Amino acids branched chain. Medical search

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Polypeptide chains, consisting of 211 to 217 amino acid residues and having a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa. There are two major types of light chains, kappa and lambda. Two Ig light chains and two Ig heavy chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) make one immunoglobulin molecule.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The larger subunits of MYOSINS. The heavy chains have a molecular weight of about 230 kDa and each heavy chain is usually associated with a dissimilar pair of MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS. The heavy chains possess actin-binding and ATPase activity.

Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The smaller subunits of MYOSINS that bind near the head groups of MYOSIN HEAVY CHAINS. The myosin light chains have a molecular weight of about 20 KDa and there are usually one essential and one regulatory pair of light chains associated with each heavy chain. Many myosin light chains that bind calcium are considered "calmodulin-like" proteins.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A diverse superfamily of proteins that function as translocating proteins. They share the common characteristics of being able to bind ACTINS and hydrolyze MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved in regulation. Within the structure of myosin heavy chain are three domains: the head, the neck and the tail. The head region of the heavy chain contains the actin binding domain and MgATPase domain which provides energy for locomotion. The neck region is involved in binding the light-chains. The tail region provides the anchoring point that maintains the position of the heavy chain. The superfamily of myosins is organized into structural classes based upon the type and arrangement of the subunits they contain.

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.

A general method for selection of alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase-deficient Lactococcus lactis mutants to improve diacetyl formation. (1/531)

The enzyme acetolactate decarboxylase (Ald) plays a key role in the regulation of the alpha-acetolactate pool in both pyruvate catabolism and the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids, isoleucine, leucine, and valine (ILV). This dual role of Ald, due to allosteric activation by leucine, was used as a strategy for the isolation of Ald-deficient mutants of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis. Such mutants can be selected as leucine-resistant mutants in ILV- or IV-prototrophic strains. Most dairy lactococcus strains are auxotrophic for the three amino acids. Therefore, the plasmid pMC004 containing the ilv genes (encoding the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of IV) of L. lactis NCDO2118 was constructed. Introduction of pMC004 into ILV-auxotrophic dairy strains resulted in an isoleucine-prototrophic phenotype. By plating the strains on a chemically defined medium supplemented with leucine but not valine and isoleucine, spontaneous leucine-resistant mutants were obtained. These mutants were screened by Western blotting with Ald-specific antibodies for the presence of Ald. Selected mutants lacking Ald were subsequently cured of pMC004. Except for a defect in the expression of Ald, the resulting strain, MC010, was identical to the wild-type strain, as shown by Southern blotting and DNA fingerprinting. The mutation resulting in the lack of Ald in MC010 occurred spontaneously, and the strain does not contain foreign DNA; thus, it can be regarded as food grade. Nevertheless, its application in dairy products depends on the regulation of genetically modified organisms. These results establish a strategy to select spontaneous Ald-deficient mutants from transformable L. lactis strains. (+info)

Criteria for choosing amino acid therapy in acute renal failure. (2/531)

Metabolic studies were performed on 19 patients with acute renal failure. Therapy included intravenous hyperalimentation using 15 to 20 g of essential amino acids or 20 to 40 g of essential plus nonessential amino acids and hypertonic glucose (37 to 50%). The effect of this parenteral feeding appears to be primarily pharmacological. Hypertonic glucose promotes the hyperinsulinemia important to be membrane function, the operation of the sodium pump, and cell metabolism. Administration of high biological value crystalline amino acdis potentiates the effect of insulin by inhibiting protein breakdown and promoting protein synthesis, particularly in muscle. This reduces tissue catabolism and urea formation, and promotes potassium, magnesium, and phosphate homeostasis. The branched-chain ketogenic amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine may be of particular importance. When indicated, administration of renal failure hyperalimentation and peritoneal or hemodialysis can be expected to complement each other and accelerate recovery. This intravenous fluid therapy, in turn, must be coordinated with proper hemodynamics, usually requiring a colloidal solution to maintain intravascular volume, and cardiotrophic agents such as digitalis and dopamine. Early use of renal failure can be expected to demonstrate the most striking response in terms of survival, early recovery from acute renal failure, and the preservation of physiological homeostasis. (+info)

Effects of dietary mixtures of amino acids on fetal growth and maternal and fetal amino acid pools in experimental maternal phenylketonuria. (3/531)

BACKGROUND: Branched-chain amino acids have been reported to improve fetal brain development in a rat model in which maternal phenylketonuria (PKU) is induced by the inclusion of an inhibitor of phenylalanine hydroxylase, DL-p-chlorophenylalanine, and L-phenylalanine in the diet. OBJECTIVE: We studied whether a dietary mixture of several large neutral amino acids (LNAAs) would improve fetal brain growth and normalize the fetal brain amino acid profile in a rat model of maternal PKU induced by DL-alpha-methylphenylalanine (AMPhe). DESIGN: Long-Evans rats were fed a basal diet or a similar diet containing 0.5% AMPhe + 3.0% L-phenylalanine (AMPhe + Phe diet) from day 11 until day 20 of gestation in experiments to test various mixtures of LNAAs. Maternal weight gains and food intakes to day 20, fetal body and brain weights at day 20, and fetal brain and fetal and maternal plasma amino acid concentrations at day 20 were measured. RESULTS: Concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in fetal brain and in maternal and fetal plasma were higher and fetal brain weights were lower in rats fed the AMPhe + Phe diet than in rats fed the basal diet. However, fetal brain growth was higher and concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in fetal brain and in maternal and fetal plasma were lower in rats fed the AMPhe + Phe diet plus LNAAs than in rats fed the diet containing AMPhe + Phe alone. CONCLUSION: LNAA supplementation of the diet improved fetal amino acid profiles and alleviated most, but not all, of the depression in fetal brain growth observed in this model of maternal PKU. (+info)

In vitro transcriptional studies of the bkd operon of Pseudomonas putida: L-branched-chain amino acids and D-leucine are the inducers. (4/531)

BkdR is the transcriptional activator of the bkd operon, which encodes the four proteins of the branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Pseudomonas putida. In this study, hydroxyl radical footprinting revealed that BkdR bound to only one face of DNA over the same region identified in DNase I protection assays. Deletions of even a few bases in the 5' region of the BkdR-binding site greatly reduced transcription, confirming that the entire protected region is necessary for transcription. In vitro transcription of the bkd operon was obtained by using a vector containing the bkdR-bkdA1 intergenic region plus the putative rho-independent terminator of the bkd operon. Substrate DNA, BkdR, and any of the L-branched-chain amino acids or D-leucine was required for transcription. Branched-chain keto acids, D-valine, and D-isoleucine did not promote transcription. Therefore, the L-branched-chain amino acids and D-leucine are the inducers of the bkd operon. The concentration of L-valine required for half-maximal transcription was 2.8 mM, which is similar to that needed to cause half-maximal proteolysis due to a conformational change in BkdR. A model for transcriptional activation of the bkd operon by BkdR during enzyme induction which incorporates these results is presented. (+info)

Serum hepatocyte growth factor as an index of extensive catabolism of patients awaiting liver transplantation. (5/531)

BACKGROUND: Whole body catabolism as the result of intrahepatic metabolic derangement is common in liver transplant candidates. However, individual nutritional assessment parameters lack sensitivity and specificity in determining energy status of these patients. Recently, serum hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to reflect the recovery of hepatic energy metabolism after liver transplantation. AIMS: The relation between preoperative levels of serum HGF and metabolic variables was investigated to clarify the clinical value of measuring HGF in evaluations of the catabolism. PATIENTS/METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from 30 liver transplant recipients, and biopsy specimens were taken from each recipient's rectus muscle and the explanted liver. Preoperative serum concentration of HGF was determined. Whole body energy metabolism was assessed by measuring glycogen contents of biopsy specimens and plasma or serum levels of glucose, insulin, total ketone bodies, total carnitine, and amino acids. RESULTS: Serum HGF concentration was elevated in 22 of 30 patients and correlated with the Child-Pugh score. It showed a negative association with muscle glycogen content, and a positive correlation with serum levels of glucose, total carnitine, and total ketone bodies. Patients with elevated serum HGF concentrations had higher preoperative plasma levels of aromatic amino acids and branched chain amino acids, associated with lower branched chain to aromatic amino acid ratios. CONCLUSIONS: The elevated serum concentration of HGF in liver transplant candidates reflected inhibition of peripheral glucose storage, enhanced lipid oxidation, and increased peripheral release of branched chain amino acids, and thus extensive energy catabolism. (+info)

Splanchnic and leg substrate exchange after ingestion of a natural mixed meal in humans. (6/531)

The disposal of a mixed meal was examined in 11 male subjects by multiple (splanchnic and femoral) catheterization combined with double-isotope technique (intravenous [2-3H]glucose plus oral U-[14C]starch). Glucose kinetics and organ substrate balance were measured basally and for 5 h after eating pizza (600 kcal) containing carbohydrates 75 g as starch, proteins 37 g, and lipids 17 g. The portal appearance of ingested carbohydrate was maximal (1.0 mmol/min) between 30 and 60 min after the meal and gradually declined thereafter, but was still incomplete at 300 min (0.46+/-0.08 mmol/min). The total amount of glucose absorbed by the gut over the 5 h of the study was 247+/-26 mmol (45+/-6 g), corresponding to 60+/-6% of the ingested starch. Net splanchnic glucose balance (-6.7+/-0.5 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1), basal) rose by 250-300% between 30 and 60 min and then returned to baseline. Hepatic glucose production (HGP) was suppressed slightly and only tardily in response to meal ingestion (approximately 30% between 120 and 300 min). Splanchnic glucose uptake (3.7+/-0.6 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1), basal) peaked to 9.8+/-2.0 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) (P<0.001) at 120 min and then returned slowly to baseline. Leg glucose uptake (34+/-5 micromol x leg(-1) x min(-1), basal) rose to 151+/-29 micromol x leg(-1) x min(-1) at 30 min (P<0.001) and remained above baseline until the end of the study, despite no increase in leg blood flow. The total amount of glucose taken up by the splanchnic area and total muscle mass was 161+/-16 mmol (29+/-3 g) and 128 mmol (23 g), respectively, which represent 39 and 30% of the ingested starch. Arterial blood lactate increased by 30% after meal ingestion. Net splanchnic lactate balance switched from a basal net uptake (3.2+/-0.6 micromol kg(-1) x min(-1) to a net output between 60 and 120 min and tended to zero thereafter. Leg lactate release (25+/-11 micromol x leg(-1) x min(-1), basal) drastically decreased postprandially. Arterial concentration of both branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and non-branched-chain amino acids (N-BCAA) increased significantly after meal ingestion (P<0.001). The splanchnic area switched from a basal net amino acid uptake (31+/-16 and 92+/-48 micromol/min for BCAA and N-BCAA, respectively) to a net amino acid release postprandially. The net splanchnic amino acid release over 5 h was 11.3+/-4.2 mmol for BCAA and 37.8+/-9.7 mmol for N-BCAA. Basally, the net leg balance of BCAA was neutral (-3+/-5 micromol x leg(-1) x min(-1)), whereas that of N-BCAA indicated a net release (54+/-14 micromol x leg(-1) x min(-1)). After meal ingestion, there was a net leg uptake of BCAA (20+/-6 micromol x leg(-1) x min(-1)), whereas leg release of N-BCAA decreased by 50%. It is concluded that in human subjects, 1) the absorption of a natural mixed meal is still incomplete at 5 h after ingestion; 2) HGP is only marginally and tardily inhibited; 3) splanchnic and peripheral tissues contribute to the disposal of meal carbohydrate to approximately the same extent; 4) the splanchnic area transfers >30% of the ingested proteins to the systemic circulation; and 5) after meal ingestion, skeletal muscle takes up BCAA to replenish muscle protein stores. (+info)

Branched-chain amino acid therapy for spinocerebellar degeneration: a pilot clinical crossover trial. (7/531)

OBJECT: The potential effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) on spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD) were explored in eleven patients. METHODS: The patients received 200 ml of BCAA-rich solution, 2 mg of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; protirelin), or a placebo daily for 7 days each in a random order. An SCD score was used to quantify the severity of symptoms. PATIENTS: Eleven patients with SCD (7 male, 4 female; mean age 60+/-11; mean disease duration 5.5 years) participated in this study. RESULTS: The mean SCD score of the eleven patients improved significantly by the BCAA treatment compared with the baseline. The conditions of five of the eleven patients (45%) were clearly improved by the BCAA treatment. All of the responders manifested predominantly cerebellar symptoms, but no prominent parkinsonian symptoms. Two patients with marked rigidity and akinesia did not respond to the treatment. CONCLUSION: We concluded that BCAAs do have a beneficial effect on functional improvement in patients with SCD, and that further large scale studies are needed. (+info)

Contribution of branched-chain amino acids to uteroplacental ammonia production in sheep. (8/531)

The uteroplacental tissues are a principal site of ammonia production for the conceptus. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of the composition of maternal amino acid (AA) infusate on uteroplacental ammonia production. Seven pregnant ewes (126 +/- 1. 4 days gestation) were infused through the maternal femoral vein (duration 3.5 h, rate 240 ml per hour) with three solutions of AAs. The first infusate was comparable to commercial parenteral nutrition preparations, the second infusate contained the same solution without branched-chain AAs (BCAAs), and the third infusate contained only BCAAs. Blood samples were simultaneously collected from the maternal artery, uterine vein, fetal artery, and umbilical vein to determine plasma AA concentrations and whole blood ammonia concentrations, before (control) and 2 h after (experimental) the start of infusion. Uterine and umbilical blood flows were measured using the ethanol steady-state diffusion method. Results showed that fetal arterial and venous ammonia concentrations increased significantly after infusions with all AAs or only BCAAs, but not without BCAAs. Uteroplacental ammonia production increased in response to each of the three infusates. However, this increase was much greater when the BCAAs were present in infusates. We conclude that there is a significant contribution of BCAAs to the uteroplacental ammonia production. Maternal AA infusions containing BCAAs can result in increased fetal blood ammonia concentrations. (+info)

Aki K, Ogawa K, Ichihara A (1968). "Transaminases of branched chain amino acids. IV. Purification and properties of two enzymes ... Ikeda T, Konishi Y, Ichihara A (1976). "Transaminase of branched chain amino acids. XI. Leucine (methionine) transaminase of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine_transaminase

... or fatty acids. Isoleucine, like other branched-chain amino acids, is associated with insulin resistance: higher levels of ... Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition. 1. ISBN 978-1-4939-1923-9. Lynch CJ, Adams SH (December 2014). "Branched- ... December 2017). "Restoration of metabolic health by decreased consumption of branched-chain amino acids". The Journal of ... July 2016). "Decreased Consumption of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Improves Metabolic Health". Cell Reports. 16 (2): 520-530. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoleucine

... like other branched-chain amino acids, is synthesized by plants, but not by animals. It is therefore an essential amino acid in ... valine is a branched-chain amino acid. In sickle-cell disease, a single glutamic acid in β-globin is replaced with valine. ... "A branched-chain amino acid metabolite drives vascular fatty acid transport and causes insulin resistance". Nature Medicine. 22 ... Acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase Dihydroxyacid dehydratase Valine aminotransferase Like other branched-chain amino acids, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine

"Branched-Chain Amino Acids Have Equivalent Effects to Other Essential Amino Acids on Lifespan and Aging-Related Traits in ... Restriction of the branched-chain amino acids is sufficient to the extend the lifespan of Drosophila fruit flies and male mice ... Specifically restricting consumption of the three branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine is sufficient to ... Due to the sulphur content of the amino acids methionine and cysteine, excess of these amino acids leads to the production of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-protein_diet

... particularly branched-chain amino acids, causing a buildup of acids which are usually not present. The branched-chain amino ... Organic acids refer to the amino acids and certain odd-chained fatty acids which are affected by these disorders. The four main ... Organic acidemia, is a term used to classify a group of metabolic disorders which disrupt normal amino acid metabolism, ... Most of the organic acidemias result from defective autosomal genes for various enzymes important to amino acid metabolism. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_acidemia

... hydrophobic amino acid valine also includes the initial part of this pathway. Leucine is a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) ... Like valine and isoleucine, leucine is a branched-chain amino acid. The primary metabolic end products of leucine metabolism ... The vast majority of L-leucine metabolism is initially catalyzed by the branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase enzyme, ... Lynch CJ, Adams SH (December 2014). "Branched-chain amino acids in metabolic signalling and insulin resistance". Nature Reviews ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine

Dietary branched chain amino acids ameliorate injury-induced cognitive impairment. Proceedings of the National Academy of ... The synthesis of adrenocortical steroid hormones involves a chain of oxidation-reduction reactions catalyzed by a series of ... Through shared intermediates and pathways branching off those shared intermediates, the different classes of steroids are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocortical_hormone

"Decreased Consumption of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Improves Metabolic Health". Cell Reports. 16 (2): 520-530. doi:10.1016/j. ... or with reduced levels of branched-chain amino acids. Activation of AMPK and SIRT1 by FGF21 in adipocytes enhanced ... "The adverse metabolic effects of branched-chain amino acids are mediated by isoleucine and valine". Cell Metabolism. doi: ... "Restoration of metabolic health by decreased consumption of branched-chain amino acids". The Journal of Physiology. 596 (4): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGF21

Massey LK, Sokatch JR, Conrad RS (1976). "Branched-chain amino acid catabolism in bacteria". Bacteriol. Rev. 40 (1): 42-54. doi ... "In vitro reconstitution of the 24-meric E2 inner core of bovine mitochondrial branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase ... "Catalytic and structural properties of the dihydrolipoyl transacylase component of bovine branched-chain alpha-keto acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue_(2-methylpropanoyl)transferase

Davis JM (1995). "Carbohydrates, branched-chain amino acids, and endurance: the central fatigue hypothesis". Int J Sport Nutr. ... Newsholme, E. A., Acworth, I. N., & Blomstrand, E. 1987, 'Amino acids, brain neurotransmitters and a functional link between ... producing lactic acid as a metabolic byproduct. Contrary to common belief, lactic acid accumulation doesn't actually cause the ... The insufficiency of energy, i.e. sub-optimal aerobic metabolism, generally results in the accumulation of lactic acid and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakness

Davis JM (1995). "Carbohydrates, branched-chain amino acids, and endurance: the central fatigue hypothesis". Int J Sport Nutr. ... Newsholme, E. A., Acworth, I. N., & Blomstrand, E. 1987, 'Amino acids, brain neurotransmitters and a functional link between ... producing lactic acid as a metabolic byproduct. Contrary to common belief, lactic acid accumulation doesn't actually cause the ... It was once believed that lactic acid build-up was the cause of muscle fatigue. The assumption was lactic acid had a "pickling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weakness

The branched-chain amino acids leucine and valine may have potential in inhibiting overexpression of protein breakdown pathways ... Eley HL, Russell ST, Tisdale MJ (October 2007). "Effect of branched-chain amino acids on muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia". ... The amino acid glutamine has been used as a component of oral supplementation to reverse cachexia in people with advanced ... Administration of exogenous amino acids have been investigated to serve as a protein-sparing metabolic fuel by providing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachexia

Both these enzymes are needed for plants to make branched-chain amino acids. Many other enzymes are inhibited by herbicides, ... "Herbicidal inhibitors of amino acid biosynthesis and herbicide-tolerant crops". Amino Acids. 30 (2): 195-204. doi:10.1007/ ... These nucleophilic groups react with amino acid side chains to form covalent adducts. The residues modified are those with side ... chains containing nucleophiles such as hydroxyl or sulfhydryl groups; these include the amino acids serine (as in DFP, right), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor

Specifically, two essential branched-chain amino acids (leucine and isoleucine) are metabolized differently.[citation needed] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinidase_deficiency

Holeček M (August 2020). "Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Branched-Chain Keto Acids in Hyperammonemic States: Metabolism and as ... Branched-chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine and valine are commonly used for their muscle fueling properties and relief of ... Mikulski T, Dabrowski J, Hilgier W, Ziemba A, Krzeminski K. "Effects of supplementation with branched chain amino acids and ... The improvement in muscle recovery is associated with the branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) found in pre-workout, particularly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-workout

... that catalyze the dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA derivatives in the metabolism of fatty acids or branch chained amino acids. ... but also reacts significantly with other 2-methyl branched chain substrates and with short straight chain acyl-CoAs. The ... Short/branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADSB) is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family of enzymes ... ACADSB is a human gene that encodes short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SBCAD), an enzyme in the acyl CoA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACADSB

Degradation of branched-chain ketogenic amino acids such as valine, leucine, and isoleucine occurs. These amino acids are ... The cycle produces a new fatty acid chain with two fewer carbons and acetyl-CoA as a byproduct. In Cellular Respiration Citric ... At low glucose levels, the production of acetyl-CoA is linked to β-oxidation of fatty acids. Fatty acids are first converted to ... Unlike free fatty acids, ketone bodies can cross the blood-brain barrier and are therefore available as fuel for the cells of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-CoA

"Lactating Porcine Mammary Tissue Catabolizes Branched-Chain Amino Acids for Glutamine and Aspartate Synthesis". The Journal of ... Side branches form from the primary ducts and begin to fill the mammary fat pad. Ductal development decreases with the arrival ... When side branches develop, it is a much more "pushing-forward" working process including extending through myoepithelial cells ... Estrogen promotes branching differentiation, whereas in males testosterone inhibits it. A mature duct tree reaching the limit ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammary_gland

... functions in catabolism of the branched-chain amino acid valine. ACAD8 functions as a homotetramer and has an overall ... ACAD8 is an isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase that functions in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids including valine, and ... function to catalyze the dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA derivatives in the metabolism of fatty acids or branched-chain amino acids ... "Isolated 2-methylbutyrylglycinuria caused by short/branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: identification of a new ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACAD8

Bergeron, M; Layrargues, GP; Butterworth, RF (September 1989). "Aromatic and branched-chain amino acids in autopsied brain ... "The role of plasma amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy". Surgery. 78 (3): 276-90. PMID 807982. Loock, J; Stange, J; Mitzner, ... "Albumin dialysis improves hepatic encephalopathy and decreases circulating phenolic aromatic amino acids in patients with ... "Removal of bile acids by two different extracorporeal liver support systems in acute-on-chronic liver failure". ASAIO Journal. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_support_system

"Pleiotropic transcriptional repressor CodY senses the intracellular pool of branched-chain amino acids in Lactococcus lactis". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CodY_protein_family

... "branched-chain amino acids" leucine, isoleucine, and valine. The buildup of these amino acids lead to "encephalopathy and ... He found that looking at the branched-chain amino acids and their corresponding alpha-keto acids, in turn aided in the ... a milder form of maple syrup urine disease because it persistently raises branched-chain amino acids and some keto-acid chains ... He found the gene on the level of the decarboxylation of the branched-chain amino acids. The cytogenetic location of BCKDHA is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCKDHA

... isoleucine is measured relative to other amino acids to determine if the newborn has a high level of branched-chain amino acids ... Once the newborn is 2-3 days old the blood concentration of branched-chain amino acids like leucine is greater than 1000 μmol/L ... Early detection, diet low in branched-chain amino acids, and close monitoring of blood chemistry can lead to a good prognosis ... The levels of these branched chain amino acids will become elevated and lead to the symptoms associated with MSUD. Glutamate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_syrup_urine_disease

For the purpose of protein synthesis, protein or individual amino acids are ingested as well. Branched-chain amino acids are ... However, if too much protein and amino acid supplements is consumed it can be more harmful to the body than it is beneficial; ... The substance glutamine, found in whey fiber supplements, is the most abundant free amino acid found in the human body. It is ... Complete proteins such as meat, eggs, and soy provide the athlete with all essential amino acids for synthesizing new tissues. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_nutrition

This inactivation results in increased branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), which is seen to reduce oxidative stress; however, ... Exceedingly high BCKD complex activity increases branched-chain amino acid catabolism and protein degradation in skeletal ... and death if not treated correctly by lifelong limitation of branched-chain amino acid intake. Because BCKDK regulates BCKD ... "Solution structure and dynamics of the lipoic acid-bearing domain of human mitochondrial branched-chain alpha-keto acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCKDK

... branched-chain amino acids and tyrosine on neuroendocrine system responses and fatigue in humans". Hormone and Metabolic ... which in turn can be oxidized by the citric acid cycle or be used for fatty acid synthesis. Phloretic acid is also a urinary ... It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word "tyrosine" is from the Greek tyrós, meaning cheese, as it ... "Amino Acids - Tyrosine". www.biology.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2018-01-31. Pencharz PB, Hsu JW, Ball RO (June 2007). "Aromatic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine

An imbalance between aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine) and branched-chain amino acids (leucine, ... Dietary supplementation with branched-chain amino acids has shown improvement of encephalopathy and other complications of ... short-chain fatty acids, and phenol. Numerous other abnormalities have been described in hepatic encephalopathy, although their ... There is increased activity of the inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system, and the energy supply to other brain cells is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy

Cavazza, A.; Corradini, C.; Lauria, A.; Nicoletti, I. (2000). "Rapid Analysis of Essential and Branched-Chain Amino Acids in ... Recent applications of MEKC include the analysis of uncharged pesticides, essential and branched-chain amino acids in ... Short-chain alcohols or acetonitrile can be used as organic modifiers that decrease t M {\displaystyle t_{M}} and k 1 {\ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micellar_electrokinetic_chromatography

This fragment has a less complete amino acid profile and is low in branched chain amino acids. As a dietary supplement, whey ... Kimball Scott; Jefferson, LS (2006). "Signaling Pathways and Molecular Mechanisms through which Branched-Chain Amino Acids ... and have a high concentration of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) which are highly concentrated in muscle tissue, and are ... Whey protein isolates are also widely used in infant formula to provide amino acids for optimal growth and development,[medical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whey_protein_isolate

"Rapid analysis of essential and branched-chain amino acids in nutraceutical products by micellar electrokinetic capillary ... Fluorescence is used to view the concentrations of each part of the nucleic acid sequence, A, T, C and G, and these ... The acrylamide is polymerized in situ, forming long linear chains, some of which are covalently attached to the wall-bound ... of CE in forensic science is the development of methods for amplification and detection of DNA fragments using polymerase chain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_electrophoresis

... amino acid therapy may be helpful for regenerating damaged or atrophied muscle tissue. The branched-chain amino acids or BCAAs ... Since the absence of muscle-building amino acids can contribute to muscle wasting (that which is torn down must be rebuilt with ... in addition to lysine and other amino acids. In severe cases of muscular atrophy, the use of an anabolic steroid such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_atrophy

Thr where X is any amino acid except proline. This sequence is called a glycosylation sequon. The reaction catalyzed by OST is ... "Photocross-linking of nascent chains to the STT3 subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex". J. Cell Biol. 161 (4): 715 ... at the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and transferred to selected asparagine residues of nascent polypeptide chains by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosaccharyltransferase

... are chains of amino acids. The two ends of a polypeptide are called the N-terminus, or amino end, and the C-terminus, or ... It further contends that only a minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched ... rich in hydroxylated amino acids such as serine, threonine, and proline, and poor in acidic amino acids like aspartic acid and ... Chloroplast transit peptides exhibit huge variation in length and amino acid sequence.[42] They can be from 20-150 amino acids ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA

... (SP) is an undecapeptide (a peptide composed of a chain of 11 amino acid residues) member of the tachykinin ... branch of the vagal system). ... The deduced amino acid sequence of substance P is as follows:[3 ... Amino acid residues that are responsible for the binding of SP and its antagonists are present in the extracellular loops and ... Ebner K, Singewald N (Oct 2006). "The role of substance P in stress and anxiety responses". Amino Acids. 31 (3): 251-72. doi: ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P

Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase. *Alanine-glyoxylate transaminase *AGXT. 2.6.3: Oximinotransferases. * ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-alanine—pyruvate_transaminase

... a derivative of amino acid beta-alanine), oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE, a natural compound) and OLE's active ingredient para- ... eds.). Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. . PMID 21413339. Archived ... Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for Lyme disease have also been developed to detect the genetic material (DNA) of the ... The spirochetes may also induce host cells to secrete quinolinic acid, which stimulates the NMDA receptor on nerve cells, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease

Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol). *Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive ... pyrimidinone and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole derivatives". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 23 (3): 480-7. doi:10.1016/j.bmc. ... Generally alkyl branching in position 5 means less lipid solubility and less activity. Unsaturation show less activity in ... are weak modulators of GABAA receptor function because the flexible side chains in these analogues do not have the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator

Two enzymes convert L-amino acids to D-amino acids. D-Amino-acid racemase, a PLP-dependent enzyme, racemizes amino acids via ... Branched-chain amino acids (Valine. *Isoleucine. *Leucine). *Methionine. *Alanine. *Proline. *Glycine. Aromatic. *Phenylalanine ... D-Amino acids are amino acids where the stereogenic carbon alpha to the amino group has the D-configuration. For most naturally ... L-amino-acid oxidases convert L-amino acids to the alpha-ketoacids, which are susceptible to reductive amination. Some amino ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-amino_acids

... the fatty acids in the membranes of other organisms have straight chains without side branches or rings. Although isoprenoids ... it lacks D-amino acids and N-acetylmuramic acid.[102]. Archaea flagella operate like bacterial flagella-their long stalks are ... Middle, a bacterial or eukaryotic phospholipid: 5, fatty acid chains; 6, ester linkages; 7, D-glycerol moiety; 8, phosphate ... These branched chains may help prevent archaeal membranes from leaking at high temperatures.[111] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

fatty acid metabolic process. • metabolism. • cardiolipin acyl-chain remodeling. • fatty acid beta-oxidation. ... transferase activity, transferring acyl groups other than amino-acyl groups. • enoyl-CoA hydratase activity. • long-chain-3- ... HADHB encodes a 51.2 kDa protein that is composed of 474 amino acids; 124 peptides have been observed through mass spectrometry ... a catalyst of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids. The HADHB protein catalyzes the final step of beta- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HADHB

The glycogen phosphorylase monomer is a large protein, composed of 842 amino acids with a mass of 97.434 kDa in muscle cells. ... α-1,4 glycogen chain)n + Pi ⇌ (α-1,4 glycogen chain)n-1 + α-D-glucose-1-phosphate.[2] ... In addition, the enzyme transferase shifts a block of 3 glucosyl residues from the outer branch to the other end, and then a α1 ... The enzyme is specific to α1-4 chains, as the molecule contains a 30-angstrom-long crevice with the same radius as the helix ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase

... amino acids - anaphylactic shock - anemia - anergy - angiogenesis - angiomatosis - anorexia - antenatal - antibiotic - ... Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - polyneuritis - polypeptide - polyvalent vaccine - post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) - PPD test ... branched DNA assay - breakthrough infection - Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS - bronchoscopy - budding - buffalo hump - ... nucleic acid - nucleic acid test - nucleocapsid - nucleoli - nucleoside - nucleoside analog - nucleoside reverse transcriptase ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_AIDS-related_topics

They are involved in catabolism of very long chain fatty acids, branched chain fatty acids, D-amino acids, and polyamines, ... Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes, such as D-amino acid oxidase and uric acid oxidase.[9] However the last enzyme is absent ... In animal cells, the long fatty acids are converted to medium chain fatty acids, which are subsequently shuttled to ... Specific amino acid sequences (PTS or peroxisomal targeting signal) at the C-terminus (PTS1) or N-terminus (PTS2) of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisome

Protonated amino groups (-NH+. 3) are the most common positively charged moieties in proteins, specifically in the amino acid ... Synthesis of branched primary amines". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 51 (26): 5338-5341. doi:10.1021/jo00376a053.. ... The tricyclics are grouped by the nature of the final amine group on the side chain.) ... carboxylic acid. −. ,. H. −. N. +. ,. R. 2. R. 1. ,. −. H. +. R. 3. −. COO. −. ⏟. substituted-ammonium. carboxylate salt. →. d ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amines

Longer chain saccharides: *Oligosaccharides (shortish chains), often linked to amino acids or lipids. They play a special role ... Polysaccharides (long chains) are complex carbohydrates, with linear chains of sugars or branched clusters. Their function is ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate

The ability to conjugate an amino acid to the 3'-end of an RNA in order to use its chemical groups or provide a long-branched ... Eventually, RNA chains developed with catalytic properties that help amino acids bind together (a process called peptide- ... As some co-factors contain both nucleotide and amino-acid characteristics, it may be that amino acids, peptides and finally ... as no amino acid molecules lie within 18Å of the enzyme's active site,[15] and, when the majority of the amino acids in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world

Food and Nutrition Board of Institute of Medicine (2005) Dietary Reference Intakes for Protein and Amino Acids, page 685, from ... A chain of monosaccharides form to make a polysaccharide. Such polysaccharides include pectin, dextran, agar, and xanthan. ... fatty acids (including essential fatty acids), fatty-acid derived phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids and terpenoids, ... Such artificial flavours include methyl salicylate which creates the wintergreen odor and lactic acid which gives milk a tart ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry_of_food

Mineral Nutrients and Amino Acids May or Must be Added.[87] Voluntary and mandatory fortification was described for various ... l-gulonolactone oxidase, the last of the chain of four enzymes that synthesize vitamin C.[183][184] American biochemist Irwin ... branched off from the other haplorrhines.[144][145] Since tarsiers also cannot make vitamin C, this implies the mutation had ... Ascorbic acid is a weak sugar acid structurally related to glucose. In biological systems, ascorbic acid can be found only at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-ascorbic_acid

A polypeptide chain of amino acids. It is a body-building nutrient.. protist. psychobiology. Also called behavioral ... The branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds.. osmosis. The spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a ... amino acid. A class of organic compounds containing an amine group and a carboxylic acid group which function as the ... In humans, a set of nine amino acids, two fatty acids, thirteen vitamins, and fifteen minerals are considered essential ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

TNF is primarily produced as a 233-amino acid-long type II transmembrane protein arranged in stable homotrimers.[24][25] From ... negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis. • JNK cascade. • death-inducing signaling complex assembly. • ... 2007). "TNF Trafficking to Human Mast Cell Granules: Mature Chain-Dependent Endocytosis". The Journal of Immunology. 178 (9): ... cellular response to amino acid stimulus. • negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alpha

A mannose sugar is added to the first tryptophan residue in the sequence W-X-X-W (W indicates tryptophan; X is any amino acid ... Glycan structure-can be unbranched or branched chains of sugars. *Glycan length-can be short- or long-chain oligosaccharides ... Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + ATP synthase) ... N-linked glycans attached to a nitrogen of asparagine or arginine side-chains. N-linked glycosylation requires participation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylated

From two reviews, maternal intake of omega-3, long-chain fatty acids during pregnancy appeared to reduce the risks of medically ... Other formulas, based on free amino acids, are the least antigenic and provide complete nutritional support in severe forms of ... "Health Canada, Health Products and Food Branch, Food Directorate, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Research Division. 2012. ... These include: Is the donor species known to be allergenic? Does the amino acid sequence of the transferred proteins resemble ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_allergy

Branched-chain. amino acids Aspartate. group Homoserine. group. & lysine Glutamate. group. & proline ... Citric acid cycle. Main article: Citric acid cycle. This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When ... Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar, amino acids and fatty acids, and the ... The electron transport chain pulls H+ ions through the chain. From the electron transport chain, the released hydrogen ions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_respiration

Oxidation of pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and branched-chain amino acids requires FAD in the shared E3 portion of their ... Fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase requires FAD in fatty acid oxidation. *FAD is required to convert retinol (vitamin A) to retinoic ... Large cultures of Micrococcus luteus growing on pyridine (left) and succinic acid (right). The yellow pigment being produced in ... FAD is required for the production of pyridoxic acid from pyridoxal (vitamin B6) by pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin

... with decreased short-chain fatty acid absorption and osmotic diarrhea as a result. A 2015 Cochrane review concluded that a ... "Compliance Branch, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration. Archived ... Some fermented products that contain lactic acid bacteria (LAB) include: vegetables such as pickled vegetables,[19] kimchi,[19] ... Some strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may affect Helicobacter pylori infections (which may cause peptic ulcers) in adults ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic?wprov=sfti1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic?wprov=sfti1

Histone proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids. If the amino acids that are in the chain are changed, the shape of ... Rabajante JF, Babierra AL (January 30, 2015). "Branching and oscillations in the epigenetic landscape of cell-fate ... The first way is post translational modification of the amino acids that make up histone proteins. ... The SET domain is a 130-amino acid sequence involved in modulating gene activities. This domain has been demonstrated to bind ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic

Bremer, Kåre (1988). "The Limits of Amino Acid Sequence Data in Angiosperm Phylogenetic Reconstruction". Evolution. 42 (4): 795 ... Li, Shuying; Pearl, Dennis K; Doss, Hani (2000). "Phylogenetic Tree Construction Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo". Journal of ... NNI (nearest neighbour interchange), first branch-swapping search strategy, developed independently by Robinson[37] and Moore ... protein amino acid sequences, or morphology, often under a specified model of evolution of these traits. The result of such an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetically

... and Estimation of Divergence Dates Based on α-Lactalbumin Amino Acid Sequences". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 5 (1): 95-105 ... modern monotremes are the survivors of an early branching of the mammal tree, and a later branching is thought to have led to ... "In the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal X chromosomes". Nature. 432 ( ... The Biodiversity Conservation Branch at the Department of Primary Industries and Water are collaborating with NRM north and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck-billed_Platypus

... thus conclusively demonstrating that proteins consisted of linear polymers of amino acids rather than branched chains, colloids ... The amino acids in a polypeptide chain are linked by peptide bonds. Once linked in the protein chain, an individual amino acid ... The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino ... The side chains of the standard amino acids, detailed in the list of standard amino acids, have a great variety of chemical ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesis

These compounds are normally produced during bodily metabolism of amino acids and odd-chain fatty acids, but accumulate in ... Medical genetics is the branch of medicine that involves the diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders. Medical genetics ... Measurement of amino acids in plasma or serum is used in the evaluation of disorders of amino acid metabolism such as urea ... analyzing and interpreting specialized biochemical tests that measure amino acids, organic acids, and enzyme activity. Some ...

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... user ratings and products that contain Branched-Chain Amino Acids (Bcaas) ... Learn more about Branched-Chain Amino Acids (Bcaas) uses, effectiveness, possible side effects, interactions, dosage, ... Levodopa interacts with BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACIDS (BCAAs). Branched-chain amino acids might decrease how much levodopa the ... Dont use branched-chain amino acids if you have this condition.. Chronic alcoholism: Dietary use of branched-chain amino acids ...

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A branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) is an amino acid having an aliphatic side-chain with a branch (a central carbon atom bound ... Branched-chain+amino+acids at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Branched-chain amino acid ... Degradation of branched-chain amino acids involves the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDH). A ... Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex Maple syrup urine disease Sowers S. "A Primer on Branched Chain Amino ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid

Explored promoting multi-disciplinary research on branched chain amino acids (BCAA) actions and metabolism over a broad ... Branched-chain Amino Acids in Exercise. Stuart Phillips, Ph.D., McMaster University. 10:40 a.m. - 11:15 a.m.. BCAA and Recovery ... Emerging Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Human Diseases. May 25. - 26, 2017. Location Contacts ... The branched chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine, isoleucine and valine are essential nutrients, required for normal growth and ...

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/news/meetings-workshops/2017/emerging-role-branched-chain-amino-acids-human-diseases

Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial. target. Leucine. Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, ... Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic. target. Isoleucine. Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, ... Amino Acids, Branched-Chain. Accession Number. DBCAT000344. Description. Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain. ... Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic. enzyme. Isoleucine. Short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase ...

https://www.drugbank.ca/categories/DBCAT000344

BCAAs (Branched-Chain Amino Acids). "BCAAs" refer to the three essential amino acids - leucine, valine, isoleucine. BCAAs are ... BCAAs (Branched-Chain Amino Acids) :. "BCAAs" refer to the three essential amino acids - leucine, valine, isoleucine. BCAAs ... A complete protein that contains enriched essential amino acids, including branched-chain amino acids. Whey protein isolate ... Amino Acid. Amino Acids are building blocks from which complete proteins are made. Whey protein contains isolated amino acids ...

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"Entrez Gene: Branched chain amino acid transaminase 1". Retrieved 2016-04-21. "BCAT1 - Branched-chain-amino-acid ... This enzyme catalyzes the reversible transamination of branched-chain alpha-keto acids (BCKAs) to the branched-chain amino ... Branched chain amino acid transaminase 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCAT1 gene. It is the first enzyme in ... July 2017). "The branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 sustains growth of antiestrogen-resistant and ERα-negative breast ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched_chain_amino_acid_transaminase_1

BCAAs are considered essential amino acids because human beings cannot survive unless these amino acids are present in the diet ... The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are leucine, isoleucine, and valine. ... Branched-Chain Amino Acids. Uses. The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are leucine, isoleucine, and valine. BCAAs are ... Under a doctors supervision, supplementing with branched-chain amino acids may correct an imbalance of amino acids and improve ...

https://www.adventisthealthcare.com/health/library/topic/?id=hn-2815001

The three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are valine, leucine and isoleucine. They are included in the 20 amino acids that ... Branched-chain amino acids might be helpful in certain instances. If protein intake is adequate then supplementing with ... There are several proposed and researched benefits to consuming branched chain amino acids either before, during or after ... These amino acids must be consumed through the diet or supplements. BCAAs are the only amino acids that bypass the liver and go ...

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Branched-chain amino acids and Alzheimers disease: a Mendelian randomization analysis.. Larsson, Susanna C. Uppsala University ... a two-sample Mendelian randomization study to test the hypothesis that raised plasma levels of the branched-chain amino acids ...

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... administration of branched-chain amino acids markedly reduced the movements of TD.{ref65} Such intervention is contraindicated ... What is the role of branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia (TD)?) and What is the role of branched- ... Efficacy of the branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in men. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jun. 160(6): ... In a group of adult men with TD, administration of branched-chain amino acids markedly reduced the movements of TD. [65] Such ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1151826-4327/what-is-the-role-of-branched-chain-amino-acids-in-the-treatment-of-tardive-dyskinesia-td

Learn more about Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) at Medical City Dallas Supplement Forms/Alternate Names: BCAAs or Leucine, ... Efficacy of the branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in men. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1117-1124. ... The term "branched chain" refers to the molecular structure of these particular amino acids. Muscles have a particularly high ... Effects of branched-chain amino acids and carbohydrate on fatigue during intermittent, high-intensity running. Int J Sports Med ...

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Learn more about Branched-chain Amino Acids uses, side effects, health benefits, interactions, safety concerns, and ... Dont use branched-chain amino acids if you have this condition.. Chronic alcoholism: Dietary use of branched-chain amino acids ... Children: Branched-chain amino acids are POSSIBLY SAFE for children when taken by mouth, short-term. Branched-chain amino acids ... How does Branched-chain Amino Acids work?. Branched-chain amino acids stimulate the building of protein in muscle and possibly ...

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Exhaustive exercise induces disturbances in metabolic homeostasis which can result in amino acid catabolism and limited l- ... l-citrulline-malate supplementation can enhance the use of amino acids, especially the branched chain amino acids during ... l-Citrulline-malate influence over branched chain amino acid utilization during exercise. ... Refsum HE, Gjessing LR, Stromme SB (1979) Changes in plasma amino acid distribution and urine amino acids excretion during ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-010-1509-4

Bistrian sought to determine if feeding a special mixture of amino acids can stimulate cachectic cancer patients to synthesize ...

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A DMAA score was defined as the sum of all the three amino acid concentrations. The postprandial area under the curve (AUC) of ... The postprandial AUC for the DMAA score and all the three amino acids strongly associated with fasting glucose level and ... all the three amino acids and the DMAA score was significantly greater after intake of the meal with dairy protein compared to ... how the dietary protein source affects the postprandial circulating profile of these three diabetes associated amino acids ( ...

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Tissue of origin dictates branched-chain amino acid metabolism in mutant Kras-driven cancers ... Tissue of origin dictates branched-chain amino acid metabolism in mutant Kras-driven cancers ... Tissue of origin dictates branched-chain amino acid metabolism in mutant Kras-driven cancers ... Tissue of origin dictates branched-chain amino acid metabolism in mutant Kras-driven cancers ...

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The Branched Chain Amino Acids Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine are important for bodybuilders as they form the building blocks ... Branched Chain Amino Acids. What Are The Branched Chain Amino Acids?. Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) consist of Leucine, ... Importance of Branch Chain Amino Acids. Branch Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) collectively comprise 30% of the total muscle protein ... The Branched Chain Amino Acids Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine are important for bodybuilders as they form the building blocks ...

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Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/administration & dosage*. *Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/blood. *Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/ ... Intake of branched-chain amino acids influences the levels of MAFbx mRNA and MuRF-1 total protein in resting and exercising ... Here, we examined the effects of resistance exercise and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), individually and in combination, on ... Resistance exercise and amino acids are two major factors that influence muscle protein turnover. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22127230

Concentrations of branched-chain amino acids measured at baseline (expressed as the sum of the cohort-specific Z-scores for ... Circulating branched-chain amino acid concentrations are associated with obesity and future insulin resistance in children and ... Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations are elevated in response to overnutrition, and can affect both insulin ... Circulating Branched-chain Amino Acid Concentrations Are Associated with Obesity and Future Insulin Resistance in Children and ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22961720?dopt=Abstract

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What are the possible outcomes of disorders of branched-chain amino acid metabolism?. Defects of branched-chain amino acid ... "Advances and challenges in the treatment of branched chain amino/keto acid metabolic defects". J Inherit Metab Dis. vol. 35. ... Oral intake of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-free formula should begin early, and supplementation with valine and isoleucine ... Disorders of branched-chain amino acid metabolism include maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) and the organic acidemias isovaleric ...

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[1] Non-proteinogenic BCAAs include 2-aminoisobutyric acid . (wikipedia.org)
The three proteinogenic BCAAs are among the nine essential amino acids for humans, accounting for 35% of the essential amino acids in muscle proteins and 40% of the preformed amino acids required by mammals. (wikipedia.org)
[4] [5] Oxidation of BCAAs may increase fatty acid oxidation and play a role in obesity. (wikipedia.org)
[4] Lastly, BCAAs share the same transport protein into the brain with aromatic amino acids (Trp, Tyr, and Phe). (wikipedia.org)
BCAAs are amino acids that help activate protein synthesis and create new muscle protein. (alive.com)
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are made up of three essential amino acids-leucine, isoleucine, and valine. (alive.com)
As amino acids are an essential nutrient our bodies use to undergo and maximize protein synthesis, BCAAs make up an important part of any pre- or post-workout regimen. (alive.com)
So, to deal with this damage, our bodies use amino acids (such as BCAAs) as building blocks in order to activate protein synthesis, a process that creates new muscle protein. (alive.com)
Like all amino acids, BCAAs are building blocks your body uses to make proteins . (healthline.com)
BCAAs are considered essential because, unlike nonessential amino acids, your body cannot make them. (healthline.com)
BCAAs make up a large chunk of the body's total amino acid pool. (healthline.com)
Contrary to most other amino acids, BCAAs are mostly broken down in the muscle, rather than in the liver. (healthline.com)
How can you get branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) naturally from foods? (webmd.com)
What is the standard dose of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)? (webmd.com)
What are the side effects of taking branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)? (webmd.com)
The Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs), Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine are essential amino acids, and thus cannot be made in the body. (iherb.com)
Intriguingly, we find that feeding mice a diet specifically reduced in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) is sufficient to improve glucose tolerance and body composition equivalently to a PR diet via metabolically distinct pathways. (nih.gov)
Our results highlight a critical role for dietary quality at the level of amino acids in the maintenance of metabolic health and suggest that diets specifically reduced in BCAAs, or pharmacological interventions in this pathway, may offer a translatable way to achieve many of the metabolic benefits of a PR diet. (nih.gov)
BCAAs" refer to the three essential amino acids - leucine, valine, isoleucine. (guenergy.com)
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are leucine, isoleucine, and valine. (adventisthealthcare.com)
BCAAs are considered essential amino acids because human beings cannot survive unless these amino acids are present in the diet. (adventisthealthcare.com)
In addition to protein deficiency, liver cirrhosis is characterized by low blood levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in relation to other amino acids . (adventisthealthcare.com)
However, treatment trials using BCAAs alone or in solutions containing other amino acids in people with cirrhosis and PSE have reported conflicting results. (adventisthealthcare.com)
Regular use of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) may improve mental functioning. (adventisthealthcare.com)
In a double-blind trial, regular use of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) (i.e., valine, isoleucine, and leucine) by adolescents and young adults with PKU improved performance on some tests of mental functioning.Participants received either placebo, or 150 mg per 2.2 pounds of body weight each of valine and isoleucine, and 200 mg per 2.2 pounds of body of leucine, taken with meals and at bedtime. (adventisthealthcare.com)
Suppression of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) catabolic gene expression along with concomitant tissue accumulation of branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs) was identified as a significant signature of metabolic reprogramming in mouse failing hearts, and validated to be shared in human cardiomyopathy hearts. (ahajournals.org)
It is the first enzyme in the Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) degradation pathway and facilitates the reversible transamination of BCAAs and glutamate. (wikipedia.org)
This enzyme catalyzes the reversible transamination of branched-chain alpha-keto acids (BCKAs) to the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine, which are essential for cell growth. (wikipedia.org)
Bcaas or Branched Chain Amino Acids are the 3 main amino acids that have similar structures, which benefit muscles, and are mainly found in protein-rich food. (dailyvanguard.com)
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are naturally occurring molecules (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) that the body uses to build proteins. (medicalcityhospital.com)
One double-blind, placebo-controlled study found leucine (one of the amino acids in BCAAs) ineffective at the dose of 0.2 g per kilogram body weight (for example, 15 g daily for a 75-kilogram woman) in 96 individuals with muscular dystrophy. (medicalcityhospital.com)
Recent studies revealed strong evidence that branched-chain and aromatic amino acids (BCAAs and AAAs) are closely associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in several Western countries. (nih.gov)
High circulating concentrations of branched chain and aromatic amino acids (BCAAs and AAAs) are associated with several characteristics of diabetes, such as increased glycaemia and insulin resistance [ 1 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) have attracted a lot of interest in body building and strength based sports because they are the only amino acids that are actually metabolised in the muscle. (hollandandbarrett.com)
BCAAS Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. (opencroquet.org)
Amongst the most effective supplements in any sports nutrition program are Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs). (mrsupplement.com.au)
Branch Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) collectively comprise 30% of the total muscle protein pool. (mrsupplement.com.au)
BCAAs are metabolised in the muscle, rather than in the liver, where they are broken down into individual amino acids, and are either used to build new proteins, or to be burnt and used as fuel for energy production. (mrsupplement.com.au)
What is already known about this subject Circulating concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) can affect carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle, and therefore may alter insulin sensitivity. (nih.gov)
A novel fluorescence sensing system for branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)was developed based on engineered leucine/isoleucine/valine-binding proteins (LIVBPs)conjugated with environmentally sensitive fluorescence probes. (mdpi.com)
SINGAPORE, Jan 21, 2019 - (ACN Newswire) - Researchers at A*STAR's Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC) have discovered that branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in tumours can be targeted to prevent and treat cancer. (thefreelibrary.com)
Lots of our favorite trainers-like Brett Hoebel and Adam Rosante -swear by branched-chain amino acids (or BCAAs) for muscle building . (nutritiouslife.com)
One small study showed BCAAs are not as effective at muscle building on their own, without the other essential amino acids. (nutritiouslife.com)
Among the essential amino acids, only 3 are considered to be BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. (crossfitinvictus.com)
Unlike the other essential amino acids, BCAAs are oxidized in muscle tissue and not the liver (1). (crossfitinvictus.com)
Another study published in the American Journal of Physiology found that BCAAs prevented muscle protein breakdown by sparing essential amino acids in muscle tissue (4). (crossfitinvictus.com)
BCAAs compose 35% of the essential amino acids in muscle proteins and 40% of the preformed amino acids required by mammals. (crossfitinvictus.com)
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) are nutritionally essential in that they cannot be synthesized endogenously by humans and must be supplied by diet. (nap.edu)
In rodent tissue in vitro, increased concentrations of BCAAs stimulate protein synthesis and inhibit protein catabolism, whereas other amino acid mixtures lacking BCAAs have no such influence. (nap.edu)
BCAA-enriched protein or amino acid mixtures or BCAAs alone have been used in a variety of metabolic disorders, such as chronic liver disease, encephalopathy, sepsis, and others, usually in an effort to reduce the uptake of aromatic amino acids by the brain and to raise low circulating levels. (nap.edu)
A previous Institute of Medicine (IOM) committee considered the addition of higher amounts of specific amino acids, including BCAAs, to rations used during short-term, high-intensity combat operations. (nap.edu)
However, emerging evidence indicates that the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and other fractions found in whey mimic many of the longevity benefits of calorie restriction (CR). (thefreedictionary.com)
BCAAs are essential amino acids that have particular importance and the three share a common bond. (gghc.org)
On a molecular level, BCAAs have an aliphatic side-chain with a branch. (gghc.org)
The BCAAs in whey are peptide-bound to other amino acids. (bodybuilding.com)
The branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) L-valine, L-leucine, and L-isoleucine enhance protein synthesis in liver cells and muscle cells. (vitaglo.com)
BCAAs, unlike most other amino acids, are metabolized within muscle tissue, allowing them to be used as energy by muscle cells to produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. (bodykind.com)
BCAAs, which consist of 3 essential amino acids -- leucine, valine and isoleucine, have been extensively studied for their anti-catabolic effects, helping to maintain muscle mass and strength gains. (nutritionexpress.com)
BCAAFit 2000 provides bodybuilders, athletes and dieters 2 grams (2,000 mg) of free-form, branch-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in 4 capsules (500 mg per capsule). (nutritionexpress.com)
Recent research has shown the three BCAAs to be the most valuable of the eight essential amino acids for heavy training and intense exercise. (nutritionexpress.com)
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) Ile, Val, and Leu are essential nutrients that humans and other animals obtain from plants. (plantcell.org)
Despite their importance, BCAAs and other essential amino acids are present in limiting amounts in major crops used for human consumption and animal feed ( Ufaz and Galili, 2008 ). (plantcell.org)
Background/Aims: Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are known to exert an insulinotropic effect. (ovid.com)
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine and valine, play a central role in substrate metabolism, energetics, and protein synthesis. (washington.edu)
the role of BCAAs in regulating glucose and fatty acid utilization in skeletal muscle, the role of downstream intermediates on tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux during exercise, and the impact of elevated BCAAs on gluconeogenesis during exhaustive exercise. (washington.edu)
Life Extension Branched Chain Amino Acids supplement is comprised of three essential branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) - L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-valine. (drvitaminsolutions.com)

Next ketoacid reductisomerase reduces the acetohydroxy acids from the previous step to yield dihydroxyacids in both the valine and isoleucine pathways. (wikipedia.org)
The branched chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine, isoleucine and valine are essential nutrients, required for normal growth and protein balance. (nih.gov)
Norvaline is an isomer of the more common amino acid valine. (drugbank.ca)
We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization study to test the hypothesis that raised plasma levels of the branched-chain amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). (diva-portal.org)
The respective reactions are: L-leucine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate L-valine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-glutamate Cells can further degrade BCKAs by the Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase complex from which the carbon backbones of each BCAA may enter distinct degradation pathways. (wikipedia.org)
Now Branched Chain Amino Acid contains the essential amino acids Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine. (astronutrition.com)
Consuming a drink containing the branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine seems to reduce symptoms of mania. (emedicinehealth.com)
Branched chain amino acids - made up of Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine - comprise approximately 35% of the amino acid composition of muscle tissue. (hollandandbarrett.com)
Branched - Chain Amino Acids Is the combination name of L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-valine Instantized BCAA Powder is a mixture of THREE branched . (opencroquet.org)
The Branched Chain Amino Acids Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine are important for bodybuilders as they form the building blocks of protein and make up a third of muscle protein. (mrsupplement.com.au)
Concentrations of branched-chain amino acids measured at baseline (expressed as the sum of the cohort-specific Z-scores for each of leucine, isoleucine, and valine) and HOMA-IR measured at 18 months. (nih.gov)
Our advanced formula features three branched-chain amino acids, L-leucine, L- isoleucine and L-valine, fortified with a generous supply of vitamin B-6 to enhance their metabolism. (swansonvitamins.com)
The researchers prepared solutions containing arginine and the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine, mapping out the concentrations at which respondents judged the beverage to be too bitter. (thefreedictionary.com)
Specifically, we identified that the depletion of Gcp dramatically elevated the production of key enzymes that are encoded in the ilv-leu operon and responsible for the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine (ILV) using proteomic approaches. (biomedsearch.com)
0213 UPC: 733739002136 Of the eight essential amino acids that cannot be produced by the body, the three branched-chain aminos Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine are of key importance. (vitanetonline.com)
The Branched Chain Amino Acids leucine, valine & isoleucine need to be presented together as they work as a team and are chiefly responsible for promoting muscle protein synthesis, ideal for those pursuing strength & muscle gains. (naturesbest.co.uk)
Branched-chain amino acids (which are the essential amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine) stimulate muscle protein synthesis, potentially more than a normal protein on its own. (bodybuilding.com)
The Branched Chain Amino Acids are Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine - which account for 35% of the essential amino acids in muscle proteins. (wholehealth.com)
The branched chain amino acids Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine are three of the eight essential amino acids that the human body must receive in food. (betterlife.com)
Since few studies have addressed the possibility that supplementation with other amino acids could have similar effects to that of glutamine, our objective was to evaluate the effects of leucine, valine, isoleucine and arginine as potential stimulators of HSPs 25, 60, 70 and 90 in rats subjected to acute exercise as a stressing factor. (rsc.org)
All amino acids increased exercise-induced HSP60 expression, except for valine. (rsc.org)
Doctor's Best Instantized BCAA Powder contains a blend of L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine and L-Valine, which are essential amino acids that the body cannot synthesize on its own and therefore must get through dietary sources. (bodykind.com)
The branched chain amino acids Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine are three of the eight essential amino acids that the human body mut receive in food. (vitadigest.com)
Our supplements provide all three branched-chain amino acids in every serve including: L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine, and L-Valine. (nutritionwarehouse.com.au)
The ratio of branched (valine, leucine, isoleucine) to aromatic (tyrosine, phenylalanine) amino acids increased significantly. (uni-muenchen.de)
MusclePharm BCAA Delivers That Ideal Amount Of Branched-Chain Amino Acids To Support Muscle Development And Maintenance, Our Clinically-Studied 3:1:2 Ratio Of Leucine To Isoleucine To Valine Provides 6 Grams Of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Per Serving. (poorboysupplements.com)
Jarrow Formulas BCAA Complex (Branch Chain Amino Acid) Complex Description Free Form Amino Acids with Glutamine and B6 Dietary Supplement BCAA Complex contains the ideal 2:1:1 ratio of the free form, crystalline branched chain amino acids L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine and L-Valine combined with the conditionally essential amino acid L-Glutamine. (vitadigest.com)

BCAA's are converted into two other amino acids - glutamine and alanine - which are released in large quantities during intense aerobic exercise. (hollandandbarrett.com)
Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA's) and Essential Amino Acids (EAA's) are the building blocks of protein. (predatornutrition.com)
Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA's) are key to supporting strength and muscle gains and these super convenient capsules are perfect for those on the go. (naturesbest.co.uk)
Amino Acids & BCAA's-Branched Chain Amino Acids at the Lowest Prices! (a1supplements.com)
NOW Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA's) are 3 essential amino acids that are found abundantly in muscle tissue. (wholehealth.com)
NOW® Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA's) are 3 essential amino acids which are abundant in muscles. (betterlife.com)
NOW Foods Sports Branched Chains Amino Acids - 120 Capsules now basil oil 1oz NOW Foods Sports Branched Chains Amino Acids (BCAA's) are 3 essential amino acids which are abundant in muscles. (vitadigest.com)
The Amino Acids NOW Foods Sports Branched Chains Amino Acids (BCAA's) cannot be synthesized in the liver. (vitadigest.com)
Nutrition Warehouse stocks Australia's largest range of BCAA's supplements that will keep your body loaded with vital Amino Acids and ready to perform. (nutritionwarehouse.com.au)
Out of the 20 amino acids which your body uses for muscle growth, it is the BCAA's which compromise around a third of the aminos within the muscle tissue. (maximumsports-nutrition.com)
One advantage to BCAA's is that they are metabolized faster by the body than other amino acids. (maximumsports-nutrition.com)

In many cases, this improvement is found when branched-chain amino acids are taken with arginine or green tea powder. (webmd.com)
BCAA Powder Branched Chain Amino Acid BCAA Bulk 2 1 1 4 1 1 10 1 1 Description: These branched chain essential amino acids (BCAA) are known as the stress amino acids . (opencroquet.org)
Branched Chain Amino Acid Powder - 12 oz. (vitanetonline.com)
Below are reviews of Instantized Branch Chain Amino Acids Powder - 300g by bodykind customers. (bodykind.com)
I mix about 20-30 grams of Branched Chain Amino Acid Powder with 120 grams of waxy maize post workout. (weight-lifting-complete.com)
Amino Acids Powder will help to hold onto that muscle while you're dropping pounds of body fat. (weight-lifting-complete.com)
Remember, Amino Acids in pure powder form are calorie free or at least very close to calorie free… they are protein in the rawest form. (weight-lifting-complete.com)

These amino acids are considered "essential" because they cannot be manufactured from other amino acids in the body-they must be ingested through food or supplements. (alive.com)
In fact, studies show that taking supplements with whole protein may, at least in some cases, be better for muscle growth than taking supplements with individual amino acids ( 27 ). (healthline.com)
All Verified branched chain amino acids supplements suppliers & branched chain amino acids supplements manufacturers have passed our Business License Check, they can provide quality branched chain amino acids supplements products. (opencroquet.org)
Amino acid supplements can also help us retain muscle while dieting. (predatornutrition.com)
Obviously, food is the primary and most natural source of essential amino acids but you can also get them from supplements. (gghc.org)
Oral supplements are exposed to the hazards of stomach acid, digestive enzymes, food-related breakdown, first pass metabolism, and other bioavailability issues in the gastro-intestinal system. (forresthealth.com)
In recent years, branched-chain amino acid supplements have made a comeback in the bodybuilding and fitness communities, and with good reason. (bodybuilding.com)
Since the body cannot produce these essential amino acids, the human body can only absorb them through food or supplements. (wholehealth.com)
If you eat a well balanced diet you don't need amino acid supplements. (healthtap.com)
BCAA (branched-chain amino acid) supplements are important for protein synthesis, muscle building and preservation of lean body mass. (nutritionexpress.com)
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are one of the most popular sports supplements, marketed under the premise that they enhance muscular adaptations. (humankinetics.com)

The decrease in these aromatic amino acids directly affects the synthesis and release of serotonin and catecholamines. (nap.edu)
Normalization of the ratio of branched-chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids (Fischer's ratio) correlates with clinical improvement. (uni-muenchen.de)

Jarrow Formulas BCAA Complex (Branch Chain Amino Acid) Complex Suggested Use Take 2 capsules 1 or 2 times per day with juice before or after exercise or as directed by your qualified healthcare professional. (vitadigest.com)

Leucine, the most important amino acid, is critical in initiating the protein synthesis, the process through which your muscles rebuild and get stronger. (guenergy.com)
The combination of these three essential amino acids make up approximately 1/3 of skeletal muscle in the human body, and play an important role in protein synthesis. (wikidoc.org)
Essential building blocks for protein synthesis, branched-chain amino acids play vital roles in muscle growth and recuperation. (swansonvitamins.com)
NOW Branched Chain Amino Acid (three out of the eight essential amino acids) play an important role in regulating protein synthesis. (wholehealth.com)
The above "essential" Amino Acids will be used for protein synthesis which is optimal for advanced human performance. (healthtap.com)
Despite the rise in whole-body non-oxidative leucine disposal, and in forearm leucine uptake and disposal, forearm phenylalanine disposal, an index of muscle protein synthesis, was not stimulated by infusion of branched-chain amino acids. (portlandpress.com)
Muscle branched-chain amino acid uptake rose dramatically in the absence of any apparent increase in muscle protein synthesis, as measured by phenylalanine disposal, or in branched-chain keto acid release. (portlandpress.com)
Branched Chain Amino Acids help to trigger protein synthesis, supplying muscles with energy during a work. (nutritionwarehouse.com.au)

Tobias and her team hope that early detection of abnormally high branched-chain amino acid blood concentrations may one day enable earlier interventions for those at risk for type 2 diabetes. (news-medical.net)
Aguiló A, Castano E, Tauler P, Guix MP, Serra N, Pons A (2000) Participation of blood cells in the changes of blood amino acid concentrations during maximal exercise. (springer.com)
A DMAA score was defined as the sum of all the three amino acid concentrations. (hindawi.com)
Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle of both the resting and exercising legs before and repeatedly after exercise to determine levels of mRNA, protein phosphorylation, and amino acid concentrations. (nih.gov)
Circulating branched-chain amino acid concentrations are associated with obesity and future insulin resistance in children and adolescents. (nih.gov)
Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations are elevated in response to overnutrition, and can affect both insulin sensitivity and secretion. (nih.gov)
Meanwhile, higher blood concentrations of what are referred to as branched-chain amino acids were said to be linked with lower risk of future dementia. (naturalnews.com)
Thus, an increase in muscle branched-chain amino acid concentrations and/ or local branched-chain amino acid oxidation must account for the increased disposal of branched-chain amino acids. (portlandpress.com)
In fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), the development of hepatic encephalopathy is associated with grossly abnormal concentrations of plasma amino acids (PAA). (uni-muenchen.de)

X-ray crystal structures of three forms of human mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT) were solved by molecular-replacement methods, using Escherichia coli BCAT as the search model. (rcsb.org)
The overall fold of the dimer in human mitochondrial BCAT is similar to the structure of two bacterial enzymes, E. coli BCAT and D-amino acid aminotransferase (D-AAT). (rcsb.org)
In the case of human mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferase, a hydrogen-bond interaction between the guanidinium group of Arg143 in the first monomer with the side-chain hydroxyl of Tyr70 in the second monomer is important in the formation of the substrate-binding pocket. (rcsb.org)
Cloning of the Rat and Human Mitochondrial Branched Amino Acid Aminotransferase (BCATm). (rcsb.org)
Coupled enzymatic assay for estimation of branched-chain L-amino acid aminotransferase activity with 2-Oxo acid substrates. (biomedsearch.com)
A convenient continuous spectrophotometric assay for estimation of branched-chain L-amino acid aminotransferase activity was established: Branched-chain 2-oxo acid-dependent transamination of L-glutamate was coupled-via 2-oxoglutarate-to L-aspartate aminotransferase plus L-malate dehydrogenase or to L-alanine aminotransferase plus L-lactate dehydrogenase as indicator systems. (biomedsearch.com)
During the adaptation of lung cancer cells to drug therapy, the level of intracellular histone H3K9 methylation is reduced, thus up-regulating the branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase 1 (BCAT1). (ecancer.org)

National Council on Strength and Fitness: "Branched Chain Amino Acid Supplementation. (webmd.com)
Our aim was to evaluate the effects of diet supplementation with l -citrulline-malate prior to intense exercise on the metabolic handle of plasma amino acids and on the products of metabolism of arginine as creatinine, urea and nitrite and the possible effects on the hormonal levels. (springer.com)
l -citrulline-malate supplementation can enhance the use of amino acids, especially the branched chain amino acids during exercise and also enhance the production of arginine-derived metabolites such as nitrite, creatinine, ornithine and urea. (springer.com)
I have had a good number of questions lately from both athletes and coaches in our community on branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation. (crossfitinvictus.com)
2007) Branched-chain amino acids and arginine supplementation attenuates skeletal muscle proteolysis induced by moderate exercise in young individuals. (thefreedictionary.com)
In conclusion, supplementation of branched-chain amino acids to the diet for female rats throughout the gestation period increases litter size, embryonic weight and litter embryo weight by improving the uterus and placental functions of dams as well as increasing gluconeogenesis of BCAA in embryonic liver, which provides energy to enhance fetal growth. (thefreedictionary.com)
here you are branching out into the controversial field of supplementation. (ideafit.com)
Amino acid supplementation could also help you get a more intense workout. (bodybuilding.com)
Despite all these benefits of BCAA supplementation, there are many skeptics who say branched-chain amino acids are overpriced and you can just get them from whey protein . (bodybuilding.com)
Arginine supplementation up-regulated muscle HSP70 and HSP90 and serum HSP70, however, none of the amino acids affected the HSP25. (rsc.org)
At the very least, you should be taking branched chain amino acids directly after your workout as a part of your post workout supplementation. (weight-lifting-complete.com)
I suggest that people who are really trying to lose weight look into Branched Chain Amino Acids as a part of their supplementation. (weight-lifting-complete.com)

Should You Take Branched-Chain Amino Acids if You Want to Get Stronger? (nutritiouslife.com)
Home » Sweat Often » Should You Take Branched-Chain Amino Acids if You Want to Get Stronger? (nutritiouslife.com)
Is it safe to take branched chain amino acids and/or creatine as a training supplement while breastfeeding my 3.5 year old? (healthtap.com)

associate epidemiologist at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Assistant Professor at Harvard Medical School, suggests that the irregular metabolism of branched-chain amino acids - components of proteins found in many foods - may be partially to blame for progression to type 2 diabetes. (news-medical.net)
Metabolism of branched-chain amino acids in altered nutrition. (thefreedictionary.com)
Individuals with ALS or disorders impairing the metabolism of branched chain amino acids should not use this product. (drvitaminsolutions.com)

Branched-chain amino acids are essential nutrients that the body obtains from proteins found in food, especially meat, dairy products, and legumes. (webmd.com)
Amino Acids are building blocks from which complete proteins are made. (guenergy.com)
There are 22 amino acids from which proteins are constructed. (guenergy.com)
Dr. Bistrian sought to determine if feeding a special mixture of amino acids can stimulate cachectic cancer patients to synthesize proteins normally after consuming a conventional mixture of amino acids. (aicr.org)
When you eat a sufficient quantity of complete proteins, your body probably won't have to pick up and slack by making any amino acids itself. (gghc.org)
Theoretically, after digestion once protein is broken down into individual Amino Acids these Amino Acids can either be used to build new proteins or be burned as fuel to produce energy. (healthtap.com)
Inability to metabolize branched chain amino acids means dietary proteins must be avoided to prevent brain injury , glucose anomalies & more. (healthtap.com)
The proteins you eat will provide all the necessary Amino Acids you need. (healthtap.com)

Arginine is an amino acid required for the production of nitric oxide, which helps to dilate blood vessels and regulate blood flow during exercise. (guenergy.com)
Exhaustive exercise induces disturbances in metabolic homeostasis which can result in amino acid catabolism and limited l -arginine availability. (springer.com)
Arginine 1000mg 4.2/5 based on 5 customer reviews A high-strength supplement of this increasingly popular amino acid Arginine is used by the body to make nitric oxide which vasodilates blood vessels. (naturesbest.co.uk)

Background -Although metabolic reprogramming is critical in the pathogenesis of heart failure, studies to date have focused principally on fatty acid and glucose metabolism. (ahajournals.org)
Contribution of amino acid metabolic regulation in the disease remains understudied. (ahajournals.org)
Relationship between Branched-Chain Amino Acids, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Risk Profile in a Chinese Population: A Cross-Sectional Study," International Journal of Endocrinology , vol. 2016, Article ID 8173905, 10 pages, 2016. (hindawi.com)
On the molecular level, muscle loss occurs because the body increases protein breakdown (catabolism) in order to liberate muscle amino acids for metabolic fuel. (bodybuilding.com)
Plasma and muscle amino acid profiles showed specific metabolic features. (rsc.org)
Correlation-based network analysis (CNA) of the metabolic profiles of seeds of a tomato introgression line mapping population revealed a clique of proteinogenic amino acids: Gly, Ile, Pro, Ser, Thr, and Val. (ovid.com)
Green tea, caffeine, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and branched chain amino acids (BCAA) have shown to individually improve body composition and metabolic rate in overweight and obese individuals. (biomedcentral.com)

They differ from other essential amino acids in that the liver lacks the enzymes necessary for their catabolism. (nap.edu)
Parenteral administration, alone or mixed with other amino acids, is thought to be beneficial whenever catabolism due to physiological stress occurs. (thefreedictionary.com)

Branched chain amino acid transaminase 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCAT1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
This gene encodes the cytosolic form of the enzyme branched-chain amino acid transaminase. (wikipedia.org)
Your search returned 23 branched chain amino acid transaminase 2 ELISA ELISA Kit across 5 suppliers. (biocompare.com)
The pyridoxal 50-phosphate-dependent transaminase performs the final biosynthetic step in these pathways, converting keto acid precursors into -amino acids. (rcsb.org)
The branched-chain amino-acid transaminase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtIlvE) has been crystallized and its structure has been solved at 1.9 angstrom resolution. (rcsb.org)
It is unknown whether they are involved in any regulatory activities analogous to those of the human mitochondrial branched-chain amino-acid transaminase. (rcsb.org)

Finally, pharmacological enhancement of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase activity significantly blunted cardiac dysfunction following pressure-overload. (ahajournals.org)

Together, they represent around 35-40% of all essential amino acids present in your body and 14-18% of those found in your muscles ( 1 ). (healthline.com)
Anaerobic Threshold is the physiological point during exercise when lactic acid begins to accumulate in muscles. (guenergy.com)
Amino acids are your best friends when it comes to building strong muscles. (astronutrition.com)
They are the essential building blocks that muscles need to stay healthy, but the problem is that the body does not naturally produce eight of the much needed amino acids. (astronutrition.com)
Bearing in mind the fact that the muscles also contain a further 17 amino acids, 33 percent is a lot. (gghc.org)
These Amino Acids are the first to be pulled from muscles as a source of energy, depleting rapidly through your work out. (nutritionwarehouse.com.au)

However, it is not known if taking branched-chain amino acids as a supplement will provide the same benefits. (webmd.com)
However, consumption of a BCAA-enriched essential amino acid supplement extends the lifespan of mice. (wikipedia.org)
D. Horst, N. Grace, and H. O. Conn, A double-blind randomized comparison of dietary protein and an oral branched chain amino acid (BCAA) supplement in cirrhotic patients with chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE), Chicago: AASLD (1981). (springer.com)
FUEL BCAA is the elite Branch Chained Amino Acids supplement on the market. (amazon.com)
Branched chain amino acids are the building blocks of protein and can be a very useful supplement for those who are dieting and cutting calories. (fitnesstogether.com)
Taking any one amino acid supplement may cause levels of nitrogen in the body to become imbalanced, as well as disrupt the Krebs cycle by which toxins are eliminated from the liver and kidneys. (majortests.com)
Glutamine 500mg 4.8/5 based on 9 customer reviews Important supplement for muscle tissue contraction This amino acid is one of the favourites chosen by sports trainers as it is used as fuel to help muscle contraction. (naturesbest.co.uk)

Whey protein contains isolated amino acids that help to repair muscle tissue. (guenergy.com)
Whey is rich in branched-chain amino acids , components that provide energy for those undergoing intense or prolonged periods of exercise. (thefreedictionary.com)
Even though whey protein is relatively fast digesting, it still takes several hours for all the amino acids to be broken down and absorbed into the plasma. (bodybuilding.com)
Does BCAA(branched chain amino acids) and whey protein causes erectile dysfunction or impotency? (healthtap.com)
Simply replace some of your whey protein shakes with Amino Acid shakes. (weight-lifting-complete.com)

Protein foods get digested and broken down in the stomach and intestine into individual amino acids and short chains of amino acids, small enough for their absorption into the bloodstream for transportation around the body. (mrsupplement.com.au)
The individual amino acids that make up protein all influence muscle growth through different pathways and research has shown that Branch Chain Amino Acids are among the most important. (maximumsports-nutrition.com)

Branched-chain amino acids are commonly taken by mouth or given intravenously (by IV) by healthcare providers for brain conditions due to liver disease (acute, chronic, and latent hepatic encephalopathy). (webmd.com)
What is the role of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy? (medscape.com)
To evaluate the beneficial and harmful effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) versus any control intervention for people with hepatic encephalopathy, Gluud and colleagues conducted a systematic review involving 16 randomized clinical trials that included 827 participants with hepatic encephalopathy. (medscape.com)
Hepatic encephalopathy and the gamma-aminobutyric-acid neurotransmitter system. (medscape.com)
Branched-chain amino acids are used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS , Lou Gehrig's disease), brain conditions due to liver disease (chronic hepatic encephalopathy , latent hepatic encephalopathy ), a movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia, a genetic disease called McArdle's disease, a disease called spinocerebellar degeneration, and poor appetite in elderly kidney failure patients and cancer patients. (emedicinehealth.com)
Healthcare providers give branched-chain amino acids intravenously (by IV) for sudden brain swelling due to liver disease (acute hepatic encephalopathy) and also when the body has been under extreme stress , for example after serious injury or widespread infection. (emedicinehealth.com)

It is not clear if branched-chain amino acids benefit people with liver cirrhosis. (webmd.com)
However, there is some research that suggests branched-chain amino acids might improve quality of life in people with liver cirrhosis. (emedicinehealth.com)

Eating carbohydrates with an amino acid/protein mixture might improve insulin response in people with diabetes. (webmd.com)
Researchers cannot yet fully characterize the specific pathway of this impaired metabolism, but the abnormality seems to result in a buildup of circulating branched-chain amino acids, which have a detrimental downstream effect on insulin function. (news-medical.net)
The postprandial AUC for the DMAA score and all the three amino acids strongly associated with fasting glucose level and insulin resistance. (hindawi.com)
Whether these diabetes associated amino acids (DMAA) are causally related to insulin resistance and diabetes or just biomarkers for the underlying processes is still under debate and several possible mechanisms for causality have been discussed [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
4. The results suggest that in normal man branched-chain amino acid infusion suppresses skeletal muscle proteolysis independently of any rise of plasma insulin. (portlandpress.com)

In the following years, Dancis et al identified the pathogenetic compounds as branched-chain amino acids and their corresponding alpha-keto acids. (thefreedictionary.com)

While other amino acids are metabolized in the liver, these are metabolized in skeletal muscle tissue, meaning they're involved in muscle synthesis. (nutritiouslife.com)
As nitrogen donors, they contribute to the synthesis of excitatory glutamate and inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (Yudkoff et al. (nap.edu)

The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the U.S. Institute of Medicine set Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for essential amino acids in 2002. (wikipedia.org)
Taking branched-chain amino acids by mouth seems to improve appetite and overall nutrition in people with kidney failure, cancer, or liver disease. (webmd.com)
An amino acid commonly found as a component of total parenteral nutrition. (drugbank.ca)
Taking branched-chain amino acids by mouth seems to reduce anorexia and improve overall nutrition in older, undernourished people. (emedicinehealth.com)
Some cheaper BCAA (Branched Chain Amino Acids) products just contain hydrolysed soya protein as the source of the amino acids whereas our product provides the pure- grade of amino acids used in -clinical nutrition products. (naturesbest.co.uk)
Pure clinical nutrition grade amino acid, made to pharmaceutical standards. (naturesbest.co.uk)
It should also be noted that essential Amino Acids are not produced in the body such as non-essential amino acids, but rather obtained through proper nutrition . (healthtap.com)

Out of the eight amino acids, that we can only get from our diet, Now Foods has secured three of them and is not proud to introduce Now Branched Chain Amino Acid. (astronutrition.com)
Now Foods Branched Chain Amino Acids gives you three amino acids in a daily capsule. (evitamins.com)
Infant suffering from Maple syrup disease shouldn't be given food that is containing branched chain amino acids,what are those foods? (healthtap.com)

They are essential amino acids as humans cannot survive unless these amino acids form part of their diet. (mrsupplement.com.au)

Branched-chain amino acids stimulate the building of protein in muscle and possibly reduce muscle breakdown. (webmd.com)

Some non-essential amino acids, such as glutamine, are still very important. (mrsupplement.com.au)

There is now convincing evidence that exercise-induced increases in the plasma free tryptophan (f-TRP)/branched-chain amino acids (BCCA) ratio are associated with increased brain 5-HT and the onset of fatigue during prolonged exercise. (gssiweb.org)
This leads to an increase in the levels of an amino acid called tryptophan. (nutriline.org)
Branched-chain amino acids compete with the amino acid tryptophan for entry into the brain, where tryptophan can be converted to the neurotransmitter serotonin. (bodybuilding.com)

Branched chain amino acids can also help to increase your workout intensity by offsetting fatigue. (fitnesstogether.com)
Studies have shown that taking Branch Chain Amino Acids before a work out leads to a increase in Testosterone, with elevated testosterone levels being noted for several hours after the workout. (maximumsports-nutrition.com)

The researchers found that women with a history of GDM who later developed type 2 diabetes had higher levels of branched-chain amino acids in their blood, regardless of their dietary intake. (news-medical.net)
We examined how the dietary protein source affects the postprandial circulating profile of these three diabetes associated amino acids (DMAAs) and tested whether the postprandial DMAA profiles are associated with fasting glycaemia. (hindawi.com)

Carnosine is an intramuscular buffer made up of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. (guenergy.com)

Branched-chain amino acids are used for many other conditions and may be taken by athletes to improve athletic performance, prevent fatigue, improve concentration, and reduce muscle breakdown during intense exercise. (webmd.com)
Athletes use branched-chain amino acids to improve exercise performance and reduce protein and muscle breakdown during intense exercise . (emedicinehealth.com)

There are 22 standard amino acids and these amino acids are necessary for nearly every biological process in your body. (crossfitinvictus.com)

Branched-chain amino acids seem to prevent faulty message transmission in the brain cells of people with advanced liver disease, mania, tardive dyskinesia, and anorexia . (webmd.com)
Taking branched-chain amino acids by mouth seems to improve liver function in people with poor brain function caused by liver disease. (webmd.com)
There is also early evidence that taking branched-chain amino acids by mouth might be helpful for people with anorexia that is associated with cancer or liver disease. (emedicinehealth.com)
Although there are some conflicting results, most research suggests that taking branched-chain amino acids by mouth can improve liver and brain function in people with poor brain function caused by liver disease. (emedicinehealth.com)
Early research suggests that taking branched-chain amino acids daily along with a controlled diet does not reduce the risk of death in people with liver disease caused by drinking alcohol. (emedicinehealth.com)

Some studies also show that taking branched chain amino acids may reduce muscle soreness after exercise. (webmd.com)
Some research has shown that branched-chain amino acids help prevent muscle loss at high altitudes, prolong endurance performance in the heat, and improve exercise-induced declines in mental functioning. (adventisthealthcare.com)
Many studies suggest that taking branched-chain amino acids does not enhance exercise or athletic performance. (emedicinehealth.com)
Resistance exercise and amino acids are two major factors that influence muscle protein turnover. (nih.gov)
Here, we examined the effects of resistance exercise and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), individually and in combination, on the expression of anabolic and catabolic genes in human skeletal muscle. (nih.gov)
These special amino acids may also be useful in delaying mental fatigue in endurance exercise. (naturesbest.co.uk)
The Branched Chain Amino Acids cream are designed to promote healthy muscle mass, to aid athletes and individuals seeking optimal lean muscle mass, to provide nutritional support, to aid in muscle recovery and to alleviate fatigue during exercise which can enhance mental performance. (forresthealth.com)

However, taking branched-chain amino acids does not appear to improve strength, running times, or cycling speed. (webmd.com)

however, most non-essential amino acids tended to significantly increase their concentration. (springer.com)
The postprandial area under the curve (AUC) of all the three amino acids and the DMAA score was significantly greater after intake of the meal with dairy protein compared to intake of the three other meals. (hindawi.com)
Compared to solely HFD-fed animals, plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA) in the HFD+BCAA group are significantly further increased, due largely to AMPKα2-mediated adipocyte lipolysis. (jefferson.edu)

Unlike mammals, bacteria encode enzymes that synthesize branched-chain amino acids. (rcsb.org)

An acid found naturally in citrus fruits that can act as a preservative or a flavoring agent. (guenergy.com)
This product is a Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act compliant combination of naturally derived FDA GRAS (Generally regarded As Safe) herbal, nutraceutical, vitamins, minerals and amino acids products legally sold in the USA. (forresthealth.com)
Also, this product consists ONLY of a combination of naturally derived FDA GRAS (Generally regarded As Safe) herbal, nutraceutical, vitamins, minerals and amino acids products legally sold in the USA. (forresthealth.com)

All have a branched molecular structure and are considered essential to the human body. (healthline.com)
Essential Amino Acids cannot be made by the body. (mrsupplement.com.au)
Non-Essential Amino Acids by comparison can be made by your body from vitamins and other amino acids. (mrsupplement.com.au)
AMINO GROUP Cells: Cells are the basic functional and structural units of an organism's body. (majortests.com)
Essential amino acids can't be manufactured by the human body so they must be obtained from food sources. (crossfitinvictus.com)
The smaller parts that make up protein are called amino acids and they are the raw material your body uses to support muscle regeneration and growth. (gghc.org)
The human body uses 20 amino acids, but they are split into two main groups. (gghc.org)
Of the 20 amino acids your body needs, 11 are non-essential. (gghc.org)
They are complete because they provide all 20 of the amino acids your body requires. (gghc.org)
Has 'branched chain amino acids' (bcaa) diet suplement some negative affects on human body? (healthtap.com)
These three amino acids are vitally important and are essential amino acids, ones which the body cannot synthesize itself. (maximumsports-nutrition.com)
Increased intake of branched chain amino acids (BCAA, essential amino acids compromising 20% of total protein intake) reduces body weight. (jefferson.edu)

Gelatin (capsule) and stearic acid (vegetable source). (iherb.com)

A branched-chain amino acid ( BCAA ) is an amino acid having an aliphatic side-chain with a branch (a central carbon atom bound to three or more carbon atoms). (wikipedia.org)
Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain. (drugbank.ca)
The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. (majortests.com)

Will Branched-Chain Amino Acids Help You Build Muscle? (nutritiouslife.com)
Ask Keri: Will Taking Branched-Chain Amino Acids Help Me Build Muscle? (nutritiouslife.com)
Whether your goal is to build muscle, burn fat, OR both - Branched Chain Amino Acids have a purpose. (weight-lifting-complete.com)

The essentiality of staphylococcal Gcp is independent of its repression of branched-chain amino acids biosynthesis. (biomedsearch.com)
In this study, we demonstrated that Gcp plays an important role in the modulation of the branched-chain amino acids biosynthesis pathway. (biomedsearch.com)

Anatomy13

Organisms12

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Phenomena and Processes83

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care1

A general method for selection of alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase-deficient Lactococcus lactis mutants to improve diacetyl formation. (1/531)

Criteria for choosing amino acid therapy in acute renal failure. (2/531)

Effects of dietary mixtures of amino acids on fetal growth and maternal and fetal amino acid pools in experimental maternal phenylketonuria. (3/531)

In vitro transcriptional studies of the bkd operon of Pseudomonas putida: L-branched-chain amino acids and D-leucine are the inducers. (4/531)

Serum hepatocyte growth factor as an index of extensive catabolism of patients awaiting liver transplantation. (5/531)

Splanchnic and leg substrate exchange after ingestion of a natural mixed meal in humans. (6/531)

Branched-chain amino acid therapy for spinocerebellar degeneration: a pilot clinical crossover trial. (7/531)

Contribution of branched-chain amino acids to uteroplacental ammonia production in sheep. (8/531)

Amino Acids

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Amino Acid Sequence

Amino Acid Substitution

Cloning, Molecular

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Amino Acids, Essential

Base Sequence

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Sequence Alignment

Mutation

Escherichia coli

Binding Sites

Amino Acid Motifs

Kinetics

Protein Conformation

Peptide Fragments

DNA, Complementary

Models, Molecular

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Recombinant Proteins

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Amino Acids, Aromatic

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Leucine

Molecular Weight

Protein Binding

Protein Structure, Tertiary

DNA

Amino Acids, Sulfur

Peptides

Substrate Specificity

RNA, Messenger

Cell Line

Bacterial Proteins

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Structure-Activity Relationship

Restriction Mapping

Immunoglobulin Light Chains

Phylogeny

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

DNA Primers

Proteins

Protein Structure, Secondary

Alanine

Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains

Genes, Bacterial

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Cattle

Species Specificity

Lysine

Conserved Sequence

Carrier Proteins

Isoleucine

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Cyanogen Bromide

Trypsin

Macromolecular Substances

Plasmids

Codon

Genes

Amino Acids, Basic

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Biological Transport

Protein Biosynthesis

Glycine

Gene Library

Glutamine

Point Mutation

Methionine

Transfection

Arginine

Valine

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Transcription, Genetic

Gene Expression

Membrane Proteins

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