Amino acids acidic. Medical search

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter found ubiquitously. It has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE. It may also act as an ecotropic leukemia retroviral receptor.

Enzymes that catalyze either the racemization or epimerization of chiral centers within amino acids or derivatives. EC 5.1.1.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

Peptides composed of two amino acid units.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

Covalent cross-linking of proteins without chemical reagents. (1/67)

A facile method for the formation of zero-length covalent cross-links between protein molecules in the lyophilized state without the use of chemical reagents has been developed. The cross-linking process is performed by simply sealing lyophilized protein under vacuum in a glass vessel and heating at 85 degrees C for 24 h. Under these conditions, approximately one-third of the total protein present becomes cross-linked, and dimer is the major product. Chemical and mass spectroscopic evidence obtained shows that zero-length cross-links are formed as a result of the condensation of interacting ammonium and carboxylate groups to form amide bonds between adjacent molecules. For the protein examined in the most detail, RNase A, the cross-linked dimer has only one amide cross-link and retains the enzymatic activity of the monomer. The in vacuo cross-linking procedure appears to be general in its applicability because five different proteins tested gave substantial cross-linking, and co-lyophilization of lysozyme and RNase A also gave a heterogeneous covalently cross-linked dimer. (+info)

Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved charged amino acid residues in ClpB from Escherichia coli. (2/67)

ClpB is a member of a multichaperone system in Escherichia coli (with DnaK, DnaJ, and GrpE) that reactivates strongly aggregated proteins. The sequence of ClpB contains two ATP-binding domains, each containing Walker consensus motifs. The N- and C-terminal sequence regions of ClpB do not contain known functional motifs. In this study, we performed site-directed mutagenesis of selected charged residues within the Walker A motifs (Lys212 and Lys611) and the C-terminal region of ClpB (Asp797, Arg815, Arg819, and Glu826). We found that the mutations K212T, K611T, D797A, R815A, R819A, and E826A did not significantly affect the secondary structure of ClpB. The mutation of the N-terminal ATP-binding site (K212T), but not of the C-terminal ATP-binding site (K611T), and two mutations within the C-terminal domain (R815A and R819A) inhibited the self-association of ClpB in the absence of nucleotides. The defects in self-association of these mutants were also observed in the presence of ATP and ADP. The four mutants K212T, K611T, R815A, and R819A showed an inhibition of chaperone activity, which correlated with their low ATPase activity in the presence of casein. Our results indicate that positively charged amino acids that are located along the intersubunit interface (this includes Lys212 in the Walker A motif of the N-terminal ATP-binding domain as well as Arg815 and Arg819 in the C-terminal domain) participate in intersubunit salt bridges and stabilize the ClpB oligomer. Interestingly, we have identified a conserved residue within the C-terminal domain (Arg819) which does not participate directly in nucleotide binding but is essential for the chaperone activity of ClpB. (+info)

Both acidic and basic amino acids in an amphitropic enzyme, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, dictate its selectivity for anionic membranes. (3/67)

Amphitropic proteins are regulated by reversible membrane interaction. Anionic phospholipids generally promote membrane binding of such proteins via electrostatics between the negatively charged lipid headgroups and clusters of basic groups on the proteins. In this study of one amphitropic protein, a cytidylyltransferase (CT) that regulates phosphatidylcholine synthesis, we found that substitution of lysines to glutamine along both interfacial strips of the membrane-binding amphipathic helix eliminated electrostatic binding. Unexpectedly, three glutamates also participate in the selectivity for anionic membrane surfaces. These glutamates become protonated in the low pH milieu at the surface of anionic, but not zwitterionic membranes, increasing protein positive charge and hydrophobicity. The binding and insertion into lipid vesicles of a synthetic peptide containing the three glutamates was pH-dependent with an apparent pK(a) that varied with anionic lipid content. Glutamate to glutamine substitution eliminated the pH dependence of the membrane interaction, and reduced anionic membrane selectivity of both the peptide and the whole CT enzyme examined in cells. Thus anionic lipids, working via surface-localized pH effects, can promote membrane binding by modifying protein charge and hydrophobicity, and this novel mechanism contributes to the membrane selectivity of CT in vivo. (+info)

The Est1 subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomerase makes multiple contributions to telomere length maintenance. (4/67)

The telomerase-associated Est1 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mediates enzyme access by bridging the interaction between the catalytic core of telomerase and the telomere-binding protein Cdc13. In addition to recruiting telomerase, Est1 may act as a positive regulator of telomerase once the enzyme has been brought to the telomere, as previously suggested by the inability of a Cdc13-Est2 fusion protein to promote extensive telomere elongation in an est1-Delta strain. We report here three classes of mutant Est1 proteins that retain association with the telomerase enzyme but confer different in vivo consequences. Class 1 mutants display a telomere replication defect but are capable of promoting extensive telomere elongation in the presence of a Cdc13-Est2 fusion protein, consistent with a defect in telomerase recruitment. Class 2 mutants fail to elongate telomeres even in the presence of the Cdc13-Est2 fusion, which is the phenotype predicted for a defect in the proposed second regulatory function of EST1. A third class of mutants impairs an activity of Est1 that is potentially required for the Ku-mediated pathway of telomere length maintenance. The isolation of mutations that perturb separate functions of Est1 demonstrates that a telomerase holoenzyme subunit can contribute multiple regulatory roles to telomere length maintenance. (+info)

Mutation of charged residues in the TR3 death domain does not perturb interaction with TRADD. (5/67)

Members of the death receptor family play a prominent role in developmental and pathological neuronal cell death. The death signal is transduced via interaction between the death domain of the receptor and an intracellular adapter, TRADD. We performed alanine-scanning mutagenesis of specific charged residues in the TR3 death domain to determine whether they play a crucial role in TR3-TR3 and TR3-TRADD interaction. Mutation of charged residues in the second and third helices of the TR3 death domain failed to perturb self-interaction or interaction with TRADD. These data suggest that despite some similarity between the death domains of TR3 and TNFR1 the nature of the interaction with TRADD differs from that reported for TNFR1. (+info)

Distinct Rab binding specificity of Rim1, Rim2, rabphilin, and Noc2. Identification of a critical determinant of Rab3A/Rab27A recognition by Rim2. (6/67)

Rabphilin, Rim, and Noc2 have generally been believed to be the Rab3 isoform (Rab3A/B/C/D)-specific effectors that regulate secretory vesicle exocytosis in neurons and in some endocrine cells. The results of recent genetic analysis of rabphilin knock-out animals, however, strongly refute this notion, because there are no obvious genetic interactions between Rab3 and rabphilin in nematoda (Staunton, J., Ganetzky, B., and Nonet, M. L. (2001) J. Neurosci. 21, 9255-9264), suggesting that Rab3 is not a major ligand of rabphilin in vivo. In this study, I tested the interaction of rabphilin, Rim1, Rim2, and Noc2 with 42 different Rab proteins by cotransfection assay and found differences in rabphilin, Rim1, Rim2, and Noc2 binding to several Rab proteins that belong to the Rab functional group III (Rab3A/B/C/D, Rab26, Rab27A/B, and Rab37) and/or VIII (Rab8A and Rab10). Rim1 interacts with Rab3A/B/C/D, Rab10, Rab26, and Rab37; Rim2 interacts with Rab3A/B/C/D and Rab8A; and rabphilin and Noc2 interact with Rab3A/B/C/D, Rab8A, and Rab27A/B. By contrast, the synaptotagmin-like protein homology domain of Slp homologue lacking C2 domains-a (Slac2-a)/melanophilin specifically recognizes Rab27A/B but not other Rabs. I also found that alternative splicing events in the first alpha-helical region (alpha(1)) of the Rab binding domain of Rim1 alter the Rab binding specificity of Rim1. Site-directed mutagenesis and chimeric analyses of Rim2 and Slac2-a indicate that the acidic cluster (Glu-50, Glu-51, and Glu-52) in the alpha(1) region of the Rab binding domain of Rim2, which is not conserved in the synaptotagmin-like pro tein homology domain of Slac2-a, is a critical determinant of Rab3A recognition. Based on these results, I propose that Rim, rabphilin, and Noc2 function differently in concert with functional group III and/or VIII Rab proteins, including Rab3 isoforms. (+info)

A PAR domain transcription factor is involved in the expression from a hematopoietic-specific promoter for the human LMO2 gene. (7/67)

The transcription factor LMO2 is believed to exert its effect through the formation of protein-protein interactions with other DNA-binding factors such as GATA-1 and TAL1. Although LMO2 has been shown to be critical for the formation of the erythroid cell lineage, the gene is also expressed in a number of nonerythroid tissues. In this report, we demonstrate that the more distal of the 2 promoters for the LMO2 gene is highly restricted in its pattern of expression, directing the hematopoietic-specific expression of this gene. Deletion and mutation analyses have identified a critical cis element in the first untranslated exon of the gene. This element is a consensus-binding site for a small family of basic leucine zipper proteins containing a proline and acidic amino acid-rich (PAR) domain. Although all 3 members of this family are produced in erythroid cells, only 2 of these proteins, thyrotroph embryonic factor and hepatic leukemia factor, can activate transcription from this LMO2 promoter element. These findings represent a novel mechanism in erythroid gene regulation because PAR proteins have not previously been implicated in this process. (+info)

Close pairs of carboxylates: a possibility of multicenter hydrogen bonds in proteins. (8/67)

Covalent attachment of hydrogen to the donor atom may be not an essential characteristic of stable hydrogen bonds. A positively charged particle (such as a proton), located between the two negatively charged residues, may lead to a stable interaction of the two negative residues. This paper analyzes close Asp-Glu pairs of residues in a large set of protein chains; 840 such pairs of residues were identified, of which 28% were stabilized by a metal ion, 12% by a positive residue nearby and 60% are likely to be stabilized by a proton. The absence of apparent structural constraints, secondary structure preferences, somewhat lower B-factors and a distinct correlation between pH and the minimal O-O distance in carboxylate pairs suggest that most of the abnormally close pairs could indeed be stabilized by a shared proton. Implications for protein stability and modeling are discussed. (+info)

Amino-acid biochemical properties Nonpolar Polar Basic Acidic ↓ Termination: stop codon * Initiation: possible start codon ... Amino-acid biochemical properties Nonpolar Polar Basic Acidic ↓ Termination: stop codon * Initiation: possible start codon ... Amino-acid biochemical properties Nonpolar Polar Basic Acidic ↓ Termination: stop codon * Comparison between codon translations ... most specify an amino acid.[7] Three sequences, UAG, UGA, and UAA, known as stop codons,[note 1] do not code for an amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_codon_table

The gene encodes a 336 amino acid acidic glycoprotein. It carries the antigenic determinants of the Duffy blood group system ... Fy-a and Fy-b differ by in a single amino acid at position 42: glycine in Fy-a and aspartic acid in Fy-b (guanine in Fy-a and ... The mouse ortholog has been cloned and exhibits 63% homology to the human gene at the amino acid level. The mouse gene is ... consisting of the amino acid substitution of arginine for a cysteine at position 89 of the protein diminishes the ability to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_antigen_system

Amino acids nonpolar polar basic acidic Stop codon Standard genetic code 1st. base 2nd base ... amino acid sequences and DNA sequences. Proteins with the same three-dimensional structure need not have identical amino acid ... that code redundantly for the same amino acid. Since many species use the same codon at the same place to specify an amino acid ... Had the amino acid sequences come from different ancestors, they would have been coded for by any of the redundant codons, and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_descent

J chain is a small (~137 amino acids), acidic protein. As shown, J chain joins two µ chains via disulfide bonds involving ... also approximately 110 amino acids long). The µ heavy chain of IgM is a protein of ~576 amino acids, and includes a variable ... 220 amino acids, composed of a variable domain, VL (a segment of approximately 110 amino acids), and a constant domain, CL ( ... 110 amino acids), four distinct constant region domains (Cµ1, Cµ2, Cµ3, Cµ4, each ~110 amino acids) and a "tailpiece" of ~20 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M

Separation of amino acids into acidic, basic and neutral groups. Specifically, cytoplasmic leaf proteins are extracted from ... It induces an electrical power that will instigate a flux of the cations present in the less acid side to the more acid side. ... Acids can be recovered from aqueous solutions using anion-exchange membranes. That process is an alternative treatment of the ... It is used for the recovery of mixed acid (HF+ HNO3), the recovery and concentration of Zn2+ and Cu2+, in H2SO4+ CuSO4 and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialysis_(biochemistry)

Salts that produce acidic solutions are acid salts. Neutral salts are those salts that are neither acidic nor basic. ... Examples of zwitterions include amino acids, many metabolites, peptides, and proteins. Solid salts tend to be transparent as ... carbonic acid) Chloride Cl− (hydrochloric acid) Citrate HOC(COO− )(CH 2COO− ) 2 (citric acid) Cyanide C≡N− (hydrocyanic acid) ... nitric acid) Nitrite NO− 2 (nitrous acid) Oxide O2− Phosphate PO3− 4 (phosphoric acid) Sulfate SO2− 4 (sulfuric acid) Salts ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)

These domains are rich in acidic and basic amino acid residues. The carboxy terminal domains of NFM and NFH are the longest and ... The amino terminal domains of the neurofilament proteins contain numerous phosphorylation sites and appear to be important for ... these proteins and is particularly extreme for neurofilament proteins M and H due to their high content of charged amino acids ... Type III contains the proteins vimentin, desmin, peripherin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Type IV consists of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofilament

A short stretch of acidic amino acids located between the D1 and D2 domains has auto-inhibitory functions. This 'acid box' ... complete amino acid sequence and homologies". Science. 230 (4732): 1385-8. Bibcode:1985Sci...230.1385G. doi:10.1126/science. ... These proteins had a high degree of sequence homology among their amino acid chains, but were determined to be distinct ... ISBN 0-471-36015-5. Blaber M, DiSalvo J, Thomas KA (Feb 1996). "X-ray crystal structure of human acidic fibroblast growth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor

... complete amino acid sequence and homologies". Science. 230 (4732): 1385-1388. Bibcode:1985Sci...230.1385G. doi:10.1126/science. ... Gimenez-Gallego, G.; Rodkey, J.; Bennett, C.; Rios-Candelore, M.; DiSalvo, J.; Thomas, K. (1985-12-20). "Brain-derived acidic ... one acid and the other basic, having between them 55% homology. These factors are not proteins secreted into the environment, ... are proteins that are made of acidic polypeptides. BMPs promotes the regeneration of bone tissue and cartilage. Bone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_growth_factor

... may also cause mucosal damage during weakly acidic or non-acid gastric reflux. Weak or non-acid reflux is correlated ... positions refer to the amino acid residues immediately next to the bond to be cleaved, on the carboxyl and amino side ... Amino acid residues 1 - 3 (Gln-Phe-Leu) of mature PI-3 bind to P1' - P3' positions of pepsin. The N-terminus of PI-3 in the PI- ... "Acid and non-acid reflux in patients with persistent symptoms despite acid suppressive therapy: a multicentre study using ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsin

Its conformation is retained mainly by disulfide bonds, as virtually all cysteine amino acids are found in the disulfide form, ... Hyalin is a large, acidic protein which aids in embryonic development. The protein has strong adhesive properties which can ... Within its sequence is a region containing tandem repeats of about 84 amino acids. This sequence is highly conserved between ... It encodes for approximately 25% acidic residues with only 3.5% basic residues. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyalin

Conditioners are frequently acidic, as low pH protonates the keratin's amino acids. The hydrogen ions give the hair a positive ... Organic acids such as citric acid are usually used to maintain acidity. Anointing Brilliantine Brylcreem Pomade Shampoo André O ... The surface of keratin contains negatively charged amino acids. Hair conditioners therefore usually contain cationic ... The surfactants are based on long, straight aliphatic fatty acid chains similar to saturated fatty acids. Their molecules have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_conditioner

Aspartic acid (aspartate) is one of the most common amino acids in the typical diet. As with methanol and phenylalanine, intake ... Under strongly acidic or alkaline conditions, aspartame may generate methanol by hydrolysis. Under more severe conditions, the ... Aspartame is a methyl ester of the dipeptide of the natural amino acids L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalanine. ... In the chemical synthesis, the two carboxyl groups of aspartic acid are joined into an anhydride, and the amino group is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartame

... such as amino acids or amides. Nitrogen can also be transported in the phloem sap as amides, amino acids and ureides; it is ... The rates of application of borate to produce an adequate alfalfa crop range from 15 pounds per acre for a sandy-silt, acidic ... Amino acids and proteins can only be built from NH+ 4, so NO− 3 must be reduced. Fe and Mn become oxidized and are highly ... The metabolism of amino acids and proteins, carbohydrates, calcium, and water are strongly affected by boron. Many of those ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_nutrition

The amino acid sequence is 830 residues long and contains an acidic tail. 1 MVEEENIRVV RCGGSELNFR RAVFSADSKY IFCVSGDFVK ... Conservation of specific amino acids from positions 340-390, 430- 450, and 515-530 all correlate to predicted alpha helices. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDR75

The ionizable groups in amino acids are able to become ionized when changes in pH occur. A pH change to more acidic or more ... Mechanical agitation Picric acid Radiation Temperature Acidic nucleic acid denaturants include: Acetic acid HCl Nitric Acid ... Acetic acid Trichloroacetic acid 12% in water Sulfosalicylic acid Bases work similarly to acids in denaturation. They include: ... A protein is created by ribosomes that "read" RNA that is encoded by codons in the gene and assemble the requisite amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)

Animal protein has a high acidic amino acid content (glutamic and aspartic acid); therefore, its nitrogenous metabolites that ... On the other hand, some amino acids can be lost with heat. Lysine, both a reactive and an essential amino acid, has low ... Wu, Guoyao (May 2009). "Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition". Amino Acids. 37 (1): 1-17. doi:10.1007/s00726-009- ... eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Alpha-linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid, and is the form ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_dog_diet

It is an odorless, white crystalline powder that is derived from the two amino acids aspartic acid and phenylalanine. It is ... It is more stable in somewhat acidic conditions, such as in soft drinks. Though it does not have a bitter aftertaste like ... When eaten, aspartame is metabolized into its original amino acids. Because it is so intensely sweet, relatively little of it ... When cooked or stored at high temperatures, aspartame breaks down into its constituent amino acids. This makes aspartame ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_substitute

Interaction of DNA (in orange) with histones (in blue). These proteins' basic amino acids bind to the acidic phosphate groups ... These encode the twenty standard amino acids, giving most amino acids more than one possible codon. There are also three 'stop ... Deoxyribonucleic acid (/diːˈɒksɪˌraɪboʊnjuːˌkliːɪk, -ˌkleɪ-/ (. listen);[1] DNA) is a molecule composed of two chains that coil ... Koltsov proposed that a cell's genetic information was encoded in a long chain of amino acids. See: *. Кольцов, Н. К. (12 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dna

In molecular biology the PIN domain is a protein domain that is about 130 amino acids in length. PIN domains function as ... PIN domains contain four nearly invariant acidic residues. Crystal structures show these residues clustered together in the ... Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (12): 6995-7020. doi:10.1093/nar/gkx494. PMC 5499597. PMID 28575517. Gerdes K, Christensen SK, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIN_domain

Also, a N-terminal acetylation site is present at amino acid 3. A Signal cleavage site is present between amino acids 11 and 12 ... The negative hydrophobicity value is due to its slightly acidic properties. Serine phosphorylation sites were seen at amino ... The protein has a transmembrane domain from amino acids 124-140 and a glycosylation site at amino acid 75. C9orf135 is part of ... C9orf135 is a gene that encodes a 229 amino acid protein. It is located on Chromosome 9 of the Homo sapiens genome at 9q12.21. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C9orf135

Overall, the protein is composed mainly of charged amino acids, both acidic and basic. There were no regions of sustained non- ... It also comes in a second isoform that is 156 amino acids long. The gene contains a G-patch domain and the DUF 4138 domain. The ... In addition, it is low in amino acids such as valine, threonine, phenylalanine, and proline. It is a soluble protein and has a ... GPATCH11 has a molecular weight of about 33.3 kdal and is 285 amino acids long. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPATCH11

... and amino acid composition. For example, tropomyosin is an acidic protein that migrates abnormally on SDS-PAGE gels. This is ... Nucleic acid molecules are separated by applying an electric field to move the negatively charged molecules through a matrix of ... Nucleic acids are often denatured by including urea in the buffer, while proteins are denatured using sodium dodecyl sulfate, ... The most common being, for nucleic acids Tris/Acetate/EDTA (TAE), Tris/Borate/EDTA (TBE). Many other buffers have been proposed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis

"An aminopeptidase from mouse brain cytosol that cleaves N-terminal acidic amino acid residues". Journal of Neurochemistry. 40 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartyl_aminopeptidase

... repeats of 72-76 amino acids each; a COOH terminus region of two additional "C" repeats (52 amino acids each); a hydrophilic, ... It is an acidic molecule with a pI of 4.0. Unlike Protein A and Protein G, which bind to the Fc region of immunoglobulins ( ... The gene for protein L contains five components: a signal sequence of 18 amino acids; a NH2-terminal region ("A") of 79 ... It consists of 719 amino acid residues. The molecular weight of Protein L purified from the cell walls of Peptostreptoccus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_L

Amino acids[edit]. An amino acid contains both acidic (carboxylic acid fragment) and basic (amine fragment) centres. The isomer ... The pKa values for deprotonation of the common amino acids span the approximate range 2.15±0.2. This is also consistent with ... The crystal and molecular structure of the amino acid α-glycine" (PDF). Acta Crystallographica Section B. 28 (6): 1827-1833. ... It is generally assumed that K , 1, that is, that the zwitterion is the predominant amino acid isomer in aqueous solution. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwitterion

... and showed amino acid features common to all three. The role of neutral and acidic amino acids was shown for the first time in ... two clusters of basic amino acids, separated by a spacer of about 10 amino acids. Both signals are recognized by importin α. ... "Comparative mutagenesis of nuclear localization signals reveals the importance of neutral and acidic amino acids". Curr. Biol. ... This PY-NLS motif, so named because of the proline-tyrosine amino acid pairing in it, allows the protein to bind to Importin β2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_localization_sequence

Many cyanobacterial plastocyanins have 107 amino acids. Although the acidic patches are not conserved in bacteria, the ... These hydrophobic and acidic patches are believed to be the recognition/binding sites for the other proteins involved in ... In plant plastocyanins, acidic residues are located on either side of the highly conserved tyrosine-83. Algal plastocyanins, ... and those from vascular plants in the family Apiaceae, contain similar acidic residues but are shaped differently from those of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastocyanin

Structure Primary structure: OCC-1 protein is 63 amino acids long and has a molecular weight of 6.4 kdal. OCC-1 contains an " ... OCC-1 is an acidic protein with an isoelectric point of OCC-1 is 6.6. Secondary structure: The secondary structure of OCC-1 is ... The gene is approximately 40,882 bp long and encodes 63 amino acids. OCC-1 is ubiquitously expressed throughout the human body ... 51 amino acids), OCC-1 gene produces a non-protein coding RNA splice variant lncRNA (called OCC-D variant). Location and size: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCC-1

Conjugating bile acids with amino acids lowers the pKa of the bile-acid/amino-acid conjugate to between 1 and 4. Thus ... An alternative (acidic) pathway of bile acid synthesis is initiated by mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1), expressed ... Cholic acid is converted into deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid into lithocholic acid. All four of these bile acids ... Primary bile acidsEdit. Bile acid synthesis occurs in liver cells, which synthesize primary bile acids (cholic acid and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acids

1995). "Amino-terminal basic residues of Src mediate membrane binding through electrostatic interaction with acidic ... Liu J, Sessa WC (1994). "Identification of covalently bound amino-terminal myristic acid in endothelial nitric oxide synthase ... Zhou W, Parent LJ, Wills JW, Resh MD (1994). "Identification of a membrane-binding domain within the amino-terminal region of ... 1985). "Amino terminal myristylation of the protein kinase p60src, a retroviral transforming protein". Science. 227 (4685): 427 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-myristoyltransferase_1

... fatty acids, and amino acids in most vertebrates, including humans. Ketone bodies are elevated in the blood (ketosis) after ... Acid/base properties of ketonesEdit. Ketones are far more acidic (pKa ≈ 20) than a regular alkane (pKa ≈ 50). This difference ... Acids as weak as pyridinium cation (as found in pyridinium tosylate) with a pKa of 5.2 are able to serve as catalysts in this ... Ketonium ions (i.e., protonated ketones) are strong acids, with pKa values estimated to be somewhere between -5 and -7.[6][7] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone

... a 50-amino acid deletion in prelamin A (amino acids 607-656) removes the site for the second endoproteolytic cleavage. ... 胶质纤维酸性蛋白（英语：Glial fibrillary acidic protein） ... Nucleic Acids Res. November 2002, 30 (21): 4634-42. PMC 135794. PMID 12409453. doi:10.1093/nar/gkf587.. ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMNA

... rich in hydroxylated amino acids such as serine, threonine, and proline, and poor in acidic amino acids like aspartic acid and ... Chloroplast transit peptides exhibit huge variation in length and amino acid sequence.[42] They can be from 20-150 amino acids ... Tic100 is a nuclear encoded protein that's 871 amino acids long. The 871 amino acids collectively weigh slightly less than 100 ... At the N-terminal end is the A-domain, which is rich in acidic amino acids and takes up about half the protein length.[38][48] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA

Iron will bond with an amino acid produced by the kōji to produce off flavors and a yellowish color. Manganese, when exposed to ... The result is usually a more acidic, "greener" sake.. *Fukurozuri (袋吊り) is a method of separating sake from the lees without ... As the proportion of amino acids rises, the sake tastes more savory. This number is determined by titration of the sake with a ... aldehydes and amino acids, among other unknown factors.[23] Tōji[edit]. Tōji (杜氏) is the job title of the sake brewer, named ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake

... such as the polyphenols and amino acids, but is a suspension when all of the insoluble components are considered, such as the ... of rainfall a year and prefer acidic soils.[60] Many high-quality tea plants are cultivated at elevations of up to 1,500 m ( ... Williamson, G; Dionisi, F; Renouf, M (2011). "Flavanols from green tea and phenolic acids from coffee: critical quantitative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea

... it lacks D-amino acids and N-acetylmuramic acid.[102]. Archaea flagella operate like bacterial flagella-their long stalks are ... Other archaea exist in very acidic or alkaline conditions.[162] For example, one of the most extreme archaean acidophiles is ... Deppenmeier, U. (2002). "The unique biochemistry of methanogenesis". Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. Progress in Nucleic Acid ... acetic acid or formic acid are used as alternative electron acceptors by methanogens. These reactions are common in gut- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

... fatty acids (most often oleic acid and stearic acid), dicarboxylic acids) and sometimes amino acids. Some milder fluxes also ... Highly active fluxes are often acidic and/or corrosive in nature.. *Corrosivity - the promotion of corrosion by the flux and ... organic acids (monocarboxylic, e.g. formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and dicarboxylic, e.g. oxalic acid, malonic acid ... A mixture of organic acids (resin acids, predominantly abietic acid, with pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, neoabietic acid, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)

Protonated amino groups (-NH+. 3) are the most common positively charged moieties in proteins, specifically in the amino acid ... Reactions are sensitive to acidic or alkaline conditions, which can cause hydrolysis of the -CN group. LiAlH4 is more commonly ... carboxylic acid. −. ,. H. −. N. +. ,. R. 2. R. 1. ,. −. H. +. R. 3. −. COO. −. ⏟. substituted-ammonium. carboxylate salt. →. d ... The breakdown of amino acids releases amines, famously in the case of decaying fish which smell of trimethylamine. Many ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amines

In addition to these amino acids, some B vitamins including biotin, folic acid, nicotinamide, riboflavin, thiamine, ... acidic water-based, non-alcoholic flavoured beverages containing calcium in the range of 0.3 to 0.8 mol per mol of acid with a ... Of these amino acids, honey bees require highest concentrations of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, however elevated ... Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids, ten of which are considered essential to honey bees: methionine, tryptophan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_Bee

Amino acid-RNA ligation. The ability to conjugate an amino acid to the 3'-end of an RNA in order to use its chemical groups or ... While conducting a survey of viruses in a hot acidic lake in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, they uncovered evidence ... As some co-factors contain both nucleotide and amino-acid characteristics, it may be that amino acids, peptides and finally ... as no amino acid molecules lie within 18Å of the enzyme's active site,[15] and, when the majority of the amino acids in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world

The ubiquitin protein itself is 76 amino acids long and was named due to its ubiquitous nature, as it has a highly conserved ... membrane-bound organelles with acidic and protease-filled interiors that can degrade and then recycle exogenous proteins and ... The mechanism for unfolding of globular proteins is necessarily general, but somewhat dependent on the amino acid sequence. ... The degradation process yields peptides of about seven to eight amino acids long, which can then be further degraded into ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome

In mammals, amino acid sensing and additional signals such as growth factors and reactive oxygen species regulate the activity ... "A novel response of cancer cells to radiation involves autophagy and formation of acidic vesicles". Cancer Res. 61: 439-44.. ... Z. Yang, J. Huang, J. Geng, U. Nair, and D. J. Klionsky, 'Atg22 Recycles Amino Acids to Link the Degradative and Recycling ... This allows unneeded proteins to be degraded and the amino acids recycled for the synthesis of proteins that are essential for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophagy_

Amino acid sequence of sweet protein curculin adapted from Swiss-Prot biological database of protein sequences.[3] ... citric acid), respectively. The sweet taste lasts for 5 minutes with water and 10 minutes with an acidic solution.[1] Sweetness ... The mature monomers each consist of a sequence of 114 amino acids, weighing 12.5 kDa (curculin 1) and 12.7 kDa (curculin 2), ... was also observed with other acids such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C)[6] and acetic acid. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curculin

... is a 9-amino acid peptide chain. The amino acid sequence of bradykinin is: Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg ( ... Lysophosphatidic acid. *Low pH (acidic conditions). *Menthol (mint). *N-Arachidonoyl dopamine. *N-Oleoyldopamine ... Bradykinin is a physiologically and pharmacologically active peptide of the kinin group of proteins, consisting of nine amino ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin

The Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp) is a 502-amino acid protein expressed in cells of the hematopoietic system. In the ... and the acidic motif (A) binds Arp2/3.[8] In isolation, the VCA region is constitutively active. However, in full-length N-WASp ... acidic) domain where they interact with actin nucleating complex (ARP2/3) and they differ in their terminal domains. WASp and N ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskott-Aldrich_syndrome_protein

... amino acids and fatty acids into the bloodstream. The circular folds also slow the passage of food giving more time for ... which protects the acid-sensitive vitamin from the acidic stomach contents. Once in the more neutral duodenum, pancreatic ... The liver can also synthesise glucose from certain amino acids. Its digestive functions are largely involved with the breaking ... Sour tastes are acidic which is often found in bad food. The brain has to decide very quickly whether the food should be eaten ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_system

As well, the amino-thalidomide and amino-EM-12 were potent inhibitors of TNF-α. These two analogs later got the name ... Using a carboxylic acid as a starting point, an amide group has similar PDE4 inhibition activity but both groups were shown to ... These analogs do not have an acidic chiral hydrogen, unlike thalidomide, and would therefore be expected to be chirally stable ... It is considerably more potent than its parent drug with only two differences at a molecular level, with an added amino group ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_analogs_of_thalidomide

Bovine rhodopsin contains 348 amino acid residues. The retinal chromophore binds at Lys296. ... "All-trans to 13-cis retinal isomerization in light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin at acidic pH". Journal of Photochemistry and ... retinal + NAD+ + H2O → retinoic acid + NADH + H+ (catalyzed by RALDH). retinal + O2 + H2O → retinoic acid + H2O2 (catalyzed by ... Retinoic acid, sometimes called vitamin A acid, is an important signaling molecule and hormone in vertebrate animals. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal

Other acidic bacteria, said to be probiotic,[34][35] can also be found in kombucha. This drink contains Gluconacetobacter ... Some fermented products that contain lactic acid bacteria (LAB) include: vegetables such as pickled vegetables,[19] kimchi,[19] ... Some strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may affect Helicobacter pylori infections (which may cause peptic ulcers) in adults ... "Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria" (PDF). Report of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic?wprov=sfti1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic?wprov=sfti1

Amino Acids into Nitriles by Oxidative Decarboxylation with Trichloroisocyanuric Acid". Synthetic Communications. 34 (19): 3449 ... Alkyl nitriles are sufficiently acidic to form nitrile anions, which alkylate a wide variety of electrophiles.[28] Key to the ... α-Amino acids form nitriles and carbon dioxide via various means of oxidative decarboxylation.[22][23] Henry Drysdale Dakin ... NH2 and then carboxylic acids RCOOH. The hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids is efficient. In acid or base, the balanced ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrile

Based on the result of free amino acid analysis, the most abundant amino acids in Chinese soy sauce product are glutamic acid, ... the primary lactic acid fermentation of sugars by halophiles reduces the pH of moromi down to acidic range.[33] Lowered pH ... This amino-glycosidic reaction gives soy sauce its dark brown color. Lactic acid bacteria ferments the sugars into lactic acid ... Basic tastes can also be attributed to amino acids groups arranged in specific sequence. In soy sauce, it was found that "amino ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecap

The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino ... Right: Solvent-accessible surface representation colored by residue type (acidic residues red, basic residues blue, polar ... amino acids. All proteinogenic amino acids possess common structural features, including an α-carbon to which an amino group, a ... If amino acids are present in the environment, microorganisms can conserve energy by taking up the amino acids from their ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesis

10 amino acids long) from a plasma α-2-globulin called angiotensinogen. This decapeptide is known as angiotensin I.[51] It has ... becoming more acidic) the renal tubular cells excrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid to leave the body via urine. ... Main articles: Acid-base homeostasis and Acid-base imbalance. The plasma pH can be altered by respiratory changes in the ... An important function is the production and control of bile acids. Too much bile acid can be toxic to cells and its synthesis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_homeostasis

... are folded chains of a large number of different amino acids called polypeptides. The amino acid sequence of any polypeptide ... Hence, blood with high carbon dioxide levels is also lower in pH (more acidic). Hemoglobin can bind protons and carbon dioxide ... Variations in hemoglobin amino acid sequences, as with other proteins, may be adaptive. For example, hemoglobin has been found ... Hemoglobin has a quaternary structure characteristic of many multi-subunit globular proteins.[34] Most of the amino acids in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin_deficiency

FA, N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, vitamin B9,[ ... It is heat-labile in acidic environments and may also be subject to oxidation.[74] ... Folic acid is essential for the body to make DNA, RNA, and metabolise amino acids, which are required for cell division. Not ... 2S)-2-[[4-[(2-Amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid[5] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_b9

... the researchers found the bacterium creates a hyperinfected state where genes that control biosynthesis of amino acids, iron ... When consumed, most bacteria do not survive the acidic conditions of the human stomach.[28] The few surviving bacteria conserve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera

The ionizable groups in amino acids are able to become ionized when changes in pH occur. A pH change to more acidic or more ... Nucleic acid denaturationEdit. Main article: Nucleic acid thermodynamics. Nucleic acids (including RNA and DNA) are nucleotide ... Proteins or Polypeptides are polymers of amino acids. A protein is created by ribosomes that "read" RNA that is encoded by ... For example, enzymes lose their activity, because the substrates can no longer bind to the active site, and because amino acid ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturation_

The molecule is a tetracarboxylic acid with four -COOH groups. One section of the molecule is the amino acid aspartic acid. ... The chemical is insoluble in common organic solvents, but can dissolve in water under either basic or strongly acidic ... Titration reveals changes in ionisation at pK 3.5 and 4.5 due to carboxylic acid groups, and pK 9.5 and 10 due to amino groups ... In P. teres, a biosynthetic precursor of aspergillomarasmine A, L,L-N-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-aspartic acid has also been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillomarasmine_A

ASM journals are the most prominent publications in the field, delivering up-to-date and authoritative coverage of both basic and clinical microbiology.. About ASM , Contact Us , Press Room. ASM is a member of. ...

https://jb.asm.org/keyword/amino-acid-transport-systems-acidic

Glutamic Acid, Aspartic Acid, Amino Acid is $6.89. Free shipping on all orders over $35.00. ... Acidic Amino Acids : Glutamic Acid, Aspartic Acid, Amino Acid Neurotransmitter, Amino Acid Activation. by Not Available *ISBN13 ... 9781158327492 Our cheapest price for Acidic Amino Acids : ...

http://www.ecampus.com/acidic-amino-acids-glutamic-acid-aspartic/bk/9781158327492

... polyoxyalkylene higher alcohol ethers and polyalkyleneglycol higher fatty acid monoesters. These diesters are useful as oil- ... N-long chain acyl-acidic glutamic or aspartic acid diesters having an acyl group of 8-22 carbon atoms, the ester part of which ... an acidic amino acid is reacted with an alcohol in the presence of an acidic catalyst to form a corresponding acidic amino acid ... or fatty acids (including branched fatty acids) obtainable by snythesis. The acidic amino acid component may be either an ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US3927047?dq=6004266

Acidic amino acid antagonists and phencyclidine (PCP) agonists... ... Kynurenic acid inhibits synaptic and acidic amino acid-induced ... Acidic amino acid antagonists and phencyclidine (PCP) agonists were evaluated for their ability to protect neurons from the ... Hippocampal Neuron Hippocampal Slice Acidic Amino Acid Population Spike Stratum Pyramidale These keywords were added by machine ... Olney, J. W., Ho, O. C., and Rhee, V., 1971, Cytotoxic effects of acidic and sulphur containing amino acids on the infant mouse ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-5562-5_39

Arachidonic Acid Mossy Fiber Acidic Amino Acid Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor Exogenous Fatty Acid These keywords were added by ... Levi, G., Gordon, R. D., Gallo, V., Wilkin, G. P. and Balazs, R., Putative acidic amino acid transmitters in the cerebellum I. ... Terrian D.M., Bischoff S.B., Schwartz M.A., Dorman R.V. (1987) Molecular Mechanisms of Acidic Amino Acid Release from Mossy ... Molecular Mechanisms of Acidic Amino Acid Release from Mossy Fiber Terminals of Rat Cerebellum. ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-7618-7_18

... cysteine sulfinic acid, and cysteic acid to beta-alanine, hypotaurine and taurine, respectively. Does not exhibit any ... Acidic amino acid decarboxylase GADL1Add BLAST. 521. Amino acid modifications. Feature key. Position(s). DescriptionActions. ... sp,Q6ZQY3,GADL1_HUMAN Acidic amino acid decarboxylase GADL1 OS=Homo sapiens GN=GADL1 PE=1 SV=4 ... R-HSA-70614. Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination). Miscellaneous databases. ChiTaRS: a database of human, ...

http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q6ZQY3

... is a single cluster of basic amino acids (PKKKRKV132; single-letter code, the basic amino acids are shown in bold; [4,5]), ... Comparative mutagenesis of nuclear localization signals reveals the importance of neutral and acidic amino acids.. Makkerh JP1 ... Contrary to conventional views, neutral and even acidic amino acids can play crucial roles in NLSs. ... The nucleoplasmin NLS requires two essential clusters of basic amino acids, separated by a mutation-tolerant spacer ( ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8805337?dopt=Abstract

Both Basic and Acidic Amino Acid Residues of Are Involved in Triggering Substate of RyR1. In Ra Seo,1,2 Dae Eun Kang,1,2 Dong ... In Ra Seo, Dae Eun Kang, Dong Woo Song, and Do Han Kim, "Both Basic and Acidic Amino Acid Residues of Are Involved in ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2011/386384/cta/

Variation in the morphology of nanoparticles could be consistent with the difference in the affinity of amino acids binding at ... Hydroxyapatite synthesized with aspartic acid showed smooth flake-like morphology at pH= 11 and flake-like morphology with ... stripes at pH= 8. However, hydroxyapatite synthesized in the present of glutamic acid showed rod-like morphology at both pH ... Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence of two kinds of acidic amino acids in order to investigate the ...

https://www.scientific.net/KEM.336-338.2096

141 Amino Acid Form with Amino Terminal His Tag AND LEU 44 REPLACED BY PHE AND LEU 73 REPLACED BY VAL AND VAL 109 REPLACED BY ... Human Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor. 141 Amino Acid Form with Amino Terminal His Tag AND LEU 44 REPLACED BY PHE AND LEU 73 ... Human acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) is a member of the beta-trefoil hyperfamily and exhibits a characteristic ... Human acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) is a member of the beta-trefoil hyperfamily and exhibits a characteristic ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1JT7

Human Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor. 141 Amino Acid Form with Amino Terminal His Tag AND LEU 44 REPLACED BY PHE (L44F). ... Acids Res. 2008 36: D419-D425 * [4] Alexandrov N., Shindyalov I. (2003). PDP: protein domain parser.. Bioinformatics 2003 Feb; ... Description: acidic fibroblast growth factor protein , Length: 146 No structure alignment results are available for 1JTC.A, ...

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/structureCluster.do?structureId=1JTC

The effects of excitatory amino acids on 22Na efflux rate in rat hippocampal slices were determined at various postnatal days ... Hepatocyte heterogeneity in the metabolism of amino acids and ammonia.. 12173653 - Enantioselective uptake of amino acids using ... Glutamic Acid. Hippocampus / growth & development, metabolism*. Rats. Rats, Inbred Strains. Receptors, Amino Acid. Receptors, ... Classification and properties of acidic amino acid receptors in hippocampus. III. Supersensitivity during the postnatal period ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Classification-properties-acidic-amino-acid/6136903.html

Epub ahead of print] A Single Amino Acid at the Polymerase Acidic Protein Determines the Pathogenicity of Influenza B Viruses. ... A Single Amino Acid at the Polymerase Acidic Protein Determines the Pathogenicity of Influenza B Viruses.. Bae JY1, Lee I1, Kim ... A Single Amino Acid at the Polymerase Acidic Protein Determines the Pathogenicity of Influenza B Viruses April 14th, 2018, 01: ... A Single Amino Acid at the Polymerase Acidic Protein Determines the Pathogenicity of Influenza B Viruses. ...

https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/welcome-to-the-scientific-library/viral-mechanisms/pathogenicity-virulence-status/793039-a-single-amino-acid-at-the-polymerase-acidic-protein-determines-the-pathogenicity-of-influenza-b-viruses

Acidic Flash Switching in a Micro-flow ReactorRapid and Mild Synthesis of Amino Acid N-Carboxy Anhydrides Using Basic-to-Acidic ... Rapid and Mild Synthesis of Amino Acid N-Carboxy Anhydrides Using Basic-to-Acidic Flash Switching in a Micro-flow Reactor. ... Rapid and Mild Synthesis of Amino Acid N-Carboxy Anhydrides Using Basic-to- ...

http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0083/00266338/en

... and Acidic Amino Acids in Oat Coleoptiles" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands ... and Acidic Amino Acids... Thomas B. Kinraide and Bud Etherton 1980-06-01 00:00:00 The application of neutral or acidic amino ... acidic, and basic amino acids. We suggest that the neutral amino acids are co-transported with a single H + and that ... acidic, and basic amino acids. We suggest that the neutral amino acids are co-transported with a single H + and that ...

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/american-society-of-plant-biologist/electrical-evidence-for-different-mechanisms-of-uptake-for-basic-FZoVXHSei9?impressionId=5dd484230d147&i_medium=docview&i_campaign=references&i_source=references

... suggesting that an aromatic amino acid is not absolutely essential at position 65, but that glutamate 94 is essential for ... with a non-aromatic amino acid, or replacement of the glutamate at ferredoxin position 94, decreased the turnover number ... without detectable modification of other amino acids, and inhibits enzyme activity by 85% with either reduced ferredoxin or ... The role of aromatic and acidic amino acids in the electron transfer reaction catalyzed by spinach ferredoxin-dependent ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-role-of-aromatic-and-acidic-amino-acids-in-the-Hirasawa-Hurley/b265b1de7983275c952850283ea54ca55e510cdf

The amino-acid pair predictability was used to transfer 2432 polymerase acidic proteins into 2432 scalar data. The one-way ... Thus, an important question is if these classifications are numerically distinguishable with respect to the polymerase acidic ... The polymerase acidic protein is an important family of proteins from influenza A virus, which is classified as many different ... ANOVA found these polymerase acidic proteins distinguish-able in terms of subtypes and species. However, the large residuals in ...

https://file.scirp.org/Html/575.html

... proline and acidic amino acid-rich basic leucine zipper) transcription factor family. \ 27-516 for more molecular products just ... amino acid conjugation of benzoic acid. WP662: Amino Acid metabolism. WP7: Sulfur Amino Acid biosynthesis. WP715: amino acid ... WP1008: amino acid conjugation of benzoic acid. WP1127: amino acid conjugation of benzoic acid. WP1252: amino acid conjugation ... WP1287: amino acid conjugation of benzoic acid. WP1531: Vitamin D synthesis. WP1577: amino acid conjugation of benzoic acid. ...

http://www.antibody-antibodies.com/product1951875-search-D_site_binding_protein_

... amino acid residues 1-85), B boxes (amino acid residues 88-162) and a C-terminal acidic tail (amino acid residues 186-215). ... The sequence of HMGB1 amino acid residues 201-205 is EDEED which are all acidic amino acid residues but no data and references ... is also called C-terminal acidic tail because it is full of acidic amino acid residues such as aspartate and glutamic acid [5-8 ... eleven different deleted mutants lacking several amino acid residues in C-terminal acidic tail of HMGB1 (rHMGB1 lacking amino ...

https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1423-0127-16-83

Acidic phospholipase A2 S4-30Add BLAST. 119. Amino acid modifications. Feature key. Position(s). DescriptionActions. Graphical ... Acidic phospholipase A2 S4-30 (EC:3.1.1.4*Search proteins in UniProtKB for this EC number. ... sp,Q9PUH2,PA2AC_AUSSU Acidic phospholipase A2 S4-30 OS=Austrelaps superbus OX=29156 PE=2 SV=1 ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9PUH2

We are Professional Manufacturer of Acidic Amino Acids company, Factory & Exporters specialize in Acidic Amino Acids wiht High- ... Find Acidic Amino Acids Manufacturers & Suppliers from China. ... Home > Products > Acidic Amino Acids. Acidic Amino Acids - ... We aim at becoming one of your most reliable partners and earning your satisfaction for Acidic Amino Acids , acidic amino acids ... Our organization has a top quality assurance procedure have already been established for Acidic Amino Acids , acidic amino ...

http://www.sinochemnutrition.com/dp-acidic-amino-acids.html

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting acidic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, ACIDIC). ... "Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic" by people in this website by year, and whether "Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic" was ... "Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, ... Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic*Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic. *Acidic Amino Acid Transport Proteins ...

https://profiles.wakehealth.edu/display/90326

... Chang, ... Acidic cluster; Ribosomal protein; Nuclear retention signal; Yeast two-hybrid; Ribosome assembly Identifiers. URN: urn:nbn:se: ... RpL22 normally enters the nucleolus via a compulsory sequence of KKYLKK (I-domain, positions 88-93). An acidic residue cluster ...

http://kau.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:449117

... starting with the structure and nature of amino acids, the general difference between acid... ... Learn about what differentiates acidic and basic amino acids, ... Acidic Amino Acids. The two acidic amino acids are:. *Aspartate ... Acidic and Basic Amino Acids. Of our amino acids, which are acidic, which are base, and why does it matter? First well state ... Acidic amino acids are also by their nature hydrophilic amino acids (meaning they like water, as opposed to hydrophobic amino ...

https://aminoco.com/blogs/amino-acids/acidic-and-basic-amino-acids

Baking soda neutralizes acids in various circumstances, including inside the human body and in the environment. Baking soda, ... Is calcium carbonate acidic or basic?. * Q: Is sugar an acid or base?. ... What are ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids?. * Q: What is the pH of milk?. ... A list of strong acids includes hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, chloric acid ...

https://www.reference.com/science/baking-soda-neutralize-acids-fc2e5479ed471736

The amide is rather easily hydrolyzed, converting asparagine to aspartic acid. This process is thought to be one o ... Asparagine is the amide of aspartic acid. The amide group does not carry a formal charge under any biologically relevant pH ... Asparagine of acidic amino acids R-group. Asparagine is the amide of aspartic acid. The amide group does not carry a formal ... Tryptophan FunctionTryptophan is one of the 22 standard amino acids and an essential amino acid in .. ...

http://www.food-grade-additives.com/News/388/

N2 - Acidic amino acids, aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu) can enhance the solubility of many poorly soluble drugs ... AB - Acidic amino acids, aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu) can enhance the solubility of many poorly soluble drugs ... Acidic amino acids, aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu) can enhance the solubility of many poorly soluble drugs ... abstract = "Acidic amino acids, aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu) can enhance the solubility of many poorly soluble ...

https://research.aston.ac.uk/en/publications/evaluation-of-anti-biofilm-activity-of-acidic-amino-acids-and-syn

The B-chain contained 35 amino acids and showed 91% amino acid identity with the corresponding segment from Mojave toxin, a ... The amino acid sequence of the acidic subunit B-chain of crotoxin Academic Article ... The B-chain of the acidic subunit of crotoxin proved refractory to Edman degradation. When subjected to sequence analysis using ... where Edman degradation gave glycine and mass spectrometry gave glutamic acid. ...

https://vivo.scripps.edu/display/endnote283967

Which Part of an Amino Acid Is Always Acidic?. * Q: Why Is Taxonomy Important?. ...

https://www.reference.com/science/examples-biotechnology-19510be642bd703f

PH, pKa, pI, and net charge of amino acids (Replies: 0) * PH,pKa means acidic form, but why? (Replies: 2) ... Similar Discussions: PKa of fatty acids * Affect of adjacent amino acids on pKa values (Replies: 1) ... The pKa of most fatty acids is around 4.5, so most fatty acids exist in their anion form in the cellular environment. I know ... Its actually not that big of a number if you compare carboxylic acids to HCl or HBr for example which have Kas ~106+.. Its a ...

https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/pka-of-fatty-acids.518984/

N-long chain acyl-acidic glutamic or aspartic acid diesters having an acyl group of 8-22 carbon atoms, the ester part of which is derived from an alcohol selected from the group of higher alcohols, polyoxyalkylene higher alcohol ethers and polyalkyleneglycol higher fatty acid monoesters. (google.com)
However, hydroxyapatite synthesized in the present of glutamic acid showed rod-like morphology at both pH values. (scientific.net)
Acidic amino acids, aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu) can enhance the solubility of many poorly soluble drugs including ciprofloxacin (Cip). (aston.ac.uk)
The sequence of the last 24 residues of the B-chain is consistent with that previously published (Aird, S.D., Kaiser, I.I., Lewis, R.V. and Kruggel, W.G. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 7054-7058), except at position 20, where Edman degradation gave glycine and mass spectrometry gave glutamic acid. (scripps.edu)
Aspartic and glutamic acid are referred to as acidic amino acids while arginine, histidine, and lysine are basic. (dietspotlight.com)
Surprisingly effective electron transfer from FADH/FADH 2 to PT + is achieved in the GOx-(PT-PEO-NH 2 ) hybrids due to the PT modification to aspartic or glutamic acid residues, many of which are located close to the FAD center. (elsevier.com)
Typically aspartic acid, glutamic acid. (docplayer.net)
The amino acids (with acidic side chains) aspartic and glutamic acid: are they proton donors or proton acceptors? (scribd.com)

Several amino acid mutations were identified in PB2, PB1, PA, BM2, and/or NS1 protein coding regions, and one concurrent lysine (K)-to-arginine (R) mutation in PA residue 338 (PA K338R) was found in both maVc_BR60 and maYm_WI01 viruses. (flutrackers.com)
The recovered mouse-adapted viruses exhibited increased virulence, and, of the various mutations identified from both mouse-adapted viruses, a concurrent amino acid mutation was found in the PA protein coding region. (flutrackers.com)
Gentaur Molecular :Prosci \ D-site-binding protein (DBP) is a member of the PAR bZIP (proline and acidic amino acid-rich basic leucine zipper) transcription factor family. (antibody-antibodies.com)
Amino acids are the buildings blocks of protein in your body. (aminoco.com)
In short, when it comes to protein synthesis and literally building new muscle, you cannot do it without your amino acids. (aminoco.com)
Amino acids are essential for the overall development of the body since they are building blocks of protein joined together by peptide bonds. (dietspotlight.com)
These are available in the body as organic compounds that act as protein building blocks or free amino acids. (dietspotlight.com)
The precise amino acid content, and the sequence of those amino acids, of a specific protein, is determined by the sequence of the bases in the gene that encodes that protein. (wikibooks.org)
The chemical properties of the amino acids of proteins determine the biological activity of the protein. (wikibooks.org)
In addition, proteins contain within their amino acid sequences the necessary information to determine how that protein will fold into a three dimensional structure, and the stability of the resulting structure. (wikibooks.org)
The unique three-dimensional shape of each protein, which results from the linear sequence of amino acids, determines the protein's specific function in the body. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
As the name "proteinogenic" (literally, protein building ) suggests, these amino acid are encoded by the standard genetic code and participate in the process of protein synthesis. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
They are formed from an mRNA template in a process called translation, by which genetic information, encoded in the form of nucleic acids, is translated into the amino acids essential for protein synthesis. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Combinations of these amino acids produce every single protein required for the homeostasis (i.e., the maintenance of a stable internal environment) of the human body . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Amino acid: Monomer containing an amino group and a carboxyl group that is polymerised to form peptide and protein chains. (docplayer.net)
Typically, peptide/protein-forming amino acids have the amino and carboxyl groups attached to the same carbon atom (the alpha carbon) and are designated alpha amino acids. (docplayer.net)
Automated machine that determines amino acid composition of a protein. (docplayer.net)
Amino acid sequencer: Automated machine that determines linear order of amino acids in protein chain (i.e. the protein s primary structure). (docplayer.net)
Enzyme that cleaves amino acid residues from a protein chain commencing at the N-terminal Antibodies: Proteins involved in recognising bacteria, viruses, toxins, etc. as part of the immune defence system. (docplayer.net)
Carboxypeptidase: Enzyme that cleaves amino acids from a protein chain commencing at the C-terminal Chromatography: General term for related techniques to purify the components of peptide/protein mixtures according to molecular size, polarity, charge, recognition properties, etc. (docplayer.net)
The level of circulating secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) was measured in mice and humans that performed a single bout of exercise. (bmj.com)
We established a panel of biomarkers that reacted positive with CD81 (extracellular vesicle marker) and various neuron- and glia-specific antigens [e.g., neurofilament light polypeptide (NF-L), tau, synaptosome-associated protein 25 (SNAP25), glial fibrillary acidic protein, and myelin basic protein]. (frontiersin.org)
Elevations in protein-based biomarkers including tau protein, neurofilament light polypeptide (NF-L), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100-beta, a II-Spectrin N-terminal fragment, and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 have been observed in concussion patients across ages, injury mechanisms, and occupations, indicating their immense utility in concussion diagnosis ( 8 - 15 ). (frontiersin.org)
This combination of nutrients increases protein, proteoglycan and amino acid synthesis, facilitates repair of ligament and connective tissue, improves and restores bone growth and muscle action, increases blood vessel integrity and supports immune system function. (feedreader.com)
Structures and symbols of the 20 amino acids which are directly encoded for protein synthesis by the standard genetic code. (bionity.com)
Note that forming a peptide bond results in elimination of a molecule of water, so the mass of an amino acid unit within a protein chain is reduced by 18.01524 Da. (bionity.com)
Note: The pKa values of amino acids are typically slightly different when the amino acid is inside a protein. (bionity.com)
Protein pKa calculations are sometimes used to calculate the change in the pKa value of an amino acid in this situation. (bionity.com)
The proline-rich acidic protein ( PRAP ) gene was found previously to be expressed in the epithelial cells of the mouse and rat gastrointestinal tracts, and pregnant mouse uterus. (aacrjournals.org)
The GFAP gene provides instructions for making a protein called glial fibrillary acidic protein. (medlineplus.gov)
Several molecules of glial fibrillary acidic protein bind together to form the type of intermediate filament found in astroglial cells. (medlineplus.gov)
If brain or spinal cord cells are injured through trauma or disease, astroglial cells react by rapidly producing more glial fibrillary acidic protein. (medlineplus.gov)
Although its function is not fully understood, glial fibrillary acidic protein is probably involved in controlling the shape, movement, and function of astroglial cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Most of these mutations change one of the building blocks (amino acids) used to make glial fibrillary acidic protein. (medlineplus.gov)
A few mutations add or remove two amino acids in the protein. (medlineplus.gov)
All of these changes alter the structure of glial fibrillary acidic protein. (medlineplus.gov)
As a result, the abnormal glial fibrillary acidic protein may accumulate in astroglial cells, contributing to the formation of Rosenthal fibers, which impair cell function. (medlineplus.gov)
The Alexander disease-causing glial fibrillary acidic protein mutant, R416W, accumulates into Rosenthal fibers by a pathway that involves filament aggregation and the association of alpha B-crystallin and HSP27. (medlineplus.gov)
Amino Acid 50% Powder offered comes under product category Amino Acid/Protein Hydrolysate and comes in packaging options of 25 Kg HDPE bags/drums with ideal storage condition. (tradeindia.com)
A protein forms via the condensation of amino acids to form a chain of amino acid "residues" linked by peptide bonds . (wikidoc.org)
Twenty standard amino acids are used by cells in protein biosynthesis , and these are specified by the general genetic code . (wikidoc.org)
Other amino acids contained in proteins are usually formed by post-translational modification , which is modification after translation in protein synthesis. (wikidoc.org)
Hundreds of types of non-protein amino acids have been found in nature and they have multiple functions in living organisms. (wikidoc.org)
In humans, non-protein amino acids also have biologically-important roles. (wikidoc.org)
Two amino acids in the miraculin protein are particularly important for shapeshifting. (scientificamerican.com)
To address this question, we performed molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis on the ligand-binding region of two orthologous amino acid odorant receptors belonging to the "C family" of G-protein-coupled receptors in goldfish and zebrafish. (jneurosci.org)
Recombinant full length protein corresponding to Human D Amino Acid Oxidase. (abcam.com)
The osm-6 gene encodes a protein that is 40% identical in amino acid sequence to a predicted mammalian protein of unknown function. (genetics.org)
The light chain (λ or κ) is a protein of ~220 amino acids, composed of a variable domain, VL (a segment of approximately 110 amino acids), and a constant domain, CL (also approximately 110 amino acids long). (wikipedia.org)
The µ heavy chain of IgM is a protein of ~576 amino acids, and includes a variable domain (VH ~110 amino acids), four distinct constant region domains (Cµ1, Cµ2, Cµ3, Cµ4, each ~110 amino acids) and a "tailpiece" of ~20 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
J chain is a small (~137 amino acids), acidic protein. (wikipedia.org)

Your essential amino acids are the ones you need but cannot produce yourself, and so must be gained either from your diet or via supplementation. (aminoco.com)
These are essential amino acids that trigger the production of proteins in the muscles. (dietspotlight.com)
More than 500 amino acids exist in nature, but the proteins in all species, from bacteria to humans, consist mainly of only 20 called the essential amino acids. (wikibooks.org)
Those important amino acids that cannot be synthesized by an animal, or at a rate sufficient to meet its physiological needs, and which therefore must be obtained from the diet, are called essential amino acids . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The essential amino acids vary according to the type of animal. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Amino acids reflect the interconnectedness of life, as the non-ruminant animals depend of plants for essential amino acids, ruminants depend on microbes within as a source, and even plants depend on bacteria to fix the nitrogen into a form that they can utilize to produce amino acids. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Approximately half of these standard amino acids are considered essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from food. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Arginine and histidine may also be classified as essential amino acids, though they are generally considered essential only in children, whose undeveloped metabolisms are unable to synthesize them. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Thus, the number of essential amino acids in humans is variously listed as 8 or 10. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
It contains all essential amino acids as well as micronutrients, which are precursors of growth materials and Phytohormones and thus assist in accelerating the metabolic. (tradeindia.com)
The ones that cannot be synthesized by an organism are called essential amino acids . (wikidoc.org)

The results of X-ray diffraction analysis and microphotographs of transmission electron microscope showed that the morphology of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles changed significantly only with aspartic acid. (scientific.net)
Hydroxyapatite synthesized with aspartic acid showed smooth flake-like morphology at pH= 11 and flake-like morphology with stripes at pH= 8. (scientific.net)
Asparagine is the amide of aspartic acid. (food-grade-additives.com)
The amide is rather easily hydrolyzed, converting asparagine to aspartic acid. (food-grade-additives.com)
We have found that DHEA(S) can prevent or reduce the neurotoxic actions in the hippocampus of the glutamate agonists N -methyl- d -aspartic acid (NMDA) both in vitro and in vivo or α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainic acid in vitro . (pnas.org)
glycine in Fy-a and aspartic acid in Fy-b ( guanine in Fy-a and adenosine in Fy-b at position 125). (wikipedia.org)

ters, which represent the amino acids in proteins. (scirp.org)
Strings of amino acids make up proteins, of which there are countless varieties. (encyclopedia.com)
Of the 20 amino acids required for manufacturing the proteins the human body needs, the body itself produces only 12, meaning that we have to meet our requirements for the other eight through nutrition. (encyclopedia.com)
Proteins are polymers of multiple monomer units called amino acid, which have many different functional groups. (wikibooks.org)
2-amino acids, also known as alpha-amino acids, are a specific type of amino acid that makes up proteins. (wikibooks.org)
Amino acids play central roles both as building blocks of proteins and as intermediates in metabolism. (wikibooks.org)
Proteins are linear polymers formed by linking the a-carboxyl group of one amino acid to the a-amino group of another amino acid. (wikibooks.org)
Thus, the 20 amino acids that are found within proteins convey a vast array of chemical versatility. (wikibooks.org)
There are twenty major amino acids which make up proteins. (wikibooks.org)
Amino acids are the basic structural building blocks of proteins . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Just as the letters of the alphabet can be combined in different ways to form an endless variety of words, a limited number of amino acids can be linked together in varying sequences to form a vast array of proteins. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Amino acids are a group of 21 different molecules which, when bonded in sequence, make up proteins . (conservapedia.com)
There are around 20 naturally occurring α-amino acids which polymerise by condensation polymerisation to form all known polypeptides (which form the primary structure of proteins ) in biological organisms during gene translation . (conservapedia.com)
Some organisms contain atypical amino acids in their proteins, such as the D-amino acids, selenocystine or pyrolysine. (conservapedia.com)
All living organisms use exclusively L optical isomers of amino acids for they proteins. (conservapedia.com)
Additional acid tolerance responses involve the induction of proteins that postsynthetically modify the lipid composition of the inner membrane ( 8 ), thereby altering proton permeability. (asm.org)
form) All amino acids found in proteins are of the L-configuration. (scribd.com)
Pharmacological studies indicate that these photoisomers bind less strongly to the kainate receptor proteins than DA itself suggesting that they are not as toxic as the parent amino acid. (fao.org)
As proteins digest, the body becomes more acidic. (selfgrowth.com)
This list of standard proteinogenic amino acids details the chemical structures and properties of the twenty standard amino acids used in proteins by living cells . (bionity.com)
We searched for c92-like proteins in viral sequences present in multiple viral and cellular metagenomic libraries from Yellowstone National Park acidic hot spring environments. (hindawi.com)
Threonine is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. (tradeindia.com)
Amino Acid 80% (Soyabean Based)Known as building block of proteins, offered Amino Acid 80% is highly demanded all over the globe. (tradeindia.com)
The twenty standard amino acids are either used to synthesize proteins and other biomolecules, or oxidized to urea and carbon dioxide as a source of energy. (wikidoc.org)
Animo acids are the unit molecular building blocks of proteins. (biology-online.org)

All of the amino acids in the human body, except glycine, are either right-hand or left-hand versions of the same molecule, meaning that in some amino acids the positions of the carboxyl group and the R -group are switched. (encyclopedia.com)
All α-amino acids except glycine CH 2 (NH 2 )COOH and proline are complex enough to have the two optical isomers that are mirror images of each other (L and R). This is because they have four different groups around the alpha carbon, forming a chiral centre . (conservapedia.com)

May catalyze the decarboxylation of aspartate, cysteine sulfinic acid, and cysteic acid to beta-alanine, hypotaurine and taurine, respectively. (uniprot.org)
The concentrations of amino acids were similar in bee bread made by either race except for phenylalanine and cysteine. (usda.gov)

A different NLS (PAAKRVKLD) has been reported in the oncoprotein c-Myc, but it has received little attention because, unlike other known NLSs, only three of nine residues are basic [11], and one residue is even acidic. (nih.gov)
Here, we report that constructs containing an inactive basic cluster downstream of the bipartite signal of nucleoplasmin can be directed to the nucleus by flanking them with specific neutral and acidic residues taken from the signal reported for c-Myc. (nih.gov)
Treatment of the ferredoxin-dependent, spinach glutamate synthase with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) modifies 2 mol of tryptophan residues per mol of enzyme, without detectable modification of other amino acids, and inhibits enzyme activity by 85% with either reduced ferredoxin or reduced methyl viologen serving as the source of electrons. (semanticscholar.org)
The C-terminal acidic tail (C peptide) was synthesized, which was composed of 30 amino acid residues. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, we prepared eleven different deleted mutants lacking several amino acid residues in C-terminal acidic tail of HMGB1. (biomedcentral.com)
Antibacterial assays of these mutants demonstrate that the amino acid residues 201-205 in C-terminal acidic tail region is the core functional site for the antibacterial activity of the molecule. (biomedcentral.com)
Structurally, human HMGB1 has 215 amino acid residues, including three main functional domains (A box, B box and a highly conservation, repetitive C terminus). (biomedcentral.com)
Functionally important residues of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase probed by sequence alignment and site-directed mutagenesis. (ebi.ac.uk)
GOx hybrids [GOx-(PT-PEO-NH 2 )] are prepared by covalently bonding phenothiazine(PT)-labeled poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) oligomers having an amino end group, PT-PEO-NH 2 , to acidic amino acid residues on the enzyme surface. (elsevier.com)
In this study, we describe an analysis of the residues involved in the interactions between receptor 5.24 and amino acid agonists. (jneurosci.org)
Our results reveal residues that mediate ligand binding and influence selectivity for specific amino acid side chains. (jneurosci.org)

This conversion happens to all glucogenic amino acids except lysine and leucine. (dietspotlight.com)
PLP enzymes exist in their resting state as a Schiff base, the aldehyde group of PLP forming a linkage with the epsilon-amino group of an active site lysine residue on the enzyme. (ebi.ac.uk)
The alpha-amino group of the substrate displaces the lysine epsilon-amino group, in the process forming a new aldimine with the substrate. (ebi.ac.uk)

When subjected to sequence analysis using tandem mass spectrometry, pyroglutamate was found at the amino-terminal end, even though earlier attempts to de-block with pyroglutamate aminopeptidase were unsuccessful. (scripps.edu)
Another cautionary illustration of amino acids' power is the gamut of diseases (most notably, sickle cell anemia) that impair or claim the lives of those whose amino acids are out of sequence or malfunctioning. (encyclopedia.com)
The main objective of this study was to purify a phospholipase A 2 from T. vaginalis, make a partial characterization, obtain a partial amino acid sequence, and determine its enzymatic participation as hemolytic factor causing lysis of erythrocytes. (edu.mx)

Analysis of concentration-response curves suggests that the increased responsiveness to L-glutamate is due to an increase in the maximal effect rather than to changes in the half-maximal concentration for the amino acid. (biomedsearch.com)
Partial denervation does not detectably change efflux elicited by D,L-homocysteic acid nor does it modify the properties of [3H]glutamate binding to hippocampal membranes. (biomedsearch.com)
The role of aromatic and acidic amino acids in the electron transfer reaction catalyzed by spinach ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase. (semanticscholar.org)
Mechanisms responsible for acid tolerance or resistance in E. coli include the arginine and glutamate decarboxylase/antiporter systems, which are thought to counteract external acidification through the consumption of intracellular protons and the generation of alkaline amines (reviewed in 11 ). (asm.org)
In E. coli , the acid-resistance systems 2 (AR2) and 3 (AR3) expel intracellular protons through two coupled processes: intracellular decarboxylation of glutamate (Glu) and arginine (Arg) by AR2 and AR3, respectively, and the exchange of the reaction products, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and agmatine (Agm), with extracellular Glu and Arg ( 2 ). (sciencemag.org)

Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. (wikidoc.org)

Comparative mutagenesis of nuclear localization signals reveals the importance of neutral and acidic amino acids. (nih.gov)
Contrary to conventional views, neutral and even acidic amino acids can play crucial roles in NLSs. (nih.gov)
Thomas B. Kinraide and Bud Etherton 1980-06-01 00:00:00 The application of neutral or acidic amino acids to oat coleptiles induced transient depolarizations of the membrane potentials. (deepdyve.com)
These experiments support the co-transport theory but suggest somewhat different mechanisms for the transport of the neutral, acidic, and basic amino acids. (deepdyve.com)
We suggest that the neutral amino acids are co-transported with a single H + and that accumulation depends upon both the ΔpH and the membrane potential components of the proton motive force. (deepdyve.com)
The application of neutral or acidic amino acids to oat coleptiles induced transient depolarizations of the membrane potentials. (deepdyve.com)
This video breaks down the hydrophilic amino acids including polar neutral, acidic and basic side chains. (leah4sci.com)
Characteristics of acidic, basic and neutral amino acid transport in the perfused rat hindlimb. (brighton.ac.uk)
Dive into the research topics of 'Characteristics of acidic, basic and neutral amino acid transport in the perfused rat hindlimb. (brighton.ac.uk)
Aspartame always activates the sweet taste receptor for example, no matter how acidic or neutral the environment is. (scientificamerican.com)
One is very acidic, 7 is neutral, and 14 classified as a strong base. (brightkite.com)

1JT7: Human Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor. (rcsb.org)
Human acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) is a member of the beta-trefoil hyperfamily and exhibits a characteristic threefold symmetry of the tertiary structure. (rcsb.org)

In microbes, examples include 2-aminoisobutyric acid and lanthionine , which is a sulfide-bridged alanine dimer. (wikidoc.org)

Here, we report the crystal structure of AdiC, the arginine:agmatine antiporter from E. coli O157:H7 and a member of the amino acid/polyamine/organocation (APC) superfamily of transporters at 3.6 Å resolution. (sciencemag.org)

Antibacterial assays showed that both the full length rHMGB1 and the synthetic C peptide alone could efficiently inhibit bacteria proliferation, but rHMGB1 A box and B box, and tHMGB1 lacking the C-terminal acidic tail had no antibacterial function. (biomedcentral.com)
We showed that the recombinant human HMGB1 (rHMGB1) and the synthetic C-terminal acidic tail (C peptide) presented antibacterial activity, nevertheless, the A box, B box domains of the molecule and the truncated HMGB1 lacking its C-terminal acidic tail failed to inhibit bacterial multiplication, which demonstrated that the C-terminal acidic tail is the key region for the antibacterial activity of HMGB1. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, both free amino acids and some amino acids combined in peptide linkages can act as what? (scribd.com)

The basic structure of an amino-acid molecule consists of a carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH 2 ), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a fourth group that differs from one amino acid to another and often is referred to as the- R group or the side chain. (encyclopedia.com)
In the amino group, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to each other and then to nitrogen, whereas the carboxyl group has two separate oxygen atoms strung between a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom. (encyclopedia.com)
Likewise the carbon, hydrogen, amino group, and carboxyl group in an amino acid are more or less constant. (encyclopedia.com)
Amino-acid molecules, which contain an amino group and a carboxyl group, do not behave like typical molecules. (encyclopedia.com)
In amino acid, the carboxyl group is more acidic than the carboxylic acid. (wikibooks.org)
Describe the amino group and carboxyl group of an amino acid at physiologic pH. (scribd.com)
It contains an α-amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain containing a hydroxyl group, making it a polar, uncharged amino acid. (tradeindia.com)

For the structures and properties of the standard proteinogenic amino acids, see List of standard amino acids . (wikidoc.org)

The acidic amino acids appear to be accumulated by a similar mechanism except that the transport of each molecule may be associated with a cation in addition to a single proton. (deepdyve.com)
A base molecule or compound is the opposite of an acid. (aminoco.com)
A strong base molecule can deprotonate, or take the proton, of a weaker acid such as water. (aminoco.com)
Imagine that the amino-acid molecule is like the face of a compass, with a carbon atom at the center. (encyclopedia.com)
These directions are based on models that typically are used to represent amino-acid molecules, though north, south, east, and west, as used in the following illustration, are simply terms to make the molecule easier to visualize. (encyclopedia.com)
The name amino acid, in fact, comes from the amino group and the acid group, which are the most chemically reactive parts of the molecule. (encyclopedia.com)
The formation of a dipeptide from two amino acids is accompanied by the loss of a water molecule. (wikibooks.org)
The general structure of an amino acid molecule. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
An amino acid is an organic molecule with three main components: an amino group (-NH2), a carboxylic acid group (-COOH), and an R group, or side chain, unique to each amino acid. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Zwitterions form from amino acids when the hydrogen from the carboxylic acid group (-COO H ) dissociates from the molecule and forms a dative covalent bond with the nitrogen in the amine group (- N H 2 ). (conservapedia.com)
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H + ), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid). (wikipedia.org)
In chemistry , an amino acid is a molecule that contains both amine and carboxyl functional groups . (wikidoc.org)

In biochemistry , this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H 2 NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent. (wikidoc.org)

Are ketogenic amino acids basic or acidic? (scribd.com)

[1] In the alpha amino acids, the amino and carboxylate groups are attached to the same carbon , which is called the α-carbon . (wikidoc.org)
The various alpha amino acids differ in which side chain (R group) is attached to their alpha carbon. (wikidoc.org)
For example, the chelating agents EDTA and nitriloacetic acid are alpha amino acids that are important in the chemical industry. (wikidoc.org)

After the extensive review, scientists are able to identify two types of amino acids: proteinogenic and nonproteinogenic. (dietspotlight.com)
There are 21 amino acids that may be referred to as proteinogenic. (dietspotlight.com)
In humans , 20 amino acids are known as standard amino acids or proteinogenic amino acids. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Twenty amino acids are encoded by the standard genetic code and are called proteinogenic or standard amino acids . (wikidoc.org)

Sodium bicarbonate is actually produced naturally by the pancreas to assist with neutralizing acids from food, but various lifestyle decisions negatively impact the pancreas' ability to produce this helpful material. (reference.com)

Hydrophilic amino acids are much more reactive and interactive compared to hydrophobic side chains. (leah4sci.com)
On the other hand, hydrophilic amino acids tend to interact in the aqueous environment due to polarity. (wikibooks.org)

We illustrate it this way because it's that glass lava vessel that not only determines what kind of amino acid you have (i.e. what color your lava lamp is), but these side chains also determine whether or not an amino acid is basic or acidic. (aminoco.com)
Acidic amino acids: Those whose side chains can carry a negative charge at certain ph values. (docplayer.net)
All of the amino acids with uncharged POLAR side chains are hydrophilic except which one? (scribd.com)
Amino acids are classified by their side chains (R-groups). (scribd.com)
Following is a table listing the one-letter symbols, the three-letter symbols, and the chemical properties of the side chains of the standard amino acids. (bionity.com)
Acts on a variety of D-amino acids with a preference for those having small hydrophobic side chains followed by those bearing polar, aromatic, and basic groups. (abcam.com)

An acidic residue cluster at the C-terminal end (C-domain) plays a nuclear retention role. (diva-portal.org)
Amino acid residue: the portion of the amino acid that remains after incorporation into a polypeptide chain. (docplayer.net)

In an aqueous environment, the hydrophobic amino acids are unable to participate in hydrogen bonding. (wikibooks.org)

Together, the results from the denervation and development studies suggest a different localization and different modes of regulation for various classes of excitatory amino acid receptors. (biomedsearch.com)

The charged state of an amino acid in aqueous solution depends largely on the pH. (wikibooks.org)
Amino acids in aqueous solution contain weakly acidic α-carboxyl groups and weakly basic α-amino groups and each of the acidic and basic amino acids contains an ionizable group in its side chain. (scribd.com)
The PSP mouse bioassay involves acidic aqueous extraction of the tissue (whole animal or selected organs) followed by intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml of the extract into mice. (fao.org)
In the special case of aqueous solutions, proton donors form the hydronium ion H 3 O + and are known as Arrhenius acids . (wikipedia.org)
Aqueous Arrhenius acids have characteristic properties which provide a practical description of an acid. (wikipedia.org)
[2] Acids form aqueous solutions with a sour taste, can turn blue litmus red, and react with bases and certain metals (like calcium ) to form salts . (wikipedia.org)
[3] An aqueous solution of an acid has a pH less than 7 and is colloquially also referred to as 'acid' (as in 'dissolved in acid'), while the strict definition refers only to the solute . (wikipedia.org)
Common aqueous acids include hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen chloride which is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activates digestive enzymes ), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries ), and citric acid (found in citrus fruits). (wikipedia.org)
Most acids encountered in everyday life are aqueous solutions , or can be dissolved in water, so the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry definitions are the most relevant. (wikipedia.org)

Amino acids are molecules which contain both a carboxylic acid and an amine group. (wikibooks.org)
In solid state, the amine functionality deprotonates the carboxylic acid group, giving rise to the zwitterionic, dipolar entity. (wikibooks.org)
They consist of an organic side chain bonded to an amine and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group (hence the name amino acid ). (conservapedia.com)
Due to the acidic carboxylic acid group and the alkaline amine group on amino acids they can form ions with themselves called zwitterions . (conservapedia.com)

The initial response of gram-negative bacteria, as investigated intensively in the model organism Escherichia coli , to acute cytoplasmic acidification is the activation of outward H + pumps such as K + /proton antiporters ( 11 , 18 ), while cell survival upon prolonged acid stress exposure requires further alterations in gene expression. (asm.org)
The gene encodes a 336 amino acid acidic glycoprotein . (wikipedia.org)

Home Key Engineering Materials High-Performance Ceramics IV Effects of Acidic Amino Acids on Hydroxyapatite. (scientific.net)
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence of two kinds of acidic amino acids in order to investigate the effects of acidic amino acids on the morphology of hydroxyapatite obtained by homogeneous precipitation and hydrothermal treating. (scientific.net)

An amino acid is in a zwitterionic state when the carboxylic acid group is deprotonated and the amino group is protonated, simultaneously. (wikibooks.org)
The amino group is on the left, and the carboxylic acid group is on the right. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

What are ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids? (reference.com)
[3] Glucogenic amino acids can also be converted into glucose, through gluconeogenesis . (wikidoc.org)

Threonine Uses Threonine is an amino acid. (food-grade-additives.com)

Iodinated and brominated tyrosine are also amino acids found in species, but are not included in the 20 major amino acids because of their rarity: iodinated tyrosin is only found in thyroid hormones, and brominated tyrosine is only found in coral. (wikibooks.org)

If the amino acid has an even distribution of electrons, is it polar or nonpolar? (scribd.com)
If the amino acid has an uneven distribution of electrons, is it polar or nonpolar? (scribd.com)

Acids lose their acidity when combined with alkalis. (aminoco.com)
This is the acidity of all the different acids making up this substance. (brightkite.com)

A list of acids and their sources includes hydrochloric acid, which is produced naturally in the stomach to help the body break down and digest food, and c. (reference.com)
2014. Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride). (brightkite.com)

2018. Structure of the mouse acidic amino acid decarboxylase GADL1. (uib.no)

Amino acids are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and (in some cases) sulfur bonded in characteristic formations. (encyclopedia.com)
Amino acids are organic compounds, meaning that they contain carbon and hydrogen bonded to each other. (encyclopedia.com)
Due to the two charges on zwitterions, there is a much stronger intermolecular attraction between the ions, raising the melting point of an amino acid far above the melting point of organic compounds with similar molecular mass and numbers of electrons . (conservapedia.com)
Acidic products from BioAyurveda a combination of organic herbs and herbal nutrient sources that is formulated to empower digestive functioning and gut health that are at the core of overall health and vitality. (selfgrowth.com)
TD Product Details: Minimum Order Quantity 100 Kilogram Form Powder Organic Type Organic Pack Size 25 kg Packaging Type Bag Physical State Powder Purity (%) 100% Usage AGRICULTURE We offer Amino Acid Powder which is a natural extract from ancient. (tradeindia.com)

Hydrogen molecules are why bases and acids are often measured in pH levels (pH stands for "potential of hydrogen") as related to pure water. (aminoco.com)
Interestingly, nearly all of the amino acids occurring in nature are the left-hand versions of the molecules, or the L-forms. (encyclopedia.com)
These twenty amino acids are biosynthesized from other molecules, but organisms differ in which ones they can synthesize and which ones must be provided in their diet. (wikidoc.org)

Classification and properties of acidic amino acid receptors in hippocampus. (biomedsearch.com)
From this analysis, we propose a general model of ligand recognition for amino acid odorant receptors. (jneurosci.org)

Examples are: citric acid (lemon juice), acetic acid (vinegar), stomach acid, and battery acid. (aminoco.com)
Weak acids include formic acid, acetic acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrogen sulfide and hydrocyanic acid. (reference.com)
within approximately 1 pH unit of the pKa - (example) - solution containing acetic acid (HA = CH3COOH) and acetate (A- = CH3COO-) with a pKa of 4.8 resists a change in pH from pH 3.8 to 5.8, with maximum buffering at pH = 4.8. (scribd.com)
However, hydrogen chloride, acetic acid, and most other Brønsted-Lowry acids cannot form a covalent bond with an electron pair and are therefore not Lewis acids. (wikipedia.org)
3602 words - 14 pages was the most explosive, followed by the Citric and Acetic acid. (brightkite.com)

Acidic amino acid uptake porter, AatJMQP ( Singh and Röhm, 2008 ). (tcdb.org)

Stereoisomers, optical isomers, or enantiomers Acidic 1. (scribd.com)

Acids are the compounds that donate a hydrogen ion (H+) to a base, while a base compound is one that can remove a proton (H+ is a proton) from an acid. (aminoco.com)
When an acid is dissolved in water, it becomes a solution with higher hydrogen ion activity than water, making it more acidic, with a pH value less than 7. (aminoco.com)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen are the main elements that make up amino acids although the side chain may feature a variety of other elements. (dietspotlight.com)
Plants synthesize the amino acids that they require, utilizing carbon and oxygen from the air, hydrogen from water, and nitrogen that has been converted to usable form through nitrogen fixation . (newworldencyclopedia.org)

A variable substituent on the alpha carbon generates different amino acids with different chemical properties. (docplayer.net)
We identified the critical ligand-receptor interactions that afford ligand binding as well as selectivity for different amino acids. (jneurosci.org)

Acidic amino acid antagonists and phencyclidine (PCP) agonists were evaluated for their ability to protect neurons from the cellular responses to oxygen deprivation. (springer.com)
Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists (e.g., phenobarbital) increase the efficacy of inhibitory synapses, thus attenuating excitability. (springer.com)

The basic amino acids depolarized the cell membrane strongly, but the repolarizations were weak or absent. (deepdyve.com)
The depolarizations induced by the basic amino acids were weakly sensitive to manipulations of the extracellular and intracellular pH. (deepdyve.com)
The permanently protonated basic amino acids appear not to be co-transported with an additional proton. (deepdyve.com)
This article will quickly inform you of the difference between acidic and basic amino acids. (aminoco.com)
We'll provide the definitions and explanations you seek, including what are amino acids, what makes some of them acidic and some of them basic, and why that matters when it comes to the chemistry of the human body. (aminoco.com)
Is calcium carbonate acidic or basic? (reference.com)

Each of the common amino acids has, in addition to its chemical name, a more familiar name and a three-letter abbreviation that frequently is used to identify it. (encyclopedia.com)
Amino acids can be broadly hydrophobic and hydrophilic , depending on the chemical properties of the R group side chain. (wikibooks.org)
Chemical structures of the 20 standard amino acids. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Amino acid side chain: That portion of the amino acid that extends beyond the a-carbon and gives the amino acid its unique chemical character. (docplayer.net)
The alpha carbon of each amino acid is attached to four different chemical groups and is therefore considered to be what type of carbon atom? (scribd.com)
The alpha carbon of each amino acid is attached to four different chemical groups and is therefore considered to be a chiral carbon or optically active carbon.its alpha carbon has 2 hydrogens attached 27. (scribd.com)
Lewis considered this as a generalization of the Brønsted definition, so that an acid is a chemical species that accepts electron pairs either directly or by releasing protons (H + ) into the solution, which then accept electron pairs. (wikipedia.org)
Modern definitions are concerned with the fundamental chemical reactions common to all acids. (wikipedia.org)

In particular, it has been suggested that an obligatory step in neurotransmitter release is the accumulation of unesterified, polyunsaturated fatty acids following the depolarization-induced degradation of phospholipids. (springer.com)
The Ca 2+ dependent release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from cerebral synaptosomes has also been shown to require the accumulation of free arachidonic acid and this release can be mimicked with exogenous arachidonic acid, but not other free fatty acids (Asakura and Matsuda, 1984). (springer.com)
The release of neurotransmitters induced by exogenous fatty acids does not require Ca 2+ (Rhoads et al. (springer.com)
The pK a of most fatty acids is around 4.5, so most fatty acids exist in their anion form in the cellular environment. (physicsforums.com)
Why do radicals attack polyunsaturated fatty acids? (physicsforums.com)
What is nitro fatty acids? (physicsforums.com)

Anatomy13

Organisms14

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Phenomena and Processes80

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care2

Covalent cross-linking of proteins without chemical reagents. (1/67)

Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved charged amino acid residues in ClpB from Escherichia coli. (2/67)

Both acidic and basic amino acids in an amphitropic enzyme, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, dictate its selectivity for anionic membranes. (3/67)

The Est1 subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomerase makes multiple contributions to telomere length maintenance. (4/67)

Mutation of charged residues in the TR3 death domain does not perturb interaction with TRADD. (5/67)

Distinct Rab binding specificity of Rim1, Rim2, rabphilin, and Noc2. Identification of a critical determinant of Rab3A/Rab27A recognition by Rim2. (6/67)

A PAR domain transcription factor is involved in the expression from a hematopoietic-specific promoter for the human LMO2 gene. (7/67)

Close pairs of carboxylates: a possibility of multicenter hydrogen bonds in proteins. (8/67)

Amino Acids

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Amino Acid Sequence

Amino Acid Substitution

Cloning, Molecular

Amino Acids, Essential

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Sequence Alignment

Amino Acid Motifs

Base Sequence

Escherichia coli

Mutation

Binding Sites

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

DNA, Complementary

Amino Acids, Aromatic

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Peptide Fragments

Amino Acids, Sulfur

Kinetics

Recombinant Proteins

Leucine

Protein Conformation

Models, Molecular

Structure-Activity Relationship

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Substrate Specificity

DNA

Molecular Weight

Peptides

Protein Binding

Bacterial Proteins

Restriction Mapping

Cell Line

Phylogeny

Alanine

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Genes, Bacterial

Proteins

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

RNA, Messenger

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Protein Structure, Secondary

Plasmids

Conserved Sequence

Isoleucine

Amino Acids, Basic

Lysine

Species Specificity

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

DNA Primers

Carrier Proteins

Codon

Cyanogen Bromide

Trypsin

Glycine

Cattle

Biological Transport

Amino Acids, Diamino

Glutamine

Open Reading Frames

Genes

Valine

Protein Biosynthesis

Excitatory Amino Acids

Methionine

Arginine

Aspartic Acid

Gene Library

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Sequence Deletion

Sequence Analysis

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Nitrogen

Proline

Phenylalanine

Point Mutation