Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Amino Acids, Aromatic: Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.Hydrocarbons, Aromatic: Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in the form of an unsaturated, usually hexagonal ring structure. The compounds can be single ring, or double, triple, or multiple fused rings.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Amino Acids, Essential: Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.Amino Acid Transport Systems: Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Polycyclic Compounds: Compounds consisting of two or more fused ring structures.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Amino Acids, Branched-Chain: Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid: The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Amino Acids, SulfurBacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Protein Structure, Secondary: The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Restriction Mapping: Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.Biodegradation, Environmental: Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic: Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Pyrenes: A group of condensed ring hydrocarbons.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Amino Acids, Basic: Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).Catalysis: The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.Open Reading Frames: A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.Mutagenesis: Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.Genes: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.Stereoisomerism: The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Amino Acids, DiaminoAmines: A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.Protein Biosynthesis: The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.Gene Library: A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.Sequence Deletion: Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.HydrocarbonsExcitatory Amino Acids: Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Crystallography, X-Ray: The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Circular Dichroism: A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Macromolecular Substances: Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.Amino Acid Transport System A: A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.Amino Acids, Neutral: Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.Transaminases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Blotting, Northern: Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus.Chromatography, Gel: Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Sequence Analysis, Protein: A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Amino Acids, Cyclic: A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.Chemistry: A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.Chromatography, Ion Exchange: Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.Enzyme Stability: The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.DNA Adducts: The products of chemical reactions that result in the addition of extraneous chemical groups to DNA.Chemical Phenomena: The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Benzene DerivativesCarbon Isotopes: Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.COS Cells: CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Genetic Complementation Test: A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.Models, Chemical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Endopeptidases: A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid: A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.Receptors, Amino Acid: Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.Chickens: Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.Catalytic Domain: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.Protein Sorting Signals: Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.Escherichia coli Proteins: Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.Fungal Proteins: Proteins found in any species of fungus.Oxygenases: Oxidases that specifically introduce DIOXYGEN-derived oxygen atoms into a variety of organic molecules.Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.DNA Mutational Analysis: Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.Protein PrecursorsCulture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Protein Processing, Post-Translational: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Peptide Mapping: Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.Pseudomonas putida: A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and water as well as clinical specimens. Occasionally it is an opportunistic pathogen.Oligopeptides: Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.Blotting, Southern: A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Aminoisobutyric Acids: A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.Protein Folding: Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.Isoenzymes: Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Chromosome Mapping: Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases: A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions: The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.Dioxygenases: Non-heme iron-containing enzymes that incorporate two atoms of OXYGEN into the substrate. They are important in biosynthesis of FLAVONOIDS; GIBBERELLINS; and HYOSCYAMINE; and for degradation of AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Soil Pollutants: Substances which pollute the soil. Use for soil pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.PhenanthrenesGenetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1: A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.Oligodeoxyribonucleotides: A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.Genes, Fungal: The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.Benzoates: Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxybenzene structure.Thermodynamics: A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)Oligonucleotide Probes: Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.Molecular Conformation: The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.Oxidoreductases: The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)Phenol: An antiseptic and disinfectant aromatic alcohol.Solubility: The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Serine Endopeptidases: Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Toluene: A widely used industrial solvent.Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.Glutathione Transferase: A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Mutation, Missense: A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)Exons: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.
A fast method for predicting amino acid mutations that lead to unfolding. (1/210)
Amino acid mutation(s) that cause(s) partial or total unfolding of a protein can lead to disease states and failure to produce mutants. It is therefore very useful to be able to predict which mutations can retain the conformation of a wild-type protein and which mutations will lead to local or global unfolding of the protein. We have developed a fast and reasonably accurate method based on a backbone-dependent side-chain rotamer library to predict the (folded or unfolded) conformation of a protein upon mutation. This method has been tested on proteins whose wild-type 3D structures are known and whose mutant conformations have been experimentally characterized to be folded or unfolded. Furthermore, for the cases studied here, the predicted partially folded or denatured mutant conformation correlate with a decrease in the stability of the mutant relative to the wild-type protein. The key advantage of our method is that it is very fast and predicts locally or globally unfolded states fairly accurately. Hence, it may prove to be useful in designing site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography and drug design experiments as well as in free energy simulations by helping to ascertain whether a mutation will alter or retain the wild-type conformation. (+info)Bicarbonate enhances peroxidase activity of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase. Role of carbonate anion radical and scavenging of carbonate anion radical by metalloporphyrin antioxidant enzyme mimetics. (2/210)
Much evidence exists for the increased peroxidase activity of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) in oxidant-induced diseases. In this study, we measured the peroxidase activity of SOD1 by monitoring the oxidation of dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) to dichlorofluorescein (DCF). Bicarbonate dramatically enhanced DCFH oxidation to DCF in a SOD1/H(2)O(2)/DCFH system. Peroxidase activity could be measured at a lower H(2)O(2) concentration ( approximately 1 microm). We propose that DCFH oxidation to DCF is a sensitive index for measuring the peroxidase activity of SOD1 and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis SOD1 mutants and that the carbonate radical anion (CO(3)) is responsible for oxidation of DCFH to DCF in the SOD1/H(2)O(2)/bicarbonate system. Bicarbonate enhanced H(2)O(2)-dependent oxidation of DCFH to DCF by spinal cord extracts of transgenic mice expressing SOD1(G93A). The SOD1/H(2)O(2)/HCO(3)(-)-dependent oxidation was mimicked by photolysis of an inorganic cobalt carbonato complex that generates CO(3). Metalloporphyrin antioxidants that are usually considered as SOD1 mimetic or peroxynitrite dismutase effectively scavenged the CO(3) radical. Implications of this reaction as a plausible protective mechanism in inflammatory cellular damage induced by peroxynitrite are discussed. (+info)A possible role for pi-stacking in the self-assembly of amyloid fibrils. (3/210)
Amyloid fibril formation is assumed to be the molecular basis for a variety of diseases of unrelated origin. Despite its fundamental clinical importance, the mechanism of amyloid formation is not fully understood. When we analyzed a variety of short functional fragments from unrelated amyloid-forming proteins, a remarkable occurrence of aromatic residues was observed. The finding of aromatic residues in diverse fragments raises the possibility that pi-pi interactions may play a significant role in the molecular recognition and self-assembly processes that lead to amyloid formation. This is in line with the well-known central role of pi-stacking interactions in self-assembly processes in the fields of chemistry and biochemistry. We speculate that the stacking interactions may provide energetic contribution as well as order and directionality in the self-assembly of amyloid structures. Experimental data regarding amyloid formation and inhibition by short peptide analogs also support our hypothesis. The pi-stacking hypothesis suggests a new approach to understanding the self-assembly mechanism that governs amyloid formation and indicates possible ways to control this process. (+info)Exploring the active site of plant glutaredoxin by site-directed mutagenesis. (4/210)
Six mutants (Y26A, C27S, Y29F, Y29P, C30S and Y26W/Y29P) have been engineered in order to explore the active site of poplar glutaredoxin (Grx) (Y26CPYC30). The cysteinic mutants indicate that Cys 27 is the primary nucleophile. Phe is a good substitute for Tyr 29, but the Y29P mutant was inactive. The Y26A mutation caused a moderate loss of activity. The YCPPC and WCPPC mutations did not improve the reactivity of Grx with the chloroplastic NADP-malate dehydrogenase, a well known target of thioredoxins (Trxs). The results are discussed in relation with the known biochemical properties of Grx and Trx. (+info)Charged amino acids conserved in the aromatic acid/H+ symporter family of permeases are required for 4-hydroxybenzoate transport by PcaK from Pseudomonas putida. (5/210)
Charged amino acids in the predicted transmembrane portion of PcaK, a permease from Pseudomonas putida that transports 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-HBA), were required for 4-HBA transport, and they were also required for P. putida to have a chemotactic response to 4-HBA. An essential amino acid motif (DGXD) containing aspartate residues is located in the first transmembrane segment of PcaK and is conserved in the aromatic acid/H+ symporter family of the major facilitator superfamily of transporters. (+info)Aromatic-aromatic interactions in and around alpha-helices. (6/210)
To understand the role of aromatic-aromatic interactions in imparting specificity to the folding process, the geometries of four aromatic residues with different sequence spacing, located in alpha-helices or five residues from helical ends, interacting with each other have been elucidated. The geometry is found to depend on the sequence difference. Specific interactions (C-H...pi and N-H...pi) which result from this geometry may cause a given pair of residues (such as Phe-His) with a particular sequence difference to occur more than expected. The most conspicuous residue in an aromatic pair in the context of helix stability is His, which is found at the last (C1) position or the two positions (Ncap and Ccap) immediately flanking the helix. An alpha-helix and a contiguous 3(10)-helix or two helices separated by a non-helical residue can have interacting aromatic pairs, the geometry of interaction and the relative orientation between the helices being rather fixed. Short helices can also have interacting residues from either side. (+info)The ARO4 gene of Candida albicans encodes a tyrosine-sensitive DAHP synthase: evolution, functional conservation and phenotype of Aro3p-, Aro4p-deficient mutants. (7/210)
The enzyme 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase catalyses the first step in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in prokaryotes, plants and fungi. Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain two catalytically redundant DAHP synthases, encoded by the genes ARO3 and ARO4, whose activities are feedback-inhibited by phenylalanine and tyrosine, respectively. ARO3/4 gene transcription is controlled by GCN4. The authors previously cloned an ARO3 gene orthologue from Candida albicans and found that: (1) it can complement an aro3 aro4 double mutation in S. cerevisiae, an effect inhibited by excess phenylalanine, and (2) a homozygous aro3-deletion mutant of C. albicans is phenotypically Aro(+), suggesting the existence of another isozyme(s). They now report the identification and functional characterization of the C. albicans orthologue of S. cerevisiae Aro4p. The two Aro4p enzymes share 68% amino acid identity. Phylogenetic analysis places the fungal DAHP synthases in a cluster separate from prokaryotic orthologues and suggests that ARO3 and ARO4 arose from a single gene via a gene duplication event early in fungal evolution. C. albicans ARO4 mRNA is elevated upon amino acid starvation, consistent with the presence of three putative Gcn4p-responsive elements (GCREs) in the gene promoter sequence. C. albicans ARO4 complements an aro3 aro4 double mutation in S. cerevisiae, an effect inhibited by excess tyrosine. The authors engineered Deltaaro3/Deltaaro3 Deltaaro4/MET3p::ARO4 cells of C. albicans (with one wild-type copy of ARO4 placed under control of the repressible MET3 promoter) and found that they fail to grow in the absence of aromatic amino acids when ARO4 expression is repressed, and that this growth defect can be partially rescued by aromatic amino acids and certain aromatic amino acid pathway intermediates. It is concluded that, like S. cerevisiae, C. albicans contains two DAHP synthases required for the first step in the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway. (+info)Refined molecular hinge between allosteric and catalytic domain determines allosteric regulation and stability of fungal chorismate mutase. (8/210)
The yeast chorismate mutase is regulated by tyrosine as feedback inhibitor and tryptophan as crosspathway activator. The monomer consists of a catalytic and a regulatory domain covalently linked by the loop L220s (212-226), which functions as a molecular hinge. Two monomers form the active dimeric enzyme stabilized by hydrophobic interactions in the vicinity of loop L220s. The role of loop L220s and its environment for enzyme regulation, dimerization, and stability was analyzed. Substitution of yeast loop L220s in place of the homologous loop from the corresponding and similarly regulated Aspergillus enzyme (and the reverse substitution) changed tyrosine inhibition to activation. Yeast loop L220s substituted into the Aspergillus enzyme resulted in a tryptophan-inhibitable enzyme. Monomeric yeast chorismate mutases could be generated by substituting two hydrophobic residues in and near the hinge region. The resulting Thr-212-->Asp-Phe-28-->Asp enzyme was as stable as wild type, but lost allosteric regulation and showed reduced catalytic activity. These results underline the crucial role of this molecular hinge for inhibition, activation, quaternary structure, and stability of yeast chorismate mutase. (+info)Sprenger GA (2007). "Aromatic Amino Acids". Amino Acid Biosynthesis: Pathways, Regulation and Metabolic Engineering (1st ed.). ... In excessive quantities, supplementation can interfere with the production of serotonin and other aromatic amino acids as well ... which naturally produces aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine. The quantity of L-phenylalanine produced commercially has ... The corresponding enzymes in for those compounds are the aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family and nitric oxide synthase. ...
diamond (microscopic). amino acids. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The ferromagnesian minerals are isolated and show no ... For instance, amino acids have been detected. This is a very important fact in the ongoing search for the origin of life. CI ...
"Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: diagnostic methodology" (PDF). Clinical Chemistry. 38 (12): 2405-10. PMID ... L-DOPA (/ˌɛlˈdoʊpə/), also known as levodopa (/ˌlɛvoʊˈdoʊpə/) or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an amino acid that is made and ... it is converted into dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, also known as DOPA decarboxylase. Pyridoxal ... Dopamine is formed by the decarboxylation of L-DOPA by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). ...
The Dakin-West reaction is a chemical reaction that transforms an amino-acid into a keto-amide using an acid anhydride and a ... Dakin, Henry Drysdale; West, Randolph (1928). "Some Aromatic Derivatives of Substituted Acetylaminoacetones". The Journal of ... Modern variations on the Dakin-West reaction permit many enolizable carboxylic acids - not merely amino acids - to be converted ... With some acids, this reaction can take place even in the absence of an α-amino group. This reaction should not be confused ...
Metabolism of Aromatic Amino Acids and Amines. Methods in Enzymology. 142. pp. 139-42. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(87)42021-1. ISBN ... It has been demonstrated that treatment with nitisinone can reduce urinary levels of homogentisic acid in alkaptonuria patients ... for patients with Tyrosinemia type 1 as it prevents the formation of maleylacetoacetic acid and fumarylacetoacetic acid, which ...
Herrmann, K.; Entus, R. (2001). "Shikimate Pathway: Aromatic Amino Acids and Beyond". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. doi: ... each of which sensitive to one of the amino acids produced in the shikimate pathway. In a study of DAHP synthase sensitive to ... which is responsible for the biosynthesis of the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Since it is the first ... 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonic acid 7-phosphate synthetase, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-2-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate synthetase, 3- ...
... meaning that they must obtain these essential amino acids through their diet. Aromatic Amino acids include Phenylalanine, ... The aromatic amino acids produced by the shikimate acid pathway are used by higher plants as protein building blocks and as ... The shikimate pathway was determined to be a major biosynthetic route for the production of aromatic amino acids through the ... The shikimate pathway is a biosynthetic pathway that allows plants, fungi, and bacteria to produce aromatic amino acids. ...
Schulz AR, Oliner L (1967). "The possible role of thyroid aromatic amino acid decarboxylase in thyroxine biosynthesis". Life ... LOVENBERG W, WEISSBACH H, UDENFRIEND S (1962). "Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase". J. Biol. Chem. 237: 89-93. PMID 14466899 ... aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, and L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase. This enzyme participates in phenylalanine metabolism. ...
Fitzpatrick PF (2000). "The aromatic amino acid hydroxylases". Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. Advances in Enzymology - ...
PAH is one of three members of the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, a class of monooxygenase that uses ... Flatmark T, Stevens RC (Aug 1999). "Structural Insight into the Aromatic Amino Acid Hydroxylases and Their Disease-Related ... PAH is unusual among the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases for its involvement in catabolism; tyrosine and tryptophan ... Fitzpatrick PF (Dec 2003). "Mechanism of aromatic amino acid hydroxylation". Biochemistry. 42 (48): 14083-91. doi:10.1021/ ...
3.0 3.1 Nonprotein amino acids from spark discharges and their comparison with the Murchison Meteorite amino acids. Kvenvolden ... Aromatic hydrocarbons. 3319. Fullerenes. ,100. Carboxylic acids. ,300. Hydrocarboxylic acids. 15. Purines and pyrimidines. 1.3 ... Murchison contains over 15 amino acids.[3] All the amino acids found in the Murchison meteorite have been synthesised in ... Phosphonic acids. 2. Research in 2005 showed that an amino acid like L-proline is capable of catalyzing the formation of chiral ...
... amino acids) In Dumas' laboratory, he studied potato essence. In fact, from a single impure sample of one liter belonging to ... but this time to cuminic acid. Their interest in benzoic compounds led to the discovery of numerous aromatic compounds ... after having been treated with CO2 under high pressure and with sulfuric acid, forms salicylic acid. It was later, when he was ... The technique he used to obtain this acid was repeated many times by other scientists who also wished to obtain it, before ...
CYP19A1 Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency; 608643; DDC Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 1; 107970; TGFB3 ... FREM1 Bile acid malabsorption, primary; 613291; SLC10A2 Bile acid synthesis defect, congenital, 2; 235555; AKR1D1 Bile acid ... SBDS Sialic acid storage disorder, infantile; 269920; SLC17A5 Sialidosis, type I; 256550; NEU1 Sialidosis, type II; 256550; ... SLC7A7 Lysosomal acid phosphatase deficiency; 200950; ACP2 Lysyl hydroxylase 3 deficiency; 612394; PLOD3 Machado-Joseph disease ...
... is a synthetic aromatic amino acid. It is a chiral molecule and thus has two potential configurations, as (R)- and (S ... Owen DR, Wood DM, Archer JR, Dargan PI (2016). "Phenibut (4-amino-3-phenyl-butyric acid): Availability, prevalence of use, ... As such, its chemical name is β-phenyl-γ-aminobutyric acid, which can be abbreviated as β-phenyl-GABA. The presence of the ... Phenibut is structurally related to the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and hence is a GABA analogue. It is ...
... s originate from the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine. They tend to absorb ultraviolet-B ...
Before vancomycin is assembled through NRPS, the amino acids are first modified. L-tyrosine is modified to become the β- ... Figure 2: Linear heptapeptide, which consists of modified aromatic rings. Nonribosomal peptide synthesis occurs through ... In the A domain, the specific amino acid is activated by converting into an aminoacyl adenylate enzyme complex attached to a ... One mechanism of resistance to vancomycin involves the alteration to the terminal amino acid residues of the NAM/NAG-peptide ...
Levodopa is a prodrug for dopamine, which reduces Parkinson symptoms; carbidopa and benserazide are aromatic L-amino acid ... It melts at 143 to 146 °C (289 to 295 °F), is practically insoluble in water and acids but soluble in 0.1 M aqueous sodium ... hydroxylation by CYP3A4 and CYP2A6 with subsequent oxidation to a carboxylic acid, and possibly a minor path with reduction to ... in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid / ethanol). Its chemical name is 3,4-dihydroxy-4'-methyl-5-nitrobenzophenone. A synthesis of ...
The amino-group makes this compound a weak base, capable of reacting with acids to form salts. One common salt of N- ... Chemically, N-methylphenyethanolamine is an aromatic compound, an amine, and an alcohol. ... The amino-ketone was reduced with lithium aluminum hydride to the corresponding amino-alcohol, and the N-benzyl group finally ... α-amino acid chlorides. Application to the preparation of β-arylalkylamines and 3-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines ...
Inborn errors of metabolism Imidazole Aromatic amino acids Imaeda M, Wada Y (1998). "Urocanic aciduria (urocanase deficiency ... The amino acid histidine, when catalyzed by the enzyme histidase, forms urocanic acid. Disruptions in this pathway, caused by a ... In urocanic aciduria, increased urocanic acid in the urine indicates a deficiency of the enzyme urocanase. With normal to only ... This results in reduced levels of skin and serum urocanic acid, the primary indicator of insufficient histidase activity. ...
... which ultimately blocks the production of aromatic amino acids, and, without aromatic amino acids, plants cannot survive. ... This reaction is part of the shikimate pathway which is involved in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. 3-Dehydroquinate ... The shikimate pathway is responsible for producing the precursors for aromatic amino acids, which are essential to our diets ... Only plants, bacteria, and microbial eukaryotes are capable of producing aromatic amino acids. The pathway ultimately converts ...
Maeda H, Dudareva N (2012). "The shikimate pathway and aromatic amino Acid biosynthesis in plants". Annual Review of Plant ... and like all amino acids, exists in different ionic states depending on pH. Both the phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid ... an essential precursor for the amino acids mentioned above. These amino acids are used in protein synthesis and to produce ... It inhibits a plant enzyme involved in the synthesis of three aromatic amino acids: tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine. ...
"EC 4.1.1.28 - Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (Homo sapiens)". BRENDA. Technische Universität Braunschweig. July 2016. ... meta-Tyramine is produced in humans via aromatic amino acid decarboxylase-mediated metabolism of meta-tyrosine. meta-Tyramine ...
Eventually this results in organism death from lack of aromatic amino acids the organism requires to survive. A version of the ... Maeda H, Dudareva N (2012). "The shikimate pathway and aromatic amino Acid biosynthesis in plants". Annual Review of Plant ... Jaworski EK (1972). "Mode of action of N-phosphonomethyl-glycine: inhibition of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis". J Agric Food ... EPSP synthase participates in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan via the ...
aromatic amino acid family metabolic process. • response to lipopolysaccharide. • cerebral cortex development. • response to ... Like the other aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAHs), tyrosine hydroxylase use the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) under ... functional domains and evolution of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the ... together the three make up a family of homologous aromatic amino acid hydroxylases.[23][24] ...
β-peptides are composed of amino acids containing an additional CH 2 unit between the amine and carboxylic acid. They are more ... Aedamers that fold in aqueous solutions driven by hydrophobic and aromatic stacking interactions. Aromatic Oligomide Foldamers ... Using a heteroligopeptide consisting of α-amino acids and cis-β-aminocyclopropanecarboxulic acids (cis-β-ACCs) they found the ... The amino acids of these peptides only differ by one (β), two (γ) or three (δ) methylene carbons, yet the structural changes ...
... fatty acids, and amino acids in most vertebrates, including humans. Ketone bodies are elevated in the blood (ketosis) after ... Aromatic ketones can be prepared in the Friedel-Crafts acylation,[12] the related Houben-Hoesch reaction,[13] and the Fries ... Acid/base properties of ketonesEdit. Ketones are far more acidic (pKa ≈ 20) than a regular alkane (pKa ≈ 50). This difference ... Acids as weak as pyridinium cation (as found in pyridinium tosylate) with a pKa of 5.2 are able to serve as catalysts in this ...
Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the way signals are passed between ... medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/aromatic-l-amino-acid-decarboxylase-deficiency/ Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase ... Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the way signals are passed between ... Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase enzyme activity in deficient patients and heterozygotes. Mol Genet Metab. 2007 Apr;90(4): ...
Cross-references: Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (IPR010977). The following external resources were found for this entry: ...
An aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor (synonyms: DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor, DDCI and AAADI) is a medication which ... inhibits the synthesis of dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC, AAAD, or DOPA decarboxylase). ... Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase_inhibitor&oldid=907336753" ...
... animals have lost these costly metabolic pathways for aromatic amino acids synthesis and must instead obtain the amino acids ... Herbicides and antibiotics take advantage of this by inhibiting enzymes involved in aromatic amino acid synthesis, thereby ... All plants and micro-organisms synthesize their own aromatic amino acids to make proteins. However, ... Kynurenic acid, a kynurenine, produced along the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway, is an antagonist at excitatory amino acid ...
... animals have lost these costly metabolic pathways for aromatic amino acids synthesis and must instead obtain the amino acids ... All plants and micro-organisms synthesize their own aromatic amino acids to make proteins (Braus, 1991; Tzin and Galili, 2010 ... Herbicides take advantage of this by inhibiting enzymes involved in aromatic amino acid synthesis, thereby making them toxic to ... aromatic amino acids serve as precursors for the synthesis of many biologically/neurologically active compounds that are ...
Hyland K, Clayton PT (1990), Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency in twins. J Inherit Metab Dis 13: 301-304.Google ... Chang YT, Mues G, McPherson JD, Bedell J, Marsh JL, Hyland K (1998) Mutations in the human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase ... Jahng JW, Wessel TC, Houpt TA, Son JH, Joh TH (1996) Alternate promoters in the rat aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase gene ... Abeling NG, van Gennip AH, Barth PG, van Cruchten A, Westra M, Wijburg FA (1998) Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency ...
Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase was isolated from pig kidney by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE chromatography, and ... Purification and characterisation of tyrosine decarboxylase and aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase.. Børresen T1, Klausen NK, ... Microbial tyrosine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.25) and mammalian aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) catalyse the ... tyrosine decarboxylase eluted at pH 4.3 and aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase at pH 5.0. Isoelectric focusing of tyrosine ...
... and clinical studies in all areas of amino acids. ... Journal of Amino Acids is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal ... Separation of Aromatic Amino Acids on Reversed-Phase Columns. Figure 2 shows a chromatogram of a standard solution of amino ... For the determination of the concentration of the respective amino acids, the ratio of the peak areas of the amino acid and the ... This means that "total amino acid analysis" has no closed mass balance and some assumptions about the sequence or amino acid ...
... and clinical studies in all areas of amino acids. ... Journal of Amino Acids is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal ... Y. Li, A.-G. Tang, and S. Mu, "HPLC-FLD determination of serum aromatic amino acids: application in chronic kidney disease ... Protein Quantification by Derivatization-Free High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Aromatic Amino Acids. Almut Hesse and ... I. Molnar-Perl, Quantitation of Amino Acids and Amines by Chromatography-Methods and Protocols, 2005. ...
An aromatic amino acid (AAA) is an amino acid that includes an aromatic ring. Examples include: Among 20 standard amino acids: ... Aromatic amino acids are able to absorb light due to their conjugated double bonds. This characteristic of aromatic amino acids ... Animals obtain aromatic amino acids from their diet, but all plants and micro-organisms must synthesize their aromatic amino ... These aromatic amino acids are the derivatives of many secondary metabolites, all essential to a plants biological functions, ...
... an aromatic-amino-acid transaminase (EC 2.6.1.57) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction an aromatic amino acid + 2- ... an aromatic oxo acid + L-glutamate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are aromatic amino acid and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas ... Other names in common use include aromatic amino acid aminotransferase, aromatic aminotransferase, and ArAT. This enzyme ... Mavrides C, Orr W (1975). "Multispecific aspartate and aromatic amino acid aminotransferases in Escherichia coli". J. Biol. ...
... aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) ELISA Kits from leading suppliers on Biocompare. View specifications, prices, citations, ... Mouse Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase, DDC ELISA Kit *Detection Target: dopa decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid ... Your search returned 67 dopa decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) ELISA ELISA Kit across 2 suppliers. ... dopa decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) ELISA Kits. dopa decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) ...
Action of Carboxypeptidase Toward Peptides Containing Unnatural Aromatic Amino Acids Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded ...
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC or AAAD), also known as DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), tryptophan decarboxylase, and 5- ... Pons R, Ford B, Chiriboga CA, Clayton PT, Hinton V, Hyland K, Sharma R, De Vivo DC (Apr 2004). "Aromatic L-amino acid ... Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid+Decarboxylases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ... Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, a class of anti-Parkinson drugs ...
Background Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a disorder of biogenic amine metabolism resulting in ... References to electronic databases: Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: OMIM #608643. Aromatic l-amino acid ... Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: unusual neonatal presentation and additional findings in organic acid analysis ... Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a disorder of biogenic amine metabolism resulting in generalized ...
... aromatic amino acid aminotransferase produced phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) from l-Phe in isolated petal protoplasts. We have cloned ... Functional characterization of aromatic amino acid aminotransferase involved in 2-phenylethanol biosynthesis in isolated rose ... of aromatic amino acid aminotransferase families based on rose EST database and homology regions. The RyAAATs enzymes were ... dependent aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) and phenylacetaldehyde reductase (PAR). We here report that Rosa Yves ...
K. aerogenes abstracted the alpha-amino group of these compounds by transamination and excreted the arylpyruvate portions into ... Klebsiella aerogenes utilized aromatic amino acids as sole sources of nitrogen but not as sole sources of carbon. ... Klebsiella aerogenes utilized aromatic amino acids as sole sources of nitrogen but not as sole sources of carbon. K. aerogenes ... Tryptophan metabolism in Klebsiella aerogenes: regulation of the utilization of aromatic amino acids as sources of nitrogen J ...
... coli cells to the inhibiting concentrations of l-phenylalanine and aromatic amino acid analogues, dl-p-fluor … ... The inner membrane protein YddG of Escherichia coli is a homologue of the known amino acid exporters RhtA and YdeD. It was ... YddG from Escherichia coli promotes export of aromatic amino acids FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2007 Oct;275(2):312-8. doi: 10.1111/j. ... On the other hand, the inactivation of yddG decreased the aromatic amino acid accumulation by these strains. The cells of the E ...
... showing immunoreactivity to aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), which catalyzes the convers ... Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases / analysis*. Cats / anatomy & histology*. Dopamine / metabolism. Female. Immunoenzyme ... 0/Nerve Tissue Proteins; 50-67-9/Serotonin; EC 4.1.1.28/Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases ... showing immunoreactivity to aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), which catalyzes the conversion of L-3, 4- ...
The neurochemical consequences of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency Author: Allen, G. F. G. ISNI: 0000 0004 2729 ... Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) catalyses the conversion of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and L-3,4- ...
AAA stands for Aromatic Amino Acids. AAA is defined as Aromatic Amino Acids somewhat frequently. ... Aromatic amino acids (AAA) [1] are amino acids that include an aromatic ring. Examples include: Among 20 standard amino acids: ... Aromatic amino acids are relatively nonpolar. To different degrees, all aromatic amino acids absorb ultraviolet light. Tyrosine ... Ultra- Violet Absorption Spectra of Aromatic Amino-Acids. 199 The nitrogen content of the d-l-phenylalanine was 8.68 per cent. ...
Aromatic amino acid transaminase in rat intestine. Jun Nakamura, Tomoo Noguchi, Ryo Kido ... Aromatic amino acid transaminase in rat intestine Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Biochemical ... The transamination of aromatic l-amino acids (5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine and kynurenine) was ... On the basis of the partial purification and characterization of these aromatic amino acid transaminases, it is suggested that ...
Gene Therapy for Aromatic l-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency. By Wuh-Liang Hwu, Shin-ichi Muramatsu, Sheng-Hong Tseng, Kai- ... Gene Therapy for Aromatic l-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency. By Wuh-Liang Hwu, Shin-ichi Muramatsu, Sheng-Hong Tseng, Kai- ... Gene Therapy for Aromatic l-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from ... Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) is required for the synthesis of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. ...
Gene Therapy for Aromatic l-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency. By Wuh-Liang Hwu, Shin-ichi Muramatsu, Sheng-Hong Tseng, Kai- ... Gene Therapy for Aromatic l-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency. By Wuh-Liang Hwu, Shin-ichi Muramatsu, Sheng-Hong Tseng, Kai- ... Gene Therapy for Aromatic l-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from ... Patients with aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency cannot produce the neurotransmitter dopamine from its ...
To delineate the clinical and genetic features of two pedigrees affected with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) ... Determining Total Aromatic Amino Acid Requirements in Pregnant Women. Phenylalanine and tyrosine are aromatic amino acids that ... Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase Inhibitors. Compounds and drugs that block or inhibit the enzymatic action of AROMATIC AMINO ... Aromatic-l-amino-acid Decarboxylases. An enzyme group with broad specificity. The enzymes decarboxylate a range of aromatic ...
Decarboxylase deficiencyAADCBiosynthesisDopamineProteinHigh-Performance LiSulphur-containingRole of Aromatic AminoDopaMetabolitesProteinogenic amino acidsBiosynthetic pathwaysPathwayTyrosine and phenylalanineMethionineAlpha-aminoPathwaysAliphatic1.28OrganicMain amino acidsDecarboxylasesAminesLevels of amino acidsAcidicEnantiomersNitrogenHepatic EncephalopathyDifferent amino acidsThereby making theAnaloguesGeneticChemicalAqueousTotal amino acidAbsorbMoleculesCarboxylic acid groupEnzymes involved
- Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of a new inborn error of neurotransmitter amine synthesis. (medlineplus.gov)
- Abeling NG, van Gennip AH, Barth PG, van Cruchten A, Westra M, Wijburg FA (1998) Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: a new case with a mild clinical presentation and unexpected laboratory findings. (springer.com)
- Fiumara A, Wevers RA, Barone R, et al (1998) Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: the first italian case. (springer.com)
- Hyland K, Clayton PT (1990), Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency in twins. (springer.com)
- Hyland K, Chang YT, Arnold LA, Bräutigam C, Sharma RK, Hoffmann G (1998) Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency responsive to levodopa: identification of an active site glycine in exon three. (springer.com)
- Korenke GC, Christen HJ, Hyland K, Hunneman DH, Hanefeld F (1997) Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: an extrapyramidal movement disorder with oculogyric crises. (springer.com)
- Abdenur JE, Abeling NG, Specola N, etal (2006) Aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: unusual neonatal presentation and additional findings in organic acid analysis. (springer.com)
- Anselm IA, Darras BT (2006) Catecholamine toxicity in aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase deficiency. (springer.com)
- Brautigam C, Wevers R, Hyland K, etal (2000) The influence of l -dopa on methylation capacity in aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase deficiency. (springer.com)
- Brautigam C, Hyland K, Wevers R, etal (2002) Clinical and laboratory findings in twins with neonatal epileptic encephalopathy mimicking aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase deficiency. (springer.com)
- Burlina AB, Burlina AP, Hyland K, Bonafe L, Blau N (2001) Autistic syndrome and aromatic l -aminoacid decarboxylase deficiency. (springer.com)
- Clinical and genetic analysis of two pedigrees affected with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency. (bioportfolio.com)
- Defects in this gene are the cause of aromatic;L-amino-acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADCD). (creative-biogene.com)
- Biochemical investigation surprisingly showed the clinical phenotype to be caused by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency. (elsevier.com)
- The influence of L-Dopa on methylation capacity in aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: biochemical findings in two patients. (ru.nl)
- This report presents the case of an adult male with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency who developed serious cardiac rhythm disturbances during treatment with intravenous dopamine and norepinephrine for severe hypotension . (symptoma.com)
- Meanwhile, the accumulation of both N-acetylvanilalanine and 3-methoxytyrosine indicated aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency. (eurekaselect.com)
- Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the way signals are passed between certain cells in the nervous system. (medlineplus.gov)
- DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor , DDCI and AAADI ) is a medication which inhibits the synthesis of dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC, AAAD, or DOPA decarboxylase). (rug.nl)
- Aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a disorder of biogenic amine metabolism resulting in generalized combined deficiency of serotonin, dopamine and catecholamines. (springer.com)
- In CSF all patients revealed the pattern typical of AADC with decreased concentrations of homovanillic and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and elevated concentration of 3- ortho -methyldopa. (springer.com)
- In rose flowers, 2-phenylethanol (2PE) is biosynthesized from l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) via phenylacetaldehyde (PAld) by the actions of two enzymes, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) and phenylacetaldehyde reductase (PAR). (nih.gov)
- By indirect immunohistochemistry, the present study examined the distribution of neuronal structures in the cat medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, showing immunoreactivity to aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), which catalyzes the conversion of L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) to dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin (5HT). (biomedsearch.com)
- Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) catalyses the conversion of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) to the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine respectively. (bl.uk)
- Aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) is required for the synthesis of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. (sciencemag.org)
- Patients with aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency cannot produce the neurotransmitter dopamine from its precursor l -DOPA in the brain. (sciencemag.org)
- Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase AADC deficiency is a rare pediatric neuro-metabolic disease in children. (duhnnae.com)
- Aromatic l- amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a disease that affects the production of signals that allow cells in the nervous system to communicate with each other. (cdc.gov)
- Symptoms of aromatic l- amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency typically present during the first year of life. (cdc.gov)
- Herbicides and antibiotics work by inhibiting these enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, thereby rendering them toxic to plants. (wikipedia.org)
- Functional characterization of aromatic amino acid aminotransferase involved in 2-phenylethanol biosynthesis in isolated rose petal protoplasts. (nih.gov)
- The locus-typical growth factor requirements of mutants allowed a preliminary allocation of genes to reaction sequences in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Some animals and humans make it via biosynthesis from the amino acid L -tyrosine . (wikipedia.org)
- Hyland K. Inherited disorders affecting dopamine and serotonin: critical neurotransmitters derived from aromatic amino acids. (medlineplus.gov)
- One of the AROMATIC-L-AMINO-ACID DECARBOXYLASES, this enzyme is responsible for the conversion of dopa to dopamine. (bioportfolio.com)
- Insufficient amounts of aromatic amino acids in your diet - from soybeans or other protein sources - may slow the rate of production of serotonin, dopamine and epinephrine. (livestrong.com)
- Once L -DOPA has entered the central nervous system , it is converted into dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase , also known as DOPA decarboxylase . (wikipedia.org)
- Tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, two enzymes responsible for the synthesis of dopamine, were reduced by 22.4-37.3 and 22.2-43.1%, respectively. (wiley.com)
- Amino acid analysis is considered to be the gold standard for quantitative peptide and protein analysis. (hindawi.com)
- The method was validated with certified reference materials (CRM) of amino acids and of a pure protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA). (hindawi.com)
- AAAA can be used for the quantification of aromatic amino acids, isolated peptides or proteins, complex peptide or protein samples, such as serum or milk powder, and peptides or proteins immobilized on solid supports. (hindawi.com)
- The inner membrane protein YddG of Escherichia coli is a homologue of the known amino acid exporters RhtA and YdeD. (nih.gov)
- Amino acids are the building blocks for protein, are are therefore required to form tissues i. (bioportfolio.com)
- Based on the particular ability of aliphatic amino acids to form aqueous biphasic systems with ionic liquids, it is here shown how these systems can be used to selectively and efficiently separate mixtures of aliphatic and aromatic amino acids usually present in protein hydrolysates or in fermentation broths. (rsc.org)
- This was accomplished by modifying the amino acid sequence of PilA, the structural pilin protein. (asm.org)
- Amino acid sequencing located the N-terminus of the mature protein. (biochemj.org)
- In the first place, the proton signals due to the aromatic residues were identified by amino acid-selective deuterataion of the protein in vivo. (nii.ac.jp)
- A basal 12% protein diet of dextrose, corn starch, dried whey, L-glutamic acid, solka floc, soybean oil, amino acids, minerals and vitamins was fed at a rate of 1.82 kg/d. (iastate.edu)
- Dietary protein provides the chemical building blocks, called amino acids, to manufacture the many different types of proteins your body needs to function. (livestrong.com)
- The present thesis models nucleobase-amino acid charge transfer reactions, which can serve as base for future computational investigations of charge transfer processes in DNA-protein systems. (udg.edu)
- Browse other questions tagged proteins enzymes amino-acids protein-structure or ask your own question . (stackexchange.com)
- As a result, the investigation of the aromatic amino acids gains great significance and can provide people some practical ideas in the researching works about protein. (mun.ca)
- Amino acids are best-known as the building blocks for protein, and that reputation is well-deserved. (whfoods.org)
- With tens of thousands of proteins in our body-and all of them constructed from amino acids-the protein-related role of amino acids is definitely critical in support of our health (and especially the health of our immune system). (whfoods.org)
- While some people may take this group for granted and assume that it involves interesting but unnecessary details related to protein, and while others may imagine it as a very specialized area related to body building and physical performance, amino acids are actually spotlight nutrients that all of us would do well to consider when making routine food choices. (whfoods.org)
- Amino acids are most commonly described as the building blocks of protein . (whfoods.org)
- It does not matter whether a protein is very small and contains several dozen amino acids, or very large and contains more than 10,000 amino acids, or just average-sized and composed of 200-300 amino acids. (whfoods.org)
- Twenty core amino acids are all that it takes to make every single protein in our body. (whfoods.org)
- The list below shows all 20 of these core protein-building amino acids in alphabetical order. (whfoods.org)
- The method that scientists have used to determine the protein-building role of these 20 core amino acids involves our genetic code. (whfoods.org)
- Within our genes can be found direct instructions for making all 20 of these core protein-building amino acids. (whfoods.org)
- The three additional protein-building amino acids are selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and N-formylmethionine. (whfoods.org)
- What's perhaps most surprising about these 23 protein-building amino acids is the fact that they only account for about 2% of all amino acids. (whfoods.org)
- Some non-protein building amino acids have been well-researched from the standpoint of metabolism, but less well investigated from the standpoint of food. (whfoods.org)
- We expect non-protein building amino acids to become the subject of increased research attention in future studies on foods and meal planning. (whfoods.org)
- When making nutritional recommendations for our everyday diet, health scientists have expressed much more confidence in estimating our total protein needs than in estimating our need for individual amino acids. (whfoods.org)
- The precise amino acid content, and the sequence of those amino acids, of a specific protein, is determined by the sequence of the bases in the gene that encodes that protein. (wikibooks.org)
- The chemical properties of the amino acids of proteins determine the biological activity of the protein. (wikibooks.org)
- In addition, proteins contain within their amino acid sequences the necessary information to determine how that protein will fold into a three dimensional structure, and the stability of the resulting structure. (wikibooks.org)
- Spectral properties of trifluoroacetic acid acetonitrile gradient systems for separation of picomole quantities of peptides by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography," Journal of Chromatography , vol. 347, no. 1, pp. 83-88, 1985. (hindawi.com)
- We quantified the amount of each aromatic amino acid synthesized intracellularly and transported to extracellular medium by high performance liquid chromatography. (purdue.edu)
- The concentrations of amino acids in CSF and serum were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. (biomedcentral.com)
- Also a more recent development is the use of ICP-MS [ 16 - 20 ] and hence the detection of the sulphur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Interheme Electron Transfer in cytochrome C_3 and The Role of Aromatic Amino Acids. (nii.ac.jp)
- Your search returned 67 dopa decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) ELISA ELISA Kit across 2 suppliers. (biocompare.com)
- The findings of the present study provide a morphological basis for neurons that decarboxylate endogenous and exogenous L-DOPA, 5HTP, and other aromatic L-amino acids. (biomedsearch.com)
- DDC has several biochemical functions, for example, L-dopa decarboxylase activity, amino acid binding, aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase activity. (creativebiomart.net)
- In addition, since animals or humans that do not possess the enzymatic machinery for the de novo synthesis of aromatic amino acids must obtain these primary metabolites from their diet, the metabolism of aromatic amino acid by both the host animal and the resident microflora are important for the health of humans and all animals. (frontiersin.org)
- To examine whether delirium in hip fracture patients was associated with changes in the levels of amino acids and/or monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. (biomedcentral.com)
- The purpose of this study was to examine if delirium was associated with changes in the levels of amino acids and/or monoamine metabolites in CSF. (biomedcentral.com)
- In virtue of comprehensive metabolite profiling and multivariate statistical analysis, a total of 73 differential metabolites of urine sample sets was identified in 12-week and 18-week transgenic mice compared to wild-type littermates, covering perturbations of aromatic amino acid metabolism, the Krebs cycle and one-carbon metabolism. (eurekaselect.com)
- And the microbial metabolites derived from aromatic amino acid metabolism and drug-like phase II metabolic response via the glycine conjugation reactions were also highlighted, indicating that genetic modification in mouse brain not only alters genotype but also perturbs the gut microbiome. (eurekaselect.com)
- Amino acids that are used to make proteins are referred to as "proteinogenic" amino acids. (whfoods.org)
- included in this topic, describes the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathways in plants and microbes, catabolism in plants, degradation via the monoamine and kynurenine pathways in animals, and catabolism via the 3-aryllactate and kynurenine pathways in animal-associated microbes. (frontiersin.org)
- Animals obtain aromatic amino acids from their diet, but all plants and micro-organisms must synthesize their aromatic amino acids through the metabolically costly shikimate pathway in order to make them. (wikipedia.org)
- The pathway starts with two substrates , phosphoenol pyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate and ends with chorismate , a substrate for the three aromatic amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus, high levels of phenolic aromatic amino acids (tyrosine and phenylalanine) have been associated with the development of encephalopathy in patients with liver diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
- Lysine, methionine and threonine are members of the aspartate family of essential amino acids, and are found in both immature and mature soybeans. (livestrong.com)
- Methionine is one of only two amino acids that contain sulfur. (livestrong.com)
- Swelling tests of AAm/MA hydrogel were made in buffer solutions and amino acid solutions at various pH at 37 degrees C. The pH values are ionization of alpha-carboxyl groups (pK(1)'), alpha-amino groups (pK(2)') and, isoelectric points (pI) of amino acids. (cumhuriyet.edu.tr)
- The alpha-amino group of the substrate displaces the lysine epsilon-amino group, in the process forming a new aldimine with the substrate. (ebi.ac.uk)
- However, animals have lost these costly metabolic pathways for aromatic amino acids synthesis and must instead obtain the amino acids through their diet. (frontiersin.org)
- While catabolism of amino acids is believed to play an important role in cheese flavor development, the pathways present in cheese microflora are poorly understood. (elsevier.com)
- To determine the pathways of aromatic amino acid catabolism in lactococci and effects of Cheddar cheese ripening conditions on catabolic enzymes and products, eight starter lactococcal strains were screened. (elsevier.com)
- Spectrophotometric titrations have been performed in order to determine the stability constants of inclusion complexation of some aliphatic amino acids with four structurally related organoselenium-modified β-cyclodextrins: mono(6-phenylseleno- 6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin (1a), mono[6-(p-methoxyphenylseleno)- 6-deoxy]-β-cyclodextrin (1b), mono(2-phenylseleno- 2-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin (2a), and mono[2-(p-methoxyphenylseleno)- 2-deoxy]-β-cyclodextrin (2b). (ntu.edu.sg)
- Microbial tyrosine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.25) and mammalian aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) catalyse the formation of tyramine from L-tyrosine. (nih.gov)
- Aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase: EC 4.1.1.28. (springer.com)
- Currently, heterotrophic microorganisms are fed require an organic source of carbon to produce amino acids, photosynthetic bacteria are investigated. (purdue.edu)
- Product Description Amino Acid organic fertilizer A new type of organic nitrogen fertilizer it s efficient and green fertilizer and made from residue of monosodium glutamate after pressing through using advanced production equipment to granulate it under high temperature It provides organic matter. (sinochemnutrition.com)
- The more than 130 contributions reflect the importance of inorganic chemicals as finished products (e.g., fertilizers, lime and limestone), high-tech materials (e.g., glass ceramics, metallic glasses), and basic products for the organic chemical industry, such as mineral acids, oxidizing agents and halogens. (wiley.com)
- An Introduction to Organic Reactions and Their Mechanisms: Acids and Bases 4. (worldcat.org)
- We constantly believe that one's character decides products' high quality, the details decides products' high-quality ,together with the REALISTIC,EFFICIENT AND INNOVATIVE crew spirit for Aromatic Amino Acids , aromatic amino acids , main amino acids , Thanks for taking your worthwhile time to go to us and stay up for have a nice cooperation along with you. (sinochemnutrition.com)
- Multiple evolutionary origin of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent amino acid decarboxylases. (ebi.ac.uk)
- I. Molnar-Perl, Quantitation of Amino Acids and Amines by Chromatography-Methods and Protocols , 2005. (hindawi.com)
- The aim of this study was to assess the effects of albumin dialysis on hepatic encephalopathy and circulating levels of amino acids in severe alcoholic hepatitis. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, the mechanisms responsible for this improvement, and their relationship with circulating levels of amino acids, are poorly identified. (biomedcentral.com)
- Therefore, the aim of the current study was to assess the effect of albumin dialysis on hepatic encephalopathy and on the circulating levels of amino acids and ammonia in patients with severe liver failure. (biomedcentral.com)
- The role of aromatic and acidic amino acids in the electron transfer reaction catalyzed by spinach ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase. (semanticscholar.org)
- In amino acid, the carboxyl group is more acidic than the carboxylic acid. (wikibooks.org)
- C. Meinert and U. J. Meierhenrich, "Derivatization and multidimensional gas-chromatographic resolution of α -alkyl and α -dialkyl amino acid enantiomers," ChemPlusChem , vol. 79, no. 6, pp. 781-785, 2014. (hindawi.com)
- Klebsiella aerogenes utilized aromatic amino acids as sole sources of nitrogen but not as sole sources of carbon. (nih.gov)
- Difficulties in cultivation of many of these auxotrophs were largely overcome by using a minimal medium with L-glutamic acid as sole nitrogen source. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- This is study to investigate the plasma free amino acids profile in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy and its relation to the nutritional state of thes. (bioportfolio.com)
- Besides standard liver function tests, circulating levels of ammonia, total, branched chain and aromatic amino acids, the presence and severity of hepatic encephalopathy, and number connection test were measured before and after each treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
- Albumin dialysis results in a significant decrease in circulating phenolic aromatic amino acids and improvement of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with severe liver failure. (biomedcentral.com)
- Supplementation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) is often used for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy and low albuminemia in Japan. (elsevier.com)
- Are there examples of PTMs that add different chemical groups (and mass) to different amino acids? (stackexchange.com)
- Importantly, you can also find milligram amounts for 18 different amino acids in all 100 of our food profiles by clicking on the in-depth nutritional profile link toward the end of each food profile. (whfoods.org)
- Herbicides and antibiotics take advantage of this by inhibiting enzymes involved in aromatic amino acid synthesis, thereby making them toxic to micro-organisms and plants but not to animals. (frontiersin.org)
- It was found that the yddG gene overexpression conferred resistance upon E. coli cells to the inhibiting concentrations of l-phenylalanine and aromatic amino acid analogues, dl-p-fluorophenylalanine, dl-o-fluorophenylalanine and dl-5-fluorotryptophan. (nih.gov)
- Mutagenesis by methyl methanesulfonate followed by selection on aromatic amino acid analogues produced mutants that are able to overproduce aromatic amino acids. (purdue.edu)
- Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase Expanded genetic code Logan, Carolynn M. (wikipedia.org)
- Essential amino acids are grouped based on chemical similarity. (livestrong.com)
- The word "aromatic" does not refer to the odor of these amino acids, but rather, the fact that their chemical structure includes a ring of bonded carbon atoms. (livestrong.com)
- Amino acids can be broadly hydrophobic and hydrophilic , depending on the chemical properties of the R group side chain. (wikibooks.org)
- In an aqueous environment, the hydrophobic amino acids are unable to participate in hydrogen bonding. (wikibooks.org)
- On the other hand, hydrophilic amino acids tend to interact in the aqueous environment due to polarity. (wikibooks.org)
- The charged state of an amino acid in aqueous solution depends largely on the pH. (wikibooks.org)
- In another embodiment, the invention provides a surfactant wash treatment fluid for use in a subterranean formation comprising an aqueous fluid, an acid-compatible surfactant, an acid and/or an acid-generating component. (freepatentsonline.com)
- This means that "total amino acid analysis" has no closed mass balance and some assumptions about the sequence or amino acid composition have to be made. (hindawi.com)
- Aromatic amino acids are able to absorb light due to their conjugated double bonds. (wikipedia.org)
- These amino acids are able to absorb light which excites its electron to the excited state. (wikipedia.org)
- To different degrees, all aromatic amino acids absorb ultraviolet light. (acronymattic.com)
- However, unlike the large polymeric chains, they are formed in a self-organization process from very simple molecules based on aromatic dipeptides of the amino acid phenylalanine. (phys.org)
- Amino acids are molecules which contain both a carboxylic acid and an amine group. (wikibooks.org)
- An amino acid is in a zwitterionic state when the carboxylic acid group is deprotonated and the amino group is protonated, simultaneously. (wikibooks.org)
- In solid state, the amine functionality deprotonates the carboxylic acid group, giving rise to the zwitterionic, dipolar entity. (wikibooks.org)
- Many enzymes involved in aromatic amino acids metabolism have been drug targets for diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, and cancers. (frontiersin.org)