Amino acids aromatic. Medical search

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in the form of an unsaturated, usually hexagonal ring structure. The compounds can be single ring, or double, triple, or multiple fused rings.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Compounds consisting of two or more fused ring structures.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A group of condensed ring hydrocarbons.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

The products of chemical reactions that result in the addition of extraneous chemical groups to DNA.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.

Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Oxidases that specifically introduce DIOXYGEN-derived oxygen atoms into a variety of organic molecules.

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and water as well as clinical specimens. Occasionally it is an opportunistic pathogen.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

Non-heme iron-containing enzymes that incorporate two atoms of OXYGEN into the substrate. They are important in biosynthesis of FLAVONOIDS; GIBBERELLINS; and HYOSCYAMINE; and for degradation of AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Substances which pollute the soil. Use for soil pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxybenzene structure.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

An antiseptic and disinfectant aromatic alcohol.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A widely used industrial solvent.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.

Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

A fast method for predicting amino acid mutations that lead to unfolding. (1/210)

Amino acid mutation(s) that cause(s) partial or total unfolding of a protein can lead to disease states and failure to produce mutants. It is therefore very useful to be able to predict which mutations can retain the conformation of a wild-type protein and which mutations will lead to local or global unfolding of the protein. We have developed a fast and reasonably accurate method based on a backbone-dependent side-chain rotamer library to predict the (folded or unfolded) conformation of a protein upon mutation. This method has been tested on proteins whose wild-type 3D structures are known and whose mutant conformations have been experimentally characterized to be folded or unfolded. Furthermore, for the cases studied here, the predicted partially folded or denatured mutant conformation correlate with a decrease in the stability of the mutant relative to the wild-type protein. The key advantage of our method is that it is very fast and predicts locally or globally unfolded states fairly accurately. Hence, it may prove to be useful in designing site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography and drug design experiments as well as in free energy simulations by helping to ascertain whether a mutation will alter or retain the wild-type conformation. (+info)

Bicarbonate enhances peroxidase activity of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase. Role of carbonate anion radical and scavenging of carbonate anion radical by metalloporphyrin antioxidant enzyme mimetics. (2/210)

Much evidence exists for the increased peroxidase activity of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) in oxidant-induced diseases. In this study, we measured the peroxidase activity of SOD1 by monitoring the oxidation of dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) to dichlorofluorescein (DCF). Bicarbonate dramatically enhanced DCFH oxidation to DCF in a SOD1/H(2)O(2)/DCFH system. Peroxidase activity could be measured at a lower H(2)O(2) concentration ( approximately 1 microm). We propose that DCFH oxidation to DCF is a sensitive index for measuring the peroxidase activity of SOD1 and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis SOD1 mutants and that the carbonate radical anion (CO(3)) is responsible for oxidation of DCFH to DCF in the SOD1/H(2)O(2)/bicarbonate system. Bicarbonate enhanced H(2)O(2)-dependent oxidation of DCFH to DCF by spinal cord extracts of transgenic mice expressing SOD1(G93A). The SOD1/H(2)O(2)/HCO(3)(-)-dependent oxidation was mimicked by photolysis of an inorganic cobalt carbonato complex that generates CO(3). Metalloporphyrin antioxidants that are usually considered as SOD1 mimetic or peroxynitrite dismutase effectively scavenged the CO(3) radical. Implications of this reaction as a plausible protective mechanism in inflammatory cellular damage induced by peroxynitrite are discussed. (+info)

A possible role for pi-stacking in the self-assembly of amyloid fibrils. (3/210)

Amyloid fibril formation is assumed to be the molecular basis for a variety of diseases of unrelated origin. Despite its fundamental clinical importance, the mechanism of amyloid formation is not fully understood. When we analyzed a variety of short functional fragments from unrelated amyloid-forming proteins, a remarkable occurrence of aromatic residues was observed. The finding of aromatic residues in diverse fragments raises the possibility that pi-pi interactions may play a significant role in the molecular recognition and self-assembly processes that lead to amyloid formation. This is in line with the well-known central role of pi-stacking interactions in self-assembly processes in the fields of chemistry and biochemistry. We speculate that the stacking interactions may provide energetic contribution as well as order and directionality in the self-assembly of amyloid structures. Experimental data regarding amyloid formation and inhibition by short peptide analogs also support our hypothesis. The pi-stacking hypothesis suggests a new approach to understanding the self-assembly mechanism that governs amyloid formation and indicates possible ways to control this process. (+info)

Exploring the active site of plant glutaredoxin by site-directed mutagenesis. (4/210)

Six mutants (Y26A, C27S, Y29F, Y29P, C30S and Y26W/Y29P) have been engineered in order to explore the active site of poplar glutaredoxin (Grx) (Y26CPYC30). The cysteinic mutants indicate that Cys 27 is the primary nucleophile. Phe is a good substitute for Tyr 29, but the Y29P mutant was inactive. The Y26A mutation caused a moderate loss of activity. The YCPPC and WCPPC mutations did not improve the reactivity of Grx with the chloroplastic NADP-malate dehydrogenase, a well known target of thioredoxins (Trxs). The results are discussed in relation with the known biochemical properties of Grx and Trx. (+info)

Charged amino acids conserved in the aromatic acid/H+ symporter family of permeases are required for 4-hydroxybenzoate transport by PcaK from Pseudomonas putida. (5/210)

Charged amino acids in the predicted transmembrane portion of PcaK, a permease from Pseudomonas putida that transports 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-HBA), were required for 4-HBA transport, and they were also required for P. putida to have a chemotactic response to 4-HBA. An essential amino acid motif (DGXD) containing aspartate residues is located in the first transmembrane segment of PcaK and is conserved in the aromatic acid/H+ symporter family of the major facilitator superfamily of transporters. (+info)

Aromatic-aromatic interactions in and around alpha-helices. (6/210)

To understand the role of aromatic-aromatic interactions in imparting specificity to the folding process, the geometries of four aromatic residues with different sequence spacing, located in alpha-helices or five residues from helical ends, interacting with each other have been elucidated. The geometry is found to depend on the sequence difference. Specific interactions (C-H...pi and N-H...pi) which result from this geometry may cause a given pair of residues (such as Phe-His) with a particular sequence difference to occur more than expected. The most conspicuous residue in an aromatic pair in the context of helix stability is His, which is found at the last (C1) position or the two positions (Ncap and Ccap) immediately flanking the helix. An alpha-helix and a contiguous 3(10)-helix or two helices separated by a non-helical residue can have interacting aromatic pairs, the geometry of interaction and the relative orientation between the helices being rather fixed. Short helices can also have interacting residues from either side. (+info)

The ARO4 gene of Candida albicans encodes a tyrosine-sensitive DAHP synthase: evolution, functional conservation and phenotype of Aro3p-, Aro4p-deficient mutants. (7/210)

The enzyme 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase catalyses the first step in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in prokaryotes, plants and fungi. Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain two catalytically redundant DAHP synthases, encoded by the genes ARO3 and ARO4, whose activities are feedback-inhibited by phenylalanine and tyrosine, respectively. ARO3/4 gene transcription is controlled by GCN4. The authors previously cloned an ARO3 gene orthologue from Candida albicans and found that: (1) it can complement an aro3 aro4 double mutation in S. cerevisiae, an effect inhibited by excess phenylalanine, and (2) a homozygous aro3-deletion mutant of C. albicans is phenotypically Aro(+), suggesting the existence of another isozyme(s). They now report the identification and functional characterization of the C. albicans orthologue of S. cerevisiae Aro4p. The two Aro4p enzymes share 68% amino acid identity. Phylogenetic analysis places the fungal DAHP synthases in a cluster separate from prokaryotic orthologues and suggests that ARO3 and ARO4 arose from a single gene via a gene duplication event early in fungal evolution. C. albicans ARO4 mRNA is elevated upon amino acid starvation, consistent with the presence of three putative Gcn4p-responsive elements (GCREs) in the gene promoter sequence. C. albicans ARO4 complements an aro3 aro4 double mutation in S. cerevisiae, an effect inhibited by excess tyrosine. The authors engineered Deltaaro3/Deltaaro3 Deltaaro4/MET3p::ARO4 cells of C. albicans (with one wild-type copy of ARO4 placed under control of the repressible MET3 promoter) and found that they fail to grow in the absence of aromatic amino acids when ARO4 expression is repressed, and that this growth defect can be partially rescued by aromatic amino acids and certain aromatic amino acid pathway intermediates. It is concluded that, like S. cerevisiae, C. albicans contains two DAHP synthases required for the first step in the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway. (+info)

Refined molecular hinge between allosteric and catalytic domain determines allosteric regulation and stability of fungal chorismate mutase. (8/210)

The yeast chorismate mutase is regulated by tyrosine as feedback inhibitor and tryptophan as crosspathway activator. The monomer consists of a catalytic and a regulatory domain covalently linked by the loop L220s (212-226), which functions as a molecular hinge. Two monomers form the active dimeric enzyme stabilized by hydrophobic interactions in the vicinity of loop L220s. The role of loop L220s and its environment for enzyme regulation, dimerization, and stability was analyzed. Substitution of yeast loop L220s in place of the homologous loop from the corresponding and similarly regulated Aspergillus enzyme (and the reverse substitution) changed tyrosine inhibition to activation. Yeast loop L220s substituted into the Aspergillus enzyme resulted in a tryptophan-inhibitable enzyme. Monomeric yeast chorismate mutases could be generated by substituting two hydrophobic residues in and near the hinge region. The resulting Thr-212-->Asp-Phe-28-->Asp enzyme was as stable as wild type, but lost allosteric regulation and showed reduced catalytic activity. These results underline the crucial role of this molecular hinge for inhibition, activation, quaternary structure, and stability of yeast chorismate mutase. (+info)

An aromatic amino acid is an amino acid that includes an aromatic ring. Among the 20 standard amino acids, the following are ... Media related to Aromatic amino acids at Wikimedia Commons Aromatic+Amino+Acids at the US National Library of Medicine Medical ... Aromatic amino acids also play a crucial role in glycan-protein interactions. Aromatic amino acids play critical roles in ... Animals obtain aromatic amino acids from their diet, but all plants and micro-organisms must synthesize their aromatic amino ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acid

... an aromatic-amino-acid transaminase (EC 2.6.1.57) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction an aromatic amino acid + 2- ... an aromatic oxo acid + L-glutamate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are aromatic amino acid and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas ... Other names in common use include aromatic amino acid aminotransferase, aromatic aminotransferase, and ArAT. This enzyme ... Mavrides C, Orr W (1975). "Multispecific aspartate and aromatic amino acid aminotransferases in Escherichia coli". J. Biol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic-amino-acid_transaminase

... an aromatic oxo acid + glycine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are aromatic amino acid and glyoxylate, whereas its two ... an aromatic-amino-acid-glyoxylate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.60) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction an aromatic ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is aromatic-amino-acid:glyoxylate aminotransferase. Harada I, Noguchi T, Kido R (1978 ... "Purification and characterization of aromatic-amino-acid-glyoxylate aminotransferase from monkey and rat liver". Hoppe-Seyler's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic-amino-acid—glyoxylate_transaminase

... inhibitor, a class of anti-Parkinson drugs Aromatic amino acids Histidine decarboxylase PDB ... Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase is active as a homodimer. Before addition of the pyridoxal phosphate cofactor, the ... Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid+Decarboxylases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology ( ... Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC or AAAD), also known as DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), tryptophan decarboxylase, and 5- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase

... which encodes an enzyme called aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. Babies with severe aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase ... and can be corrected by folinic acid. Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency is an autosomal recessive condition, ... The aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency enzyme is involved in the synthesis of dopamine and serotonin, both of which ... Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the DDC gene, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase_deficiency

... s (AAAH) are a family of aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes which ... Each AAAH enzyme contains iron and catalyzes the ring hydroxylation of aromatic amino acids using tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as ... functional domains and evolution of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (16): 5530-4. Bibcode: ... In humans, phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency can cause phenylketonuria, the most common inborn error of amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopterin-dependent_aromatic_amino_acid_hydroxylase

v t e (CS1 German-language sources (de), Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors, All stub articles, Nervous system drug ... An aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor (synonyms: DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor, Extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitor ... is a medication of type enzyme inhibitor which inhibits the synthesis of dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase_inhibitor

diamond (microscopic). amino acids. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The ferromagnesian minerals are isolated and show no ... For instance, amino acids have been detected. This is a very important fact in the ongoing search for the origin of life. ... Ehrenfreund, P.; Glavin D. P.; Botta O.; Cooper G.; Bada J. L. (2001). "Extraterrestrial amino acids in Orgueil and Ivuna: ... "The effects of parent-body hydrothermal heating on amino acid abundances in CI-like chondrites". Polar Science. 8 (3): 255. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CI_chondrite

Cotzias, George C.; Van Woert, Melvin H.; Schiffer, Lewis M. (1967-02-16). "Aromatic Amino Acids and Modification of ... is inherently handed as it is filled with chiral discriminators like amino acids, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids ... But D-/L-system of naming is still employed to designate the configuration of amino acids and sugars. In general the D/L system ... In 1848, Pasteur grew two different kinds of crystals from the racemic sodium ammonium salt of tartaric acid. He was the first ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_drugs

Herrmann K, Entus R (2001). "Shikimate Pathway: Aromatic Amino Acids and Beyond". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. doi:10.1038/ ... each of which sensitive to one of the amino acids produced in the shikimate pathway. In a study of DAHP synthase sensitive to ... which is responsible for the biosynthesis of the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Since it is the first ... 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonic acid 7-phosphate synthetase, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-2-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate synthetase, 3- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAHP_synthase

Proteinogenic amino acids, Glucogenic amino acids, Ketogenic amino acids, Aromatic amino acids, Phenols, Dopamine agonists, ... "Amino Acids - Tyrosine". www.biology.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2018-01-31. Pencharz PB, Hsu JW, Ball RO (June 2007). "Aromatic ... which in turn can be oxidized by the citric acid cycle or be used for fatty acid synthesis. Phloretic acid is also a urinary ... It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word "tyrosine" is from the Greek tyrós, meaning cheese, as it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine

... is constituted by thirty-seven amino acids. These amino acids have different characteristics; some are ... Others, for example Phenylalanine, are aromatic and hydrophobic; therefore, they repel water. There are also positively charged ... amino acids (Arginine and Lysine) and a negatively charged one (Aspartic acid). The rest are polar compounds with no charge ( ... Amino Acids. 49 (10): 1705-1717. doi:10.1007/s00726-017-2469-3. ISSN 0939-4451. PMID 28836148. S2CID 3704334. Vasu S, McGahon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esculentin-2CHa

... meaning that they must obtain these essential amino acids through their diet. Aromatic Amino acids include Phenylalanine, ... The aromatic amino acids produced by the shikimate acid pathway are used by higher plants as protein building blocks and as ... The shikimate pathway was determined to be a major biosynthetic route for the production of aromatic amino acids through the ... The shikimate pathway is a biosynthetic pathway that allows plants, fungi, and bacteria to produce aromatic amino acids. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-dehydroquinate_dehydratase

Schulz AR, Oliner L (1967). "The possible role of thyroid aromatic amino acid decarboxylase in thyroxine biosynthesis". Life ... Lovenberg W, Weissbach H, Udenfriend S (1962). "Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase". J. Biol. Chem. 237: 89-93. PMID 14466899 ... aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, and L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase. This enzyme participates in phenylalanine metabolism. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine_decarboxylase

Fitzpatrick PF (2000). "The aromatic amino acid hydroxylases". Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridine_reductase

Aromatic aldehyde derivatives of proteins, peptides and amino acids. J. Biol. Chem. 1929, 84:675-682 Alan D. Borthwick. 2,5- ... on reduction and hydrolysis give the corresponding amino acids. In one study the Erlenmeyer amino acid synthesis was used in ... The Erlenmeyer-Plöchl azlactone and amino acid synthesis, named after Friedrich Gustav Carl Emil Erlenmeyer who partly ... is a series of chemical reactions which transform an N-acyl glycine to various other amino acids via an oxazolone (also known ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlenmeyer–Plöchl_azlactone_and_amino-acid_synthesis

PAH is one of three members of the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, a class of monooxygenase that uses ... Flatmark T, Stevens RC (August 1999). "Structural Insight into the Aromatic Amino Acid Hydroxylases and Their Disease-Related ... PAH is unusual among the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases for its involvement in catabolism; tyrosine and tryptophan ... Fitzpatrick PF (December 2003). "Mechanism of aromatic amino acid hydroxylation". Biochemistry. 42 (48): 14083-91. doi:10.1021/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase

The Dakin-West reaction is a chemical reaction that transforms an amino-acid into a keto-amide using an acid anhydride and a ... doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83978-3. Dakin, Henry Drysdale; West, Randolph (1928). "Some Aromatic Derivatives of Substituted ... Modern variations on the Dakin-West reaction permit many enolizable carboxylic acids - not merely amino acids - to be converted ... With some acids, this reaction can take place even in the absence of an α-amino group. This reaction should not be confused ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakin–West_reaction

... especially amino acids, in the stomach. Aromatic amino acids are particularly powerful stimuli for gastrin release. ... five amino acid sequence identical to the last five amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end of gastrin. The numbers refer to ... Factors influencing secretion of gastrin can be divided into 2 categories: Stimulatory factors: dietary protein and amino acids ... The presence of gastrin stimulates parietal cells of the stomach to secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)/gastric acid. This is done ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrin

Oró, J.; Gibert, J.; Lichtenstein, H.; Wikstrom, S.; Flory, D. A. (1971). "Amino-acids, Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons in ... a key component of nucleic acids) from hydrogen cyanide (HCN). He also showed that amino acids can be made from HCN plus ... aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in the Murchison meteorite and studied the optical activity of the aminoacids. Oró also ... "On the reported optical activity of amino acids in the Murchison meteorite". Nature. 301 (5900): 494-496. Bibcode:1983Natur.301 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Oró

... amino acids) In Dumas' laboratory, he studied potato essence. In fact, from a single impure sample of one liter belonging to ... but this time to cuminic acid. Their interest in benzoic compounds led to the discovery of numerous aromatic compounds ... after having been treated with CO2 under high pressure and with sulfuric acid, forms salicylic acid. It was later, when he was ... The technique he used to obtain this acid was repeated many times by other scientists who also wished to obtain it, before ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_André_Thomas_Cahours

ISBN 0-19-864226-1. Gibson, F. (1999). "The elusive branch-point compound of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis". Trends in ... It is a precursor for: The aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine Indole, indole derivatives and ... Chorismate is transformed into para-aminobenzoic acid by the enzymes 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase and 4-amino-4- ... because the compound plays a role as a branch-point in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. Shikimate → shikimate-3-phosphate → 5- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorismic_acid

Inactive protein C comprises 419 amino acids in multiple domains:: 2383 one Gla domain (residues 43-88); a helical aromatic ... 5) Multiple proteolytic cleavages of the polypeptide backbone to remove an 18 amino acid signal peptide, a 24 amino acid ... a 32 amino acid N-terminus signal peptide preceding a propeptide.: S11 Protein C is formed when a dipeptide of Lys198 and ... and one of the amino acids in the bond is serine.: 2381 These proteins that APC inactivates, Factor Va and Factor VIIIa, are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_C

CYP19A1 Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency; 608643; DDC Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 1; 107970; TGFB3 ... FREM1 Bile acid malabsorption, primary; 613291; SLC10A2 Bile acid synthesis defect, congenital, 2; 235555; AKR1D1 Bile acid ... SBDS Sialic acid storage disorder, infantile; 269920; SLC17A5 Sialidosis, type I; 256550; NEU1 Sialidosis, type II; 256550; ... SLC7A7 Lysosomal acid phosphatase deficiency; 200950; ACP2 Lysyl hydroxylase 3 deficiency; 612394; PLOD3 Machado-Joseph disease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

... is a synthetic aromatic amino acid. It is a chiral molecule and thus has two potential configurations, as (R)- and (S ... 69-. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. Owen DR, Wood DM, Archer JR, Dargan PI (September 2016). "Phenibut (4-amino-3-phenyl-butyric acid ... As such, its chemical name is β-phenyl-γ-aminobutyric acid, which can be abbreviated as β-phenyl-GABA. The presence of the ... The medication is structurally related to the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and hence is a GABA analogue. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenibut

The optical resolution of aromatic amino-acids on paper chromatograms". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 3940. doi: ... Many of the building blocks of biological systems such as sugars and amino acids are produced exclusively as one enantiomer. As ... Chiral chromatography was introduced a year later by Dalgliesh, who used paper chromatography to separate chiral amino acids. ... A slight excess of the levorotary form of the product of the reaction, 2-methylbutyric acid, was produced; as this product is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis

... s originate from the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine. They tend to absorb ultraviolet-B ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanomorph

Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase Ornithine decarboxylase Calculated using Advanced Chemistry Development (ACD/Labs) Software ... The α-amino group of the amino acid substrate displaces the ε-amino group of the active-site lysine residue in a process known ... Pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor of aromatic L-amino acids decarboxylase. This allows for conversion of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5 ... Specificity is conferred by the fact that, of the four bonds of the alpha-carbon of the amino acid aldimine state, the bond ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxal_phosphate

... the aromatic amino acids, arise from chorismate. The first step, condensation of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7- ... For example, humans can synthesize 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (a.k.a. non-essential amino acids). Most amino acids are ... Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the amino acids are produced. The ... The commercial production of amino acids usually relies on mutant bacteria that overproduce individual amino acids using ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis

The optical resolution of aromatic amino-acids on paper chromatograms". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 3940-3942. ... such as amino acids, amino acid derivatives. Progress in the field of crown ether-type CSPs have been reviewed. Proteins are ... 1. Separation of the enantiomers of sulfoxides, amines, amino acids, alcohols, hydroxy acids, lactones, and mercaptans". The ... They are inherently chiral being composed of L-amino acids and possess ordered 3D-structure. They are known to bind/interact ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_analysis

Wanting Jiao; Yifei Fan; Nicola J Blackmore; Emily J. Parker (26 March 2020). "A single amino acid substitution uncouples ... "Diverse allosteric componentry and mechanisms control entry into aromatic metabolite biosynthesis". Current Opinion in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Parker

It consists of two parts, a labile chromophore (the non-protein molecular entity shown at right) and a 113 amino acid protein ... This is similar to other enediyne natural products, the genes involved in construction of the aromatic moiety are an iterative ... The second type I PKS gene, NcsB, codes for the naphthoic acid moiety. Additionally, a cluster of NcsC genes are responsible ... 2. Synthesis of naphthoic acid moiety: NcsB, NcsB1, NcsB2 and NcsB3 are enzymes responsible for the synthesis of the naphthoic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocarzinostatin

Some examples also contain stretches of basic amino acids, or stretches of aromatic amino acids thought to reside in the ... Viroporins are usually small - under 100 or 120 amino acid residues - and contain at least one region capable of folding into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroporin

Metabolites of nonsulfur amino acid constituents (simple and branched-chain hydrocarbons) such as ethylene (produced by mycelia ... Because more aromatic molecules in truffles are soluble in alcohol, it can be used to carry a more complex and accurate truffle ... It is reportedly not as aromatic as those from Piedmont, although those from Città di Castello are said to come quite close. A ... Burgundy truffles (designated Tuber uncinatum, but the same species) are harvested in autumn until December and have aromatic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle

Chirality is easily incorporated by using 2-amino alcohols prepared by the reduction of amino acids; which are both optically ... The method has been shown to be effective for a wide range of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes however electron rich aromatic R ... typically obtained by the reduction of an amino acid) with a suitable functional group. The overall mechanism is usually ... The synthesis of 2-oxazoline rings is well established and in general proceeds via the cyclisation of a 2-amino alcohol ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxazoline

... aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. The release of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathoadrenal_system

... aromatic amino acids, and nucleic acid heterocyclic bases, to produce oxidative radicals that damage the cell, possibly ... An Hückel aromatic porphyrin is porphycene. antiaromatic, Mobius aromatic, and non aromatic porphyrinoid macrocycles are known ... by the reaction of the amino acid glycine with succinyl-CoA from the citric acid cycle. In plants, algae, bacteria (except for ... Lash TD (2011). "Origin of aromatic character in porphyrinoid systems". Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines. 15 (11n12): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyrin

"The Role of Bacterial-Derived Aromatic Amino Acids Metabolites Relevant in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Comprehensive Review". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Ethylphenyl_sulfate

Phenylalanine, a common amino acid. Biphenyl, consisting of two phenyl groups. The two rings tend not to be coplanar. ... non-aromatic) groups. This increased stability is due to the unique properties of aromatic molecular orbitals. The bond lengths ... Most common among natural products is the amino acid phenylalanine, which contains a phenyl group. A major product of the ... It is often said the resonance stability of phenol makes it a stronger acid than that of aliphatic alcohols such as ethanol ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenyl_group

This is likely the cause of two polar amino acids in the active site and underlines the importance of hydrophilic groups in the ... converting C19 androgens to aromatic C18 estrogens. After gaining electrons from NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, the aromatase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidal_aromatase_inhibitor

... as N-terminal amino acid modification can lead to variability and anomalies, whilst amino acid impact can also change from ... positively-charged and some aliphatic and aromatic residues on the N-terminus, such as arginine, lysine, leucine, phenylalanine ... All other amino acids when located at the N-terminus of a protein are referred to as stabilising residues and have half-lives ... The rule states that the N-terminal amino acid of a protein determines its half-life (time after which half of the total amount ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-end_rule

... inhibitors are indicated for the treatment of Parkinson's disease in combination with levodopa and an aromatic L-amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol-O-methyltransferase_inhibitor

Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs although barbituric acid itself is not pharmacologically active. ... Unsaturation show less activity in position 5 and alicyclic and aromatic rings show less potency. Polar substituents (-NH2, -OH ... pyrimidinone and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole derivatives". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 23 (3): 480-7. doi:10.1016/j.bmc. ... Malonic acid was later replaced by diethyl malonate, as using the ester avoids the need to deal with the acidity of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator

The Ugi reaction using an isonitrile, amino acid, aldehyde and amine, can produce a dipeptide in equally high yield and optical ... Although these range from proline, aromatic, aliphatic to polar 2,5-diketopiperazines, the proline 2,5-diketopiperazines are ... As a consequence of their predominant biosynthetic origin from L-α-amino acids most naturally occurring 2,5-DKPs are cis ... This approach is useful for the production of unnatural amino acids with stereochemical control. The diketopiperazine skeleton ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Diketopiperazine

At UV-range wavelengths, such fluorescence arises from three aromatic amino acids-tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. The ... 1994). "trans-2,3-cis-3,4-Dihydroxyproline, a New Naturally Occurring Amino Acid, Is the Sixth Residue in the Tandemly Repeated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofouling

... that results from the carbonyl ene reaction provides a facile route towards the synthesis of orthogonally protected amino acids ... Possible ene components include olefinic, acetylenic, allenic, aromatic, cyclopropyl, and carbon-hetero bonds. Usually, the ... In Lewis-acid promoted reactions, the pair enophile/Lewis acid employed determines largely the relative ease of abstraction of ... Many useful Lewis acid-catalyzed ene reactions have been also developed, which can afford high yields and selectivities at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ene_reaction

Bergeron, M; Layrargues, GP; Butterworth, RF (September 1989). "Aromatic and branched-chain amino acids in autopsied brain ... "Albumin dialysis improves hepatic encephalopathy and decreases circulating phenolic aromatic amino acids in patients with ... "The role of plasma amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy". Surgery. 78 (3): 276-90. PMID 807982. Loock, J; Stange, J; Mitzner, ... "Removal of bile acids by two different extracorporeal liver support systems in acute-on-chronic liver failure". ASAIO Journal. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_support_system

... amino - amino acid - amino acid receptor - amino acid sequence - amino acid sequence homology - aminobutyric acid - ammonia - ... aromatic amine - aromatic compound - arrestin - Arrhenius equation - aryl hydrocarbon receptor - asparagine - aspartic acid - ... nucleic acid - nucleic acid regulatory sequence - nucleic acid repetitive sequence - nucleic acid sequence homology - nucleon ... essential amino acid - ester - estradiol receptor - estrogen receptor - ethanol - ether - eukaryote - evolution - evolutionary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

The amino-group makes this compound a weak base, capable of reacting with acids to form salts. One common salt of N- ... Chemically, N-methylphenyethanolamine is an aromatic compound, an amine, and an alcohol. ... The amino-ketone was reduced with lithium aluminum hydride to the corresponding amino-alcohol, and the N-benzyl group finally ... α-amino acid chlorides. Application to the preparation of β-arylalkylamines and 3-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halostachine

Numerous monoterpenes, amino acids, dietary fiber, protein, phytosterols, vitamins, and dietary minerals are other constituents ... and its root has similar aromatic properties, but it is not related to true ginger. The plant contains aristolochic acid, a ... "Aristolochic Acid: FDA Warns Consumers to Discontinue Use of Botanical Products that Contain Aristolochic Acid". US FDA. 11 ... The United States Food and Drug Administration warns that consumption of aristolochic acid-containing products is associated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger

These unstable radicals can attack the amino acid residues, leading to oxidation of side chains (e.g. aromatic side chains, ... "Free radical-mediated oxidation of free amino acids and amino acid residues in proteins". Amino Acids. 25 (3-4): 207-218. doi: ... Interactions between amino acid residues in a specific protein are very important in that protein's final structure. When there ... Mutations that occur in the DNA sequence may or may not affect the amino acid sequence of the protein. When the sequence is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_aggregation

... such as the polyphenols and amino acids, but is a suspension when all of the insoluble components are considered, such as the ... Tea is an aromatic beverage prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured or fresh leaves of Camellia sinensis, an ... Alternatively, because tea easily retains odours, it can be placed in proximity to an aromatic ingredient to absorb its aroma, ... Williamson G, Dionisi F, Renouf M (2011). "Flavanols from green tea and phenolic acids from coffee: critical quantitative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea

Enzymes such as ammonialyases, methylases and hydroxylases then transform these amino acids to cinnamic acid derivatives which ... The double bonds of angelicin involved in this reaction are the 3,4 and 4',5'. However, the rest of the angelicin's aromatic ... At this wavelength, angelicin can also modify certain amino acids. According to the MSDS of Sigma-Aldrich, the LD50 of ... 4-Coumaric acid 2-hydroxylase (C2'H) hydroxylates the p-coumaric acid at the ortho position. Notably, this reaction uses alpha- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelicin

... a member of the aromatic amino acid lyase family". Chemistry & Biology. 13 (12): 1317-26. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.10.008. ... It transforms L-tyrosine into p-coumaric acid. → T A L {\displaystyle {\xrightarrow {TAL}}} + Ammonia + H+ L-tyrosine = trans-p ... Hydroxycinnamic acids metabolism, All stub articles, Enzyme stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_ammonia-lyase

... specifically the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylases including phenylalanine hydroxylase. From 1999 to 2004, Stevens was ... The human Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1), the human angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R), human P2Y receptor 1 (P2Y1 ... Crystal structure of human lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 Cell 161: 1633-1643 H. Zhang, H. Unal, C. Gati, G.W. Han, W. Liu, N ... and structural analysis of carbocyclic sialic acid analogues with potent anti-influenza activity J Am Chem Soc 119: 681-90; M. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_C._Stevens

Protein methylation typically takes place on arginine or lysine amino acid residues in the protein sequence. Arginine can be ... "Aromatic Hydrocarbons from aromatic ketones and aldehydes: 1,1-Diphenylethane". Organic Syntheses. 55: 7. doi:10.15227/orgsyn. ... a general method for the synthesis of pure 2-arylpropionic acids. 2-Phenylpropionic acid". Organic Syntheses. 76: 169. doi: ... The methanearsonates are the precursors to dimethylarsonates, again by the cycle of reduction (to methylarsonous acid) followed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation

Isolation of this intermediate and subsequent electrophilic cyclization promoted by strong acids (e.g. sulfuric acid) furnishes ... The presence of an aromatic ring, a ketone and a γ-lactam moiety, gives to isatin the rare potential to be used as both an ... The N-functionalization of the isatin core can be readily obtained by the deprotonation of the amino moiety, forming the ... The first one is an acid-catalyzed one-pot multicomponent reaction involving isatins, aminouracils, and isooxazolones to form ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isatin

Part 3. Enantioselective reduction of ketones and oxime ethers with reagents prepared from borane and chiral amino alcohols". J ... "Asymmetric reduction of aromatic ketones with chiral alkoxy-amineborane complexes". J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. (7): 315-317. ... pyrrolidine along with trimethylboroxine or methylboronic acid. It is an excellent tool for the synthesis of alcohols in high ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(R)-2-Methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine

Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the way signals are passed between ... medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/aromatic-l-amino-acid-decarboxylase-deficiency/ Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase ... Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the way signals are passed between ... Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase enzyme activity in deficient patients and heterozygotes. Mol Genet Metab. 2007 Apr;90(4): ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/aromatic-l-amino-acid-decarboxylase-deficiency/

SLC16A10 (T-type amino-acid transporter-1, TAT1) is an aromatic amino acid transporter whilst the other members await ... The SLC16 gene family-from monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) to aromatic amino acid transporters and beyond Pflugers Arch. ... Lactic acid transport across the plasma membrane is fundamental for the metabolism of and pH regulation of all cells, removing ... lactic acid produced by glycolysis and allowing uptake by those cells utilizing it for gluconeogenesis (liver and kidney) or as ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12739169/?dopt=Abstract

... and their cell biology allowed us to identify a short-ordered stretch of amino acids containing a conserved aromatic amino acid ... The C-terminal ~200 amino acids of the PLRV RTP are characteristically disordered yet this protein domain is involved in virus ... in this feature generate compensatory mutations by duplication of their own sequence that restore the aromatic amino acid and ... summary Protein function is often dependent on its structure that is determined by the composition and chemistry of its amino ...

https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007451

The key difference between aliphatic and aromatic amino acids is that aliphatic amino acids have no cyclic structures with ... What is Aromatic Amino Acid?. Aromatic amino acids are amino acids consisting of aromatic side-chain functional groups. These ... 5. Summary - Aliphatic vs Aromatic Amino Acids What is Aliphatic Amino Acid?. Aliphatic amino acids are amino acids consisting ... 2. What are Aliphatic Amino Acids. 3. What are Aromatic Amino Acids. 4. Aliphatic vs Aromatic Amino Acids in Tabular Form. ...

https://www.differencebetween.com/what-is-the-difference-between-aliphatic-and-aromatic-amino-acids/

Phenols, Furanones, Aromatic Amino Acids, and Amines. The total concentrations of phenols, furanones, aromatic amino acids, and ... The levels of aromatic amino acids and amines, comprising of l-tyrosine (1) and serotonin (2), were in the range of 11.5-15.3 ... Comparison of vitamin C (a), phenolic compounds, furanones (free and glycosylated HDMF), aromatic amino acids, amines (b) as ... Analysis of Phenols, Furanones, Aromatic Amino Acids, and Amines. For HPLC analysis, pineapple juices were centrifuged (10,000× ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11947-020-02460-7

Membrane interfacial localization of aromatic amino acids and membrane protein function.. Authors: Kelkar, Devaki A. ... Kelkar DA, Chattopadhyay A. Membrane interfacial localization of aromatic amino acids and membrane protein function. Journal of ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/111048

Posted in Amino Acids, HealthTagged Amino Acids, Amino acids with aromatic side rings, histidine and tyrosine, phenylalanine, ... Tag: Amino acids with aromatic side rings. Aromatic Amino Acids Explained. Posted on March 14, 2019. by Katherine Sales ... These types of amino acids generally absorb ultraviolet light. The side rings of these amino acids are actually determined as ... aromatic due to the number of electrons present in their side rings. ...

https://aminoacidstoday.com/tag/amino-acids-with-aromatic-side-rings/

The Luminescence of the Aromatic Amino Acids. *I. Weinryb, R. Steiner. *. Chemistry, Biology ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/I.-Weinryb/8180232

Binding of inhibitory aromatic amino acids to Streptomyces griseus aminopeptidase. V. Reiland, R. Gilboa, A. Spungin-Bialik, D ... of PurE from a known mesophile and thermophile allows the identification of important structural features that may confer acid- ...

https://journals.iucr.org/d/issues/2004/10/00/

This glossary will help you understand everything about amino acids ... Aromatic Amino Acid. Amino acids that have an aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine) are called aromatic amino ... Non-Essential Amino Acid. Amino acids that can be made by our bodies are called non-essential amino acids. Other amino acids ... Sulfur-Containing Amino Acid. Amino acids such as methionine and cystine are called "sulfur-containing amino acids" because ...

https://www.ajinomoto.com/amino-acids/amino-acid-glossary

Evaluation of miniaturized Raman spectrometers for planetary exploration: From aromatics to amino acids. Posted by ...

https://cosmochemistry-papers.com/2021/05/10/evaluation-of-miniaturized-raman-spectrometers-for-planetary-exploration-from-aromatics-to-amino-acids/

Amino-acids; Aliphatic-compounds; Aromatic-hydrocarbons ... amino acid residues, and free amino groups. Protein derivatives ... The only significant change in amino acid residues recovered from HSA before and after reaction with HDI occurred in the lysyl ... The authors conclude that reaction time is the most important factor in protein conjugation with aromatic and aliphatic ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=isocyanate%2A+or+diisocyanate%2A&f1=TI&Startyear=&t1=1&s2=isocyanate%2A+or+diisocyanate%2A&terms=3&Adv=1&ct=&B1=Search&f2=KW&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&whichdate=DP&D1=10&EndYear=&PageNo=49&RecNo=485&View=f&

Preparation of Thermally Stable and Optically Active Organosoluble Aromatic Polyamides Containing L-Leucine ... Preparation of Thermally Stable and Optically Active Organosoluble Aromatic Polyamides Containing L-Leucine Amino Acid under ... Preparation of Thermally Stable and Optically Active Organosoluble Aromatic Polyamides Containing L-Leucine Amino Acid under ... Preparation of Thermally Stable and Optically Active Organosoluble Aromatic Polyamides Containing L-Leucine Amino Acid under ...

https://www.mallakpour.iut.ac.ir/content/preparation-thermally-stable-and-optically-active-organosoluble-aromatic-polyamides

And the microbial metabolites derived from aromatic amino acid metabolism and drug-like phase II metabolic response via the ... And the microbial metabolites derived from aromatic amino acid metabolism and drug-like phase II metabolic response via the ... And the microbial metabolites derived from aromatic amino acid metabolism and drug-like phase II metabolic response via the ... And the microbial metabolites derived from aromatic amino acid metabolism and drug-like phase II metabolic response via the ...

https://scholars.hkbu.edu.hk/en/publications/urinary-metabolomics-reveals-alterations-of-aromatic-amino-acid-m-2

"Now they live only to synthesize aromatic amino acids.". The beetles depend on the bacteria for those amino acids-particularly ...

https://www.popsci.com/environment/roundup-glyphosate-harms-beetles/

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA) * Fast Five Quiz: Aromatic L-amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency (AADCD) Clinical ... Fast Five Quiz: Aromatic L-amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency (AADCD) Clinical Characteristics ... encoded search term (5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA)) and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA) What to Read Next on Medscape ... 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA) Updated: Sep 25, 2020 * Author: Shivani Garg, MD, MS; Chief Editor: Eric B Staros, MD more ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089202-overview

Effective separation of aromatic and aliphatic amino acid mixtures using ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems Emanuel V ... Ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems allow an efficient and selective separation of aliphatic and aromatic amino acid ... 1,3-N,O-Chelating ligands are ubiquitous in nature owing to their occurrence as α-chiral amino acids in metalloproteins. ... Detection of sulfenic acid in intact proteins by mass spectrometric techniques: application to serum samples M. Sharar, ...

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/journals/articlecollectionlanding?sercode=qi&themeid=ba1666f0-eaa2-4fcd-b56b-4568f71993aa

Aromatic amino acids and their related metabolites. The aromatic amino acids family, which all contain an aromatic ring, ... short-chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide, aromatic amino acids, and their related metabolites. Therefore, the modulation of ... Aromatic amino acids could be generated into indole and p-cresol by the catalytic effect of tyrosine phenollyase in gut ... Aromatic amino acids metabolized by intestinal microbiota can generate indole and p-cresol. Indole and p-cresol are then ...

https://journals.lww.com/imd/fulltext/2019/12000/dysbiosis_of_gut_microbiota_contributes_to_the.3.aspx

Categories: Amino Acids, Aromatic Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Amino+Acids,+Aromatic&parentid=2574&catid=38462

Amino acid metabolism * Aromatic amino acid metabolism * M00042 Catecholamine biosynthesis * M00043 Thyroid hormone ...

https://www.genome.jp/pathway/rn00350+R00042

Amino acid metabolism * Aromatic amino acid metabolism * M00037 Melatonin biosynthesis, animals * M00936 Melatonin biosynthesis ...

https://www.genome.jp/pathway/map00380+C05644

Ammonia also increases the transport of aromatic amino acids (eg, tryptophan) across the blood-brain barrier. This leads to an ... Albrecht J. Roles of neuroactive amino acids in ammonia neurotoxicity. J Neurosci Res. 1998 Jan 15. 51(2):133-8. [QxMD MEDLINE ... the purine-nucleotide cycle and amino acid transamination in skeletal muscle, and other metabolic processes in the kidneys and ... Carglumic acid approved to treat genetic hyperammonemia. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010 May 1. 67(9):690. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1174503-159832/how-are-physical-exam-findings-characterized-in-patients-with-hyperammonemia

Introduction The organic compounds that contain both the carboxyl and amino groups are Amino acids. So there are ... ... Is there aromatic amino acid?. Yes. Tyrosine, phenylalanine, and Tryptophan are aromatic amino acids. They contain an aromatic ... 1. Which is the smallest amino acid structure?. The nonessential amino acid, glycine is the smallest among the amino acids. ... There are mainly two types of amino acids that are essential and nonessential amino acids. Essential amino acids need to be ...

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/amino-acids-properties-functions-sources

Extended electron-transfer pathways in animal cryptochromes mediated by a tetrad of aromatic amino acids. Biophys. J. 111, 301- ... Reeves, R. B. The interaction of body temperature and acid-base balance in ectothermic vertebrates. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 39, 559 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03618-9?error=cookies_not_supported&code=3d71d9a9-f253-4f60-8dff-4b534d3c66c1

The low affinity aromatic amino acid (Tyr, Trp, Phe) transporter, TAT1 (T-type amino acid transporter), MCT10, Slc16a10. Also ... transports N-methyl amino acids and thyroid hormones. Essential for aromatic amino acid homeostasis in various tissues of mice ... 1] "Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate ... A few amino acyl residue substitutions in the human orthologue broadens the substrate specificity of this porter (Johannes et ...

https://tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=2.A.1.13.2

AROmatic amino acid requiring. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Necessary For Fitness ARO7. 856530. ARP1. Actin-Related Protein. ... Amino acid Vacuolar Transport. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Necessary For Fitness AVT1. 852360. BAP2. Branched-chain Amino acid ... Biosynthesis of Nicotinic Acid. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Anti-Longevity BNA2. 850608. BNA6. Biosynthesis of Nicotinic Acid. ... Acid TreHalase. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Necessary For Fitness ATH1. 852177. ATP1. ATP synthase. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ...

https://genomics.senescence.info/genes/search.php?organism=Saccharomyces+cerevisiae&show=4

Aromatic amino acids and esters thereof US4824987A (en) 1987-05-23. 1989-04-25. Degussa Aktiengesellschaft. Method of preparing ... Aromatic amino acids and esters thereof US4824987A (en) 1987-05-23. 1989-04-25. Degussa Aktiengesellschaft. Method of preparing ... 1-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-loweralkyl aminopropanes and acid addition salts thereof US3759979A (en) 1969-02-27. 1973-09-18. ... 1-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-loweralkyl aminopropanes and acid addition salts thereof US3117160A (en) 1961-07-27. 1964-01-07. ...

https://patents.google.com/patent/US10950331/en

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) help reduce the breakdown of proteins in the body. (ajinomoto.com)
Amino acids are the basic constituent of proteins. (tutorialspoint.com)
And proteins are formed when amino acids combine. (tutorialspoint.com)
The functions of the compound amino acids are many they are a synthesis of porphyrin, synthesis of proteins, synthesis of plant hormones, synthesis of vitamins, etc. (tutorialspoint.com)
The relationships between the amino acid sequences of various human proteins that feature one or more VSD motifs are represented as a circular phylogenic tree. (frontiersin.org)
All cellular components including lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and sugars are potential targets of oxidative stress [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
They induce cellular damages when they pass this unpaired electron onto nearby cellular structures, resulting in oxidation of cell membrane lipids, amino acids in proteins or within nucleic acids [ 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
A number of actin-binding proteins, including spectrin, alpha-actinin and fimbrin, contain a 250 amino acid stretch called the actin binding domain (ABD). (embl.de)
Proteins containing only a single amino terminal CH domain. (embl.de)
Moringa, also known as the 'tree of life', is rich in proteins, vitamins and 46 antioxidants such as plant polyphenol quercetin, chlorogenic acid and niazimicin, are reputed for their anti-ageing properties and their ability to repair damaged cells. (hosannawind.com)
Proteins are made up of both essential and non-essential amino acids that can be used by the body for a plethora of benefits. (firstendurance.ca)
Proteins are large biomolecules consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. (iisc.ac.in)
The cream contains Arjuna extracts that improve microcirculation to improve the skin nutrient supply and Spirulina extracts that are a rich source of proteins, vitamins and vital amino acids. (spamantra.in)

Lactic acid transport across the plasma membrane is fundamental for the metabolism of and pH regulation of all cells, removing lactic acid produced by glycolysis and allowing uptake by those cells utilizing it for gluconeogenesis (liver and kidney) or as a respiratory fuel (heart and red muscle). (nih.gov)
In virtue of comprehensive metabolite profiling and multivariate statistical analysis, a total of 73 differential metabolites of urine sample sets was identified in 12-week and 18-week transgenic mice compared to wild-type littermates, covering perturbations of aromatic amino acid metabolism, the Krebs cycle and one-carbon metabolism. (edu.hk)
And the microbial metabolites derived from aromatic amino acid metabolism and drug-like phase II metabolic response via the glycine conjugation reactions were also highlighted, indicating that genetic modification in mouse brain not only alters genotype but also perturbs the gut microbiome. (edu.hk)
Read Online Amino Acid Metabolism Mcqs And Answers Multiple Choice Questions- Amino acid and protein chemistry 1-A mutation has changed an isoleucine residue of a protein to Glutamic acid, which statement best describes its location in a endobj Biology MCQs for Class 12 Chapter Wise with Answers PDF Download was Prepared Based on Latest Exam Pattern. (jacquidankworth.com)
The 18 amino acids, polyphenols and flavonoids contained in Moringa are phytonutrients that promote sleep, boost immunity and improve metabolism. (hosannawind.com)
Different environmental temperatures affect amino acid metabolism in the eurytherm teleost Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858) as indicated by changes in plasma metabolites. (ualg.pt)
Teleost fish larvae adapt to dietary arachidonic acid supply through modulation of the expression of lipid metabolism and stress response genes. (ualg.pt)

These amino acids include phenylalanine, tyrosine , and tryptophan . (differencebetween.com)
Amino acids that have an aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine) are called aromatic amino acids. (ajinomoto.com)
The beetles depend on the bacteria for those amino acids-particularly one called tyrosine-during their metamorphosis from larva into adulthood. (popsci.com)
22) Consider all possible tripeptides made of the amino acids tyrosine, histidine and proline. (jacquidankworth.com)
Although they both originate from amino acids, melatonin is derived from tryptophan , while melanin derives from tyrosine. (keyamsha.com)
The major one is to convert amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan to precursors of dopamine and serotonin, major monoamine neurotransmitters. (mdwiki.org)

Aspartame is a sweetener made of two amino acids asparagine and phenylalanine. (ajinomoto.com)
It is a cofactor of the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes, [17] used in the degradation of amino acid phenylalanine and in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), melatonin , dopamine , norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), and is a cofactor for the production of nitric oxide (NO) by the nitric oxide syntheses. (mdwiki.org)
Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride 58 sigma aldrich D9628-5G 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine 59 sigma aldrich 340200-25G 3-Amino-5-methylpyrazole 60 sigma aldrich 68524-100MG 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone 61 sigma aldrich D15405-5G 4,5-Diamino-2,6-dimercaptopyrimidine 62 sigma aldrich D17807-25G 4,5-Diamino-6-hydroxy-2-mercaptopyrimidine 63 sigma aldrich D176605-5G 4,5-Dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine 64 sigma aldrich D8417-5MG 4? (safirazmakian.com)

Typically, aliphatic amino acids can be found within protein molecules, with two exceptions alanine and glycine, found either inside or outside of a protein molecule. (differencebetween.com)
It is made from the amino acids alanine and proline. (ajinomoto.com)
β-alanine is naturally occurring β-amino acid (amino group is at the β position not in the α position) 7. (jacquidankworth.com)

they are aliphatic and aromatic amino acids, depending on the chemical structure of these chemical compounds. (differencebetween.com)
These compounds are nonpolar and hydrophobic amino acids. (differencebetween.com)
Since aliphatic amino acid molecules have an equal charge distribution across the molecule, these compounds do not react strongly in the presence of other molecules because there is no distinct positive or negative charge. (differencebetween.com)
Aromatic amino acids refer to the attachment of a highly stable aromatic ring that does not easily react with other compounds or chemical elements. (differencebetween.com)
Except for aryl compounds, aromatic compounds can be found in the human body. (differencebetween.com)
Aliphatic and aromatic amino acids are biochemical compounds having the basic amino acid functional groups with some important side chains. (differencebetween.com)
Microorganisms are known to be capable of degrading diverse chemical substances including man-made chemicals in the environment that are mostly aromatic compounds. (genome.jp)
This diagram illustrates combination patterns of reaction modules for biodegradation of aromatic compounds, consisting of three main types of ring dihydroxylation modules, followed by meta- or ortho-cleavage modules, together with an optional preprocessing module for converting methyl group to carboxyl group on the aromatic ring. (genome.jp)
Sources of ammonia include bacterial hydrolysis of urea and other nitrogenous compounds in the intestine, the purine-nucleotide cycle and amino acid transamination in skeletal muscle, and other metabolic processes in the kidneys and liver. (medscape.com)
The organic compounds that contain both the carboxyl and amino groups are Amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)
Amino acids are crystalline colourless organic compounds. (tutorialspoint.com)
The first chemicals used on a large scale for weed control in agriculture were inorganic compounds such as salt (sodium chloride), sulfuric acid, and arsenicals. (routledgehandbooks.com)
Nitrate, which is introduced to the growing tobacco plant through the application of fertilizer, can be converted to ammonia, which, in turn, is converted to other nitrogenous organic compounds such as amino acids. (cdc.gov)
Intermediate NH2 radicals, forming during the pyrolysis of ammonia during tobacco combustion, may react with aromatic CH groups (from compounds already present in the tobacco leaves) to form the AAs (Patrianakos, C., et. (cdc.gov)
These are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond. (drugbank.com)

Amines are often made in the body from amino acids. (ajinomoto.com)
These aromatic amino acids are used to make hormones and various amines in the body. (ajinomoto.com)
APUD, or "amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation," indicates the capacity to take up amino acids and transform them into biogenic amines by means of decarboxylation. (snmjournals.org)
Aromatic amines are classified as carcinogens or possible carcinogens (Hammond SK, et al. (cdc.gov)
Aromatic amines are metabolized mainly in the liver, then travels to the bladder to be eventually excreted out of the body through urination. (cdc.gov)
Smoking tobacco and inhaling SHS may be major sources of exposure to several aromatic amines (AAs) (Bryant, et. (cdc.gov)
some hair dyes, cosmetic colourants, industrial dyestuffs and aromatic amines / this publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 6-13 October 1992. (who.int)
An additional 17 monographs evaluate the carcinogenicity of eight hair dyes, one cosmetic colourant, four industrial dyestuffs, and four aromatic amines, three of which are used in dyestuff manufacture. (who.int)
Of the four aromatic amines, 4,4'-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA), which is used as a curing agent in certain castable polyurethane products, was classified as probably carcinogenic to humans. (who.int)
There are esters (think nail polish and pear drops), linear terpenes (citrus, floral), cyclic terpenes (minty, woody), amines (fishy, rot) and the aromatics I've just mentioned. (chronicleflask.com)

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of a new inborn error of neurotransmitter amine synthesis. (medlineplus.gov)
Meanwhile, the accumulation of both N-acetylvanilalanine and 3-methoxytyrosine indicated aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency. (edu.hk)
Jillian was diagnosed with the little-known condition - aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency - or AADC, when she was 5 months old. (yahoo.com)

Valine, isoleucine and leucine are called branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). (ajinomoto.com)
When people talk about amino acid supplements, though, they're usually talking about three specific essential amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. (bodybuilding.com)
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) are nutritionally essential in that they cannot be synthesized endogenously by humans and must be supplied by the diet. (pursuitofresearch.org)
BCAA's include the essential amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. (firstendurance.ca)

Sometimes, histidine amino acid is incorrectly grouped in aromatic amino acid groups. (differencebetween.com)
Example of essential amino acid is histidine, valine, etc. (tutorialspoint.com)

Preparation of Thermally Stable and Optically Active Organosoluble Aromatic Polyamides Containing L-Leucine Amino Acid under Green Conditions. (ac.ir)

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are often used to manage the nutrition of patients after surgery or for people with liver disease. (ajinomoto.com)
These are known as the "branched-chain amino acids," or BCAAs. (bodybuilding.com)
Numerous research studies have shown these three key amino acids are extremely important to consume, especially during dieting and exercising (and according to one study, BCAAs are even more important when exercising in the heat). (firstendurance.ca)

It is then further oxidized into acetic acid and finally broken down into carbon dioxide for energy production. (ajinomoto.com)

The key difference between aliphatic and aromatic amino acids is that aliphatic amino acids have no cyclic structures with alternating double-bond characteristics, whereas aromatic amino acids have cyclic structures with alternating double-bond characteristics. (differencebetween.com)
What is Aliphatic Amino Acid? (differencebetween.com)
Aliphatic amino acids are amino acids consisting of aliphatic side chains functional groups. (differencebetween.com)
Sometimes, methionine is also considered an aliphatic amino acid, but it contains a sulfur atom in the side chain that makes it fairly non-reactive, like true aliphatic amino acids. (differencebetween.com)
In aliphatic amino acids, when the number of carbon atoms on the side chain increases, hydrophobicity increases. (differencebetween.com)
The authors conclude that reaction time is the most important factor in protein conjugation with aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. (cdc.gov)
a) aliphatic amino acids b) all amino acids c) Non-polar amino acids d) aromatic amino acids Online Practice test on. (jacquidankworth.com)

Amino acid is a short form of the word alpha-amino carboxylic acid. (tutorialspoint.com)
were prepared based on … Carboxylic group provides an acidic property to the amino acid while amino group gives it … Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. (jacquidankworth.com)
The carbon has an amino group, carboxylic group, hydrogen and variable R group. (jacquidankworth.com)

PCA on the basis of the individual juice constituents additionally arranged the latter juices according to the number of pulses and voltage levels applied, particularly promoted by the oxidation of ascorbic to dehydroascorbic acid. (springer.com)
A mechanistic pathway for amino acids oxidation was proposed and discussed, similarly with their enzymatic degradation, which have as final products a-keto-acids and ammonia. (chem-soc.si)

Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the way signals are passed between certain cells in the nervous system. (medlineplus.gov)
Upstaza™ (eladocagene exuparvovec) is the first and only approved treatment for aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency and is the first marketed gene therapy for direct infusion into the brain. (europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com)
Treatment of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiencies consists of BH4 supplementation or diet to control blood Phe and supplements of folinic acid (10-20 mg/d) in dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) deficiency. (medscape.com)

Feed deprivation in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858) juveniles: effects on blood plasma metabolites and free amino acid levels. (ualg.pt)

Some of them cannot be synthesized by our body and are given the name essential amino acids since we need to consume them through food. (tutorialspoint.com)
Apart from the nine essential amino acids all the other amino acids are synthesized in the cells present in our body itself and are given the name nonessential amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)
These 20 amino acids that are essential and nonessential differ from each other in the side chain of the R or hydrocarbon group. (tutorialspoint.com)
Non-essential amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)
The amino acid that would not be synthesized or produced by our body but is needed for the proper functioning of the human body is an essential amino acid. (tutorialspoint.com)
The structure of essential and nonessential amino acids is shown below. (tutorialspoint.com)
List the essential and nonessential amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)
Examples of Essential and nonessential amino acids are shown below. (tutorialspoint.com)
1. There are 9 essential amino acids and 11 non-essential amino acids. (jacquidankworth.com)
These are known as the "essential" amino acids. (bodybuilding.com)
They differ from other essential amino acids in that the liver lacks the enzymes necessary for their catabolism. (pursuitofresearch.org)
These replace the missing essential cofactor in the enzymatic hydroxylation of the 3 aromatic amino acids. (medscape.com)
Essential for hydroxylation of aromatic amino acids. (medscape.com)
Virtually every cell in the body uses this non-essential amino acid. (firstendurance.ca)
Because the body has the ability to produce glutamine it has long been considered a non-essential amino acid, which simply means the body has a mechanism to produce this powerful amino acid. (firstendurance.ca)
As a result, glutamine has recently been classified as a conditional non-essential amino acid. (firstendurance.ca)
Since it is classified as a complete protein, meaning it contains all the essential amino acids needed for proper body functions, hemp is beneficial for one's health and overall well-being. (shopnaturallife.com)

The antioxidant properties of LA may make it useful in aquaculture nutrition, but several effects must first be investigated, and we address here plasma free amino acids (FAA). (nofima.no)

Assays were performed for the quantity of isocyanate bound to protein, protein content, amino acid residues, and free amino groups. (cdc.gov)
The only significant change in amino acid residues recovered from HSA before and after reaction with HDI occurred in the lysyl residues. (cdc.gov)
The bar indicates the number of per amino acid residue, with one corresponding to a distance of one substitution per 10 amino acid residues. (aspetjournals.org)

The third and fourth patterns were characterized by "vitamin K, fiber, calcium, iron, manganese, and potassium", and "high correlation with starch, thiamine and folate, and negative correlation with mono and poly unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E", respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Moringa seed oil is arguably one of the world's oldest care oils and contains a high proportion of key fatty acids such as oleic acid and behenic acid, which can quickly penetrate the bottom layer of the skin, improve sebum balance, keep the skin moisturized, and can be combined with a wide range of skincare products to massage or treat the skin. (hosannawind.com)
With a very high level of unsaturated fatty acids (over 90%) and a rich source of vitamin E. This oil is completely absorbed through the skin, it does not leave an unpleasant oily surface. (biodama.com)
Extremely rich source of unsaturated fatty acids, potassium and vitamins A, B, D and E. Strongly moisturizes, nourishes and firms the skin, helping it regenerate. (biodama.com)

During long-duration aerobic exercise-a 4- or 5-hour cycle for example-amino supplementation is a way to reduce fatigue. (bodybuilding.com)
The effectiveness of amino acid supplementation is often hotly debated, particularly when compared to whey protein or whole food sources. (bodybuilding.com)
There is evidence that supports glutamine supplementation for recovery, glycogen storage, synthesis of other amino acids and reduction of the catabolic effects of over-training. (firstendurance.ca)

Amino acids in a polypeptide Nucleic acids in a nucleotide Answer- Nucleic acids in a nucleotide Q10) Which one of the following is a non-reducing carbohydrate? (jacquidankworth.com)

1] "Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. (tcdb.org)

Hyland K. Inherited disorders affecting dopamine and serotonin: critical neurotransmitters derived from aromatic amino acids. (medlineplus.gov)
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is a metabolite of serotonin, a chemical/neurotransmitter that is needed by the nervous system, mainly the brain, and also needed by special cells in the lung and gastrointestinal tract. (medscape.com)
The decrease in these aromatic amino acids directly affects the synthesis and release of serotonin and catecholamines. (pursuitofresearch.org)
Aromatic amino acid and immediate precursor of serotonin. (medscape.com)

The basic functional groups in a simple amino acid are the amine group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and a side chain attached to a central carbon atom. (differencebetween.com)

Effects of dietary amino acids and repeated handling on stress response and brain monoaminergic neurotransmitters in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles. (ualg.pt)

L-lactic acid ), pyruvic acid and ketone bodies, as well as aromatic amino acids. (guidetopharmacology.org)

As nitrogen donors, they contribute to the synthesis of excitatory glutamate and inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (Yudkoff et al,, 2005). (pursuitofresearch.org)

SLC16A10 (T-type amino-acid transporter-1, TAT1) is an aromatic amino acid transporter whilst the other members await characterization. (nih.gov)

Amino acids are the building units of protein molecules and polypeptides . (differencebetween.com)
There are 20 amino acid molecules that humans need. (differencebetween.com)
E.g. each and every nucleotide in our DNA and RNA contain aromatic molecules. (differencebetween.com)
Amino acids have important applications in the human body since they help in food digestion, repairing tissues, proper functioning of enzymes, promoting muscle growth, transportation of molecules, etc. (tutorialspoint.com)
Amino acids are polar molecules and will dissolve in water and ethanol. (tutorialspoint.com)
Here, we investigate the characteristics of arene-arene interactions between small organic molecules and aromatic amino acids in protein interiors. (rcsb.org)
The monomers are terephthalic acid (HOOC-C6H4-COOH) and ethylene glycol (HO-CH2-CH2-OH) but the repeating unit is -OC-C6H4-COO-CH2-CH2-O-, which corresponds to the combination of the two monomers with the loss of two water molecules. (name.tr)
In fact, we refer to molecules with these sorts of ring structures as " aromatic " for this exact, historical reason - when early chemists first isolated them, they noticed their distinctive scents . (chronicleflask.com)

This metabolic fuel solution is packed with powerful vitamins, complex plant sugars, protein building amino acids, seaweed extracts, carbon building blocks and aromatic oils all in a humic acid base. (growtopiahydro.com)
B-52 is a potent proprietary blend of six different B vitamins alongside amino-rich kelp extract, humic acids, fulvic acid and an array of powerhouse nutrients your plants thrive on. (greendragonhydroponics.com)

Sodium benzoic acid, as well as benzoic acid itself, are preservatives, i.e. substances that protect the cosmetic against microbial contamination. (biodama.com)

Also transports N-methyl amino acids and thyroid hormones. (tcdb.org)

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body, accounting for greater than 60% of the total intramuscular free amino acid pool. (firstendurance.ca)

Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids from Pithecellobium dulce (Robx. (mdpi.com)

1997. Inhibition of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase by polychlorinated biphenyls. (cdc.gov)

1993). The total nitrogen content in tobacco leaves-as derived from nitrates, ammonia, amino acids, amides and alkaloids-ultimately contributes to the formation of AAs in tobacco smoke (Stabbert, R., et. (cdc.gov)

ABCG2 requires a single aromatic amino acid to "clamp" substrates and inhibitors into the binding pocket. (stjude.org)

Among these 20 amino acids, 11 are made in the body, while the other 9 are consumed from dietary sources. (differencebetween.com)
b) The requirement for dietary protein is for individual amino acids, not simply the total amount of protein in the diet. (jacquidankworth.com)
Dietary indispensable amino acids profile affects protein utilization and growth of Senegalese sole larvae. (ualg.pt)
Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on cortisol production and gene expression in stress response in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) post-larvae. (ualg.pt)
Cantaloupe is a good dietary source of amino acids, but amino acid levels can vary depending on where the fruit are grown. (tamu.edu)

Sodium lactic acid. (biodama.com)

The amino groups of this compound can be aromatic-like but are reactive with a weak positive charge and hydrophilic characteristics. (differencebetween.com)

The large neutral amino acid transport system is highly expressed not only in the nigrostriatal region as a physiologic feature of normal brain but also in brain tumors as a pathologic feature, causing an increased uptake of amino acids, compared with that in normal brain. (snmjournals.org)

Cysteine is an amino acid that reduces the amount of black melanin pigmentation made in skin. (ajinomoto.com)
Melanin is an amino acid. (keyamsha.com)

Therefore, amino acids can play an important role in metabolic pathways, gene expression , and cell signaling pathways. (differencebetween.com)
They are produced by various metabolic processes happening in the body and also from other amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)

Citric acid is a substance in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which generates energy in the body. (ajinomoto.com)
The TCA cycle starts with citric acid and is also called the "citric acid cycle. (ajinomoto.com)

Anatomy7

Organisms15

Chemicals and Drugs122

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment38

Phenomena and Processes76

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care3

A fast method for predicting amino acid mutations that lead to unfolding. (1/210)

Bicarbonate enhances peroxidase activity of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase. Role of carbonate anion radical and scavenging of carbonate anion radical by metalloporphyrin antioxidant enzyme mimetics. (2/210)

A possible role for pi-stacking in the self-assembly of amyloid fibrils. (3/210)

Exploring the active site of plant glutaredoxin by site-directed mutagenesis. (4/210)

Charged amino acids conserved in the aromatic acid/H+ symporter family of permeases are required for 4-hydroxybenzoate transport by PcaK from Pseudomonas putida. (5/210)

Aromatic-aromatic interactions in and around alpha-helices. (6/210)

The ARO4 gene of Candida albicans encodes a tyrosine-sensitive DAHP synthase: evolution, functional conservation and phenotype of Aro3p-, Aro4p-deficient mutants. (7/210)

Refined molecular hinge between allosteric and catalytic domain determines allosteric regulation and stability of fungal chorismate mutase. (8/210)

Amino Acids

Amino Acids, Aromatic

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Amino Acid Sequence

Amino Acid Substitution

Cloning, Molecular

Amino Acids, Essential

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Sequence Alignment

Molecular Sequence Data

Base Sequence

Escherichia coli

Binding Sites

Amino Acid Motifs

Mutation

Models, Molecular

Kinetics

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Protein Conformation

Structure-Activity Relationship

Polycyclic Compounds

Substrate Specificity

Recombinant Proteins

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Phenylalanine

DNA, Complementary

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Peptide Fragments

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Leucine

Protein Binding

Amino Acids, Sulfur

Bacterial Proteins

DNA

Peptides

Molecular Weight

Tryptophan

Phylogeny

Protein Structure, Secondary

Genes, Bacterial

Restriction Mapping

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Cell Line

Alanine

Proteins

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Conserved Sequence

RNA, Messenger

Species Specificity

Lysine

DNA Primers

Isoleucine

Biodegradation, Environmental

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Molecular Structure

Carrier Proteins

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Plasmids

Pyrenes

Cattle

Amino Acids, Basic

Biological Transport

Glycine

Codon

Catalysis

Tyrosine

Open Reading Frames

Trypsin

Mutagenesis

Arginine

Genes

Glutamine

Cyanogen Bromide

Valine

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Nitrogen