Amino acids basic. Medical search

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

A single-chain polypeptide growth factor that plays a significant role in the process of WOUND HEALING and is a potent inducer of PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS. Several different forms of the human protein exist ranging from 18-24 kDa in size due to the use of alternative start sites within the fgf-2 gene. It has a 55 percent amino acid residue identity to FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 1 and has potent heparin-binding activity. The growth factor is an extremely potent inducer of DNA synthesis in a variety of cell types from mesoderm and neuroectoderm lineages. It was originally named basic fibroblast growth factor based upon its chemical properties and to distinguish it from acidic fibroblast growth factor (FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 1).

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Anti-sm autoantibodies in systemic lupus target highly basic surface structures of complexed spliceosomal autoantigens. (1/107)

Autoantibodies directed against spliceosomal proteins are a common and specific feature of systemic lupus erythematosus. These autoantibodies target a collection of proteins, including Sm B, B', D1, D2, and D3. We define the common antigenic targets of Sm D2 and D3 and examine their role in spliceosomal autoimmunity. Our results define nine major common epitopes, five on Sm D2 and four on Sm D3. These epitopes have significantly higher (more basic) isoelectric points than do nonantigenic regions. In fact, this association is of sufficient power to make isoelectric point an excellent predictor of spliceosomal antigenicity. The crystallographic structure of Sm D2 and D3 is now partially described. The anti-Sm D2 and D3 antigenic targets are located on the surface of the respective three-dimensional complexed proteins, thereby suggesting that these epitopes are accessible in the native configuration. All but one of these nine epitopes conspicuously avoid the specific regions involved in intermolecular interactions within the spliceosomal complex. One of the D3 epitopes (RGRGRGMGR) has significant sequence homology with a major antigenic region of Sm D1 (containing a carboxyl-terminal glycine-arginine repeat), and anti-D3 Abs cross-react with this epitope of Sm D1. These results demonstrate that spliceosomal targets of autoimmunity are accessible on native structure surfaces and that cross-reactive epitopes, as well as structural associations of various spliceosomal Ags, may be involved in the induction of autoimmunity in systemic lupus. (+info)

Membrane activity of the southern cowpea mosaic virus coat protein: the role of basic amino acids, helix-forming potential, and lipid composition. (2/107)

Southern cowpea mosaic virus (SCPMV) is a spherical RNA virus with T = 3 icosahedral symmetry. The particle is composed of 180 subunits of the coat protein (CP) and one copy of the positive-sense viral RNA. The CP has two domains, the random (R) domain formed by the N-terminal 64 aa and the shell (S) domain (aa 65--260). The R domain is highly charged, with 11 of the N-terminal 30 residues being basic. It is localized to the interior of the native particle where it may interact with the viral RNA, but under certain pH and salt conditions the topology of the particle changes to externalize the R domain. Since the CPs of several spherical RNA viruses have been shown to interact with host membranes during infection, we have begun investigating the membrane interactions of the SCPMV CP using the artificial liposome membranes. Both the native CP and the R domain overexpressed in Escherichia coli were observed to interact with liposomes. The interaction between the R domain and liposomes required either anionic phospholipids or non-bilayer-forming lipids and involved electrostatic interactions since it was shown to be both pH and ionic strength dependent. The analysis of four different deletion and six different site-directed substitution mutations partially mapped the region responsible for this interaction to residues 1--30. Analysis of this region of the R domain by circular dichroism indicated that it assumes an alpha-helical structure when exposed to liposomes composed of anionic lipids. Mutations, which extend the helical nature of this region, promoted an increased interaction. The possible role of the CP/lipid interaction in the SCPMV infection is discussed. (+info)

Characterization of signal that directs C-tail-anchored proteins to mammalian mitochondrial outer membrane. (3/107)

We analyzed the signal that directs the outer membrane protein with the C-terminal transmembrane segment (TMS) to mammalian mitochondria by using yeast Tom5 as a model and green fluorescent protein as a reporter. Deletions or mutations were systematically introduced into the TMS or the flanking regions and their intracellular localization in COS-7 cells was examined using confocal microscopy and cell fractionation. 1) Three basic amino acid residues within the C-terminal five-residue segment (C-segment) contained the information required for mitochondrial-targeting. Reduction of the net positive charge in this segment decreased mitochondrial specificity, and the mutants were distributed throughout the intracellular membranes. 2) Elongation of the TMS interfered with the function of the C-segment and the mutants were delivered to the intracellular membranes. 3) Separation of the TMS and C-segment by linker insertion severely impaired mitochondrial targeting function, leading to mislocalization to the cytoplasm. 4) Mutations or small deletions in the region of the TMS flanking the C-segment also impaired the mitochondrial targeting. Therefore, the moderate length of the TMS, the positive charges in the C-segment, and the distance between or context of the TMS and C-segment are critical for the targeting signal. The structural characteristics of the signal thus defined were also confirmed with mammalian C-tail-anchored protein OMP25. (+info)

Covalent cross-linking of proteins without chemical reagents. (4/107)

A facile method for the formation of zero-length covalent cross-links between protein molecules in the lyophilized state without the use of chemical reagents has been developed. The cross-linking process is performed by simply sealing lyophilized protein under vacuum in a glass vessel and heating at 85 degrees C for 24 h. Under these conditions, approximately one-third of the total protein present becomes cross-linked, and dimer is the major product. Chemical and mass spectroscopic evidence obtained shows that zero-length cross-links are formed as a result of the condensation of interacting ammonium and carboxylate groups to form amide bonds between adjacent molecules. For the protein examined in the most detail, RNase A, the cross-linked dimer has only one amide cross-link and retains the enzymatic activity of the monomer. The in vacuo cross-linking procedure appears to be general in its applicability because five different proteins tested gave substantial cross-linking, and co-lyophilization of lysozyme and RNase A also gave a heterogeneous covalently cross-linked dimer. (+info)

Role of paired basic residues of protein C-termini in phospholipid binding. (5/107)

It is a well known phenomenon that the occurrence of several distinct amino acids at the C-terminus of proteins is non-random. We have analysed all Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins predicted by computer databases and found lysine to be the most frequent residue both at the last (-1) and at the penultimate amino acid (-2) positions. To test the hypothesis that C-terminal basic residues efficiently bind to phospholipids we randomly expressed GST-fusion proteins from a yeast genomic library. Fifty-four different peptide fragments were found to bind phospholipids and 40% of them contained lysine/arginine residues at the (-1) or (-2) positions. One peptide showed high sequence similarity with the yeast protein Sip18p. Mutational analysis revealed that both C-terminal lysine residues of Sip18p are essential for phospholipid-binding in vitro. We assume that basic amino acid residues at the (-1) and (-2) positions in C-termini are suitable to attach the C-terminus of a given protein to membrane components such as phospholipids, thereby stabilizing the spatial structure of the protein or contributing to its subcellular localization. This mechanism could be an additional explanation for the C-terminal amino acid bias observed in proteins of several species. (+info)

Contribution of basic residues of the A helix of heparin cofactor II to heparin- or dermatan sulfate-mediated thrombin inhibition. (6/107)

Inhibition of thrombin by heparin cofactor II (HCII) is accelerated 1000-fold by heparin or dermatan sulfate. To investigate the contribution of basic residues of the A helix of HCII to this activation, we constructed amino acid substitutions (K101Q, R103L, and R106L) by site-directed mutagenesis. K101Q greatly reduced heparin cofactor activity and required a more than 10-fold higher concentration of dermatan sulfate to accelerate thrombin inhibition compared with wild-type recombinant HCII. Thrombin inhibition by R106L was not significantly stimulated by dermatan sulfate. These results provide evidence that basic residues of the A helix of HCII (Lys(101) and Arg(106)) are necessary for heparin- or dermatan sulfate-accelerated thrombin inhibition. (+info)

Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved charged amino acid residues in ClpB from Escherichia coli. (7/107)

ClpB is a member of a multichaperone system in Escherichia coli (with DnaK, DnaJ, and GrpE) that reactivates strongly aggregated proteins. The sequence of ClpB contains two ATP-binding domains, each containing Walker consensus motifs. The N- and C-terminal sequence regions of ClpB do not contain known functional motifs. In this study, we performed site-directed mutagenesis of selected charged residues within the Walker A motifs (Lys212 and Lys611) and the C-terminal region of ClpB (Asp797, Arg815, Arg819, and Glu826). We found that the mutations K212T, K611T, D797A, R815A, R819A, and E826A did not significantly affect the secondary structure of ClpB. The mutation of the N-terminal ATP-binding site (K212T), but not of the C-terminal ATP-binding site (K611T), and two mutations within the C-terminal domain (R815A and R819A) inhibited the self-association of ClpB in the absence of nucleotides. The defects in self-association of these mutants were also observed in the presence of ATP and ADP. The four mutants K212T, K611T, R815A, and R819A showed an inhibition of chaperone activity, which correlated with their low ATPase activity in the presence of casein. Our results indicate that positively charged amino acids that are located along the intersubunit interface (this includes Lys212 in the Walker A motif of the N-terminal ATP-binding domain as well as Arg815 and Arg819 in the C-terminal domain) participate in intersubunit salt bridges and stabilize the ClpB oligomer. Interestingly, we have identified a conserved residue within the C-terminal domain (Arg819) which does not participate directly in nucleotide binding but is essential for the chaperone activity of ClpB. (+info)

Complete replacement of basic amino acid residues with cysteines in Rickettsia prowazekii ATP/ADP translocase. (8/107)

The ATP/ADP translocase (Tlc) of Rickettsia prowazekii is a basic protein with isoelectric point (pI)=9.84. It is conceivable, therefore, that basic residues in this protein are involved in electrostatic interactions with negatively charged substrates. We tested this hypothesis by individually mutating all basic residues in Tlc to Cys. Unexpectedly, mutations of only 20 out of 51 basic residues resulted in greater than 80% inhibition of transport activity. Moreover, 12 of 51Cys-substitution mutants exhibited higher than wild-type (WT) activity. At least in one case this up-effect was additive and the double mutant Lys422Cys Lys427Cys transported ATP five-fold better than WT protein. Since in these two single mutants and in the corresponding double mutant K(m)'s were similar to that of WT protein, we conclude that Tlc may have evolved a mechanism that limits the transporter's exchange rate and that at least these two basic residues play a key role in that mechanism. Based on the alignment of 16 Tlc homologs, the loss of activity in the mutants poorly correlates with charge conservation within the Tlc family. Also, despite the presence of three positively charged and one negatively charged intramembrane residues, we have failed to identify potential charge pairs (salt bridges) by either charge reversal or charge neutralization approaches. (+info)

The Basic Amino Acid Antiporter (ArcD) family (TC# 2.A.118) is a constituent of the IT superfamily. This family consists of ... Portal: Biology As of this edit, this article uses content from "2.A.118 The Basic Amino Acid Antiporter (ArcD) Family", which ... Ion transporter superfamily Amino acid transporters DcuC ArsB and ArsAB Transporter Classification Database Lolkema, Juke S.; ... The proteins are of about 480 amino acyl residues (aas) in length and have 10-12 putative transmembrane segments (TMSs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_amino_acid_antiporter_family

"Effects of truncation of the COOH-terminal region of a Na+-independent neutral and basic amino acid transporter on amino acid ... "Sodium-independent Currents of Opposite Polarity Evoked by Neutral and Cationic Amino Acids in Neutral and Basic Amino Acid ... Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC3A1 gene. Mutations in the ... amino acid transport on substrate affinity of the heteromeric b(0,+) amino acid transporter". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (19): 14331- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_and_basic_amino_acid_transport_protein_rBAT

... venom L-amino acid oxidase". Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 114 (4): 336-43. doi:10.1111/bcpt.12155. PMID 24118879 ... In enzymology, an L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) (EC 1.4.3.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction an L-amino acid + ... The mechanism proceeds via oxidative deamination of the L-amino acid, which affords an imino acid intermediate. Following ... The specific activities of sv-LAAOs with various L-amino acids have been explored. Many studies show that a number of sv-LAAOs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-amino-acid_oxidase

It is a basic amino acid. Some cells synthesize argininosuccinic acid from citrulline and aspartic acid and use it as a ... Argininosuccinic acid is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that is an important intermediate in the urea cycle. ... Argininosuccinic acid is a precursor to fumarate in the citric acid cycle via argininosuccinate lyase. Argininosuccinate ... Basic amino acids, Guanidines, Dipeptides, Urea cycle). ... Succinic acid (Articles lacking sources from December 2009, All ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argininosuccinic_acid

ISBN 1-57259-153-6.. (Proteinogenic amino acids, Basic amino acids). ... Arginine and proline metabolism is one of the central pathways for the biosynthesis of the amino acids arginine and proline ... Thus, the net utilization or production of these amino acids is highly dependent on cell type and developmental stage. Altered ... Proline is biosynthetically derived from the amino acid L-glutamate. Glutamate-5-semialdehyde is first formed by glutamate 5- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine_and_proline_metabolism

Kresge, Nicole; Simoni, Robert D.; Hill, Robert L. (2007). "The Determination of the Basic Amino Acids of Proteins: the Work of ... Bradford Vickery, Hubert (1972), The History of the Discovery of the Amino Acids II. A Review of Amino Acids Described Since ... doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)85578-8. Vickery, Hubert Bradford; Leavenworth, Charles S. (1928). "The basic amino acids of horse ... He then began to examine the amino acid composition of proteins and went on to examine those of haemoglobin. He examined the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Bradford_Vickery

Two types of amino acid clusters have been observed, a serine cluster and a basic cluster. Its function(s) are unknown. However ... It is 360 amino acids in length. It is expressed ubiquitously but only in G1/S phase of the cell cycle. The human and mouse ... The amino acid change is conservative and is unlikely to massively alter protein function. However, the editing site may be ... Editing occurs at a K/R editing site within amino acid position 225 of the final protein. Using RT-PCR and sequencing of 100 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARL6IP4

Other kairomones include: Enzymatic hydrolysates of casein, yeast, and soy; the amino acids arginine, glutamine, phenylalanine ... for basic proteins; fruits from A. suspensa's normal hosts, for farnesol, α-phellandrene, 3-carene; corn hydrolysate for ... for basic proteins; yeast hydrolysate, regurgitated drops, and cut guava fruits, for protein; Brewer's yeast hydrolysate for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastrepha_suspensa

Amino acids are the basic components of proteins. Protein requirements are species-specific. Carnivorous fish need a greater ... essential fatty acids and eight amino acids required for complete nutrition. Whole wheat (carbohydrates) is not the best source ... An example of an aquatic diet that is a good source of amino acid is a crumbled hard boiled egg offered to small fry. Large ... Squid Meal is a highly digestible protein source for fish which provides a full range of amino acids, vitamins, minerals and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feed

Wüthrich K, Wagner G (February 1975). "NMR investigations of the dynamics of the aromatic amino acid residues in the basic ... The amino acid sequence for bovine BPTI is RPDFC LEPPY TGPCK ARIIR YFYNA KAGLC QTFVY GGCRA KRNNF KSAED CMRTC GGA. There are 10 ... It has a molecular weight of 6512 and consists of 16 different amino acid types arranged in a chain 58 residues long that folds ... The linear sequence of the 58 amino acids". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 18 (2): 255-8. doi:10.1016/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprotinin

A rule of thumb for determining the D/L isomeric form of an amino acid is the "CORN" rule. The groups COOH, R, NH2 and H (where ... Moss, G. P. (1 January 1996). "Basic terminology of stereochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. ... For most amino acids, the L form corresponds to an S absolute stereochemistry, but is R instead for certain side-chains. ... For this reason, the D/L system remains in common use in certain areas of biochemistry, such as amino acid and carbohydrate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_configuration

Amino acid neurotransmitters". In G. Siegel; et al. (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry. University of Michigan: Raven Press. pp. 311- ... caprylic and heptanoic acids), lactate, acetate, and possibly amino acids. Information from the sense organs is collected in ... Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated ... Although the same basic components are present in all vertebrate brains, some branches of vertebrate evolution have led to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

Gibson BW, Gilliom RD, Whitaker JN, Biemann K (April 1984). "Amino acid sequence of human myelin basic protein peptide 45-89 as ... Carnegie PR (June 1971). "Amino acid sequence of the encephalitogenic basic protein from human myelin". The Biochemical Journal ... It does contain some exceptions to normal IDP amino acid content. For example, MBP has more arginine and less glutamic acid ... The complete amino acid sequence". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 246 (18): 5770-5784. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)61872-1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin_basic_protein

... its basic properties cause it to be predominantly classified as a polar amino acid. Aromatic amino acids absorb ultraviolet ... An aromatic amino acid is an amino acid that includes an aromatic ring. Among the 20 standard amino acids, the following are ... Aromatic amino acids also play a crucial role in glycan-protein interactions. Aromatic amino acids play critical roles in ... Media related to Aromatic amino acids at Wikimedia Commons Aromatic+Amino+Acids at the US National Library of Medicine Medical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acid

... consists of 417 amino acids and weighs 47037Da. CKMT1A is rich in amino acids with hydroxyl-containing and basic side ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKMT1A

Walker JM (1994). "The Dansyl Method for Identifying N-Terminal Amino Acids". Basic Protein and Peptide Protocols. Methods Mol ... Dansyl chloride is widely used to modify amino acids; specifically, protein sequencing and amino acid analysis. Dansyl chloride ... fluorescence intensity of dansyl amino acids and dansyl proteins in aqueous media and its application to assay of amino acids ... This, in combination with their ability to accept energy (as in fluorescence resonance energy transfer) from the amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansyl_chloride

It is 54 amino acids long. It was first extracted and identified in 2000, as a result of basic research by Jack Stewart of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soricidin

The N-terminal region contains 12 basic amino acids which can be taken as signature as it is present in only coronin proteins. ... The number of amino acids in this region varies greatly. The unique region of Dictyostelium has 22 amino acids whereas ... Contain 450-650 amino acids with C-terminus coiled coil region of 30-40 amino acids that mediates homophilic dimerization and/ ... The WD-repeat is a structural motif comprising approximately 40 amino acids usually ending with the amino acid sequence ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronin

These preferentially cleave C-terminally to paired basic amino acids. Members of this subfamily can be identified by subtly ... Over 200 subtilases are presently known, more than 170 of which with their complete amino acid sequence. Subtilase is ... with the mature catalytic domains containing approximately 375 amino acids. The defining features of these enzymes are a unique ... catalytic triad, Ser/Glu/Asp, as well as the presence of an aspartic acid residue in the oxyanion hole. High-resolution crystal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtilase

... is a basic peptide consisting of 26 amino acids. The principal function of melittin as a component of bee venom is to ... the N-terminal part of the molecule is predominantly hydrophobic and the C-terminal part is hydrophilic and strongly basic. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melittin

Each subunit has 245 amino acid residues. It has a basic leucine zipper domain, a characteristic of many transcription factors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BZLF1

Examples of zwitterions are amino acids, many metabolites, peptides, and proteins. Solid salts tend to be transparent, as ... Neutral salts are those salts that are neither acidic nor basic. Zwitterions contain an anionic and a cationic centre in the ... carbonic acid) Chloride Cl− (hydrochloric acid) Citrate HOC(COO− )(CH 2COO− ) 2 (citric acid) Cyanide C≡N− (hydrocyanic acid) ... nitric acid) Nitrite NO− 2 (nitrous acid) Oxide O2− (water) Phosphate PO3− 4 (phosphoric acid) Sulfate SO2− 4 (sulfuric acid) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)

... has 22 amino acids and molecular weight of 2698 Daltons. In extract from human gut and plasma, there are two basic ... The sequences of amino acids of motilin is: Phe-Val-Pro-Ile-Phe-Thr-Tyr-Gly-Glu-Leu-Gln-Arg-Met-Gln-Glu-Lys-Glu-Arg-Asn-Lys-Gly ... Based on amino acid sequence, motilin is unrelated to other hormones. Because of its ability to stimulate gastric activity, it ... The second form, on the other hand, is larger and contains the same 22 amino acids as the first form but includes an additional ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilin

... is a 117-kDa cytoskeletal protein with 1066 amino acids. The protein contains an acidic N-terminal domain and a basic ... Translation of the extra exon causes a 68- to 79-amino acid acid-rich insert between helices I and II within the C-terminal ... Essentially, there is an 835 amino acid N-terminal head, which is split into four domains. This is linked to the C-terminal ... unfurling of the C-terminal hydrophobic hairpin loop of tail domain is impaired by the negative charges of the 68-amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinculin

In total, the TTC16 protein is 873 amino acids in length. There are two isoforms, of which variant 1 is the longest. There are ... "PB2 - Polymerase basic protein 2 - Influenza A virus (strain A/Wilson-Smith/1933 H1N1) - PB2 gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. ... There is only one known case of TTC16 interaction, involving polymerase basic protein 2 (pb2). Pb2 is involved in transcription ... The molecular weight is 98.3 kdal and the isoelectric point is 9.15 making TTC16 a basic protein. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetratricopeptide_repeat_domain_16_isoform_1

... -III is a basic polypeptide, consisting of 29 amino acid residues. It has a molecular mass of 3286.58 Da. Raventoxin- ... Raventoxin-I consists of 43 amino acid residues. It has a molecular mass of 4840.11 Da. The toxin is partially homologous to δ- ... Raventoxin-VI consists of 51 amino acid residues, and has a molecular weight of 5371.6 Da. All described raventoxins have shown ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raventoxin

Amino Acids". The Cell's Basic Metabolism. Botany online -The Internet Hypertextbook. "Proline P (Pro)". Biochemistry § The ... instead of the amino group found in amino acids. Proline is considered and usually referred to as an amino acid, but unlike ... The neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 (affecting glycine, proline, and other neutral amino acids like cysteine and ... "Molecular characteristics of mammalian and insect amino acid transporters: implications for amino acid homeostasis". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iminoglycinuria

Each sequence includes a combination of standard and sulphur-containing amino acids. Although the basic structure can be ... The recently identified protein family is enriched in aromatic and sulfur-containing amino acids, and is utilized by certain ... Reflectin is a disordered protein made up of conserved amino acid sequences. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectin

... see basic amino acids in (provided table (sort by pH)) of certain amino acids in the "basic" domain, such as lysines and ... or leucine-like amino acids. These amino acids are spaced out in each region's polypeptide sequence in such a way that when the ... The bZIP domain is 60 to 80 amino acids in length with a highly conserved DNA binding basic region and a more diversified ... The NFIL3 protein has 462 amino acids including a b-ZIP domain . The N-terminal portion of the domain contains the basic motif ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine_zipper

Both share an acid residue Glutamic acid 216 of the enzyme that bridges the two cations. Two basic amino acids surround the ... Kitahara, K. (1966). "Studies on Lactic Acid Bacteria". Nyusankin No Kenkyu: 67~69. Buchanan, R.E.; Gibbons, N.E. (1974). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylose_isomerase

PelB (an amino acid signal sequence that targets the protein to the periplasm where a signal peptidase then cleaves off PelB) ... Ledsgaard L, Kilstrup M, Karatt-Vellatt A, McCafferty J, Laustsen AH (2018). "Basics of antibody phage display technology" (PDF ... Usually peptides that can be fused to pVIII are 6-8 amino acids long. The size restriction seems to have less to do with ... Moreover, pIII allows for the insertion of larger protein sequences (>100 amino acids) and is more tolerant to it than pVIII. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display

... the membrane-binding domain consists of a series of amphipathic α helices with several hydrophobic amino acids exposed to a ... Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 10 (3): 192-6. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2010.2684. PMC 5504494. PMID 20846124. EntrezGene 5743 Menter DG, ... Arachidonic acid can bind to E-cat and E-allo, but the affinity of AA for E-allo is 25 times that for Ecat. Palmitic acid, an ... However, oxygenation of 10,10-difluoroarachidonic acid to 11-(S )-hydroxyeicosa-5,8,12,14-tetraenoic acid is not consistent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin-endoperoxide_synthase_2

Execution for help rendered to Jews, even the most basic kinds, was automatic. In any apartment block or area where Jews were ... The guerrillas were armed with only one machine gun, several dozen pistols, Molotov cocktails and bottles filled with acid. The ... Marina Sorokina; Tarik Cyril Amar (2014). Michael David-Fox; Peter Holquist; Alexander M. Martin (eds.). The Holocaust in the ... Basic Books. ISBN 9780465032976 - via Google Books. Fleron, Jr (5 July 2017). Soviet Foreign Policy 1917-1991: Classic and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland

This domain is approximately 150 amino acids in length and is always found located at the N-termini of proteins. The domain ... An N-terminal helix folds back, forming a deep basic groove that forms the binding pocket for the Ins(1,4,5)P3 ligand. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENTH_domain

Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from four basic classes of molecules: amino acids, ... lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts. All amino acids are synthesized from ... amino acids can be linked in varying sequences to form a huge variety of proteins. Proteins are made from amino acids that have ... which is then transaminated to form an amino acid. Amino acids are made into proteins by being joined in a chain of peptide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

The horse's hoof contains a high proportion of sulfur-containing amino acids which contribute to its resilience and toughness. ... Williams, Carey A. (April 2004). "The Basics of Equine Nutrition". Equine Science Center. Rutgers University. FS #038. Mina C G ... Pepsin allows for the further breakdown of proteins into amino acid chains. Other enzymes include resin and lipase. ... In the stomach, assorted acids and the enzyme pepsin break down food. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_anatomy

... identification of a repeated basic amino acid motif within the C-terminal binding region". Journal of Virology. 66 (9): 5347-56 ... amino acid analysis and amino terminal amino acid sequence". Science. 207 (4430): 525-6. Bibcode:1980Sci...207..525K. doi: ... Bruce Merrifield, using solid phase peptide synthesis, one amino acid at a time. He later won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. ... Tan YH, Barakat F, Berthold W, Smith-Johannsen H, Tan C (August 1979). "The isolation and amino acid/sugar composition of human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

The cytosol of the host cell contains nutrients, adenosine triphosphate, amino acids, and nucleotides which are used by the ... He and others characterized the basic epidemiological features of the disease, including the role of tick vectors. Their ... On May 19, 1924, Spencer put a large dose of mashed wood ticks, from lot 2351B, and some weak carbolic acid into his arm by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever

Sugars such as glucose and fructose can react with certain amino acids such as lysine and arginine and certain DNA bases such ... Basic blood biochemistry and cell counts can also be used to accurately predict the chronological age. It is also possible to ... All evolutionary theories of aging rest on the basic mechanisms that the force of natural selection declines with age. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescence

Some examples also contain stretches of basic amino acids, or stretches of aromatic amino acids thought to reside in the ... Viroporins are usually small - under 100 or 120 amino acid residues - and contain at least one region capable of folding into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroporin

... spans 110,720 base pairs, and contains 827 amino acids. There are two isoforms of the gene transcript that exist by ... https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253671 "BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool". blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-04- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM178B

Meierhenrich, Uwe (2008). Amino acids and the asymmetry of life caught in the act of formation. Berlin: Springer. pp. 76-78. ... But when ACC forms in a solution with a basic initial pH, the transformation to calcite occurs via metastable vaterite, ... and D-amino acids. Rhombohedral faces are not chiral. Calcite is transparent to opaque and may occasionally show ... "Chiral acidic amino acids induce chiral hierarchical structure in calcium carbonate". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 15066. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite

19 February 2019). "Exceptionally high δ15N values in collagen single amino acids confirm Neandertals as high-trophic level ... Basic Books, New York. Johns, T.A., Kubo, I. 1988. A survey of traditional methods employed for the detoxification of plant ... Isotope analyses performed on single amino acids in Neanderthals' collagen samples shed new light on their debated diet". ... Basic books. ISBN 978-0-465-07165-4.[permanent dead link] p. 2 Milton, Katharine (2002). "Hunter-gatherer diets: wild foods ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic

Substances reabsorbed include: water, sodium chloride, glucose, amino acids, lactate, magnesium, calcium phosphate, uric acid, ... Mescher AL (2016). Junqueira's Basic Histology (14th ed.). Lange. ISBN 978-0-07-184268-6. "The Kidney Tubule I: Urine ... primarily glucose and amino acids).: 400-401 The loop of Henle is a U-shaped tube that extends from the proximal tubule. It ... by removing two amino acids: this is accomplished by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). This sequence of events is referred ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron

As the proportion of amino acids rises, the sake tastes more savory. This number is determined by titration of the sake with a ... There are two basic types of sake: Futsū-shu (普通酒, ordinary sake) and Tokutei meishō-shu (特定名称酒, special-designation sake). ... Iron will bond with an amino acid produced by the kōji to produce off flavors and a yellowish color. Manganese, when exposed to ... aldehydes and amino acids, among other unknown factors. Tōji (杜氏) is the job title of the sake brewer, named after Du Kang. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake

The different amino acids cause antibiotics, that target cell walls like penicillin, to be ineffective against ... The basic components are N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid (bacterial peptidoglycan containing N- ... These sugars are made of different amino acids, and the peptide cross-links within pseudopeptidoglycan are formed with ... different amino acids. The peptide bond is formed between the lysine of a N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid and a glutamine of a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudopeptidoglycan

... aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. The release of ... ISBN 978-0-7817-9121-2. Chrousos, George (1995). Stress: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. New York, NY: New York ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathoadrenal_system

... an amino acid such as glutamate on the surface of a protein can have its side chain carboxylic acid deprotonated in ... in order to prevent the adsorption of basic proteins, a positively charged surface should be used). Polymers are very useful in ... environments with pH greater than 4.1 to produce a charged amino acid at the surface, which would create an interfacial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_charge

... by the reaction of the amino acid glycine with succinyl-CoA from the citric acid cycle. In plants, algae, bacteria (except for ... Dougherty TJ (2001). "Basic principles of photodynamic therapy". Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines. 5 (2): 105. doi: ... aromatic amino acids, and nucleic acid heterocyclic bases, to produce oxidative radicals that damage the cell, possibly ... the committed step for porphyrin biosynthesis is the formation of δ-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA, 5-ALA or dALA) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyrin

... a derivative of amino acid beta-alanine), oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE, a natural compound) and OLE's active ingredient para- ... Hu L (13 May 2019). "Patient education: What to do after a tick bite to prevent Lyme disease (Beyond the Basics)". www.uptodate ... The spirochetes may also induce host cells to secrete quinolinic acid, which stimulates the NMDA receptor on nerve cells, which ... the IDSA recommends treatment with cefuroxime or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, as these are effective against both infections. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease

... charge due to the primary structure consisting mostly of basic amino acids. An amino acid that is crucial to histatin's ... The three major histatins are 1, 3, and 5, which contains 38, 32, and 24 amino acids, respectively. Histatin 2 is a degradation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histatin

... the electrosynthesis of the tetramethyl ester of ethanetetracarboxylic acid from the corresponding malonate ester α-amino acids ... The basic setup in electrosynthesis is a galvanic cell, a potentiostat and two electrodes. Typical solvent and electrolyte ... Cathodic reduction of a carboxylic acid (oxalic acid) to an aldehyde (glyoxylic acid, shows as the rare aldehyde form) in a ... Amines, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and sulfonic acids are converted to perfluorinated derivatives using this technology. A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrosynthesis

... which has raised questions about whether TDP must be deprotonated by a basic amino acid at a second site away from the ... a TPP-dependent enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of branched chain amino acids in certain organisms. Sequence alignments ... Dailey FE, Cronan JE (February 1986). "Acetohydroxy acid synthase I, a required enzyme for isoleucine and valine biosynthesis ... Chipman D, Barak Z, Schloss JV (June 1998). "Biosynthesis of 2-aceto-2-hydroxy acids: acetolactate synthases and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalyl-CoA_decarboxylase

The Ugi reaction using an isonitrile, amino acid, aldehyde and amine, can produce a dipeptide in equally high yield and optical ... 2,5-DKPs epimerize under basic, acidic and thermal conditions. The composition of the cis and trans isomers in the equilibrium ... As a consequence of their predominant biosynthetic origin from L-α-amino acids most naturally occurring 2,5-DKPs are cis ... This approach is useful for the production of unnatural amino acids with stereochemical control. The diketopiperazine skeleton ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Diketopiperazine

... and the His-141 amino acid is necessary for magnesium coordination. The amino acid Asn-251 also appears to be catalytic, and ... The identification of critical control points in the cell death pathway has yielded fundamental insights for basic biology, as ... Wu SL, Li CC, Chen JC, Chen YJ, Lin CT, Ho TY, Hsiang CY (15 January 2009). "Mutagenesis identifies the critical amino acid ... Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR (Aug 1972). "Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENDOG

"Intracellular localization and partial amino acid sequence of a stress-inducible 40-kDa protein in HeLa cells". Cell Structure ... Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR (Aug 1972). "Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue ... Nucleic Acids Research. 15 (13): 5181-97. doi:10.1093/nar/15.13.5181. PMC 305955. PMID 3037489. Rensing SA, Maier UG (Jul 1994 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA8

Urinary amino acid and nitrogen excretion, both indirect measures of catabolism of lean body mass, are elevated during both ... Thus, even an approach as basic as thoughtful scheduling of daily tasks could serve to help mitigate risk. From the above ... However, when a fatty acid substrate was tested, a reduction in the capacity of different muscle types to oxidize the long- ... When animals return from spaceflight of even short duration (days), their basic activity patterns are altered. The center of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_effects_in_space

Due to the amino acid sequence and the periodicity of the helices, the leucine side chains are arranged along one face of the α ... The basic region of the bZIP domain is just upstream to the leucine zipper, and contains positively charged residues. This ... which consist of clusters of negatively charged amino acids in its N-terminal half that are important for transcriptional ... 2007). "Retinoic acid inhibits serum-stimulated activator protein-1 via suppression of c-fos and c-jun gene expressions during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP-1_transcription_factor

Bergeron, M; Layrargues, GP; Butterworth, RF (September 1989). "Aromatic and branched-chain amino acids in autopsied brain ... The overall design varies between different BAL systems, but they largely follow the same basic structure, with patient blood ... "The role of plasma amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy". Surgery. 78 (3): 276-90. PMID 807982. Loock, J; Stange, J; Mitzner, ... "Albumin dialysis improves hepatic encephalopathy and decreases circulating phenolic aromatic amino acids in patients with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_support_system

To identify amino acid residues responsible for the tRNA recognition, we have carried out the alanine substitution mutagenesis ... Functional categorization of the conserved basic amino acid residues in TrmH (tRNA (Gm18) methyltransferase) enzymes J Biol ... we have carried out the alanine substitution mutagenesis of the basic amino acid residues that are conserved only in TrmH ... To identify amino acid residues responsible for the tRNA recognition, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16963456/

... and amino acid cartridges are suited for protein & peptides synthesis applications ... Charged Amino Acids. Positively charged (basic). *Arginine (Arg). *Histidine (His). *Lysine (Lys) ... AMINO ACIDS & SYNTHESIS REAGENTS. Standard Amino Acids (D & L). Our collection of standard D & L, and amino acid cartridges are ... Each amino acid carries a unique R group that renders it with specific chemical properties. In turn, the amino acids in a ...

https://www.anaspec.com/en/standard-amino-acids

Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins in the body. ... test done on infants that looks at the amounts of amino acids ... Basic examination of urine. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henrys Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. ... Plasma amino acids is a screening test done on infants that looks at the amounts of amino acids in the blood. Amino acids are ... Amino acids, peptides, and proteins. In: Rifai N, Chiu RWK, Young I, Burnham C-A D, Wittwer CT, eds. Tietz Textbook of ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003361.htm

D-Amino acids are naturally occurring. Our previous work demonstrated that some D-amino acids are biocide enhancers. Under a ... Our previous work demonstrated that some D-amino acids are biocide enhancers. Under a biocide stress of 50 ppm (w/w) ... The data also indicated that individual D-amino acids were inadequate for the biofilm consortia. ... The data also indicated that individual D-amino acids were inadequate for the biofilm consortia. ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00896/full

Introduction The organic compounds that contain both the carboxyl and amino groups are Amino acids. So there are ... ... Structure of Amino acid. The basic structure of all the amino acids is the same. It consists of a central carbon that is the ... 1. Which is the smallest amino acid structure?. The nonessential amino acid, glycine is the smallest among the amino acids. ... There are mainly two types of amino acids that are essential and nonessential amino acids. Essential amino acids need to be ...

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/amino-acids-properties-functions-sources

Insertions of codons encoding basic amino acids in H7 hemagglutinins of influenza A viruses occur by recombination with RNA at ... Dive into the research topics of Insertions of codons encoding basic amino acids in H7 hemagglutinins of influenza A viruses ...

https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/insertions-of-codons-encoding-basic-amino-acids-in-h7-hemagglutin/fingerprints/

Dive into the research topics of Cell-surface receptor for ecotropic murine retroviruses is a basic amino-acid transporter. ... Cell-surface receptor for ecotropic murine retroviruses is a basic amino-acid transporter. ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cell-surface-receptor-for-ecotropic-murine-retroviruses-is-a-basi-2/fingerprints/

This work was supported by the Applied Basic Research Program of Sichuan Province (nos. 2015JY0100 and LZ-LY-45), the ... th physicochemical value of amino acid residue . The value is obtained by. where is the th physicochemical original value of ... Various sequence features descriptors such as amino acid composition [36, 37], pseudo amino acid composition (PseAAC) [38], ... Identification of Bacterial Cell Wall Lyases via Pseudo Amino Acid Composition. Xin-Xin Chen. ,1Hua Tang. ,2Wen-Chao Li. ,1Hao ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2016/1654623/

... primary acid amides, secondary acid amides, polyamides (nylons) & polypeptides, tertiary acid amides, diazonium salts and azo ... dyes, nitro-aromatics, acid nitriles via displayed formula of molecules, graphic formula, molecular formula, skeletal formula, ... is the basic condensation polymeric process.. (1) KEVLAR is formed from benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and 1,4-diaminobenzene ... amino acids molecules, displayed formula of amino acids molecules, shapes of amino acids molecules, isomers of amino acids ...

https://www.docbrown.info/page06/organonitrogen1.htm

2S)-2-[3-(AMINOMETHYL)PHENYL]-3-{(S)-HYDROXY[(1R)-2-METHYL-1-{[(2-PHENYLETHYL)SULFONYL]AMINO}PROPYL]PHOSPHORYL}PROPANOIC ACID: ... pKa (Strongest Basic). 9.23. Chemaxon. Physiological Charge. -1. Chemaxon. Hydrogen Acceptor Count. 7. Chemaxon. ... Amine / Amino acid / Amino acid or derivatives / Aminosulfonyl compound / Aralkylamine / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / ... Amino acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Organopnictogen compounds / Organophosphorus compounds ...

https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB06835

Classroom sessions of this module aims to teach fundamental concepts in biochemistry including topics on Amino Acids, Protein ... Describe the basic aspects of Michelis-Menten enzyme kinetics and catalysis.. *Describe the main aspects of the structures and ... Describe the structures and functions of amino acids.. *Describe the structure and biological function relationship of proteins ... Identify the key features of amino acids, proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, nucleotides and lipids and use these features in ...

https://www.sabanciuniv.edu/syllabus/courses.php?year=2022&term=01&subject=BIO&code=321&lan=eng

Amino acid general formula and classification • Amino acids consist of: • a basic amino group ( -NH 2) • an acidic carboxyl ... aliphatic amino acids b) all amino acids c) Non-polar amino acids d) aromatic amino acids Online Practice test on. Amino acids ... glucogenic amino acid B. ketogenic amino acid C. ketogenic and glucogenic amino acid D. keto-gluco amino acid. non active amino ... the match in amino acid sequencs is perfect, except for the amino acids at 3 positions. Amino acid X and amino acid Y both have ...

http://jacquidankworth.com/vyhhrxyj/daf53e-amino-acid-mcq-with-answers-pdf

... are amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH ... Basic Amino Acids "Basic Amino Acids" Basic Amino Acid. In protein science, Basic Amino Acids, as organic compounds, are amino ... Amino acids, Peptides, and Analogues. ⌊Amino Acids and derivatives. ⌊Charged Amino Acids. ⌊Basic Amino Acids ... the proteinogenic amino acid, Lysine (Lys/K), is a classed as both a basic amino acid and a diamino amino acid, with the ...

https://wellnessadvantage.com/?dgl=70058

... but they are mostly made of varying combinations of the same basic ingredients: caffeine, creatine, BCAAs amino acids, B- ... "9 Essential Amino Acids." PurMEDICA, 24 Sept. 2015, www.purmedica.com/9-essential-amino-acids/. ... most of them do contain the 9 essential amino acids, more specifically, BCAAs. BCAAs are three of the essential amino acids ... This is an amino acid that is responsible for dilating blood vessels, which increases blood flow to muscles. Your brain is a ...

https://www.villagevoice.com/2022/04/18/the-top-19-best-pre-workout-supplements-reviewed/

The basic structure of protein is a chain of amino acids. .... Image ... NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS. Nonessential means that our bodies can produce the amino acid, even if we do not get it from the food ... Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins. Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life.. Proteins. ... Amino acids - illustration Amino acids are either essential, which must be supplied by food, or nonessential, which are made in ...

https://www.limamemorial.org/health-library/HIE%20Multimedia/1/002222

This glossary will help you understand everything about amino acids ... A substance that produces umami, one of the five basic tastes. Known umami substances include glutamate from kombu, inosinic ... Non-Essential Amino Acid. Amino acids that can be made by our bodies are called non-essential amino acids. Other amino acids ... Sulfur-Containing Amino Acid. Amino acids such as methionine and cystine are called "sulfur-containing amino acids" because ...

https://www.ajinomoto.com/amino-acids/amino-acid-glossary

Differences in the Interaction of Heparin with Arginine and Lysine and the Importance of Basic Amino Acids in the Binding of ... Differences in the Interaction of Heparin with Arginine and Lysine and the Importance of Basic Amino Acids in the Binding of ... amino acid residues 110-130) from acidic fibroblast growth factor, which contained four lysine and two arginine residues, ... This can be rationalized by soft acid, soft base concepts.; Description. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 323, 279-287 ...

https://dspace.rpi.edu/handle/20.500.13015/5943

In this paper the influence of basic pH on amino acid racemization and leaching of aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), ... In this paper the influence of basic pH on amino acid racemization and leaching of aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), ... In this paper the influence of basic pH on amino acid racemization and leaching of aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), ... In this paper the influence of basic pH on amino acid racemization and leaching of aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), ...

https://experts.nau.edu/en/publications/effects-of-basic-ph-on-amino-acid-racemization-and-leaching-in-fr

These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Cookie. Duration. Description. ... the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic ...

https://www.breakspearmedical.com/product-category/amino-acids/?add-to-cart=2976

Vitamins are organic compounds made by combining basic elements that will help your plants flourish. Amino Acids are required ... The amino acids act as chelating molecules of essential nutrients during all stages of plant development. ... MICROBE Life Hydroponics Vitamins & Amino Acids contains a blend of all of the essential micronutrients and minerals required ...

https://www.hydrofarm.com/p/vitamin-amino-acids/ml21369

... that displays multiple carboxylic acid moieties capable of binding calcium ions and facilitating their biomineralization with ... non-essential amino acids (5 mL); and 2 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor. Medium was aspirated and replaced prior to HMSC ... non-essential amino acids (5 mL); dexamethasone (100 nM); β-glycerol phosphate (10 mM); and ascorbic acid (50 µM). Thereafter, ... amino acid sequence: GSSAAAAAAAASGPGGYGPENQGPSGPGGYGPGGP) and is referred to hereafter as eADF4(C16). Production and ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/9/7/560

Single basic amino acid (PQIATR†G). Single basic amino acid (PQIATR†G). Single basic amino acid (PQIETR†G). HA cleavage. ... PB, polymerase basic; HA, hemagglutinin; NA, neuraminidase; M, matrix; NS, nonstructural protein.. †HA cleavage site. ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/12/14-1229-t2

Amino Acid Building Blocks for Efficient Fmoc Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptides Adenylylated at Serine or Threonine , The first ... The basic structural and mechanistic properties of these proteins and their interactions with partner proteins and membranes ... Using this method a significant proportion of the proteinogenic amino acids could be incorporated as C-terminal amino acid ... Due to the low nucleophilicity of the adenine NH 2 relative to the α-amino group of amino acids, the lack of protection is ...

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51747162_Amino_Acid_Building_Blocks_for_Efficient_Fmoc_Solid-Phase_Synthesis_of_Peptides_Adenylylated_at_Serine_or_Threonine

Protein and amino acids are basically the building blocks for all tissue in our body. All protein has four calories per gram. ... Trish, since the right that is so important to your results, I thought it would be important to include the basics in the group ... The omega three fatty acids contained in fish oil are essential fatty acids that reduce the risk of heart attack and lower ... You also get exist exercise videos and, as a bonus, including my 100 people body made basics with 44 additional exercises. I ...

https://www.skillshare.com/en/classes/12-Minute-Home-HIIT-Workout-Train-At-Home-Burn-Calories/1806275989

This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do ... Fokus Asam Amino Ampul Aktif]. ※ampoule yang melembapkan dengan Asam Amino untuk membuat kulit tembus pandang dan lembap tanpa ... Asam amino memberikan kelembapan esensial dan mengangkat kulit mati untuk menciptakan kilau alami.. ※Formulanya yang tidak ... the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic ...

https://2forcouples.com/product/laneige-focus-active-ampoule-amino-acid-7ml/?add_to_wishlist=14644

... rich in basic amino acids. Monopartite cNLSs are comprised of one basic cluster, typified by the SV40 large T antigen (SV40 TAg ... and X represents any amino acid) [39].Thus, all TNRC6A P3 and/ or P5 cavity mutants adhere to this general monopartite ... with the N-terminal basic cluster located at the minor binding site (ARM repeats 6-8), and the basic residues of the C-terminal ... cNLS (126PKKKRKV132; basic cluster underlined), while bipartite cNLSs contain two basic clusters separated by a 10-12 residue ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0183587

Incorporating The Origin of Life Theme in Organic Chemistry Laboratories: Analyses of Amino Acids ... Incorporating The Origin of Life Theme in Organic Chemistry Laboratories: Analyses of Amino Acids ...

https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/research_symp/2021/posters/41/

Peptides: short chains of amino acids via protein synthesis. Sex hormones, largely steroids, are secreted from gonads and ... Sex steroids initiate the basic female and male anatomies (i.e., organizing effects in sexual differentiation cascade) but also ... Circulating levels of sex hormones then provide the basic organization for gender phenotypes. ...

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Animal_Behavior/Hormones_in_Behavior

Based on the results obtained, amino acids at positions R389, L464, I498, R503, R533, Y541, Y543, F552 and Y553 of H protein ... National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (Award 2016YFD0500108) *Principle Award Recipient: Zhidong Zhang ... Xu Q, Zhang P, Hu C, Liu X, Qi Y et al. Identification of amino acid residues involved in the interaction between measles virus ... Xu F, Tanaka S, Watanabe H, Shimane Y, Iwasawa M et al. Computational analysis of the interaction energies between amino acid ...

https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.001368

... less than 60 amino acids), amphipathic structure and the presence of cationic amino acids in their structure, providing them ... Basic Facts AMPs are small cationic molecules of a variable length. These peptides mainly constitute polar-hydrophilic, ... peptides enriched with repetition of one amino acid, and peptides with intramolecular bonding formed by cysteines. These ... nonpolar-hydrophobic and positively charged amino acids. This special conformation gives the molecule amphipathic and cationic ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/817431_2

Our collection of standard D & L, and amino acid cartridges are suited for protein & peptides synthesis applications. (anaspec.com)
Amino acids, peptides, and proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
These peptides mainly constitute polar-hydrophilic, nonpolar-hydrophobic and positively charged amino acids. (medscape.com)
However, due to their secondary structural characteristics, AMPs could be divided into subcategories that include: α-helical, peptides enriched with repetition of one amino acid, and peptides with intramolecular bonding formed by cysteines. (medscape.com)
They can combine with biomacromolecule such as amino acids, proteins, peptides and DNA in covalent bonds or other forms to form fluorescent complexes or polymers. (bocsci.com)

Example of essential amino acid is histidine, valine, etc. (tutorialspoint.com)
22) Consider all possible tripeptides made of the amino acids tyrosine, histidine and proline. (jacquidankworth.com)
In our body, the some naturally concurring Basic Amino Acids include l-arginine , asparagine (l-asparagine) , glutamine (l-glutamine) , lysine , ornithine , and histidine . (wellnessadvantage.com)
Sometimes, histidine amino acid is incorrectly grouped in aromatic amino acid groups. (differencebetween.com)
An example of how similar an amino acid (histidine) can be to a nucleotide (uracil) with regard to their chemical complexity, supporting the hypothesis that nucleotides could also have been formed in the 'primordial soup. (hubpages.com)
Contrary, for PAM250 the value for the amino acid subsitution Histidine to Aspartic acid is average. (tu-muenchen.de)
The AAs examined in this work include glycine (Gly) and the three basic AAs: histidine (His), lysine (Lys), and arginine (Arg). (nsf.gov)

To identify amino acid residues responsible for the tRNA recognition, we have carried out the alanine substitution mutagenesis of the basic amino acid residues that are conserved only in TrmH enzymes and not in the other SpoU proteins. (nih.gov)
β-alanine is naturally occurring β-amino acid (amino group is at the β position not in the α position) 7. (jacquidankworth.com)
It is made from the amino acids alanine and proline. (ajinomoto.com)
In this paper the influence of basic pH on amino acid racemization and leaching of aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), serine (Ser), and alanine (Ala) in freshwater mollusk shell is addressed. (nau.edu)
Typically, aliphatic amino acids can be found within protein molecules, with two exceptions alanine and glycine, found either inside or outside of a protein molecule. (differencebetween.com)
l -3,4-Dihydroxy-6- 18 F-fluoro-phenyl-alanine ( 18 F-FDOPA) is an amino acid analog used to evaluate presynaptic dopaminergic neuronal function. (snmjournals.org)
Imaging of brain tumors with labeled amino acids or analogs, such as methionine, tyrosine, leucine, alanine, and isobutyric acid, has been reported ( 1 - 5 ). (snmjournals.org)

Read Online Amino Acid Metabolism Mcqs And Answers Multiple Choice Questions- Amino acid and protein chemistry 1-A mutation has changed an isoleucine residue of a protein to Glutamic acid, which statement best describes its location in a endobj Biology MCQs for Class 12 Chapter Wise with Answers PDF Download was Prepared Based on Latest Exam Pattern. (jacquidankworth.com)
Valine, isoleucine and leucine are called branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). (ajinomoto.com)
Leucine, isoleucine and valine are essential amino acids that play important roles in muscle tissue repair. (passionprojectshealth.com)
The following pictures display that the original amino acid Serine looks different to Isoleucine. (tu-muenchen.de)
In this case, the substitution of Serine to Isoleucine acid has very low value that is nearer to the values for the rarest subsitution for PAM1. (tu-muenchen.de)

Amino acids that have an aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine) are called aromatic amino acids. (ajinomoto.com)
These amino acids include phenylalanine, tyrosine , and tryptophan . (differencebetween.com)

Basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play important roles in the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway and abiotic stress response in plants. (usda.gov)
For example, the amino acid methionine has only one codon, ATG, but leucine has six (figure 4). (creation.com)
Leucine and α-ketoisocaproic acid, but not norleucine, stimulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis in neonatal pigs[J]. Journal of Nutrition, 2010, 140(8):1 418-1 424. (cnif.cn)

Electrostatic interactions between sulfate and carboxylate groups on the GAG and basic residues in the protein or peptide dominate the interaction, but the thermodynamics of these electrostatic interactions have not been studied. (rpi.edu)
Three conserved basic residues cluster on the same face of the R3H domain and could play a role in nucleic acid recognition. (rcsb.org)

Apart from the nine essential amino acids all the other amino acids are synthesized in the cells present in our body itself and are given the name nonessential amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)
The structure of essential and nonessential amino acids is shown below. (tutorialspoint.com)
List the essential and nonessential amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)
Examples of Essential and nonessential amino acids are shown below. (tutorialspoint.com)
You do not need to eat essential and nonessential amino acids at every meal, but getting a balance of them over the whole day is important. (limamemorial.org)

Some preformulation studies of pyruvic acid and other α-keto carboxylic acids in aqueous solution: pharmaceutical formulation implications for these peroxide scavengers[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,2019,108(10):3 281-3 288. (cnif.cn)

Rational molecular engineering of L -amino acid deaminase for production of α-ketoisovaleric acid from L -valine by Escherichia coli [J]. RSC Advances, 2017, 7(11):6 615-6 621. (cnif.cn)

a) aliphatic amino acids b) all amino acids c) Non-polar amino acids d) aromatic amino acids Online Practice test on. (jacquidankworth.com)
The key difference between aliphatic and aromatic amino acids is that aliphatic amino acids have no cyclic structures with alternating double-bond characteristics, whereas aromatic amino acids have cyclic structures with alternating double-bond characteristics. (differencebetween.com)
Aliphatic amino acids are amino acids consisting of aliphatic side chains functional groups. (differencebetween.com)
Sometimes, methionine is also considered an aliphatic amino acid, but it contains a sulfur atom in the side chain that makes it fairly non-reactive, like true aliphatic amino acids. (differencebetween.com)
In aliphatic amino acids, when the number of carbon atoms on the side chain increases, hydrophobicity increases. (differencebetween.com)

These compounds are nonpolar and hydrophobic amino acids. (differencebetween.com)
A strong correlation between conservation of hydrophobic amino acids and side-chain solvent protection indicates that the structure of the Smubp-2 R3H domain is representative of R3H domains in general. (rcsb.org)

Fats into fatty acids and glycerol. (pinterest.com)
It's important to have essential fatty acids present in the diet which helps break down to subunits for a number of metabolic functions. (biographypedia.com)
We have essential amino acids â€" that is protein and we have essentially fatty acids which are fats and we have essential vitamins and minerals most of which are readily available in protein and fats. (hannahsutter.com)
They are an excellent source of fatty acids. (dogfoodmanager.com)

Tryptophan is an amino acid. (livestrong.com)
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, which means that you must get it from the foods you eat, because your body cannot produce it. (livestrong.com)
If the light is deflected to the right, the amino acid is given the designation D. Most naturally occurring amino acids are L-amino acids and tryptophan is no exception. (livestrong.com)
L-tryptophan is an amino acid, or protein building block. (betternutrition.com)

The functions of the compound amino acids are many they are a synthesis of porphyrin, synthesis of proteins, synthesis of plant hormones, synthesis of vitamins, etc. (tutorialspoint.com)
Glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, the synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrate molecules, and the release of glucose to the blood. (visiblebody.com)
My goal is to find a synthesis of naturally occurring amino acids to give a healthier option for babies and even for adults and mothers suffering from addiction. (newswise.com)
Three key genes, BsalsS, EcilvC and EcilvD (encoding acetolactate synthase, acetolactate isomerase and dihydroxy acid dehydratase respectively), were cloned in this study into plasmid pETDuet-1 in order to enhance the synthesis of α-ketoisovalerate in E. coli BL21(DE3). (cnif.cn)
pH-dependent chemoselective synthesis of α-amino acids. (cnif.cn)

In protein science , the proteinogenic amino acid , Lysine (Lys/K) , is a classed as both a basic amino acid and a diamino amino acid , with the molecular formula (C 6 H 14 N 2 O 2 ). (wellnessadvantage.com)
In our body, Lysine an essential α-amino acid is important for proper growth and plays a fundamental role in the production of carnitine , helps inhibit the growth of viruses, well known for its use in soothing the effects of herpes, may and improve endurance to stress and battle fatigue. (wellnessadvantage.com)
Differences in the Interaction of Heparin with Arginine and Lysine and the Importance of Basic Amino Acids in the Binding of Heparin to aFGF, J. R. Fromm, R. E. Hileman, E. E. O. Caldwell, J. M. Weiler, R.J. Linhardt, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 323, 279-287, 1995. (rpi.edu)
This gene product was previously reported to be a mitochondrial carnitine-acylcarnitine-like (CACL) translocase (PMID:128829710) or an ornithine transporter (designated ORNT3, PMID:19287344), however, a recent study characterized the main role of this protein as a mitochondrial transporter of basic amino acids, with a preference for arginine and lysine (PMID:24652292). (nih.gov)

Collagen-Tripep 20 is absorbed in the intestinal tract directly as it has the minimum unit size of 3 amino acids (glycine-proline-hydroxyproline). (heal2u.com)
In diet and supplementation, collagen plays an important role - a complete protein with a high content of amino acids (including glycine or proline), which is a fundamental element of connective tissue. (labosal.com)

The amino acid serine has six codons, and there are also three stop codons. (creation.com)
D-serine is a representative D-form amino acid and has crucial roles in mammals, but its role in non-mammals is unclear. (lab-worldwide.com)
Researchers from Japan recently uncovered a functional role of D-serine in a marine invertebrate, which may provide insight into the evolution of D-amino acid function in organisms. (lab-worldwide.com)

These have two hydrogen atoms and one alkyl or aryl group attached to the nitrogen to form the amine or amino group -NH 2 . (docbrown.info)
The basic functional groups in a simple amino acid are the amine group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and a side chain attached to a central carbon atom. (differencebetween.com)

Aspartame is a sweetener made of two amino acids asparagine and phenylalanine. (ajinomoto.com)

In our body, Asparagine (L-Asparagine) , a non-essential amino acid, with derivatives involved in diamino amino acids (dibasic amino Acid) activities is made from Aspartic Acid plus adenosine triphosphate (ATP) . (wellnessadvantage.com)

Living things use 20 different amino acids to make proteins, the macromolecules which carry out almost all functions in the cell. (creation.com)

Cysteine is an amino acid that reduces the amount of black melanin pigmentation made in skin. (ajinomoto.com)

The 20 standard amino acids are "proteinogenic" meaning they are naturally genetically encoded and can be incorporated into proteins during translation. (anaspec.com)
D -Amino acids are naturally occurring. (frontiersin.org)
Methamphetamine has a basic structure that resembles naturally occurring amino acids," she says. (newswise.com)

They re-examined the contents with today's better equipment, like liquid chromatography and mass spectrometers, and found that the electrified volcano's breath produced 23 different amino acids. (scientificamerican.com)

Amino acids have important applications in the human body since they help in food digestion, repairing tissues, proper functioning of enzymes, promoting muscle growth, transportation of molecules, etc. (tutorialspoint.com)
Identify the key features of amino acids, proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, nucleotides and lipids and use these features in frame of a biochemical experimental design and method in a laboratory context, with some guidance. (sabanciuniv.edu)
This is important for tissue repair and growth, cell integrity, body fluids, enzymes, immune elements and important amino acids. (biographypedia.com)

Amino acids in a polypeptide Nucleic acids in a nucleotide Answer- Nucleic acids in a nucleotide Q10) Which one of the following is a non-reducing carbohydrate? (jacquidankworth.com)
In biochemical research, fluorescent probes can label antigens, antibodies and nucleic acids, detect the active sites of proteins, study the damage and repair of DNA base pairs and the chemical reaction activity of drug molecules, and complete the qualitative, quantitative and structural research of biological compounds. (bocsci.com)

Amino acids are polar molecules and will dissolve in water and ethanol. (tutorialspoint.com)
Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins . (limamemorial.org)
Amino acids are the building units of protein molecules and polypeptides . (differencebetween.com)
There are 20 amino acid molecules that humans need. (differencebetween.com)
Since aliphatic amino acid molecules have an equal charge distribution across the molecule, these compounds do not react strongly in the presence of other molecules because there is no distinct positive or negative charge. (differencebetween.com)

In protein science , L-Asparagine (Asn/N) , a basic neutral amino acid , is a non-essential amino acid, with a carboxamide (amino carbonyl) functional side-chain. (wellnessadvantage.com)
Both asparagine and Aspartate are positioned close to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in energy production. (ajinomoto.com)

Amines are often made in the body from amino acids. (ajinomoto.com)
These aromatic amino acids are used to make hormones and various amines in the body. (ajinomoto.com)

Underneath an APB biofilm, the local pH is much more acidic than in the bulk-fluid pH, leading to organic acid attacks. (frontiersin.org)
They are dipolar since they contain both acidic and basic functional groups. (tutorialspoint.com)
were prepared based on … Carboxylic group provides an acidic property to the amino acid while amino group gives it … Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. (jacquidankworth.com)

As amino acids are similar in structure to nucleotides, one could hypothesize that nucleotides would be able to be created in the "primordial soup" as well. (hubpages.com)

The organic compounds that contain both the carboxyl and amino groups are Amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)
So there are two functional groups present in this molecule they are amino (-NH 2 ) and carboxyl groups (-COOH). (tutorialspoint.com)
And also they can participate in chemical reactions which involve the use of the functional groups' carboxyl and an amino group. (tutorialspoint.com)

Amino acids are crystalline colourless organic compounds. (tutorialspoint.com)
In protein science , Basic Amino Acids , as organic compounds , are amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH. (wellnessadvantage.com)

There are several types of methods used to determine the individual amino acid levels in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
b) The requirement for dietary protein is for individual amino acids, not simply the total amount of protein in the diet. (jacquidankworth.com)

Carbohydrate Fat and Protein Metabolism Chart Cheat Sheet Teaching biology Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are digested in the intestine, where they are broken down into their basic units: Carbohydrates into sugars. (pinterest.com)
They are more easily absorbed and contain a very good amino-acid profile without the additional fats that usually accompany animal-based protein. (passionprojectshealth.com)

Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life. (limamemorial.org)
Amino acids are the basic building blocks of all the protein in your body and in your food. (livestrong.com)
Written in an engaging style, this book describes how the basic building blocks of life, the amino acids, formed. (google.cat)
Amino acids are some of the most basic molecular building blocks of life. (creation.com)
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and key nutrients for cell growth and proliferation. (news-medical.net)
Proteins provide the basic building blocks for building muscle tissue - amino acids. (lflus.com)
Tsukuba/Japan - Amino acids are the basic building blocks of living organisms and typically occur in a configuration known as the L-form. (lab-worldwide.com)
They are the basic building blocks of the body as well as being important for immune system functions. (passionprojectshealth.com)
Proteins are degraded in the stomach and intestines into amino-acids, which are then absorbed and used as basic building blocks for our own protein. (passionprojectshealth.com)
Creatine is a natural compound produced in your body from amino acids, the building blocks of protein. (sweatsupplements.ca)

In turn, the amino acids in a peptide sequence dictate the peptide properties such as hydrophobicity, solubility, and charge. (anaspec.com)
According to the deduced amino acid sequence of tially reduced the prevalence of H7N9 viruses ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during protein folding, and the function of the protein. (lecturio.com)

The side chain is a group of atoms which give each amino acid its distinctive characteristics. (creation.com)

We show here that the dCREB2-a transgene originally reported to enhance LTM carries a mutation that produces a translational reading-frame shift with the consequent formation of a stop codon at predicted amino acid position 79. (jneurosci.org)
This technique is used to incorporate unnatural amino acids (UAAs) in response to an amber stop codon. (uni-goettingen.de)

And proteins are formed when amino acids combine. (tutorialspoint.com)
Most cells contain ribosomes , which are structures that combine amino acids to create proteins. (visiblebody.com)

Describe the structures and functions of amino acids. (sabanciuniv.edu)
Polymers of amino acids that play basic roles in the structures and functions of living things. (flashcardmachine.com)
It is important both for the prevention of selenium-related deficiency diseases and for its health promoting biological functions as part of the amino acid selenocysteine that is incorporated into the selenoproteins. (pharmanord.com)
Minerals and vitamins are important for the development and maintenance of bones and tissues, the production of milk in mares, and the regulation of basic body functions. (bestfriendequine.com)
L -amino acid oxidases from microbial sources: types, properties, functions, and applications[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2014, 98(4):1 507-1 515. (cnif.cn)
Since it is classified as a complete protein, meaning it contains all the essential amino acids needed for proper body functions, hemp is beneficial for one's health and overall well-being. (shopnaturallife.com)

Some of them cannot be synthesized by our body and are given the name essential amino acids since we need to consume them through food. (tutorialspoint.com)
These 20 amino acids that are essential and nonessential differ from each other in the side chain of the R or hydrocarbon group. (tutorialspoint.com)
Non-essential amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)
The amino acid that would not be synthesized or produced by our body but is needed for the proper functioning of the human body is an essential amino acid. (tutorialspoint.com)
1. There are 9 essential amino acids and 11 non-essential amino acids. (jacquidankworth.com)
Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body. (limamemorial.org)
Conditional amino acids are usually not essential, except in times of illness and stress. (limamemorial.org)
Amino acids are either essential, which must be supplied by food, or nonessential, which are made in the body. (limamemorial.org)
Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. (breakspearmedical.com)
Ayer's research shows that glucose and the amino-acid glutamine8212;the second essential element of cancer's diet8212;are interdependant for cell growth, despite decades of thinking they worked independently. (dailyutahchronicle.com)
In total, there are 20 amino acids and 9 are considered "essential" because they must be obtained by the body via foods we eat. (silverdisobedience.rocks)
While many think in terms of meat, eggs and milk when seeking proteins sources, here's a brief, incomplete listing of a few plant-based TurboCharged foods that contain all 9 essential amino acids. (silverdisobedience.rocks)
An essential amino acid which supports digestion, immune function, and muscle systems. (irvinesaddles.ca)
Proteins are eaten in the diet, and the most important part of the nutritional profile of proteins are the essential amino-acids, which our body cannot produce on its own. (passionprojectshealth.com)
These new proteins require amino-acids for their construction, making protein essential in the diet, more so in cases where the body needs to recover, build more mass or heal. (passionprojectshealth.com)
Vegan proteins are considered premium proteins, and can be used after exercise to enhance the recovery process since they contain a high percentage of essential amino acids, which must be taken through nutrition, since our bodies are incapable of producing them themselves. (passionprojectshealth.com)
Now what I canâ€™t understand is why the nutrition profession do not make the public aware of the most basic fact of all which is that there are NO ESSENTIAL CARBS required for human life. (hannahsutter.com)

L amino acids are the natural form (designated by upper case letters), and D amino acids are the unnatural form (designated by lower case letters). (anaspec.com)

The human gene SLC25A29, of solute carrier family 25, encodes a mitochondrial transporter of basic amino acids. (nih.gov)

Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH. (bvsalud.org)

000000001100000000000000000000 DSDSUPIDSupplement ID number È DSDSUPP Supplement name DSDSRCE Supplement information source Ò DSDTYPE Formulation Type Ú DSDSERVQServing size quantity â DSDSERVUServing size unit ê DSDCNTV Count of vitamins in the supplement ò DSDCNTM Count of minerals in the supplement ú DSDCNTA Count of amino acids in the supplement DSDCNTB Count of botanicals in the supplement DSDCNTO Count of other ingredients in supplement HEADER RECORD*******OBS HEADER RECORD! (cdc.gov)
Technically talking, minerals & amino acids will not be vitamins, neither are gingko or grape seed extract, however for ease of reference and understanding, the term "vitamin" is often used as a common label. (lifeofhealthy.com)

Creatine monohydrate combines the basic creatine molecule with one water molecule. (wilsonsupplements.com)

Screening infants for increased levels of amino acids can help detect problems with metabolism. (medlineplus.gov)
Defects in metabolism of amino acids. (medlineplus.gov)
In a study of patients undergoing chemotherapy for advanced hepatic cancer, those who received a late-evening snack enhanced with branched-chain amino acids had improvements in energy metabolism parameters compared with control subjects. (medscape.com)

But there are only 20 amino acids, meaning that some of them are coded for by multiple codons. (creation.com)

After a comprehensible introduction to stereochemistry, the author addresses the inherent property of amino acids in living organisms, namely the preference for left-handedness. (google.cat)

Newswise - From a proposal to create synthetic amino acids to help meth babies recover from addiction to the design of a new type of robotic joint to simplify complex movements, some inventive ideas of several Missouri University of Science and Technology students are a step closer to reality thanks to the university's Miner Tank project. (newswise.com)
Acetaldehyde is primarily used as an intermediate in the manufacturing of acetic acid, flavorings, aniline dyes, plastics and synthetic rubber, in some fuel compounds and in the manufacture of numerous other products (Muttray et al. (who.int)

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) help reduce the breakdown of proteins in the body. (ajinomoto.com)
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are often used to manage the nutrition of patients after surgery or for people with liver disease. (ajinomoto.com)

If you are like I once was and feeling overwhelmed by all the options and choices of what to eat and how often to eat it when you are running, this article will introduce you to the basics of taking in calories via carbohydrates while running, a fairly simple way of maintaining good energy and a content digestive tract. (irunfar.com)

Among these 20 amino acids, 11 are made in the body, while the other 9 are consumed from dietary sources. (differencebetween.com)

Amino acids can be assorted on the basis of the general chemical characteristics of their R w h freeman publishers biochemistry macmillan learning. (jacquidankworth.com)
Biology MCQ-06: Biochemistry: Amino Acids: Part 2 for JRF/NET Life Science Examination Biochemistry MCQ - 06 MCQ on Amino Acids - Part 2 (1). (jacquidankworth.com)

D-VINE's patented ingredient, Collagen-Tripep 20 can help to activate the production of new collagen and hyaluronic acid in the body. (heal2u.com)
I talked about the difference between protein and collagen, mostly the specific amino acids, and all the reasons they're good for you. (whus.org)

Therefore we looked detailed at the three values: the value for accoding amino acid substitution, the most frequent value for the substitution of the examined amino acid and the rarest substitution. (tu-muenchen.de)
For the PAM1-matrix the substitution rate is 1% which means the probability that one amino acid changes is 1% and that there is 99% similarity. (tu-muenchen.de)
A possible reason that PAM250 has a better value for the amino acid substitution is that the similarity is low and the amino acids are probably dissimilar. (tu-muenchen.de)

Aliphatic and aromatic amino acids are biochemical compounds having the basic amino acid functional groups with some important side chains. (differencebetween.com)
The functional side chain is coded for by the letter R. This side chain is unique for each of the 20 amino acids, and can be charged, uncharged, polar, hydrophilic or hydrophobic. (creation.com)
Each amino acid has a nitrogen-carbon-carbon (N-C-C) backbone with a functional side chain that is attached to the central carbon (figure 1). (creation.com)

You already know that their basic workout consists almost entirely of lifting weights. (lflus.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms13

Chemicals and Drugs109

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment41

Phenomena and Processes82

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care2

Anti-sm autoantibodies in systemic lupus target highly basic surface structures of complexed spliceosomal autoantigens. (1/107)

Membrane activity of the southern cowpea mosaic virus coat protein: the role of basic amino acids, helix-forming potential, and lipid composition. (2/107)

Characterization of signal that directs C-tail-anchored proteins to mammalian mitochondrial outer membrane. (3/107)

Covalent cross-linking of proteins without chemical reagents. (4/107)

Role of paired basic residues of protein C-termini in phospholipid binding. (5/107)

Contribution of basic residues of the A helix of heparin cofactor II to heparin- or dermatan sulfate-mediated thrombin inhibition. (6/107)

Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved charged amino acid residues in ClpB from Escherichia coli. (7/107)

Complete replacement of basic amino acid residues with cysteines in Rickettsia prowazekii ATP/ADP translocase. (8/107)

Amino Acids

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Amino Acid Sequence

Amino Acid Substitution

Cloning, Molecular

Amino Acids, Essential

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Sequence Alignment

Base Sequence

Amino Acid Motifs

Molecular Sequence Data

Escherichia coli

Mutation

Binding Sites

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

DNA, Complementary

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Peptide Fragments

Kinetics

Amino Acids, Aromatic

Recombinant Proteins

Protein Conformation

Models, Molecular

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Amino Acids, Sulfur

Leucine

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Structure-Activity Relationship

Protein Binding

DNA

Peptides

Substrate Specificity

Molecular Weight

Bacterial Proteins

Cell Line

Restriction Mapping

Phylogeny

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Proteins

Sequence Analysis, DNA

RNA, Messenger

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Alanine

Genes, Bacterial

Protein Structure, Secondary

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Plasmids

Conserved Sequence

Lysine

Species Specificity

DNA Primers

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Isoleucine

Carrier Proteins

Amino Acids, Basic

Cattle

Codon

Amino Acids, Diamino

Trypsin

Biological Transport

Cyanogen Bromide

Arginine

Glycine

Genes

Open Reading Frames

Protein Biosynthesis

Glutamine

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Gene Library

Sequence Deletion

Valine

Transcription, Genetic

Methionine

Sequence Analysis

Excitatory Amino Acids

Aspartic Acid

Mutagenesis

Transfection

Proline