. (1992). "Lewis acid-promoted 3-aza-Cope rearrangement of N-alkyl-N-allyl enamines". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aza-Cope_rearrangement

Removed by acid. Normally, the cleavage of acyclic acetals is easier than of cyclic acetals. Acylals - Removed by Lewis acids. ... For example, the amino acid tyrosine could be protected as a benzyl ester on the carboxyl group, a fluorenylmethylenoxy ... Protection of carboxylic acids: Methyl esters - Removed by acid or base. Benzyl esters - Removed by hydrogenolysis. tert-Butyl ... Methylthiomethyl ether - Removed by acid. Pivaloyl (Piv) - Removed by acid, base or reductant agents. It is substantially more ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting_group

... such as in the amino acids asparagine and glutamine. It can be viewed as a derivative of a carboxylic acid (RC(=O)OH) with the ... Cyclic amides are called lactams; they are necessarily secondary or tertiary amides. Amides are prevalent throughout the ... While the conjugate acid of an amine has a pKa of about 9.5, the conjugate acid of an amide has a pKa around −0.5. Therefore, ... This step often precedes hydrolysis, which is catalyzed by both Brønsted acids and Lewis acids. Enzymes, e.g. peptidases and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amide

Amino acid-RNA ligation The ability to conjugate an amino acid to the 3'-end of an RNA in order to use its chemical groups or ... cyclic pyrimidine nucleotides directly, which are known to be able to polymerise into RNA. Organic chemist Donna Blackmond ... As some co-factors contain both nucleotide and amino-acid characteristics, it may be that amino acids, peptides and finally ... as no amino-acid residues lie within 18Å of the enzyme's active site, and, when the majority of the amino-acid residues in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world

PLP forms an imine with the amino acid derivative. The amine on the pyridine is protonated and acts as an electron sink, ... Melatonin metabolites generated from redox reactions include cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine ... "Molecular cloning of genomic DNA and chromosomal assignment of the gene for human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, the ... Lerner AB, Case JD, Takahashi Y (July 1960). "Isolation of melatonin and 5-methoxyindole-3-acetic acid from bovine pineal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin

Without heme, iron must be ligated to four amino acid residues (Tyr200, His226, Tyr164, His224) to maintain is catalytically ... Sikkema J, de Bont JA, Poolman B (March 1994). "Interactions of cyclic hydrocarbons with biological membranes" (PDF). The ... through a series of trans influences and stabilizing hydrogen bonding between the substrate and other active site amino acid ... Sistrom WR, Stanier RY (October 1954). "The mechanism of formation of beta-ketoadipic acid by bacteria". The Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol_1,2-dioxygenase

Sheppard, [Ed.] R.C. (1982). Amino-acids, peptides, and proteins. London: Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85186-114-8. {{ ... Streptomyces filamentosus also produces the novel cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin (US trade name: Cubicin). List of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces_filamentosus

Huber, Simone (2019): Screening of oxime libraries derived from 5-membered cyclic amino acids by means of MS Binding Assays for ... Screening of oxime libraries derived from 5-membered cyclic amino acids by means of MS Binding Assays for mGAT1 inhibitors ... Screening of oxime libraries derived from 5-membered cyclic amino acids by means of MS Binding Assays for mGAT1 inhibitors ...

https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24101/

Sugar γ-Amino Acids as Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Cyclic Neoglycopeptides. Mylène Richard 1 Julen Ariztia 1 Sandrine ... Sugar γ-Amino Acids as Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Cyclic Neoglycopeptides.. ChemistrySelect, 2018, 3 (31), pp.9121- ...

https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-02953389

Since the exact sites of receptor phosphorylation by beta-ARK are poorly defined, the identification of substrate amino acids ... Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases * G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 1 * beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases ... Role of acidic amino acids in peptide substrates of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase and rhodopsin kinase Biochemistry. 1991 ... A family of peptides was synthesized to further study the role of acidic amino acids in peptide substrates of beta-ARK. By ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1645191/?dopt=Abstract

We report a label-free strategy for evaluating the cell permeability of cyclic peptide leads. Fluorescent tryptophan analogues ...

https://crick.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Fluorescent_amino_acid_initiated_de_novo_cyclic_peptides_for_the_label-free_assessment_of_cell_permeability_/16923118/1

Despite only modest overall amino acid homology (34% amino acid identity and 57.5% similarity) between the H2-histamine ... Cyclic AMP * Epinephrine Grant support * P30DK34933/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ... We have previously cloned the H2-histamine receptor gene and noted that only three amino acids on the receptor were sufficient ... We hypothesized that, if the specificity and selectivity of both receptors are invested in just three amino acids, it should be ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8529106/

Unnatural cyclic amino acids push limits of ribosome. 2020-05-19T09:03:00Z ... The resulting semi-synthetic organism could produce unnatural proteins containing amino acids beyond the usual 20 that are ... to have semi-synthetic organisms with extended genetic alphabets because it allows you to make proteins built from amino acids ...

https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/semi-synthetic-bacteria-make-designer-proteins/3010775.article

Hexanoic acid, 6-amino-, cyclic lactam. Hexanoic acid, 6-amino-, lactam. Hexanolactam. Hexanone isoxime. Hexanonisoxim (German) ... 6-Aminocaproic acid lactam. 6-Aminohexanoic acid cyclic lactam. 6-Caprolactam. 6-Hexanelactam. A1030. Aminocaproic lactam. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh-rtecs/CM381378.html

In this study, we screened a one-bead-two-compound (OBTC) cyclic γ-AApeptide library against SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ... Fmoc-protected amino acids were purchased from Chem-impex and used for the building block preparation. TentaGel resin (0.23 ... Meanwhile, Cais group previously established several cyclic γ-AApeptide-based OBTC combinatorial libraries in which the cyclic ... 2: Identification of four modified cyclic γ-AApeptides with improved SARS-CoV-2 fusion/entry inhibitory activity and SI.. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41421-022-00455-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=aa3d380d-d677-4c73-9043-e35410e30c56

... a peptide is defined as a compound that contains two or more amino acids linked by an amide (peptide) bond and that can be ... 7 aa cyclic peptide analog of α-MSH. 2019. Enfortumab Vedotin-Ejfv PADCEV®. Cancers expressing Nectin-4. ADC with a synthetic ... containing almost exclusively D-amino acids; Trulance®); large peptides (Tymlos®, Lixisenatide®), which in some cases are ... N-Acylated, C-boronic acid dipeptide. 2016. Adlyxin. Lixisenatide®. Diabetes. 44 aa GLP-1 peptide with (Lys)6 at the C-terminal ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/10/2293/htm

Categories: Amino Acids, Cyclic Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Amino+Acids,+Cyclic&parentid=2572&catid=2574

An 11-amino acid cyclic peptide and a natural product of fungi. Cyclosporine acts on T-cell replication and activity. ... A folic acid analog. Acts on the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which catalyses the reduction of folate to tetrahydrofolate, a ... Slow-acting nitrogen mustard derivative, which interferes with DNA replication, transcription, and nucleic acid function by ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1195980-163206/what-are-the-goals-of-drug-treatment-for-peripheral-ulcerative-keratitis-puk

Length: 5-15 amino acids.. *Purity: ≥95%, ≥90%, ≥85%, ≥70% or crude ... Lactam Ring Cyclic Peptides. We offer a versatile platform for the synthesis of lactam ring cyclic peptides, also referred to ... Head‐to‐Tail Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of the Interaction between Human von Willebrand Factor and Collagen.. The study examined ... The primary ligation approaches to synthesize lactam cyclic peptides are. head-to-tail, side-chain-to-side-chain, head-to-side- ...

https://eurogentec.com/en/cyclic-peptides

ELANE gene mutations that cause cyclic neutropenia change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in neutrophil elastase. ... Cyclic neutropenia. More than 15 mutations in the ELANE gene have been found to cause cyclic neutropenia, a condition ... Neutrophil elastase in cyclic and severe congenital neutropenia. Blood. 2007 Mar 1;109(5):1817-24. doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-08- ... The shorter neutrophil lifespan is thought to be responsible for the cyclic nature of this condition. When the affected ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/elane/

Cyclosporine is an 11-amino acid cyclic peptide and a natural product of fungi. It acts on T-cell replication and activity. ... Antimalarial drugs inhibit the synthesis of DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and proteins by interacting with nucleic acids. ... releases active moiety mycophenolic acid. A newer formulation, mycophenolic acid (MPA, Myfortic), is an enteric-coated product ... blocking the reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolic acid; depletion of tetrahydrofolic acid leads to depletion of DNA ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1008066-medication

Peptides, Cyclic [D04.345.566]. *Microcystins [D04.345.566.447]. *Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins [D12] ... Cyclic heptapeptides found in MICROCYSTIS and other CYANOBACTERIA. Hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects have been noted. They ... Chemoprotection of lipoic acid against microcystin-induced toxicosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinidae). Comp Biochem ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Microcystins

J:32329 Tuteja N, et al., Gamma-subunit of mouse retinal cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase: cDNA and corresponding amino acid ... PR:000012482 retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma ...

http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:97526

9-amino acid cyclic peptide-decorated sorafenib polymeric nanoparticles for the efficient in vitro nursing care analysis of ... sialic acid; surfactants. Abstract:. ... N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), one of the abundant types of sialic acid, is an ... In this study, we report the synthesis of therapeutic poly(p-coumaric acid) (PCA) from p-coumaric acid, a common plant phenolic ... phenylboronic acids. Abstract:. ... The incorporation of a phenylboronic acid group has appeared as an attractive strategy to ...

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?f%5Bsubject_facet%5D%5B%5D=antineoplastic+agents&f%5Bsubject_term%5D%5B%5D=antineoplastic+activity&f%5Btext_availability_facet%5D%5B%5D=Citation+in+PubAg&per_page=50&sort=relevance

Therefore an unnatural amino acid was converted diastereoselectively to a new cyclic sulfonimidate that served as intermediate ... This was realised starting from enantiopure cyclic sulfonimidates either with S-alkylation/S-arylation followed by ortho- ...

https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/2132/

Highly branchd cyclic dextrin. 10mg. **. Branched- Chain Amino ACids. 7500mg. **. L-Leucine. 3000mg. **. ...

https://www.herbspro.com/af/products/bang-master-blue-razz-20-serv

A library of ~27,000 enzymes is generated by breeding combinations of natural amino-acid substitutions from the cyclic into the ... in which free energies were represented as sums of one-amino-acid contributions and two-amino-acid couplings. Our model ... of three to ten consecutive amino acids (AAs). Motif mimicry tolerates mutations, evolves quickly to modify interactions with ... Most enzymes in this family catalyze reactions that produce cyclic terpenes-complex hydrocarbons widely used by plants and ...

https://www.sri.com/author/paul-omaille/

4. EVALUATION Since urea is a natural end-product of amino acid metabolism in humans, and that approximately 20 grams/day is ... This is a cyclic process in which the initial step is the reaction between carbon dioxide and ammonia to yield carbamyl ... end-product of amino acid metabolism. Urea is formed in the liver. Urea has not been evaluated previously by the Joint FAO/WHO ... Urea is an excretory end-product of amino acid metabolism in mammals. The formation of urea takes place in the liver. ...

https://inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v32je16.htm

5,064,814 teaches N-amidinopiperidine carboxyl cyclic amino acid derivatives as anti-thrombotic agents. ... Salts are conveniently prepared from the free acid by treating the acid in solution with a base or by exposing the acid to an ... Other derivatives of the compounds of this invention have activity in both their acid and acid derivative forms, but the acid ... Aniline 98 (prepared in Scheme 14) is allowed to react with benzoic acid 119 (prepared from 4-amino-2-fluoro-toluene using ...

https://patents.justia.com/patent/5618843

Anti-CCP antibodies are autoantibodies reactive with a cyclic citrullinated synthetic peptide containing the unusual amino acid ...

https://ard.bmj.com/content/60/1/67?ijkey=f32aa329d95e41de6f87130e2bb9d3657df45b10&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Precursor-directed biosynthesis has been used to generate unnatural massetolides 11-13 incorporating nonprotein amino acids. ... Massetolides A-H (1-8), novel cyclic depsipetides, and the known compound viscosin (9) have been isolated from cultures of two ... Massetolides A-H, antimycobacterial cyclic depsipeptides produced by two pseudomonads isolated from marine habitats. ... Massetolides A-H, antimycobacterial cyclic depsipeptides produced by two pseudomonads isolated from marine habitats. ...

http://www.chem.ubc.ca/massetolides-h-antimycobacterial-cyclic-depsipeptides-produced-two-pseudomonads-isolated-marine

... is a cyclic 8 amino acid peptide with a covalently bound chelator (DOTA). The peptide has the amino acid sequence: H-D-Phe-Cys- ... amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-7,10-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododec-1-yl]acetic acid. ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c4d185c3-d520-462d-ba50-4f4ee485ace3

Eeach subunit is made up of 206 amino acids, and has a molecular weight of 24 kDa. CRP is produced by the liver, and its plasma ... CRP (C-reactive protein) is a major cyclic, pentameric acute phase protein compound consisting of five identical, noncovalently ...

https://www.fishersci.ca/shop/products/anti-c-reactive-protein-polyclonal-thermo-scientific-pierce/01670557

Amino acid sequence of a region in rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen synthase phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein ... Amino acid sequences at the two phosphorylation sites.. Aitken, A., Bilham, T., Cohen, P., Aswad, D. & Greengard, P., 10 Apr ... The behaviour of Leighton Buzzard sand in cyclic simple shear tests. Muir Wood, D. & Budhu, M., 1980, Soils under cyclic and ... Cholic acid binding by glutathione S-transferases from rat liver cytosol. Hayes, J. D., Strange, R. C. & Percy-Robb, I. W., 1 ...

https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/?showAdvanced=false&allConcepts=true&inferConcepts=true&publicationYear=2012&publicationYear=2014&publicationYear=2015&publicationYear=2017&publicationYear=2019&format=&nofollow=true&ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=false&page=2

The hassallidin structure consists of a peptide ring of eight amino acids where a fatty acid chain, additional amino acids, and ... Characterization of the interaction of the antifungal and cytotoxic cyclic glycolipopeptide hassallidin with sterol-containing ... Okadaic acid (OA) and microcystin (MC) as well as several other microbial toxins like nodularin and calyculinA are known as ... C/EBPB-dependent adaptation to palmitic acid promotes tumor formation in hormone receptor negative breast cancer Liu, ...

https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/handle/1956/934/browse?rpp=20&etal=-1&sort_by=1&type=title&starts_with=C&order=ASC

A family of peptides was synthesized to further study the role of acidic amino acids in peptide substrates of beta-ARK. (nih.gov)
While there were no significant differences between glutamic and aspartic acid residues, serine-containing peptides were 4-fold better substrates than threonine. (nih.gov)
Fluorescent amino acid initiated de novo cyclic peptides for the label-free assessment of cell permeability. (figshare.com)
We offer a versatile platform for the synthesis of lactam ring cyclic peptides, also referred to as amide bond cyclic peptides. (eurogentec.com)
Further, cyclic RGD peptides and analogues (containing lactam rings) can function as peptidomimetics influencing cellular adhesion and migration in different cellular states. (eurogentec.com)
The primary ligation approaches to synthesize lactam cyclic peptides are head-to-tail, side-chain-to-side-chain, head-to-side-chain, and side-chain-to-tail , depending on the location of the functional groups within the peptide sequence. (eurogentec.com)
The study examined novel cyclic peptides as moderate inhibitors of the protein-protein interaction between von Willebrand factor (vWF) and collagen that initiates blood clot formation. (eurogentec.com)
All of the head ‐to‐ tail cyclic peptides, was purchased and synthesized by AnaSpec (Eurogentec's US subsidiary). (eurogentec.com)
Heat-assisted synthesis has been shown to speed up production of high-purity linear peptides and also cyclic peptides. (genengnews.com)
Cyclic peptides, in contrast, have significant advantages over linear peptides, especially if the peptides are small. (innov-research.com)
Cyclic peptides are usually resistant to collision-induced dissociation. (innov-research.com)
Further characterization of the two peptides revealed nunamycin to be a monochlorinated 9-amino-acid cyclic lipopeptide with similarity to members of the syringomycin group, whereas nunapeptin was a 22-aminoacid cyclic lipopeptide with similarity to corpeptin and syringopeptin. (dtu.dk)
Through the use of state-of-the-art instrumentation and techniques, Synthetic Biomolecules can provide peptides with lengths ranging from 2 to 100 amino acids, in quantities from milligrams to grams. (syntheticbiomolecules.com)

Removal of the negatively charged amino acids surrounding a cluster of serines in this alpha 2-peptide resulted in a complete loss of phosphorylation by the kinase. (nih.gov)
We report a label-free strategy for evaluating the cell permeability of cyclic peptide leads. (figshare.com)
An 11-amino acid cyclic peptide and a natural product of fungi. (medscape.com)
Head‐to‐Tail Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of the Interaction between Human von Willebrand Factor and Collagen. (eurogentec.com)
What can influence the success of the cyclic peptide synthesis? (eurogentec.com)
These factors strongly influence the success of the cyclic peptide. (eurogentec.com)
My research is focused on structural and functional characterization of enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of non-proteinogenic amino acid L-enduracididine (L-End), which is found in a number of cyclic peptide antibiotics, such as teixobactin, mannopeptimycin and enduracidin. (uwm.edu)
Researchers are working on a variety of solutions to overcome these roadblocks, including structural modifications such as D-amino acids substitutions, modifying peptide terminals, covalent attachment of fatty acids or PEG, and peptide cyclization. (genengnews.com)
The chemical reactions and pathways involving depsipeptides, a linear or cyclic compound composed of both amino acids and hydroxy acids in peptide and ester bonds respectively. (yeastrc.org)
The peptide length is up to 20 amino acids. (syntheticbiomolecules.com)
Other analytical services such as amino acid analysis and the determination of peptide content are also available per customer request. (syntheticbiomolecules.com)
A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). (nih.gov)

The resulting semi-synthetic organism could produce unnatural proteins containing amino acids beyond the usual 20 that are encoded for by A, T, C and G. (chemistryworld.com)
It's desirable to have semi-synthetic organisms with extended genetic alphabets because it allows you to make proteins built from amino acids that normal proteins cannot be built from,' explains Romesberg. (chemistryworld.com)
Antimalarial drugs inhibit the synthesis of DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and proteins by interacting with nucleic acids. (medscape.com)
Viral proteins evade host immune function by molecular mimicry, often achieved by short linear motifs (SLiMs) of three to ten consecutive amino acids (AAs). (sri.com)
After a week, four of the twenty amino acids found in proteins were produced, along with other organic substances. (grisda.org)
Basidiocarps of A. hygrometricus are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, crude fibre and essential amino acids with lower concentration of fat. (fulltxt.org)
4 Edible mushrooms are low calorie-low fat food supplement with generous amount of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals amino acids 5 and dietary fibre. (fulltxt.org)

Massetolides A-H (1-8), novel cyclic depsipetides, and the known compound viscosin (9) have been isolated from cultures of two Pseudomonas sp. (ubc.ca)

Sugar γ-Amino Acids as Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Cyclic Neoglycopeptides. (univ-lorraine.fr)
Glutamine assists in maintaining the proper acid/alkaline balance in the body, provides fuel for a healthy digestive tract, and is the basis of the building blocks for the synthesis of RNA and DNA. (unitslab.com)

Unlike beta-ARK, RK preferred acid residues localized to the carboxyl-terminal side of the serine. (nih.gov)
This ω-conotoxin contains 25 amino acid residues, including six cysteines that, in ziconotide's native conformation, form three specific disulfide bonds. (genengnews.com)
They are related by virtue of their kinase domains (also known as catalytic domains), which consist of approximately 250-300 amino acid residues. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Replacement of Cys-19 and Cys-25 by serine resulted only in decreased antimicrobial potency but deletion of either the cyclic heptapeptide region [residues (19-25)] or the N-terminal domain [residues (1-8)] produced inactive analogs. (elsevier.com)

The amino acid sequence of the prion protein (PrP) is sion are not well understood. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, 2 poly- amino acids 108 and 189 are associated with either short morphic regions of the prion protein amino acid sequence (Leu108/Thr189) or long (Phe108/Val189) incubation pe- correlated with profi le differences in these TSE-infected riods in mice ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
1]). It is a cyclic heptapeptide (sequence: Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-d-PheArg-Trp-Lys]−OH) that is cyclized via amide bonding of the side chain carboxy-function of Asp to the amino group of the side. (innov-research.com)
The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during protein folding, and the function of the protein. (lecturio.com)

Therefore an unnatural amino acid was converted diastereoselectively to a new cyclic sulfonimidate that served as intermediate for an adequate electronrich bis(sulfoximine) precursor. (tu-darmstadt.de)

ELANE gene mutations that cause cyclic neutropenia change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in neutrophil elastase. (medlineplus.gov)
CRP (C-reactive protein) is a major cyclic, pentameric acute phase protein compound consisting of five identical, noncovalently bound, nonglycosylated subunits. (fishersci.ca)
Multiple single scrapie strain and, after each of 3 successive passages in nucleotide polymorphisms resulting in amino acid changes the new species, analyzed abnormal proteinase K (PK)- resistant prion protein (PrPres) glycoform ratios, PrPres PK that control susceptibility to TSE disease have been identi- sensitivity, incubation periods, and lesion profi les. (cdc.gov)
Amino acids are the building units of protein molecules and polypeptides . (differencebetween.com)
Typically, aliphatic amino acids can be found within protein molecules, with two exceptions alanine and glycine, found either inside or outside of a protein molecule. (differencebetween.com)
The G/AuNPs electrode was subsequently modified by four types of mercaptopropionic acid, including 1-mercaptopropionic, 3-mercaptopropionic, 6-mercaptopropionic, and 11-mercaptopropionic acid, to achieve the best structure for protein attachment. (marquette.edu)
Visible absorption and electrochemical studies showed that 3-mercaptopropionic acid possesses the best performance regarding the electrical conductivity between electrode and protein redox center. (marquette.edu)
The simulation results suggested that the proposed electrochemical sensor has an acceptable performance for the detection of CO due to less fluctuation of amino acids near the protein chain in the presence of CO molecules. (marquette.edu)
L-BAIBA belongs to a class of molecules called myokines , non-protein amino acids that are produced by muscle tissue during exercise and have hormone-like effects in the human body. (priceplow.com)
Basidiocarp of this macrofungi contains considerable amount of carbohydrate, protein, fibre, minerals, vitamins, essential amino acids and very minute concentration of fat. (fulltxt.org)

Urea occurs naturally in mammals and is an excretory end-product of amino acid metabolism. (inchem.org)
2.1.2 Biotransformation Urea is an excretory end-product of amino acid metabolism in mammals. (inchem.org)
Increased glucose utilization and decreased fatty acid metabolism in myotubes from Glmpgt/gt mice. (uio.no)
Sulfite oxidase deficiency and molybdenum cofactor deficiency in the metabolism of sulfated amino acids. (medscape.com)
Vitamin B6 is involved in the metabolism of amino acids, and folic acid is important for cell reproduction. (herbal-treatments.net)

The key difference between aliphatic and aromatic amino acids is that aliphatic amino acids have no cyclic structures with alternating double-bond characteristics, whereas aromatic amino acids have cyclic structures with alternating double-bond characteristics. (differencebetween.com)
they are aliphatic and aromatic amino acids, depending on the chemical structure of these chemical compounds. (differencebetween.com)
What is Aromatic Amino Acid? (differencebetween.com)
Aromatic amino acids refer to the attachment of a highly stable aromatic ring that does not easily react with other compounds or chemical elements. (differencebetween.com)
Sometimes, histidine amino acid is incorrectly grouped in aromatic amino acid groups. (differencebetween.com)
The amino groups of this compound can be aromatic-like but are reactive with a weak positive charge and hydrophilic characteristics. (differencebetween.com)
Aliphatic and aromatic amino acids are biochemical compounds having the basic amino acid functional groups with some important side chains. (differencebetween.com)
Cyclic anhydrides, select diones, and aromatic aldehydes proved to be false negatives in this assay. (cdc.gov)

Cyclic and customized orders of nucleotide dispensation were evaluated, and pyrosequencing results were compared to those generated using NGS. (cdc.gov)

Expression of neutral and acidic amino acid transporters in ovine uteri and peri-implantation conceptuses. (tamu.edu)

Effects on antimicrobial potencies of substitutions of neutral amino acids at positions 4, 18, 22, and 24 by lysine were less marked. (elsevier.com)
Our findings demonstrate a broad inhibitory activity of pimodivir and expand the existing knowledge of amino acid substitutions that can reduce susceptibility to this investigational antiviral. (cdc.gov)

2009. Select nutrients in the ovine uterine lumen: I. Amino acids, glucose and ions in uterine lumenal flushings of cyclic and pregnant ewes. (tamu.edu)
BAT , on the other hand, is not really fuel but actually an energy-burning organ that converts glucose and fatty acid into heat . (priceplow.com)
and pseudoislets in terms ofinsulin-secretory responses to glucose and amino acids. (silverchair.com)

0g Sugar Carb-X™ Highly Branched Cyclic Dextrin carbs (Cluster Dextrin®) are highly soluble and provide a quick source of energy. (fitmuscleonline.com)

No. 5,064,814 teaches N-amidinopiperidine carboxyl cyclic amino acid derivatives as anti-thrombotic agents. (justia.com)
The basic functional groups in a simple amino acid are the amine group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and a side chain attached to a central carbon atom. (differencebetween.com)

Slow-acting nitrogen mustard derivative, which interferes with DNA replication, transcription, and nucleic acid function by alkylation. (medscape.com)
Nucleic acid components and their analogues. (cas.cz)
The Clark Lab is particularly interested in ionic liquid solvents and ion-tagged oligonucleotides as customizable materials for nucleic acid sample preparation that can be leveraged to improve the performance of downstream analysis methods. (tufts.edu)

These amino acids include phenylalanine, tyrosine , and tryptophan . (differencebetween.com)
Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride 58 sigma aldrich D9628-5G 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine 59 sigma aldrich 340200-25G 3-Amino-5-methylpyrazole 60 sigma aldrich 68524-100MG 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone 61 sigma aldrich D15405-5G 4,5-Diamino-2,6-dimercaptopyrimidine 62 sigma aldrich D17807-25G 4,5-Diamino-6-hydroxy-2-mercaptopyrimidine 63 sigma aldrich D176605-5G 4,5-Dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine 64 sigma aldrich D8417-5MG 4? (safirazmakian.com)

Most enzymes in this family catalyze reactions that produce cyclic terpenes-complex hydrocarbons widely used by plants and insects in diverse biological processes such as defense, communication, and symbiosis. (sri.com)
We have also developed biophysical fitness models based on the assumption that highly fit enzymes have evolved to maximize the output of correct products, such as cyclic products or a specific product of interest, while minimizing the output of byproducts. (sri.com)

or with silver acetate in acetic acid. (sciencemadness.org)

Specifically, exercise causes your body to convert valine , an essential amino acid (and one of the three BCAAs) into L-BAIBA. (priceplow.com)

Despite only modest overall amino acid homology (34% amino acid identity and 57.5% similarity) between the H2-histamine receptor and the receptor for another monoamine, the beta 2-adrenergic receptor, there is remarkable similarity at their critical ligand binding sites. (nih.gov)

We have previously cloned the H2-histamine receptor gene and noted that only three amino acids on the receptor were sufficient to define its specificity and selectivity. (nih.gov)
We hypothesized that, if the specificity and selectivity of both receptors are invested in just three amino acids, it should be possible to convert one of the receptors into one that recognizes the ligand of the other by simple mutations at only one or two sites. (nih.gov)

Omega 3 is an essential Fatty Acid sourced from Fish Oil, which is rich in EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid). (fitmuscleonline.com)
As humans are incapable of synthesising Omega 3, it is essential that we consume them via dietary sources.There are several types of Omega 3 fatty acids. (fitmuscleonline.com)

Since the exact sites of receptor phosphorylation by beta-ARK are poorly defined, the identification of substrate amino acids that are critical to phosphorylation by the kinase are also unknown. (nih.gov)
No. 5,039,805 teaches various benzoic acid and phenylacetic acid derivatives for the inhibition of the binding of fibrinogen to the fibrinogen receptor, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. (justia.com)

A folic acid analog. (medscape.com)
In addition to Forskolin, Folexin also contains other ingredients that are claimed to be beneficial for hair health, including biotin, vitamin B6, and folic acid. (herbal-treatments.net)
Folexin also contains other ingredients that are known to be beneficial for hair health, including folic acid, pantothenic acid, and Niacin. (herbal-treatments.net)

Could the nicotinic acid then be decarboxylated to pyridine in the same way benzoic acid is decarboxylated to benzene? (sciencemadness.org)

More than 15 mutations in the ELANE gene have been found to cause cyclic neutropenia, a condition characterized by episodes of neutrophil shortages (neutropenia) and increased risk of infection. (medlineplus.gov)

This is a cyclic process in which the initial step is the reaction between carbon dioxide and ammonia to yield carbamyl phosphate. (inchem.org)

H2-histamine receptors mediate a wide range of physiological functions extending from stimulation of gastric acid secretion to induction of human promyelocyte differentiation. (nih.gov)

While the most frequently formed pattern for cyclization is the amide bond, side-chain cyclizations can consist of lactones (cyclic esters), thioethers, disulfide bridges, thioesters, and β-lactams (amide bonds). (eurogentec.com)

Glutamine is the most abundant Amino Acid within muscle tissue, however when you train, Glutamine levels can be significantly reduced as muscle tissue breaks down - even more so with the bodybuilding style of training. (fitmuscleonline.com)
Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body, being involved in more metabolic processes than any other amino acid. (unitslab.com)

Supplementation with sulfate, molybdenum cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, and uric acid has been proposed in order to replace body stores. (medscape.com)

There are 20 amino acid molecules that humans need. (differencebetween.com)
Since aliphatic amino acid molecules have an equal charge distribution across the molecule, these compounds do not react strongly in the presence of other molecules because there is no distinct positive or negative charge. (differencebetween.com)

Forskolin is thought to work by stimulating the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP), which is a molecule that has been shown to promote hair growth. (herbal-treatments.net)

Aliphatic amino acids are amino acids consisting of aliphatic side chains functional groups. (differencebetween.com)
Cyclo-D is an engineered carb that is designed to be essentially tasteless and highly soluble by breaking down long chains into highly branched cyclic chains and our PER4ORM maltodextrin blend is added to make it even more soluble. (allmaxnutrition.com)

Among these 20 amino acids, 11 are made in the body, while the other 9 are consumed from dietary sources. (differencebetween.com)

In aliphatic amino acids, when the number of carbon atoms on the side chain increases, hydrophobicity increases. (differencebetween.com)
300mg of Natural Caffeine-Green Coffee Beans (SUSTAINABLE ENERGY) Potent central nervous system stimulant, increases the release of adrenaline and extends the life of cyclic AMP. (patriotsupplements.com)

Occurs between Side chain of Lysine (ε-NH 2 -group of Lys) to Aspartic or Glutamic acid (γ-COOH-group). (eurogentec.com)

NCU-G1 "knockout" musen ble skapt ved innsetting av en "gene-trap" i første intron som fører til stopp i transkripsjonen etter første ekson. (uio.no)

Properdin is composed of cyclic dimers, trimers, and tetramers of a 53-kDa monomeric subunit. (embl.de)

Each mutant enzyme in our synthetic libraries was characterized biochemically, and the resulting reaction rate data were used as input to the Michaelis-Menten model of enzyme kinetics, in which free energies were represented as sums of one-amino-acid contributions and two-amino-acid couplings. (sri.com)

Currently, no reports of effectiveness of sulfate and uric acid administration are available. (medscape.com)

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotianamine, 2(S),3'2(S),3''(S)-N-(N-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid. (planteome.org)

Cyclic heptapeptides found in MICROCYSTIS and other CYANOBACTERIA. (harvard.edu)

2004. Maternal undernutrition reduces concentrations of amino acids and polyamines in ovine maternal and fetal plasma and fetal fluids. (tamu.edu)
reduces excess accumulation of lactic acid (lactate) in muscles. (ac-t.ru)

EP 456835 describes bicyclic compounds having fused six membered rings /quinazoline-3-alkanoic acid derivates) which are reported to have an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. (justia.com)
These compounds are nonpolar and hydrophobic amino acids. (differencebetween.com)

In addition, Intellisynth ® real-time UV monitoring enables the amino acid deprotection solution to be monitored while it is mixing, making this system suitable for method optimization. (genengnews.com)

Comparison of the yields obtained by using nanoporous and nonporous (conventional) polarized HAp catalysts shows that both the nanoporosity and water absorption capacity of the former represent a drawback when the catalytic reaction requires auxiliary coating layers, as for example for the production of amino acids. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

The cyclic voltammetry results revealed that the modified electrode has an appropriate performance for CO detection at very low concentrations while keeping a linear response. (marquette.edu)
There are esters (think nail polish and pear drops), linear terpenes (citrus, floral), cyclic terpenes (minty, woody), amines (fishy, rot) and the aromatics I've just mentioned. (chronicleflask.com)

It's often related to disruptions in the daily cyclic production of the hormone melatonin. (encognitive.com)

Anatomy13

Organisms14

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Phenomena and Processes80

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care2

Synthesis and degradation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by Penicillium citrinum. (1/197)

Expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase during leaf ontogeny in white clover. (2/197)

Glucose regulation of glutaminolysis and its role in insulin secretion. (3/197)

Putative partial agonist 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid acts concurrently as a glycine-site agonist and a glutamate-site antagonist at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. (4/197)

Regulation of L-methionine and L-lysine uptake in chicken jejunal brush-border membrane by dietary methionine. (5/197)

Hypaphorine from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius counteracts activities of indole-3-acetic acid and ethylene but not synthetic auxins in eucalypt seedlings. (6/197)

Expression of AtPRP3, a proline-rich structural cell wall protein from Arabidopsis, is regulated by cell-type-specific developmental pathways involved in root hair formation. (7/197)

Salicylates of intact Salix myrsinifolia plantlets do not undergo rapid metabolic turnover. (8/197)

Amino Acids

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Amino Acid Sequence

Amino Acid Substitution

Cloning, Molecular

Amino Acids, Essential

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Sequence Alignment

Amino Acid Motifs

Base Sequence

Escherichia coli

Mutation

Binding Sites

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

DNA, Complementary

Amino Acids, Aromatic

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Peptide Fragments

Amino Acids, Sulfur

Kinetics

Recombinant Proteins

Leucine

Protein Conformation

Models, Molecular

Structure-Activity Relationship

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Substrate Specificity

DNA

Molecular Weight

Peptides

Protein Binding

Bacterial Proteins

Restriction Mapping

Cell Line

Phylogeny

Alanine

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Genes, Bacterial

Proteins

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

RNA, Messenger

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Protein Structure, Secondary

Plasmids

Conserved Sequence

Isoleucine

Amino Acids, Basic

Lysine

Species Specificity

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

DNA Primers

Carrier Proteins

Codon

Cyanogen Bromide

Trypsin

Glycine

Cattle

Biological Transport

Amino Acids, Diamino

Glutamine

Open Reading Frames

Genes

Valine

Protein Biosynthesis

Excitatory Amino Acids

Methionine

Arginine

Aspartic Acid

Gene Library

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Sequence Deletion

Sequence Analysis

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Nitrogen

Proline

Phenylalanine

Point Mutation