Amino acids. Medical search

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter found ubiquitously. It has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE. It may also act as an ecotropic leukemia retroviral receptor.

Enzymes that catalyze either the racemization or epimerization of chiral centers within amino acids or derivatives. EC 5.1.1.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

Peptides composed of two amino acid units.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

Twelfth rib resection as an approach for portal vein cannulation in sheep. (1/23787)

A surgical technique involving resection of the twelfth rib was used to insert silastic cannulas into the portal veins of three sheep to study amino acid metabolism. Good exposure to the vein was achieved by this method although it required positive ventilation due to the penetration of the thoracic cavity. All cannulas were buried subcutaneously and exteriorized near the dorsal midline. This facilitated continuous infusion into the portal cannula without disturbing cannula placement. (+info)

The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. The tryptic peptides. (2/23787)

The NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa was digested with trypsin, and peptides accounting for 441 out of the 452 residues of the polypeptide chain were isolated and substantially sequenced. Additional experimental detail has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50052 (11 pages) with the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained under the terms given in Biochem J. (1975) 145, 5. (+info)

The isolation and partial characterization of the serum lipoproteins and apolipoproteins of the rainbow trout. (3/23787)

1. VLD (very-low-density), LD (low-density) and HD (high-density) lipoproteins were isolated from the serum of trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). 2. Each lipoprotein class resembled that of the human in immunological reactivity, electrophoretic behaviour and appearance in the electron microscope. Trout LD lipoprotein, however, was of greater density than human LD lipoprotein. 3. The trout lipoproteins have lipid compositions which are similar to those of the corresponding human components, except for their high contents of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. 4. HD and LD lipoproteins were immunologically non-identical, whereas LD lipoproteins possessed antigenic determinants in common with VLD lipoproteins. 5. VLD and HD lipoproteins each contained at least seven different apoproteins, whereas LD liprotein was composed largely of a single apoprotein which resembled human apolipoprotein B. 6. At least one, and possibly three, apoprotein of trout HD lipoprotein showed features which resemble human apoprotein A-1.7. The broad similarity between the trout and human lipoprotein systems suggests that both arose from common ancestral genes early in evolutionary history. (+info)

Studies of the binding of different iron donors to human serum transferrin and isolation of iron-binding fragments from the N- and C-terminal regions of the protein. (4/23787)

1. Trypsin digestion of human serum transferrin partially saturated with iron(III)-nitrilotriacetate at pH 5.5 or pH 8.5 produces a carbohydrate-containing iron-binding fragment of mol.wt. 43000. 2. When iron(III) citrate, FeCl3, iron (III) ascorabate and (NH4)2SO4,FeSO4 are used as iron donors to saturate the protein partially, at pH8.5, proteolytic digestion yields a fragment of mol.wt. 36000 that lacks carbohydrate. 3. The two fragments differ in their antigenic structures, amino acid compositions and peptide 'maps'. 4. The fragment with mol.wt. 36000 was assigned to the N-terminal region of the protein and the other to the C-terminal region. 5. The distribution of iron in human serum transferrin partially saturated with various iron donors was examined by electrophoresis in urea/polyacrylamide gels and the two possible monoferric forms were unequivocally identified. 6. The site designated A on human serum transferrin [Harris (1977) Biochemistry 16, 560--564] was assigned to the C-terminal region of the protein and the B site to the N-terminal region. 7. The distribution of iron on transferrin in human plasma was determined. (+info)

Salivary mucin MG1 is comprised almost entirely of different glycosylated forms of the MUC5B gene product. (5/23787)

The MG1 population of mucins was isolated from human whole salivas by gel chromatography followed by isopycnic density gradient centrifugation. The reduced and alkylated MG1 mucins, separated by anion exchange chromatography, were of similar size (radius of gyration 55-64 nm) and molecular weight (2.5-2.9 x 10(6) Da). Two differently-charged populations of MG1 subunits were observed which showed different reactivity with monoclonal antibodies to glycan epitopes. Monosaccharide and amino acid compositional analyses indicated that the MG1 subunits had similar glycan structures on the same polypeptide. An antiserum recognizing the MUC5B mucin was reactive across the entire distribution, whereas antisera raised against the MUC2 and MUC5AC mucins showed no reactivity. Western blots of agarose gel electrophoresis of fractions across the anion exchange distribution indicated that the polypeptide underlying the mucins was the product of the MUC5B gene. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping performed on the fragments produced by trypsin digestion of the two MG1 populations yielded data similar to that obtained for MUC5B mucin subunits prepared from respiratory mucus (Thornton et al., 1997) and confirmed that the MUC5B gene product was the predominant mucin polypeptide present. Isolation of the MG1 mucins from the secretions of the individual salivary glands (palatal, sublingual, and submandibular) indicate that the palatal gland is the source of the highly charged population of the MUC5B mucin. (+info)

Association of polymorphism at the type I collagen (COL1A1) locus with reduced bone mineral density, increased fracture risk, and increased collagen turnover. (6/23787)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between a common polymorphism within intron 1 of the COL1A1 gene and osteoporosis in a nested case-control study. METHODS: We studied 185 healthy women (mean +/- SD age 54.3+/-4.6 years). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry, and fractures were determined radiographically. The COL1A1 genotype was assessed using the polymerase chain reaction and Bal I endonuclease digestion. RESULTS: Genotype frequencies were similar to those previously observed and in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: SS 61.1%, Ss 36.2%, and ss 2.7%. Carriage of at least one copy of the "s" allele was associated with a significant reduction in lumbar spine BMD (P = 0.02) and an increased risk of total fracture (P = 0.04). Urinary pyridinoline levels were significantly elevated in those with the risk allele (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These data support the findings that the COL1A1 gene polymorphism is associated with low BMD and fracture risk, and suggest a possible physiologic effect on total body turnover of type I collagen. (+info)

Basic homopolyamino acids, histones and protamines are potent antagonists of angiogenin binding to ribonuclease inhibitor. (7/23787)

A radio-ribonuclease inhibitor assay based on the interaction of 125I-angiogenin with ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) was used to detect pancreatic-type ribonucleases and potential modulators of their action. We show that highly basic proteins including the homopolypeptides poly-arginine, poly-lysine and poly-ornithine, core histones, spermatid-specific S1 protein and the protamines HP3 and Z3 were strong inhibitors of angiogenin binding to RI. A minimum size of poly-arginine and poly-lysine was required for efficient inhibition. The inhibition likely resulted from direct association of the basic proteins with the acidic inhibitor, as RI bound to poly-lysine and protamines while 125I-angiogenin did not. Antagonists of the angiogenin-RI interaction are potential regulators of either angiogenin-triggered angiogenesis and/or intracellular RI function, depending on their preferential target. (+info)

The DNA binding activity of Translin is mediated by a basic region in the ring-shaped structure conserved in evolution. (8/23787)

DNA binding proteins, for the most part, function as dimers or tetramers which recognize their target sequences. Here we show that Translin, a novel single-stranded DNA end binding protein, forms a ring-shaped structure conserved throughout evolution and that this structure is responsible for its DNA binding activity. Point mutations at Leu184 and Leu191 in the leucine zipper motif of human Translin resulted in loss of the multimeric structure and abrogation of DNA binding. Point mutations at R86, H88, H90 to T86, N88, N90 in one of the basic regions, however, completely inhibited the DNA binding activity without affecting the multimeric structure. These results support the view that the DNA binding domain of Translin is formed in the ring-shaped structure in combination with its basic region (amino acids 86-97) polypeptides. (+info)

Amino acids[edit]. BMAA[edit]. The non-proteinogenic amino acid beta-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is ubiquitously produced by ... Amino Acid BMAA Nervous System All Most cyanotoxins have a number of variants (analogues). As of 1999, altogether over 84 ... A peptide is a short polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They have the same chemical structure as proteins, except ... a neurotoxic amino acid". PNAS. 102 (14): 5074-5078. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.5074C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501526102. PMC 555964. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotoxin

FA, N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, vitamin B9,[ ... Folic acid is essential for the body to make DNA, RNA, and metabolise amino acids, which are required for cell division. Not ... 2S)-2-[[4-[(2-Amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid[5] ... Folinic acid is not the same as folic acid. Folic acid supplements have little established role in cancer chemotherapy.[46][47] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_b9

Amino acid metabolism[edit]. *PLP is a cofactor in the biosynthesis of five important neurotransmitters: serotonin, dopamine, ... Its active form, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, serves as a coenzyme in some 100 enzyme reactions in amino acid, glucose, and lipid ... Transaminases break down amino acids with PLP as a cofactor. The proper activity of these enzymes is crucial for the process of ... An estimated 40-60% of ingested vitamin B6 is oxidized to 4-pyridoxic acid. Several studies have shown that 4-pyridoxic acid is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6

"Analysis of the genomic organization of the human cationic amino acid transporters CAT-1, CAT-2 and CAT-4". Amino Acids. 21 (2 ... Cationic amino acid transporter 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A2 gene.[5][6] ... cellular amino acid metabolic process. • nitric oxide production involved in inflammatory response. • L-arginine transport. • ... amino acid transport. • regulation of macrophage activation. • transmembrane transport. • L-lysine transmembrane transport. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC7A2

FA, N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, vitamin B9,[ ... 2S)-2-[[4-[(2-Amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid[5] ... Folic acid is essential for the body to make DNA, RNA, and metabolise amino acids, which are required for cell division.[10] As ... "Folic_Acid_msds".. *^ a b c d e f g h i "Folate". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folacin

... s can bind to a messenger RNA chain and use its sequence for determining the correct sequence of amino acids. Amino ... It is during this binding that the correct translation of nucleic acid sequence to amino acid sequence occurs. For each coding ... As amino acids gradually appeared in the RNA world under prebiotic conditions,[54][55] their interactions with catalytic RNA ... The attached amino acids are then linked together by another part of the ribosome. Once the protein is produced, it can then ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome

Amino acid[edit]. Cortisol raises the free amino acids in the serum by inhibiting collagen formation, decreasing amino acid ... Omega-6, omega-3 essential fatty acid ratio: the scientific evidence. Basel: Karger. p. 50. ISBN 978-3-8055-7640-6.. ... Omega-3 fatty acids have a dose-dependent effect[70] in slightly reducing cortisol release influenced by mental stress,[71] ... Cortisol stimulates gastric-acid secretion.[31] Cortisol's only direct effect on the hydrogen-ion excretion of the kidneys is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol

Proteins and amino acids[edit]. Alpha-carbon (α-carbon) is also a term that applies to proteins and amino acids. It is the ... The α-carbon of an amino acid is significant in protein folding. When describing a protein, which is a chain of amino acids, ... one often approximates the location of each amino acid as the location of its α-carbon. In general, α-carbons of adjacent amino ... That is, the groups hanging off the chain at the α-carbon are what give amino acids their diversity. These groups give the α- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_carbon

Amino acid biosynthesis[edit]. All amino acids are formed from intermediates in the catabolic processes of glycolysis, the ... Amino acid biosynthesis from intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. ... Pyruvate can come from the breakdown of glucose, lactate, amino acids, or glycerol.[10] The gluconeogenesis pathway has many ... From the citric acid cycle, α-ketoglutarate is converted into glutamate and subsequently glutamine, proline, and arginine; and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolic

Amino acid synthesis. Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma[158] except the sulfur- ... Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, much amino acid synthesis, and the immune ... Chloroplasts synthesize all the fatty acids in a plant cell[145][147]-linoleic acid, a fatty acid, is a precursor to jasmonate. ... This polypeptide has four amino acids linked together. At the left is the N-terminus, with its amino (H2N) group in green. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplasts

Amino acids[edit]. An amino acid contains both acidic (carboxylic acid fragment) and basic (amine fragment) centres. The isomer ... The pKa values for deprotonation of the common amino acids span the approximate range 2.15±0.2. This is also consistent with ... The crystal and molecular structure of the amino acid α-glycine" (PDF). Acta Crystallographica Section B. 28 (6): 1827-1833. ... It is generally assumed that K , 1, that is, that the zwitterion is the predominant amino acid isomer in aqueous solution. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwitterion

Amino acid propensities[edit]. Large aromatic residues (tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan) and β-branched amino acids ( ... A β-strand is a stretch of polypeptide chain typically 3 to 10 amino acids long with backbone in an extended conformation. The ... The side chains from the amino acid residues found in a β-sheet structure may also be arranged such that many of the adjacent ... However, Astbury did not have the necessary data on the bond geometry of the amino acids in order to build accurate models, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_sheet

"Amino Acids. 38 (5): 1283-99. doi:10.1007/s00726-009-0374-0. PMC 2860555. PMID 19882216.. ... Sweat, desquamation, flushing,[2] organic acids[2] Gastrointestinal tract. Peristalsis, gastric acid, bile acids, digestive ... such as salicylic acid or jasmonic acid. Some of these travel through the plant and signal other cells to produce defensive ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (16): 10618-31. doi:10.1093/nar/gku734. PMC 4176335. PMID 25120263.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system

... s range in size from 12 to 80 amino acid residues and have a wide range of structures.[8] Most cathelicidins are ... Even larger cathelicidin peptides (39-80 amino acid residues) are also present. These larger cathelicidins display repetitive ... although amino acid residues thought to be important in such protease inhibition are usually lacking. ... linear peptides with 23-37 amino acid residues, and fold into amphipathic α-helices. Additionally cathelicidins may also be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathelicidin

... beyond the twenty canonical amino acids found in nature, to include an unnatural amino acid as well. The unnatural amino acid ... the tRNA with the amino acid. Once the tRNA is charged, a ribosome can transfer the amino acid from the tRNA onto a growing ... and redox-active amino acids.[14] Another use is introducing amino acids bearing reactive functional groups for chemically ... the cavity that holds the amino acid can be mutated and modified to carry unnatural amino acids synthesized in the lab, and to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase

... derived from the related proteinogenic L-amino acid glutamic acid. Theanine is an analog of this amino acid, and its primary ... is an amino acid analogue of the proteinogenic amino acids L-glutamate and L-glutamine and is found primarily in particular ... Not to be confused with threonine, a distinct amino acid, or theine, an archaic synonym of caffeine. ... Amino acids as oral immunomodulative nutrients". SpringerPlus. 2: 635. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-635. PMC 3851524. PMID 24312747. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-theanine

Amino Acids. 40 (5): 1369-1383. doi:10.1007/s00726-011-0874-6. PMC 3080578 . PMID 21424716. UNeMed 2003 Annual Report, p.4 " ... Creatine gluconate is a form of creatine where the molecule is bound to gluconic acid. In 1912, Harvard University researchers ... annual meeting demonstrated that the addition of the ethyl group to creatine actually reduces acid stability and accelerates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_supplements

Hornykiewicz O (2002). "L-DOPA: from a biologically inactive amino acid to a successful therapeutic agent". Amino Acids. 23 (1- ... The results regarding fat and fatty acids have been contradictory, with various studies reporting protective effects, risk- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Parkinson's_disease

This has revealed a common fold with amino acid-binding bacterial proteins and with the glutamate-binding module of AMPA- ... Homoquinolinic acid - synthetic glutamate site partial agonist. *N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) - synthetic glutamate site ... Homocysteic acid - endogenous glutamate site agonist. *Ibotenic acid - naturally occurring glutamate site agonist found in ... "Halogenated derivatives of aromatic amino acids exhibit balanced antiglutamatergic actions: potential applications for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor

ANSWER: amino acids. [10] During translation, amino acids are polymerized by these complexes, which are formed in the nucleolus ... A bonus question on amino acids. These biological monomers are usually in a zwitterionic form. For 10 points each:. [10] Name ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_bowl

The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor ... A 38-amino acid sequence found prior to (i.e., before the N-terminus of) the fourth membranous domain in all four AMPAR ... While the amino acid sequence of the subunit indicated that there seemed to be four transmembrane domains (parts of the protein ... Here, A→I editing alters the uncharged amino acid glutamine (Q) to the positively charged arginine (R) in the receptor's ion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPAR

"Hydrophobic amino acids". Amino Acid Properties and Consequences of Substitutions, In: Bioinformatics for Geneticists. Wiley. ... and glutamic acid. While glutamic acid is usually sufficient because amino acid nitrogen is recycled through glutamate as an ... Cysteine (symbol Cys or C;[3] /ˈsɪstiiːn/)[4] is a semiessential[5] proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH ... interactions in micelles to a greater degree than the side chain in the nonpolar amino acid glycine and the polar amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E920

HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB ... Isovaleryl-coenzyme A, also known as isovaleryl-CoA, is an intermediate in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids.[1][2][ ... fatty acids, and other compounds. Figure 8.57: Metabolism of L-leucine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovaleryl-CoA

"Hydrophobic amino acids". Amino Acid Properties and Consequences of Substitutions, In: Bioinformatics for Geneticists. Wiley. ... so it must be biosynthesized from its constituent amino acids, cysteine, glycine and glutamic acid. Glutamic acid and glycine ... Cysteine (symbol Cys or C;[3] /ˈsɪstiiːn/)[4] is a semi-essential[5] proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH ... interactions in micelles to a greater degree than the side chain in the non-polar amino acid glycine and the polar amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-cysteine

AA: amino acids. • HMB: β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid. • ↑ represents activation. • Τ represents inhibition ... Many amino acids derived from food protein promote the activation of mTORC1 and increase protein synthesis by signaling through ... PA: phosphatidic acid. • mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin. • AMP: adenosine monophosphate. • ATP: adenosine triphosphate. ... in myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in response to physical exercise and specific amino acids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_exercise

The ultimate form of mature cathepsin D is composed of 337 amino acid residues, 196 amino acid residues in the heavy chain and ... The catalytic sites of cathepsin D include two critical aspartic residues (amino acid 33 and 231) located on the 14 kDa and ... cathepsin D accommodates up to 8 amino acid residues in the binding cleft of the active site. The main physiological functions ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 15 (9): 3773-86. doi:10.1093/nar/15.9.3773. PMC 340781 . PMID 3588310.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin_D

... is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain. It is the simplest amino acid (since carbamic acid is ... With acid chlorides, one obtains the amidocarboxylic acid, such as hippuric acid[23] and acetylglycine.[24] With nitrous acid, ... Amino acid neurotransmitter. References[edit]. *^ The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (11th ... "Organic Molecule, Amino Acid-Like, Found In Constellation Sagittarius 27 March 2008 - Science Daily". Retrieved 2008-09-16.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine

HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB ... fatty acids, and other compounds. Figure 8.57: Metabolism of L-leucine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcrotonyl-CoA

Proline and hydroyxyproline make up a quarter of the amino acid residues in collegen, which is the most abundant protein in the ... As shown in Intermediate I of the figure, three potential acidic amino acid residues interact with the N-terminus of the ... Surazynski A, Miltyk W, Palka J, Phang JM (Nov 2008). "Prolidase-dependent regulation of collagen biosynthesis". Amino Acids. ... Amino Acids. 35 (4): 681-90. doi:10.1007/s00726-008-0063-4. PMID 18401543. Graham SC, Lilley PE, Lee M, Schaeffer PM, Kralicek ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEPD

This increases the functionality of the protein; unmodified amino acids are typically limited to acid-base reactions, and the ... Amino acids. Electrons. Methanogens and some bacteria Non-vitamins[edit]. Cofactor. Chemical group(s) transferred. Distribution ... Tetrahydrofolic acid [36]. Folic acid (B9). Glutamate residues. Methyl, formyl, methylene and formimino groups. Bacteria, ... Ascorbic acid [38]. Vitamin C. None. Electrons. Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Flavin mononucleotide [39]. Riboflavin (B2). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_

Conjugating bile acids with amino acids lowers the pKa of the bile-acid/amino-acid conjugate to between 1 and 4. Thus ... Cholic acid is converted into deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid into lithocholic acid. All four of these bile acids ... Primary bile acidsEdit. Bile acid synthesis occurs in liver cells, which synthesize primary bile acids (cholic acid and ... In humans, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid (derivatives of cholic acid) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acids

Liu J, Sessa WC (1994). "Identification of covalently bound amino-terminal myristic acid in endothelial nitric oxide synthase ... Zhou W, Parent LJ, Wills JW, Resh MD (1994). "Identification of a membrane-binding domain within the amino-terminal region of ... 1985). "Amino terminal myristylation of the protein kinase p60src, a retroviral transforming protein". Science. 227 (4685): 427 ... 1995). "Amino-terminal basic residues of Src mediate membrane binding through electrostatic interaction with acidic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-myristoyltransferase_1

... fatty acids, and amino acids in most vertebrates, including humans. Ketone bodies are elevated in the blood (ketosis) after ... Acid/base properties of ketonesEdit. Ketones are far more acidic (pKa ≈ 20) than a regular alkane (pKa ≈ 50). This difference ... Acids as weak as pyridinium cation (as found in pyridinium tosylate) with a pKa of 5.2 are able to serve as catalysts in this ... Ketonium ions (i.e., protonated ketones) are strong acids, with pKa values estimated to be somewhere between -5 and -7.[6][7] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone

... a 50-amino acid deletion in prelamin A (amino acids 607-656) removes the site for the second endoproteolytic cleavage. ... Nucleic Acids Res. November 2002, 30 (21): 4634-42. PMC 135794. PMID 12409453. doi:10.1093/nar/gkf587.. ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMNA

Sprenger, George A. (May 2007). "Aromatic amino acids". Amino acid biosynthesis: pathways, regulation and metabolic engineering ... "Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides". Recommendations on Organic & Biochemical Nomenclature, Symbols & ...

https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenüülalaniin

By 1900, it had been generally accepted that proteins were composed of amino acids; however, whether proteins were colloids or ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugation

Momordica charantia extracts inhibit uptake of monosaccharide and amino acid across rat everted gut sacs in-vitro.». Biological ... Rangasamy, O.; Mahomoodally, F. M.; Gurib-Fakim, A.; Quetin-Leclercq, J.. «Two anti-staphylococcal triterpenoid acids isolated ...

https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Αμινά_Γκουρίμπ

... amino acid sequence predicted tertiary structure, carbohydrate recognition and analysis of the b-prims fold". Protein Science. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Joel_Greene

Shome B، Parlow AF، Liu WK، Nahm HS، Wen T، Ward DN (سبتمبر 1989). "A reevaluation of the amino acid sequence of human ... Saxena BB، Rathnam P (1976). "Amino acid sequence of the beta subunit of follicle-stimulating hormone from human pituitary ... Shome B، Parlow AF (1974). "Human follicle stimulating hormone: first proposal for the amino acid sequence of the hormone- ... "Human follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit gene encodes multiple messenger ribonucleic acids". Mol. Endocrinol. 2 (9): 806 ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/هرمون_منبه_للجريب_بيتا

... amino acid therapy may be helpful for regenerating damaged or atrophied muscle tissue. The branched-chain amino acids or BCAAs ... Since the absence of muscle-building amino acids can contribute to muscle wasting (that which is torn down must be rebuilt with ... in addition to lysine and other amino acids. In severe cases of muscular atrophy, the use of an anabolic steroid such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_atrophy

Thr where X is any amino acid except proline. This sequence is called a glycosylation sequon. The reaction catalyzed by OST is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosaccharyltransferase

... amino acids, and chemical signals, such as adenosine, GABA, and glycine. The pre-Bötzinger complex produces two types of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Bötzinger_complex

... rich in hydroxylated amino acids such as serine, threonine, and proline, and poor in acidic amino acids like aspartic acid and ... Chloroplast transit peptides exhibit huge variation in length and amino acid sequence.[42] They can be from 20-150 amino acids ... Tic100 is a nuclear encoded protein that's 871 amino acids long. The 871 amino acids collectively weigh slightly less than 100 ... A polypeptide with four amino acids linked together. At the left is the N-terminus, with its amino (H2N) group in green. The ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA

... the enzyme responsible for converting the amino acid tyrosine to the skin pigment melanin, and is used to treat acne-associated ... Salicylic acid[edit]. Salicylic acid is a topically applied beta-hydroxy acid that stops bacteria from reproducing and has ... "Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne". Cochrane ... lactic acid, salicylic acid, Jessner's solution, or a lower concentration (20%) of trichloroacetic acid. These peels only ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_vulgaris

... binds to amino acids 170-173 and 182-185 on CD20, which are physically close to each other as a result of a disulfide ... bond between amino acids 167 and 183.[39] History[edit]. Rituximab was developed by researcher Nabil Hanna and coworkers at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituximab

Theanine is an amino acid. The chemical theanine can change your mood, behavior and the way you see or feel things. It lowers ...

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... (SP) is an undecapeptide (a peptide composed of a chain of 11 amino acid residues) member of the tachykinin ... Amino acid residues that are responsible for the binding of SP and its antagonists are present in the extracellular loops and ... Ebner K, Singewald N (Oct 2006). "The role of substance P in stress and anxiety responses". Amino Acids. 31 (3): 251-72. doi: ... The deduced amino acid sequence of substance P is as follows:[3] ... The eleven-amino-acid structure of the peptide was determined ...

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... binds to amino acids 170-173 and 182-185 on CD20, which are physically close to each other as a result of a disulfide ...

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Chirality is easily incorporated by using 2-amino alcohols prepared by the reduction of amino acids; which are both optically ... From acid chlorides[edit]. A routine route to oxazolines entails reactions of acyl chlorides with 2-amino alcohols. Thionyl ... Aminomethyl propanol is the classical precursor to oxazolines using acid chloride method.[12] As applied to fatty acids, the ... typically obtained by the reduction of an amino acid) with a suitable functional group.[7][8][9] The overall mechanism is ...

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Japanese erotic art, shunga, includes ukiyo-e woodblock prints such as Katsushika Hokusai's 1814 print Tako to ama (The Dream ... Octopuses and other coleoid cephalopods are capable of greater RNA editing (which involves changes to the nucleic acid sequence ... of the Fisherman's Wife), in which an ama diver is sexually intertwined with a large and a small octopus.[128][129] The print ...

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S)-2-Amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propanoic acid ...

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... a gain of function after protein expansion from around 400 amino acids in Caulobacter crescentus to more than 800 amino acids ...

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Iron will bond with an amino acid produced by the kōji to produce off flavors and a yellowish color. Manganese, when exposed to ... As the proportion of amino acids rises, the sake tastes more savory. This number is determined by titration of the sake with a ... aldehydes and amino acids, among other unknown factors.[23] Tōji[edit]. Tōji (杜氏) is the job title of the sake brewer, named ... and is equal to the milliliters of titrant required to neutralize the amino acids in 10 ml of sake. ...

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Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase. *Alanine-glyoxylate transaminase *AGXT. 2.6.3: Oximinotransferases. * ...

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L-α-Amino acids (incl. L-arginine, L-lysine, L-ornithine). *Osteocalcin ...

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L-α-Amino acids (incl. L-arginine, L-lysine, L-ornithine). *Osteocalcin ...

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Two enzymes convert L-amino acids to D-amino acids. D-Amino-acid racemase, a PLP-dependent enzyme, racemizes amino acids via ... D-Amino acids are amino acids where the stereogenic carbon alpha to the amino group has the D-configuration. For most naturally ... L-amino-acid oxidases convert L-amino acids to the alpha-ketoacids, which are susceptible to reductive amination. Some amino ... L- and D-amino acids are usually enantiomers. The exceptions are two amino acids with two stereogenic centers, threonine and ...

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Strings of amino acids make up proteins, of which there are countless varieties. ... AMINO ACIDS CONCEPT Amino acids are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and (in some cases) sulfur ... Only L-amino acids occur in proteins made by living systems. D-amino acids and amino acids other than α-amino acids occur in ... Amino Acid Biology COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc.. Amino Acid. Amino acids are molecules that have both an amino group (-NH ...

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8-tetracyanoquinodimethane were obtained by the condensation of the acid dichlorides of furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid and... ... The corresponding amino esters and their complexes with 7,7,8, ... The corresponding amino esters and their complexes with 7,7,8,8 ... 5-dicarboxylic acid and tetrahydrothiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid with 8-hydroxy- and 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinolines. Almost ... Ester Organic Chemistry Antimicrobial Activity Dicarboxylic Acid Dichloride Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh ...

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Disclosed are β-amino acid monomers containing cylcoalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocylic substituents which encompass the α and ... For unsubstituted β-amino acids and β-amino acids containing one or two acyclic substituents on the carbon adjacent to the ... Podlech and Seebach (1995) On the Preparation of β-Amino Acids from α-Amino Acids Using the Arndt-Eistert Reaction: Scope, ... The amino group of each subsequent amino acid to be added to the N-terminus of the growing peptide chain is protected with Boc ...

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L-α-amino acid (CHEBI:15705) is a α-amino acid (CHEBI:33704) L-α-amino acid (CHEBI:15705) is conjugate acid of L-α-amino acid ... L-α-amino acid (CHEBI:15705). serine family amino acid (CHEBI:26650) is a L-α-amino acid (CHEBI:15705). L-α-amino acid anion ( ... glutamine family amino acid (CHEBI:24318) is a L-α-amino acid (CHEBI:15705). LSM-11903 (CHEBI:100529) is a L-α-amino acid ( ... L-α-amino acid residue (CHEBI:83228) is substituent group from L-α-amino acid (CHEBI:15705). L-α-amino acid zwitterion (CHEBI: ...

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D-amino acids be structural mirror images of L-amino acids.) All amino acids have the same "backbone", or basic structure:. ... This will create an amino nitrile. To this add aqueous acid, heat, and water, and voila, an amino acid.. Organic Chemistry: ... An amino acid is a carbon atom with a hydrogen atom, an organic acid {COOH}, an amino group {NH2}, and one other chemical group ... Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The following is one of several ways to synthesize amino acids. Its advantage ...

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A ball-and-stick model structure of polar amino acid glutamine (Gln, Q). Carbon in blue-grey, oxygen in red, nitrogen in green ... Glutamine (amino acid). By. J_Alves. Created. 2010-05-20. Description. A ball-and-stick model structure of polar amino acid ... acid , amino , amino acid , biology , chemistry , glutamine , model , polar , science , structure. Viewed by. 3342 People. ...

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Can you pick the correct structure for each amino acid? Test your knowledge on this science quiz to see how you do and compare ... Tags:Biology Quiz, Chemistry Quiz, amino, Amino Acids, formula, Organic Chemistry, Picture Click, protein, skeletal, structure ... Science Quiz / Amino Acids by Structure. Random Science or Organic Chemistry Quiz ... Can you pick the correct structure for each amino acid?. by Scuadrado ...

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The α-carbon atom of all amino acids, with the exception of glycine, is asymmetric; this means that four different chemical ... As a result, each of the amino acids, except glycine, can exist in two different spatial, or geometric, arrangements (i.e., ... The physicochemical properties of a protein are determined by the analogous properties of the amino acids in it. ... Amino acid sequence in protein molecules. Since each protein molecule consists of a long chain of amino acid residues, linked ...

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... is a γ-amino acid (CHEBI:33707) (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid (CHEBI:15757) is a ... S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid (CHEBI:15757) is conjugate acid of (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoate (CHEBI:11022) (S)-4-amino-5- ... S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid (CHEBI:15757) has functional parent valeric acid (CHEBI:17418) (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid ( ... 4-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid (CHEBI:15757). (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid zwitterion (CHEBI:57501) is tautomer of (S)-4-amino- ...

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... the alpha-amino acids, RCH(NH2)COOH, are the building blocks from which proteins are constructed. See more. ... any of a class of organic compounds that contains at least one amino group, -NH2, and one carboxyl group, -COOH: ... the amino acid behaves as an acid and a base simultaneously. Twenty of the naturally occurring amino acids are the building ... amino acid. Contemporary Examples. of amino acid. *. Peptides provide a cheese with its distinct flavor, based on the ...

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These organic acids exist naturally in a zwitterion state where the carboxylic acid moiety is ionized and the basic amino group ... Amino acids are very small biomolecules with an average molecular weight of about 135 daltons. ... gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - Decarboxylated amino acid that helps you chill out.. Glutamic Acid - Negatively charged amino acid ... Aspartic Acid - Important intermediate in the citric acid cycle.. Carnitine - Unusual amino acid that carries fatty acids into ...

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α-amino acids are molecules, which contain an amine and carboxylic group that are separated by a single carbon (the α-carbon). ... Strecker synthesis is one of several means of producing α-amino acids. ... the α-amino nitrile is broken down using acid (acid hydrolysis) to produce an α-amino carboxylic acid. Here, the α-amino ... Amino acids possess the general structure as shown below. The R group differs according to the identity of the amino acid. The ...

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D-Amino acids are most occasionally found in nature as residues in proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
Amino acids, peptides, and proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
Strings of amino acids make up proteins, of which there are countless varieties. (encyclopedia.com)
Of the 20 amino acids required for manufacturing the proteins the human body needs, the body itself produces only 12, meaning that we have to meet our requirements for the other eight through nutrition. (encyclopedia.com)
Amino acids are very important in our daily life as energy sources and have several functions in metabolism since amino acids are the main key elements for the formation of proteins and peptides. (springer.com)
Glutamine , an amino acid , the monoamide of glutamic acid , and an abundant constituent of proteins . (britannica.com)
Amino acids are released in the intestinal tract by the digestion of food proteins and are then carried in the bloodstream to the body cells, where they are used for growth, maintenance, and repair. (factmonster.com)
These are the 1 and 3 letter codes for the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins. (everything2.com)
There are 23 L- amino acids that form the basis for proteins in all the known life on this planet. (everything2.com)
Proteins are linear polymers of the l-forms of ~20 common amino acids linked by peptide bonds. (oxfordreference.com)
3 Systematic replacement of an ß-amino acid by an ß-amino acid residue resulted in a hybrid oligopeptide which binds to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, while showing enhanced stability towards proteolysis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
With the exception of a few small proteins (peptides) that occur in bacteria , the amino acids that occur in proteins are l- amino acids. (britannica.com)
As scientists work on modifying amino acids in order to engineer designer proteins, students in Associate Professor of Chemistry Doug Young's laboratory at William & Mary are providing raw research to make it happen. (wm.edu)
In his lab, students synthesize unnatural amino acids in order to get cells to put them into their proteins. (wm.edu)
any of a class of organic compounds that contains at least one amino group, -NH 2 , and one carboxyl group, -COOH: the alpha-amino acids, RCH(NH 2 )COOH, are the building blocks from which proteins are constructed. (dictionary.com)
Any of various organic acids containing both an amino group and a carboxyl group, especially any of the 20 or more compounds that link together to form proteins. (dictionary.com)
Twenty of the naturally occurring amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which they form by being connected to each other in chains. (dictionary.com)
Naturally occurring amino acids that are incorporated into proteins are, for the most part, the levorotary (L) isomer. (fsu.edu)
Amino acids are the principal building blocks of proteins and enzymes. (fsu.edu)
Alanine - The second simplest amino acid, but used the most in proteins. (fsu.edu)
Glutamic Acid - Negatively charged amino acid found on the surface of proteins. (fsu.edu)
Hydroxyproline - Important amino acid used in structural proteins like collagen. (fsu.edu)
Phenylalanine - Most common aromatic amino acid found in proteins. (fsu.edu)
Tryptophan - Aromatic amino acid used the least frequently in proteins. (fsu.edu)
Valine - Hydrophobic aliphatic amino acid used to hold proteins together. (fsu.edu)
α-amino acids are essential building blocks of proteins, and there are a variety of ways in which they may be synthesized. (news-medical.net)
Amino acids are the constituents of proteins and are the intermediates in many metabolic pathways. (waters.com)
Amino acids are the basic structural building blocks of proteins . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Just as the letters of the alphabet can be combined in different ways to form an endless variety of words, a limited number of amino acids can be linked together in varying sequences to form a vast array of proteins. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Amino acids serve many functions including as building blocks for proteins, neurotransmitters, precursors to hormones, and enzyme co-factors. (questdiagnostics.com)
If the body is allowed to deplete itself of any of the essential amino acids, it cannot produce those proteins requiring such amino acids. (prohealth.com)
There are nearly 30 known amino acids that make up the various forms of proteins found in living things. (prohealth.com)
In the form of proteins , amino acids comprise the second-largest component (water is the largest) of human muscles , cells and other tissues . (wn.com)
Outside proteins, amino acids perform critical roles in processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis . (wn.com)
Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are precursors to proteins , and are incorporated into proteins during translation . (wn.com)
Proteins are polymers of multiple monomer units called amino acid, which have many different functional groups. (wikibooks.org)
More than 500 amino acids exist in nature, but the proteins in all species, from bacteria to humans, consist mainly of only 20 called the essential amino acids. (wikibooks.org)
2-amino acids, also known as alpha-amino acids, are a specific type of amino acid that makes up proteins. (wikibooks.org)
Amino acids play central roles both as building blocks of proteins and as intermediates in metabolism. (wikibooks.org)
Proteins are linear polymers formed by linking the a-carboxyl group of one amino acid to the a-amino group of another amino acid. (wikibooks.org)
Thus, the 20 amino acids that are found within proteins convey a vast array of chemical versatility. (wikibooks.org)
The chemical properties of the amino acids of proteins determine the biological activity of the protein. (wikibooks.org)
In addition, proteins contain within their amino acid sequences the necessary information to determine how that protein will fold into a three dimensional structure, and the stability of the resulting structure. (wikibooks.org)
There are twenty major amino acids which make up proteins. (wikibooks.org)
Amino acid synthesis is the process of creating new amino acids inside an organism's cells for the body to use to make proteins necessary for survival. (wisegeek.com)
The basic amino acids are organic molecules, meaning molecules that contain carbon, which can combine together to form proteins that living organisms, such as people, need to survive. (wisegeek.com)
When a person cannot get the right foods to perform the necessary amino acid synthesis, it must find other ways to create specific proteins. (wisegeek.com)
It performs amino acid synthesis on these healthy parts to create the proteins it needs. (wisegeek.com)
An organism's body uses the proteins achieved from amino acid synthesis for a number of processes. (wisegeek.com)
AAAA can be used for the quantification of aromatic amino acids, isolated peptides or proteins, complex peptide or protein samples, such as serum or milk powder, and peptides or proteins immobilized on solid supports. (hindawi.com)
Amino acids are the monomers of proteins and are an essential part of human growth, development, and health. (wikibooks.org)
Proteins are broken down using hydrolysis reactions in which a water molecule is added to the protein, and this results in individual amino acids being formed. (wikibooks.org)
Proteins are synthesized using dehydration reactions (condensation reaction), in which a molecule of water is removed and a peptide bond forms between the amino acids. (wikibooks.org)
The human body needs and uses the different amino acids to make proteins to help the body: 1) Metabolize food, 2) Repair torn or damaged body tissues, 3) Grow, and 4) Perform other important body functions (Amino acids, 2013). (wikibooks.org)
In simpler terms, amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. (wikibooks.org)
Any of various compounds containing an amino group (NH 2 ), a carboxylic acid group (COOH), and a distinctive side chain, especially any of the 20 amino acids that link together to form proteins. (thefreedictionary.com)
About 20 amino acids are needed by animal cells to produce proteins, but only about half, called nonessential amino acids , can be produced by animal cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
In eukaryotes , there are 20 standard amino acids out of which almost all proteins are made. (wikipedia.org)
[1] For animals, the most important thing that amino acids do is to make proteins , which are very long chains of amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
These are the proteinogenic amino acids, which are the building blocks for proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Using a novel genetic selection, we have identified a series of synthetase mutants that selectively charge the amber suppresor tRNA with the C8 amino acid, alpha-aminocaprylic acid, and the photocaged amino acid, o-nitrobenzyl cysteine, allowing them to be inserted into proteins in yeast in response to the amber nonsense codon, TAG. (biomedsearch.com)
Threonine is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. (tradeindia.com)
Amino Acid 80% (Soyabean Based)Known as building block of proteins, offered Amino Acid 80% is highly demanded all over the globe. (tradeindia.com)
One particularly important function is as the building blocks of proteins, which are linear chains of amino acids. (medicalxpress.com)
Amino acids are those L-amino acids commonly found in naturally occurring proteins and are listed in WIPO Standard ST.25 (1998), Appendix 2, Table 3. (uspto.gov)
Synthesize proteins with Spectrum Chemical's wide selection of amino acids which are unsurpassed in purity & quality. (spectrumchemical.com)
Considered the building blocks of proteins, our stock of high quality amino acids are designed for research, product development and process development. (spectrumchemical.com)
D-Tryptophan, also known as 2-Amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid, is considered an essential amino acid in the human diet and can be used in structural or enzyme proteins. (spectrumchemical.com)
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and we all know the need for protein to help your body grow and maintain muscle mass. (optimumnutrition.com)
In the form of proteins, amino acid residues form the second-largest component (water is the largest) of human muscles and other tissues. (wikipedia.org)
Beyond their role as residues in proteins, amino acids participate in a number of processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
They include the 22 proteinogenic ("protein-building") amino acids, which combine into peptide chains ("polypeptides") to form the building blocks of a vast array of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
N-formylmethionine (which is often the initial amino acid of proteins in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts) is generally considered as a form of methionine rather than as a separate proteinogenic amino acid. (wikipedia.org)
Codon-tRNA combinations not found in nature can also be used to "expand" the genetic code and form novel proteins known as alloproteins incorporating non-proteinogenic amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins were found to yield amino acids after enzymatic digestion or acid hydrolysis. (wikipedia.org)
Silk amino acids are produced by hydrolyzing (or breaking apart) silk proteins into smaller peptide chains, typically 18 to 19 amino acids in length. (wikipedia.org)
It also has a unique carbohydrate moiety and a unique repetitive amino acid sequence which give it a high affinity for bonding to adhering proteins resulting in a tightening, anti-wrinkle effect. (wikipedia.org)

Each of the common amino acids has, in addition to its chemical name, a more familiar name and a three-letter abbreviation that frequently is used to identify it. (encyclopedia.com)
In addition to these 20, scientists have synthesized more than 70 artificial amino acids that are not found in animals, and more than 100 less common amino acids also occur in biological systems, particularly in plants. (factmonster.com)
The rest of the 20 most common amino acids are optically active existing as both D and L stereoisomers. (fsu.edu)
Consider the 20 most common amino acids shown in Fig. (bartleby.com)
The last of the 20 common amino acids to be discovered was threonine in 1935 by William Cumming Rose, who also determined the essential amino acids and established the minimum daily requirements of all amino acids for optimal growth. (wikipedia.org)

Dado and Gellman (1994) Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Derivatives of β-Alanine and γ-Amino Butyris Acid: Model Studies for the Folding of Unnatural Polypeptide Backbones, J. Am. Chem. (freepatentsonline.com)
In bacteria, d -alanine and some other d -amino acids have been found as components of gramicidin and bacitracin. (britannica.com)
beta -Alanine - The only naturally occurring beta amino acid. (fsu.edu)
2-aminoethanoic acid, for example, is usually called glycine , and 2-aminopropanoic acid is usually known as alanine . (chemguide.co.uk)
Glycine and alanine are example of amino acid which consist of amino and carboxyl group. (bartleby.com)
Features free-form branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), taurine, L-glutamine, L-alanine, and electrolytes with coconut water and watermelon juice, plus a scientifically tested weight loss driver. (muscletech.com)
Alanine, USP is a non-essential alpha-amino acid and appears as a white powder. (spectrumchemical.com)
L-Alanine, FCC is included in the 20 amino acids encoded by the genetic code and often used in cases of hypoglycemia. (spectrumchemical.com)
L-Alanine, also known as 2-Aminopropanoic acid, is classified as a non-polar amino acid. (spectrumchemical.com)
L-Alanine is also known as 2-Aminopropanoic acid and alanine, and is abbreviated as Ala. It is included in the 20 amino acids encoded by the genetic code. (spectrumchemical.com)

In addition, the amino acids arginine , cysteine , glycine , glutamine , histidine , proline , serine , and tyrosine are considered conditionally essential , meaning they are not normally required in the diet but must be supplied exogenously to specific populations that do not synthesize it in adequate amounts. (wikipedia.org)
All of the amino acids in the human body, except glycine, are either right-hand or left-hand versions of the same molecule, meaning that in some amino acids the positions of the carboxyl group and the R -group are switched. (encyclopedia.com)
All the amino acids contain a chiral carbon atom and they exist in d- and l -forms except one amino acids, i.e., glycine. (springer.com)
As a result, each of the amino acids, except glycine, can exist in two different spatial, or geometric, arrangements (i.e., isomers ), which are mirror images akin to right and left hands. (britannica.com)
In fact, glycine is frequently used as a buffer in the pH range from 1 to 3 (acid solutions) and from 9 to 12 (basic solutions). (britannica.com)
In acid solutions, glycine has a positive charge and therefore migrates to the cathode (negative electrode of a direct-current electrical circuit with terminals in the solution). (britannica.com)
Most of the monoamino acids (i.e., those with only one amino group) have isoelectric points similar to that of glycine. (britannica.com)
Glycine - Simplest amino acid that also acts as a neurotransmitter antagonist. (fsu.edu)
The simplest and smallest amino acid is glycine , for which the R group is a single hydrogen. (news-medical.net)
If you look yet again at the general formula for an amino acid, you will see that (apart from glycine, 2-aminoethanoic acid) the carbon at the centre of the structure has four different groups attached. (chemguide.co.uk)
Because of these four different groups attached to the same carbon atom, amino acids (apart from glycine) are chiral . (chemguide.co.uk)
C. botulinum type G and C. subterminale used glycine, lysine, serine, and arginine but in contrast to C. sticklandii they neither reduced proline to 5-aminovaleric acid nor produced 2-aminobutyric acid. (nih.gov)

The Branched Chain Amino Acids Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine are valued for their anabolic and anti-catabolic properties. (gnc.com)
A branched chain amino acid formula designed with a potent BCAA ratio of 8:1:1 (leucine, isoleucine, valine). (muscletech.com)
supported by our time-release technology, leucine is an essential amino acid that must come from your diet. (myprotein.com)
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Now Branched Chain Amino Acid contains the essential amino acids Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine. (astronutrition.com)

Tyrosine is synthesized by the hydroxylation of phenylalanine , an essential amino acid. (wikipedia.org)
Tyrosine - Hydroxyphenyl amino acid that is used to build neurotransmitters and hormones. (fsu.edu)
Both organisms oxidized phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan to phenylacetic acid, p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid and indole acetic acid respectively. (nih.gov)
C. lentoputrescens, C. limosum and C. malenomenatum resembled C. tetanomorphum by using glutamic acid and tyrosine. (nih.gov)
Iodinated and brominated tyrosine are also amino acids found in species, but are not included in the 20 major amino acids because of their rarity: iodinated tyrosin is only found in thyroid hormones, and brominated tyrosine is only found in coral. (wikibooks.org)
the unique profile includes amino acids such as taurine, citrulline, tyrosine, arginine, and theanine- helpful for all training goals. (myprotein.com)
Here, we would like to propose a simple HPLC/UV method based on a reversed-phase separation of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine (Tyr), phenylalanine (Phe), and optionally tryptophan (Trp) without any derivatization. (hindawi.com)
One such illness is Phenylketonuria, an inherited disease in which the nonessential amino acid tyrosine becomes essential because the body cannot convert phenylalanine into tyrosine (Whitney and Rolfes, 2015). (wikibooks.org)
The chemical name for tyrosine amino acid is 2- amino -3-p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid , which is an aromatic polar alpha- amino acid containing a phenolic hydroxyl group. (phrmg.org)
Tyrosine is a conditional essential amino acid and. (phrmg.org)

The α-ketoglutarate family of amino acid synthesis (synthesis of glutamate, glutamine, proline and arginine) begins with α-ketoglutarate, an intermediate in the Citric Acid Cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Arginine - Amino acid often used at the active sites of enzymes. (fsu.edu)
C. lituseburense and C. scatologenes used serine, threonine and arginine and produced 2-amino butyric acid and ornithine. (nih.gov)
Arginine and histidine may also be classified as essential amino acids, though they are generally considered essential only in children, whose undeveloped metabolisms are unable to synthesize them. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Furthermore, the bottom extension of basic amino acids appears to be most divergent containing multiple pathways for lysine biosynthesis and multiple gene sets for arginine biosynthesis. (genome.jp)
Odontoceti, or toothed whales, have the amino acid arginine at position 156 in the genetic code, while Mysticeti, or baleen whales, have a glutamine. (eurekalert.org)
These vegan-friendly capsules contain L-arginine, a conditionally essential amino acid. (communitynaturalfoods.com)

When the carboxyl carbon atom of one amino acid covalently binds to the amino nitrogen atom of another amino acid with the release of a water molecule, a peptide bond is formed. (factmonster.com)
Disclosed are β-amino acid monomers containing cylcoalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocylic substituents which encompass the α and β carbons of the peptide backbone and β-polypeptides made from such monomers. (freepatentsonline.com)
Amino "head" of one amino acid can be linked to the carboxyl tail of another by removal of a molecule of water (Peptide bond). (everything2.com)
Since each protein molecule consists of a long chain of amino acid residues, linked to each other by peptide bonds, the hydrolytic cleavage of all peptide bonds is a prerequisite for the quantitative determination of the amino acid residues. (britannica.com)
it thus reveals the sequence of the amino acids in the peptide chain. (britannica.com)
Primary structure of protein consists of long chain of amino acid linked to each other through peptide bond. (bartleby.com)
A peptide bond occurs when the carboxyl group of one amino acid joins the amino end of another. (reference.com)
Two amino acids form a peptide, or amide, bond when they join. (reference.com)
Amino acid analysis is considered to be the gold standard for quantitative peptide and protein analysis. (hindawi.com)

Taurine - Mercaptan-containing amino acid that is involved in bile acid biochemistry. (fsu.edu)
Biochemistry scientific background with amino acids. (news-medical.net)
Amino acids in the L-series are in the same natural form as those found in living plants or animals, and are the form most compatible to the biochemistry of humans. (prohealth.com)
In biochemistry , an amino acid is any molecule that has both amine (NH 2 +R) and carboxyl (C=O) functional groups . (wikipedia.org)
In biochemistry , this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H 2 NCHRCOOH, where R is one of many side groups (see diagram). (wikipedia.org)
These molecules are particularly important in biochemistry, where this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H2NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent. (medicalxpress.com)
Due to this central role in biochemistry, amino acids are very important in nutrition. (medicalxpress.com)
In biochemistry, amino acids which have the amine group attached to the (alpha-) carbon atom next to the carboxyl group have particular importance. (wikipedia.org)

s.com Essential Amino Acids (EAA) - BCAA Powder - Muscle Buildi. (ebay.com)
I can't believe it's not more popular, and that people use Amino Energy instead of Pro BCAA! (gnc.com)
Amino Acid BCAA Bulk Description: These branched chain essential amino acids (BCAA) are known as the stress amino acids . (phrmg.org)
Amino Vital's 7500 ER BCAA supplement is a powerful combination of the branched chain amin. (illpumpyouup.com)

The sequence of amino acids in a protein and hence protein function are determined by the genetic code. (everything2.com)
Amino acid s are linked together to form protein s. (everything2.com)
sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain determines the characters of the protein molecule. (everything2.com)
The physicochemical properties of a protein are determined by the analogous properties of the amino acids in it. (britannica.com)
Hydrolysis is most frequently accomplished by boiling the protein with concentrated hydrochloric acid . (britannica.com)
The amino acids of the protein hydrolysate are separated from each other by passing the hydrolysate through a column of adsorbents, which adsorb the amino acids with different affinities and, on washing the column with buffer solutions, release them in a definite order. (britannica.com)
To obtain information about the sequence of the amino acid residues in the protein, the protein is degraded stepwise, one amino acid being split off in each step. (britannica.com)
During and after the final assembly of a protein, the amino acid content dictates the spatial and biochemical properties of the protein or enzyme. (fsu.edu)
The amino acid backbone determines the primary sequence of a protein, but the nature of the side chains determines the protein's properties. (fsu.edu)
On the other hand, non-polar amino acids tend to reside within the center of the protein where they can interact with similar non-polar neighbors. (fsu.edu)
Cysteine - Thiol containing amino acid involved in active sites and protein tertiary structure determination. (fsu.edu)
Isoleucine - Hydrophobic amino acid used almost exclusively in protein and enzyme construction. (fsu.edu)
Methionine - An essential amino acid that helps initiate protein synthesis. (fsu.edu)
Amino acids , in addition to their role as protein monomeric units, are energy metabolites and precursors of many biologically important nitrogen -containing compounds, notably heme, physiologically active amines, glutathione, nucleotides, and nucleotide coenzymes. (conservapedia.com)
We here at Nutrition Science are manufacturers and suppliers of quite arguably the best tasting Australian Manufactured protein and amino acids today. (tradekey.com)
The unique three-dimensional shape of each protein, which results from the linear sequence of amino acids, determines the protein's specific function in the body. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
As the name "proteinogenic" (literally, protein building ) suggests, these amino acid are encoded by the standard genetic code and participate in the process of protein synthesis. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
They are formed from an mRNA template in a process called translation, by which genetic information, encoded in the form of nucleic acids, is translated into the amino acids essential for protein synthesis. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Combinations of these amino acids produce every single protein required for the homeostasis (i.e., the maintenance of a stable internal environment) of the human body . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Any of the 20 or so amino acids that has the amino and carboxyl groups attached to the same carbon atom, usually has an l -configuration, and is the chemical constituent of a protein. (dictionary.com)
Platinum Amino + Energy is a delicious amino acid formula with energy featuring 5g of free-form branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) to help support recovery, combat muscle breakdown and enhance protein synthesis. (muscletech.com)
New Platinum 100% Amino 2300 provides high-quality essential and non-essential amino acids, to support protein synthesis and promote an ideal environment for musclebuilding and recovery. (muscletech.com)
Amino acids are considered the building blocks that comprise protein, Protein, it follows, cannot exist without the correct combination of amino acids. (prohealth.com)
Protein also helps tissue form, regulates the body's water and acid-base balance, and stimulates the production of antibodies. (prohealth.com)
However, protein cannot be used directly by the body and must be digested and catabolized from its food source into isolated singular amino acids. (prohealth.com)
The body must then recombine or anabolize these amino acids into protein. (prohealth.com)
The body's protein metabolism uses a base of essential amino acids to create 150 or more others inside the body, which on an ongoing basis recombine and produce some 40,000 protein types on an as needed-basis. (prohealth.com)
The end result will be that the body will break down its own protein structure, including healthy muscle, to meet its need for isolated singular amino acids. (prohealth.com)
Amino Acid Geochronology is a relative, and sometimes absolute, dating method that relates the diagenesis of fossil protein preserved in carbonate materials with time (geologic age of the sample) and temperature (long term chemical temperature of the enclosing sediment). (umass.edu)
The other nine must be consumed (usually as their protein derivatives), and so they are called essential amino acids . (wn.com)
The precise amino acid content, and the sequence of those amino acids, of a specific protein, is determined by the sequence of the bases in the gene that encodes that protein. (wikibooks.org)
The method was validated with certified reference materials (CRM) of amino acids and of a pure protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA). (hindawi.com)
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein, which helps to grow and maintain muscle mass. 2 This is a great support for all fitness goals, as maintaining your muscles is super-important to progress - whether you are looking to bulk up or slim down. (myprotein.com)
This Impact EAA blend has the same essential amino acid profile as our bestselling Impact Whey Protein, but has an even faster amino acid absorption rate, 1 making it the ideal choice for fast-acting amino acids. (myprotein.com)
Amino acids are the end product of protein.The general structure of an α-amino acid, with the amino group on the left and the carboxyl group on the right. (wikipedia.org)
Every protein has its own sequence of amino acids, and that sequence makes the protein take different shapes, and have different functions. (wikipedia.org)
Amino Acid 50% Powder offered comes under product category Amino Acid/Protein Hydrolysate and comes in packaging options of 25 Kg HDPE bags/drums with ideal storage condition. (tradeindia.com)
As the building blocks of protein, Amino Acids make up a large portion of our cells, muscles and tissues and play an important role in facilitating our body's ability to repair and refuel. (australiansportsnutrition.com.au)
I found amino acids powder at 'My protein', though i read that it's recommended to take it with BCAA's, but for some reason it sounds like not a right suggestion. (veganbodybuilding.com)
The three BCAA's play the biggest part in muscles, they make up around 35% of the EAA's in muscle protein and around 40% of the preformed amino acids needed by humans. (veganbodybuilding.com)
S80 Organic Nitrogen Fertilizer Based on Hydrolyzed Protein Amino Acid Description Hydrolyzed Protein Amino Acid is non-polluting fertilizer input suitable in organic farming. (phrmg.org)
the amino acid that makes up protein . (phrmg.org)
vegetables Description Amino acid is molecule containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain that varies between different amino acids , is is produced from plant source, contains high content of amino acid nitrogen and protein , and. (phrmg.org)
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Obviously an L-based enzyme designed to work on L-based protein substrates will not work with D-amino acids. (thenakedscientists.com)
Eating implies the material is being exposed to digestive enzymes and such, and since enzymes are very shape specific, the protein material being ingested probably wouldn't be broken down into component amino acids. (thenakedscientists.com)
In fact, I don't even know for sure if D-amino acids are capable of the same protein polymerization. (thenakedscientists.com)
Silk amino acids have a lower molecular weight than silk protein powders and are moisturizing to skin and hair. (wikipedia.org)

For example, humans can only synthesize 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (a.k.a. non-essential amino acid ), and in time of accelerated growth, histidine can be considered an essential amino acid . (wikipedia.org)
Histidine - Amino acid responsible for histamine biosynthesis. (fsu.edu)
A few amino acids, such as serine and histidine, are deaminated nonoxidatively. (conservapedia.com)
The extensions are the pathways containing the reaction modules RM001 , RM033 , RM032 , and RM002 for biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids (left) and basic amino acids (bottom), and the pathways for biosynthesis of histidine and aromatic amino acids (top right). (genome.jp)

The basic structure of an amino-acid molecule consists of a carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH 2 ), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a fourth group that differs from one amino acid to another and often is referred to as the- R group or the side chain. (encyclopedia.com)
In the amino group, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to each other and then to nitrogen, whereas the carboxyl group has two separate oxygen atoms strung between a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom. (encyclopedia.com)
Likewise the carbon, hydrogen, amino group, and carboxyl group in an amino acid are more or less constant. (encyclopedia.com)
Amino-acid molecules, which contain an amino group and a carboxyl group, do not behave like typical molecules. (encyclopedia.com)
They are characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group (NH 2 ) attached to the same carbon at the end of the compound. (factmonster.com)
Amino acids contain a basic amino group (NH 2 ) and an acidic carboxyl group (COOH), both attached to the same carbon atom. (dictionary.com)
Since the carboxyl group has a proton available for binding with the electrons of another atom, and the amino group has electrons available for binding with a proton from another atom, the amino acid behaves as an acid and a base simultaneously. (dictionary.com)
Amino acids are the structural unit of polypeptide molecule which consists of a carboxyl group at one end and amino group on other end. (bartleby.com)
Amino group of one amino acid linked to carboxyl group of 2 n d amino acid and linear chain is created to produce a polypeptide structure. (bartleby.com)
The amino and carboxyl ends of the two amino acids come together, and the nitrogen of the amino group bonds with the carbon on the carboxyl group. (reference.com)
The hydrogens on the amino group and an oxygen on the carboxyl group combine to form a molecule of water. (reference.com)
In amino acid, the carboxyl group is more acidic than the carboxylic acid. (wikibooks.org)
Amino acids are all composed of a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a hydrogen atom bonded to the same carbon atom-the alpha carbon (Basic Structure, 2003). (wikibooks.org)
Every amino acid has at least one amino group (-NH 2 ) and one carboxyl group (-COOH), except proline . (wikipedia.org)
It contains an α-amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain containing a hydroxyl group, making it a polar, uncharged amino acid. (tradeindia.com)

Nonessential amino acids are produced in the body. (wikipedia.org)
The pathways for the synthesis of nonessential amino acids are quite simple. (wikipedia.org)
The remaining twelve are nonessential amino acids. (dictionary.com)
Mammals synthesize the nonessential amino acids from metabolic precursors but must obtain the essential amino acids from their diet. (conservapedia.com)
The twenty amino acids are separated into three groups: 1) Essential amino acids, 2) Nonessential amino acids, and 3) Conditional Amino Acids. (wikibooks.org)
The nonessential amino acids are those that the body can synthesize by itself and make in large enough quantities. (wikibooks.org)
There are 11 nonessential amino acids and they can be supplied by food in the diet but it is not a requirement. (wikibooks.org)
Nonessential amino acids can be produces as long as there is a supply of Nitrogen to produce the amino group of the amino acid and pieces of fat or carbohydrates to form the rest of the structure. (wikibooks.org)

Also a more recent development is the use of ICP-MS [ 16 - 20 ] and hence the detection of the sulphur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
Extra determination of cysteine, tryptophan, and other difficult amino acids would increase the cost and effort so much that this is nearly never performed. (hindawi.com)

In peptides, L-amino acid residues slowly racemize, resulting in the formation of some D-amino acid residues. (wikipedia.org)
Olefi n moieties open amino acids and peptides to metathesis reactions and a full range of other bioorthogonal synthesis routes. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In the past few years ß-peptides and other ß-amino acid containing oligomers have emerged as very promising tools in medicinal chemistry, as they exhibit remarkable biological activity together with an extraordinary biological stability. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Peptides provide a cheese with its distinct flavor, based on the configuration of these amino-acid chains. (dictionary.com)
AnaSpec, EGT Group is pleased to highlight our wide collection of Fmoc- and Boc-protected PEGylated amino acids for PEGylated peptides synthesis. (anaspec.com)

Known primarily for its pain-controlling abilities, Phenylalanine is one of the building blocks of amino acids and can increase mental alertness, suppress the appetite, and has a positive, effect in reducing the symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease. (prohealth.com)
This report analyzes the worldwide markets for Amino Acids in US$ Thousands by the following Product Segments: Glutamic Acid, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, and Other Amino Acids. (marketresearch.com)

Important in cellular metabolism in animals , glutamine is the only amino acid capable of readily crossing the barrier between blood and brain and, with glutamic acid, is thought to account for about 80 percent of the amino nitrogen (―NH 2 ) of brain tissue. (britannica.com)
i.e., animals can synthesize it from glutamic acid and do not require dietary sources. (britannica.com)
For example, in the human brain, glutamate (standard glutamic acid) and gamma-aminobutyric acid ("GABA", nonstandard gamma-amino acid) are, respectively, the main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. (wikipedia.org)

Asparagine - Amide derivative of aspartic acid. (fsu.edu)
Furthermore, glutamine and asparagine are converted to the respective acids during hydrolysis. (hindawi.com)
There are a total of twenty amino acids, with Asparagine being the first to be discovered in 1806. (wikibooks.org)
In 1806, French chemists Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated a compound in asparagus that was subsequently named asparagine, the first amino acid to be discovered. (wikipedia.org)

Some amino acids are prone to racemization, one example being lysine , which racemizes via formation pipecolic acid . (wikipedia.org)
Lysine - An essential amino acid with a positive charge on the aliphatic side chain. (fsu.edu)
This source of lysine, which is an essential amino acid, helps maintain your good health and helps reduce the recurrence of cold sores. (communitynaturalfoods.com)

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Aspartic Acid - Important intermediate in the citric acid cycle. (fsu.edu)
N-long chain acyl-acidic glutamic or aspartic acid diesters having an acyl group of 8-22 carbon atoms, the ester part of which is derived from an alcohol selected from the group of higher alcohols, polyoxyalkylene higher alcohol ethers and polyalkyleneglycol higher fatty acid monoesters. (google.com)

Sometimes amino acids are referred to with an L- in front of the name, as in L-tryptophan . (everything2.com)

We initially targeted for study 2-amino-2,3-dimethylpentanoic acid (2-a-2,3-dmpa), an amino acid with two chiral centers and, consequently, four stereoisomers ( 8 ) (Fig. 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
This amino acid meets two important criteria: (i) It is present in the Murchison meteorite ( 9 ) but has not been reported to occur in terrestrial matter, and (ii) its two chiral centers are resistant to epimerization because one (C-2) lacks a hydrogen atom and the other (C-3) has a methine hydrogen atom of low acidity. (sciencemag.org)
This amino acid has two chiral centers and, consequently, four stereoisomers: the D and L forms of α-methylisoleucine and α-methylalloisoleucine. (sciencemag.org)
Recently, GC was applied for chiral amino acid analysis on spacecrafts [ 11 ], such as the robotic lander Philae [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Methods that make those bonds enantioselectively are particularly valuable because they can produce chiral drugs and unnatural amino acids, which are useful for studying biology. (acs.org)
It bears a chiral side chain, as well as the amino acid, isoleucine. (spectrumchemical.com)

A ball-and-stick model structure of polar amino acid glutamine (Gln, Q). Carbon in blue-grey, oxygen in red, nitrogen in green, hydrogen in silver. (openclipart.org)
Glutamine - The only amino acid with the ability to easily cross the barrier between blood and brain tissue. (fsu.edu)
We included 5 grams of glutamine because this conditionally essential amino acid may help support recovery after intense exercise. (gnc.com)
The amino group can be taken from ammonia (NH 3 ) in the environment and used to make glutamate or glutamine. (dummies.com)
Here's the second frugal thing that microbes do: After glutamine and glutamate are made, the amino group can be used in all the other 20 amino acids. (dummies.com)

They are also known (slightly confusingly) as alpha-amino acids . (chemguide.co.uk)
In the alpha amino acids, the amino and carboxylate groups are attached to the same carbon atom, which is called the α-carbon. (medicalxpress.com)
The various alpha amino acids differ in which side chain (R group) is attached to their alpha carbon. (medicalxpress.com)

2003) Asymmetric Synthesis of a New Helix-forming β-Amino Acid: trans-4-Aminopiperidine-3-carboxylic Acid, Eur. (freepatentsonline.com)
These organic acids exist naturally in a zwitterion state where the carboxylic acid moiety is ionized and the basic amino group is protonated. (fsu.edu)
The entire class of amino acids has a common backbone of an organic carboxylic acid group and an amino group attached to a saturated carbon atom. (fsu.edu)
To do so, the α-amino nitrile is broken down using acid (acid hydrolysis) to produce an α-amino carboxylic acid. (news-medical.net)
They are compounds containing an amino group, -NH 2 , and a carboxylic acid group, -COOH. (chemguide.co.uk)
where 'R' can be quite a complicated group containing other active groups like -OH, -SH, other amine or carboxylic acid groups, and so on. (chemguide.co.uk)
If you look again at the general structure of an amino acid, you will see that it has both a basic amine group and an acidic carboxylic acid group. (chemguide.co.uk)
The amino group is on the left, and the carboxylic acid group is on the right. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
An amino acid is an organic molecule with three main components: an amino group (-NH2), a carboxylic acid group (-COOH), and an R group, or side chain, unique to each amino acid. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds containing amine (-NH 2 ) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups , usually along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid . (wn.com)
Amino acids are molecules which contain both a carboxylic acid and an amine group. (wikibooks.org)
An amino acid is in a zwitterionic state when the carboxylic acid group is deprotonated and the amino group is protonated, simultaneously. (wikibooks.org)
In solid state, the amine functionality deprotonates the carboxylic acid group, giving rise to the zwitterionic, dipolar entity. (wikibooks.org)

The exceptions are two amino acids with two stereogenic centers, threonine and isoleucine . (wikipedia.org)
Threonine - Amino acid alcohol involved in porphyrin metabolism. (fsu.edu)
D-Threonine, also known as 2-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, is an essential amino acid that is classified as polar. (spectrumchemical.com)

Serine - Amino acid alcohol found in the active site of serine proteases. (fsu.edu)
These are all L-stereoisomers ("left-handed" isomers), although a few D-amino acids ("right-handed") occur in bacterial envelopes, as a neuromodulator (D-serine), and in some antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)

Scientists have known since the 1980s that many cancer cells are relatively sensitive to the deprivation of an essential amino acid known as methionine. (medicalxpress.com)

Amino acids are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and (in some cases) sulfur bonded in characteristic formations. (encyclopedia.com)
amino acid əmē´nō [ key ] , any one of a class of simple organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and in certain cases sulfur. (factmonster.com)
The first reaction in the breakdown of an amino acid is almost always removal of its α-amino group with the object of excreting excess nitrogen and degrading the remaining carbon skeleton. (conservapedia.com)
Living organisms excrete the excess nitrogen resulting from the metabolic breakdown of amino acids in one of three ways. (conservapedia.com)
This complication doesn't actually make much difference to the chemistry of the compound - the nitrogen still behaves in the same way as it does in the other amino acids. (chemguide.co.uk)
Plants synthesize the amino acids that they require, utilizing carbon and oxygen from the air, hydrogen from water, and nitrogen that has been converted to usable form through nitrogen fixation . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Amino acids reflect the interconnectedness of life, as the non-ruminant animals depend of plants for essential amino acids, ruminants depend on microbes within as a source, and even plants depend on bacteria to fix the nitrogen into a form that they can utilize to produce amino acids. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The first key purine made is inosinic acid, from all kinds of carbon and nitrogen sources. (dummies.com)
The key elements of an amino acid are carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , and nitrogen , though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. (wn.com)
Yeast assimilable nitrogen or YAN is the combination of Free Amino Nitrogen (FAN), ammonia (NH 3 ) and ammonium (NH 4 + ) that is available for the wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to use during fermentation . (wn.com)
The amino group consists of one nitrogen atom and two hydrogen atoms. (reference.com)
This review summarizes the latest developments in the asymmetric synthesis of acyclic and phosphacyclic α-amino- C -phosphinic acids and derivatives, following in the first case an order according to the strategy used, whereas for cyclic compounds the nitrogen embedding in the heterocyclic core is considered. (mdpi.com)

Amino acids that must be obtained from the diet are called essential amino acids . (wikipedia.org)
The pathways for the biosynthesis of essential amino acids are much more complex than those for the nonessential ones. (wikipedia.org)
Compare essential amino acid . (dictionary.com)
Eight of those twenty, called essential amino acids, cannot be synthesized in the cells of humans and must be consumed as part of the diet. (dictionary.com)
Amino acids are classified into two groups: Essential and nonessential. (conservapedia.com)
Those important amino acids that cannot be synthesized by an animal, or at a rate sufficient to meet its physiological needs, and which therefore must be obtained from the diet, are called essential amino acids . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The essential amino acids vary according to the type of animal. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Approximately half of these standard amino acids are considered essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from food. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Thus, the number of essential amino acids in humans is variously listed as 8 or 10. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
It is interesting to note that the so-called essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized in human and other organisms generally appear in these extensions. (genome.jp)
The roles of the essential fatty acids include forming parts of cell membranes. (bartleby.com)
If any essential amino is low or missing, the effectiveness of all others will be equally reduced. (prohealth.com)
This portion is commonly referred to as the essential amino acids. (prohealth.com)
Optimum Nutrition Essential Amino Energy supports nitric oxide synthesis with natural energizers & a. (illpumpyouup.com)
Twenty amino acids exist in total, ten which are essential and ten which are non-essential. (wisegeek.com)
Non-essential amino acids are those an organism can create on its own, while essential amino acids are those an organism cannot make on its own and must synthesize from the foods in its diet. (wisegeek.com)
They're the building blocks to create a strong, healthy organism that can continue to thrive and eat foods to provide the essential amino acids it needs in addition to the non-essential amino acids produced by its body. (wisegeek.com)
Essential amino acids are the amino acids that the body cannot synthesize by itself or cannot make in adequate quantities. (wikibooks.org)
There are a total of nine essential amino acids. (wikibooks.org)
Conditional amino acids are amino acids that are usually nonessential but become essential during times of stress, illness, or other special circumstances. (wikibooks.org)
There are several foods that one should eat to obtain all essential amino acids. (wikibooks.org)
The essential amino acids are either not produced at all by the body or are not produced in sufficient amounts. (wikibooks.org)
Some amino acids are conditionally essential, meaning that they are normally nonessential, but must be obtained from the diet under special circumstances (Whitney & Rolfes, 2015). (wikibooks.org)
Some amino acids (called nonessential) can be synthesized in the human body, while others (called essential) must be obtained through the diet. (thefreedictionary.com)
Our Impact EAA offers a superior blend of all nine essential amino acids, with zero calories and zero sugar, * so that you can get the amino acids you need without derailing your training. (myprotein.com)
Essential amino acids can be defined as amino acids that your body needs, but can't produce itself. (myprotein.com)
All nine essential amino acids have to be obtained through your diet, with the most common sources being meat, poultry, and eggs. (myprotein.com)
Our Impact EAA is a super-convenient powder, containing all nine of the essential amino acids, to make the ideal workout shake. (myprotein.com)
Nine of the 20 standard amino acids are "essential" amino acids for humans. (wikipedia.org)
Essential amino acids may also differ between species . (wikipedia.org)
Herbivores have to get their essential amino acids from their diet , which for some is almost entirely grass . (wikipedia.org)
An essential amino acid cannot be synthesized in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Conditionally essential amino acids are not normally required in the diet, but must be supplied to populations which do not make enough of it. (wikipedia.org)
It contains all essential amino acids as well as micronutrients, which are precursors of growth materials and Phytohormones and thus assist in accelerating the metabolic. (tradeindia.com)
From preventing muscle breakdown and encouraging growth to improving and enhancing energy, Essential Amino Acid supplementation is the perfect solution for helping to protect and repair your body during. (australiansportsnutrition.com.au)
As the average diet generally doesn't include many EAA-rich foods, and with many others struggling to digest and utilise the nutrients to its full capacity, Essential Amino Acid supplementation has become a popular choice for many athletes to get the most out of their training. (australiansportsnutrition.com.au)
And our range of Essential Amino Acids is no exception. (australiansportsnutrition.com.au)
Stocking only the most reputable brands on the market, you'll find a huge range of quality Essential Amino Acids brought to you by Scivation, ATP Science, Optimum Nutrition, EHP Labs, Gen-Tec, and more. (australiansportsnutrition.com.au)
They are the essential building blocks that muscles need to stay healthy, but the problem is that the body does not naturally produce eight of the much needed amino acids. (astronutrition.com)
Amino Acids supplement is an effective and useful blend of essential amino acids for the human body. (illpumpyouup.com)
There are twenty different amino acids your body requires, nine of which, named the essential amino acids, your body cannot make and must be obtained through other methods. (optimumnutrition.com)
Optimum Nutrition offers a range of supplements fortified with essential amino acids to support your training requirements. (optimumnutrition.com)
Nine proteinogenic amino acids are called "essential" for humans because they cannot be produced from other compounds by the human body and so must be taken in as food. (wikipedia.org)
Essential amino acids may also vary from species to species. (wikipedia.org)

A few different skeletons can be used in the production of several different amino acids, and what you get are classes of amino acids where the members of each class have a similar structure. (dummies.com)
Living organisms constantly break down and re-create different amino acids to create the specific ones they need to function at a healthy level. (wisegeek.com)
The R groups of the different amino acids can differ in size and structure, as well as electric charge (acidic or basic), which influences the solubility of the amino acids in water (Nelson and Cox, 2013). (wikibooks.org)
The side group is what distinguishes all the different amino acids from each other. (wikibooks.org)

AllegroMedical.com offers a number of amino acid supplements in liquid, powder and tablet form. (allegromedical.com)
Will be difficult to find vegan friendly, amino acid, supplements in caplet form. (veganbodybuilding.com)
Because of their biological significance, amino acids are important in nutrition and are commonly used in nutritional supplements, fertilizers, feed, and food technology. (wikipedia.org)

Screening infants for increased levels of amino acids can help detect problems with metabolism. (medlineplus.gov)
Defects in metabolism of amino acids. (medlineplus.gov)
More than 70 disorders of amino acid metabolism have been described. (questdiagnostics.com)
Amino acids are critical to life, and have a variety of roles in metabolism. (medicalxpress.com)

In humans , 20 amino acids are known as standard amino acids or proteinogenic amino acids. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Throughout known life , there are 23 proteinogenic amino acids, 20 in the standard genetic code and an additional 3 that can be incorporated by special translation mechanisms. (wn.com)
In eukaryotes, there are only 21 proteinogenic amino acids, the 20 of the standard genetic code, plus selenocysteine. (wn.com)
Twenty of the proteinogenic amino acids are encoded directly by triplet codons in the genetic code and are known as "standard" amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
Many important proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids have biological functions. (wikipedia.org)

For the non-biological synthesis of amino acids, see Strecker amino acid synthesis . (wikipedia.org)
Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes ( metabolic pathways ) by which the amino acids are produced. (wikipedia.org)
A transamination reaction takes place in the synthesis of most amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
[5] This is one of the initial regulations of the α-ketoglutarate family of amino acid synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
The regulation of the synthesis of glutamate from α-ketoglutarate is subject to regulatory control of the Citric Acid Cycle as well as mass action dependent on the concentrations of reactants involved due to the reversible nature of the transamination and glutamate dehydrogenase reactions. (wikipedia.org)
1996) Synthesis of a New Carbohydrate Mimetics: "Carbopeptoid" Containing a C-1 Carboxylate and C-2 Amino Group, Tetrahedron Lett. (freepatentsonline.com)
Likewise, enzymes can also have polar amino acid substituents within the active site that provide a polar region in which to conduct biochemical synthesis. (fsu.edu)
Proline - Cyclic aliphatic amino acid used in the synthesis of collagen. (fsu.edu)
Strecker synthesis is one of several means of producing α-amino acids. (news-medical.net)
This makes it a favourable means of α-amino acid synthesis. (news-medical.net)
As such, it offers a possible method for the synthesis of α-amino acids on primitive Earth. (news-medical.net)
Overall, Strecker synthesis converts an aldehyde or ketone, and ammonia into an α-amino acid using a metal cyanide, acid catalyst and water. (news-medical.net)
Retrieved on February 25, 2021 from https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Overview-of-Strecker-Amino-Acid-Synthesis.aspx. (news-medical.net)
The body uses amino acid synthesis to form the rest of the amino acids it needs from various compounds. (wisegeek.com)
α-Amino- C -phosphinic acids and derivatives are an important group of compounds of synthetic and medicinal interest and particular attention has been dedicated to their stereoselective synthesis in recent years. (mdpi.com)

Amino acid biosynthesis overview. (wikipedia.org)
This map presents a modular architecture of the biosynthesis pathways of twenty amino acids, which may be viewed as consisting of the core part and its extensions. (genome.jp)
Amino acid biosynthesis starts with a carbon skeleton, made from intermediates of the citric acid cycle or glycolysis. (dummies.com)
Amino acids are also important in many other biological molecules, such as forming parts of coenzymes, as in S-adenosylmethionine, or as precursors for the biosynthesis of molecules such as heme. (medicalxpress.com)

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Amino acids are organic compounds, meaning that they contain carbon and hydrogen bonded to each other. (encyclopedia.com)
An amino acid is a carbon atom with a hydrogen atom, an organic acid {COOH}, an amino group {NH2}, and one other chemical group attached. (everything2.com)
Because of their reactions with strong acids and strong bases, the amino acids act as buffers-stabilizers of hydrogen ion (H + ) or hydroxide ion (OH − ) concentrations. (britannica.com)
In other words, an amino acid is synthesised from the reaction between an aldehyde and ammonia, followed by hydrogen cyanide. (news-medical.net)
Stage 1: Addition of ammonia and hydrogen cyanide to an aldehyde to form an α-amino nitrile. (news-medical.net)
These amino acids have an alkyl group that replaces the hydrogen at the α position. (news-medical.net)
Similar results were obtained for two other α-methyl amino acids, isovaline and α-methylnorvaline, although the α hydrogen analogs of these amino acids, α-amino- n -butyric acid and norvaline, were found to be racemates. (sciencemag.org)
In an aqueous environment, the hydrophobic amino acids are unable to participate in hydrogen bonding. (wikibooks.org)
All amino acids are composed of an amino group (NH2), an acid group (COOH), a hydrogen atom, a central carbon atom, and a side group. (wikibooks.org)

Promotes cognitive health and brain function Supports antioxidant activity and energy production Provides 500 mg of acetyl l-carnitine (ALCAR) Easy-to-swallow capsules Potency and quality guaranteed Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALCAR) is a modified amino. (carlsonlabs.com)

These directions are based on models that typically are used to represent amino-acid molecules, though north, south, east, and west, as used in the following illustration, are simply terms to make the molecule easier to visualize. (encyclopedia.com)
Interestingly, nearly all of the amino acids occurring in nature are the left-hand versions of the molecules, or the L-forms. (encyclopedia.com)
α-amino acids are molecules, which contain an amine and carboxylic group that are separated by a single carbon (the α-carbon). (news-medical.net)
These ionic attractions take more energy to break and so the amino acids have high melting points for the size of the molecules. (chemguide.co.uk)
In water, the ionic attractions between the ions in the solid amino acid are replaced by strong attractions between polar water molecules and the zwitterions. (chemguide.co.uk)

any of a group of organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, -NH 2 , and one or more carboxyl groups, -COOH. (dictionary.com)
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. (wikipedia.org)

Although over 100 amino acids exist in nature, the human body requires 20 amino acids, called standard amino acids , for normal functioning. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Chemical structures of the 20 standard amino acids. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The standard amino acids thus exhibit the pattern 1 + 19. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Of the basic set of twenty amino acids (not counting selenocysteine ), humans cannot synthesize eight. (wikipedia.org)

Animals can synthesize certain amino acids. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Although all vertebrates require certain amino acids that their cells cannot synthesize, ruminant animals (such as cattle ) carry within one of the stomachs microbes that synthesize the amino acids needed by the animals. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Living organisms constantly break down certain amino acids and compounds, then synthesize them to create the amino acids that organism needs. (wisegeek.com)

Imagine that the amino-acid molecule is like the face of a compass, with a carbon atom at the center. (encyclopedia.com)
The name amino acid, in fact, comes from the amino group and the acid group, which are the most chemically reactive parts of the molecule. (encyclopedia.com)
Here, the α-amino nitrile is protonated by an acid, undergoes a proton transfer step and is subsequently attacked by a molecule of water. (news-medical.net)
The general structure of an amino acid molecule. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Alkyl group is also present in most of the amino acid to create chirality in the molecule while amino acids with no alkyl group known as achiral. (bartleby.com)
The formation of a dipeptide from two amino acids is accompanied by the loss of a water molecule. (wikibooks.org)
When two amino acids are joined together, the resulting molecule is called a dipeptide. (wikibooks.org)
In chemistry, an amino acid is a molecule containing both amine and carboxyl functional groups. (medicalxpress.com)

Humans can not synthesize all of these amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
Not all organisms are able to synthesize all amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
Of the 20-odd amino acids, there are 8 (or 9 , due to the expert factor ) that the body cannot synthesize for itself. (everything2.com)

Further remarkable applications of ß-amino acids are the use as protease inhibitors, 11 precursors for antibiotics 12 and building blocks in cryptophycins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Consequently, amino acids are also precursors of glucose , fatty acids, and ketone bodies and are therefore metabolic fuels. (conservapedia.com)

For complete accuracy, one of the 20 biologically important amino acids (proline) has a slightly different structure. (chemguide.co.uk)
Clostridium botulinum type F (proteolytic), C. ghoni, C. mangenoti and C. putrificum were found to reduce proline to 5-aminovaleric acid and to produce 2-aminobutyric acid, properties they shared with C. sporogenes and C. sticklandii. (nih.gov)

On the basis of the obtained results, it is possible to develop technologically accessible electrodialysis of amino acids as well as other biologically active substance desalting from cultured liquids. (lenntech.com)
This page explains what amino acids are, concentrating on the 2-amino acids that are biologically important. (chemguide.co.uk)
The biologically important amino acids have the amino group attached to the carbon atom next door to the -COOH group. (chemguide.co.uk)
Although the L form is the only biologically active one, amino acids spontaneously racemise to their oppsite optical isomer over time. (thenakedscientists.com)

Nucleotides are the subunits of nucleic acids like ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and like amino acids they're expensive and time consuming to make. (dummies.com)

Another cautionary illustration of amino acids' power is the gamut of diseases (most notably, sickle cell anemia) that impair or claim the lives of those whose amino acids are out of sequence or malfunctioning. (encyclopedia.com)
Unavoidable small losses that occur during each step make it impossible to determine the sequence of more than about 30 to 50 amino acids by this procedure. (britannica.com)
This means that "total amino acid analysis" has no closed mass balance and some assumptions about the sequence or amino acid composition have to be made. (hindawi.com)
37 CFR 1.821 Nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence disclosures in patent applications. (uspto.gov)
a) Nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences as used in §§ 1.821 through 1.825 are interpreted to mean an unbranched sequence of four or more amino acids or an unbranched sequence of ten or more nucleotides. (uspto.gov)
Specifically defined" means those amino acids other than "Xaa" and those nucleotide bases other than "n" defined in accordance with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Handbook on Industrial Property Information and Documentation, Standard ST.25: Standard for the Presentation of Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequence Listings in Patent Applications (1998), including Tables 1 through 6 in Appendix 2, herein incorporated by reference. (uspto.gov)
e.g. , hydroxylations or glycosylations, being described as set forth in WIPO Standard ST.25 (1998), Appendix 2, Table 4, but these modifications shall not be shown explicitly in the amino acid sequence. (uspto.gov)

With the exception of α-amino- n -butyric acid, these amino acids are either unknown or of limited occurrence in the biosphere. (sciencemag.org)

D-Amino acids are amino acids where the stereogenic carbon alpha to the amino group has the D-configuration. (wikipedia.org)
To the north of the carbon center is what is known as an amino group (-NH 2 ). (encyclopedia.com)
An N -acyl-amino acid that has acetyl as the acyl group. (ebi.ac.uk)
The other chemical group is what gives each amino acid its specific properties. (everything2.com)
An organic acid carrying an amino group. (oxfordreference.com)
The R group differs according to the identity of the amino acid. (news-medical.net)
Most amino acids are deanimated by transamination, the transfer of their amino group to an α-keto acid to yield the α-keto acid of the original amino acid and a new amino acid, in reactions catalyized by aminotransferases. (conservapedia.com)
The R group is unique to each amino acid. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Amino acids have an amino group bonded to a carbon skeleton. (dummies.com)
The next step is attachment of an amino group to the carbon structure. (dummies.com)
Interpret and draw the structure of 5 amino acids, general amino acid and R group in each structure of amino acid should be circled. (bartleby.com)
NH 2 indicates the amino group. (bartleby.com)
Amino acids can be broadly hydrophobic and hydrophilic , depending on the chemical properties of the R group side chain. (wikibooks.org)
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, an amino acid is defined as "an amphoteric organic acid containing the amino group NH2. (wikibooks.org)

For most naturally-occurring amino acids, this carbon has the L-configuration. (wikipedia.org)
New naturally occurring amino acids Angewandte Chemie international edition. (wikipedia.org)
About 500 naturally occurring amino acids are known as of 1983 (though only 20 appear in the genetic code) and can be classified in many ways. (wikipedia.org)

An amino acid is formed when two groups, a carboxyl and an amino, join together and share a carbon atom. (wisegeek.com)

They are formed from ribosomally-derived D-amino acid residues. (wikipedia.org)
Several antibiotics , e.g. bacitracin , contain D-amino acid residues. (wikipedia.org)

Most amino acids are synthesized from α- ketoacids , and later transaminated from another amino acid, usually glutamate . (wikipedia.org)

What's more, this amino acid blend is entirely free from calories, fat, and sugar,* making it a great fit for any lifestyle, especially for those following a low-calorie diet. (myprotein.com)
This blend is the perfect addition to your gym routine to help you keep on top of your amino intake. (myprotein.com)
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In humans, the liver is responsible for the production of some 80% of the amino acids we need. (prohealth.com)

You cannot add 'Optimum Nutrition Superior Amino 2222 Tablets' to the cart because the product is out of stock. (illpumpyouup.com)
Superior Amino 2222 features Optimum Nutrition's New Hydro-Amino Bond System which aids th. (illpumpyouup.com)

Increased or decreased levels of amino acids in the blood may occur with fevers, inadequate nutrition, and certain medical conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
Since the science of nutrition seems to still be in its infancy , different experts identify between 20 and 29 amino acids. (everything2.com)
Optimum Nutrition provides a serious of Amino Acid products designed to support you at various stages throughout your training. (optimumnutrition.com)

Anatomy13

Organisms14

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Phenomena and Processes80

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care2

Twelfth rib resection as an approach for portal vein cannulation in sheep. (1/23787)

The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. The tryptic peptides. (2/23787)

The isolation and partial characterization of the serum lipoproteins and apolipoproteins of the rainbow trout. (3/23787)

Studies of the binding of different iron donors to human serum transferrin and isolation of iron-binding fragments from the N- and C-terminal regions of the protein. (4/23787)

Salivary mucin MG1 is comprised almost entirely of different glycosylated forms of the MUC5B gene product. (5/23787)

Association of polymorphism at the type I collagen (COL1A1) locus with reduced bone mineral density, increased fracture risk, and increased collagen turnover. (6/23787)

Basic homopolyamino acids, histones and protamines are potent antagonists of angiogenin binding to ribonuclease inhibitor. (7/23787)

The DNA binding activity of Translin is mediated by a basic region in the ring-shaped structure conserved in evolution. (8/23787)

Amino Acids

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Amino Acid Sequence

Amino Acid Substitution

Cloning, Molecular

Amino Acids, Essential

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Sequence Alignment

Amino Acid Motifs

Base Sequence

Escherichia coli

Mutation

Binding Sites

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

DNA, Complementary

Amino Acids, Aromatic

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Peptide Fragments

Amino Acids, Sulfur

Kinetics

Recombinant Proteins

Leucine

Protein Conformation

Models, Molecular

Structure-Activity Relationship

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Substrate Specificity

DNA

Molecular Weight

Peptides

Protein Binding

Bacterial Proteins

Restriction Mapping

Cell Line

Phylogeny

Alanine

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Genes, Bacterial

Proteins

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

RNA, Messenger

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Protein Structure, Secondary

Plasmids

Conserved Sequence

Isoleucine

Amino Acids, Basic

Lysine

Species Specificity

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

DNA Primers

Carrier Proteins

Codon

Cyanogen Bromide

Trypsin

Glycine

Cattle

Biological Transport

Amino Acids, Diamino

Glutamine

Open Reading Frames

Genes

Valine

Protein Biosynthesis

Excitatory Amino Acids

Methionine

Arginine

Aspartic Acid

Gene Library

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Sequence Deletion

Sequence Analysis

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Nitrogen

Proline

Phenylalanine

Point Mutation