Amino acids. Medical search

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter found ubiquitously. It has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE. It may also act as an ecotropic leukemia retroviral receptor.

Enzymes that catalyze either the racemization or epimerization of chiral centers within amino acids or derivatives. EC 5.1.1.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

Peptides composed of two amino acid units.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

Twelfth rib resection as an approach for portal vein cannulation in sheep. (1/23787)

A surgical technique involving resection of the twelfth rib was used to insert silastic cannulas into the portal veins of three sheep to study amino acid metabolism. Good exposure to the vein was achieved by this method although it required positive ventilation due to the penetration of the thoracic cavity. All cannulas were buried subcutaneously and exteriorized near the dorsal midline. This facilitated continuous infusion into the portal cannula without disturbing cannula placement. (+info)

The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. The tryptic peptides. (2/23787)

The NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa was digested with trypsin, and peptides accounting for 441 out of the 452 residues of the polypeptide chain were isolated and substantially sequenced. Additional experimental detail has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50052 (11 pages) with the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained under the terms given in Biochem J. (1975) 145, 5. (+info)

The isolation and partial characterization of the serum lipoproteins and apolipoproteins of the rainbow trout. (3/23787)

1. VLD (very-low-density), LD (low-density) and HD (high-density) lipoproteins were isolated from the serum of trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). 2. Each lipoprotein class resembled that of the human in immunological reactivity, electrophoretic behaviour and appearance in the electron microscope. Trout LD lipoprotein, however, was of greater density than human LD lipoprotein. 3. The trout lipoproteins have lipid compositions which are similar to those of the corresponding human components, except for their high contents of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. 4. HD and LD lipoproteins were immunologically non-identical, whereas LD lipoproteins possessed antigenic determinants in common with VLD lipoproteins. 5. VLD and HD lipoproteins each contained at least seven different apoproteins, whereas LD liprotein was composed largely of a single apoprotein which resembled human apolipoprotein B. 6. At least one, and possibly three, apoprotein of trout HD lipoprotein showed features which resemble human apoprotein A-1.7. The broad similarity between the trout and human lipoprotein systems suggests that both arose from common ancestral genes early in evolutionary history. (+info)

Studies of the binding of different iron donors to human serum transferrin and isolation of iron-binding fragments from the N- and C-terminal regions of the protein. (4/23787)

1. Trypsin digestion of human serum transferrin partially saturated with iron(III)-nitrilotriacetate at pH 5.5 or pH 8.5 produces a carbohydrate-containing iron-binding fragment of mol.wt. 43000. 2. When iron(III) citrate, FeCl3, iron (III) ascorabate and (NH4)2SO4,FeSO4 are used as iron donors to saturate the protein partially, at pH8.5, proteolytic digestion yields a fragment of mol.wt. 36000 that lacks carbohydrate. 3. The two fragments differ in their antigenic structures, amino acid compositions and peptide 'maps'. 4. The fragment with mol.wt. 36000 was assigned to the N-terminal region of the protein and the other to the C-terminal region. 5. The distribution of iron in human serum transferrin partially saturated with various iron donors was examined by electrophoresis in urea/polyacrylamide gels and the two possible monoferric forms were unequivocally identified. 6. The site designated A on human serum transferrin [Harris (1977) Biochemistry 16, 560--564] was assigned to the C-terminal region of the protein and the B site to the N-terminal region. 7. The distribution of iron on transferrin in human plasma was determined. (+info)

Salivary mucin MG1 is comprised almost entirely of different glycosylated forms of the MUC5B gene product. (5/23787)

The MG1 population of mucins was isolated from human whole salivas by gel chromatography followed by isopycnic density gradient centrifugation. The reduced and alkylated MG1 mucins, separated by anion exchange chromatography, were of similar size (radius of gyration 55-64 nm) and molecular weight (2.5-2.9 x 10(6) Da). Two differently-charged populations of MG1 subunits were observed which showed different reactivity with monoclonal antibodies to glycan epitopes. Monosaccharide and amino acid compositional analyses indicated that the MG1 subunits had similar glycan structures on the same polypeptide. An antiserum recognizing the MUC5B mucin was reactive across the entire distribution, whereas antisera raised against the MUC2 and MUC5AC mucins showed no reactivity. Western blots of agarose gel electrophoresis of fractions across the anion exchange distribution indicated that the polypeptide underlying the mucins was the product of the MUC5B gene. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping performed on the fragments produced by trypsin digestion of the two MG1 populations yielded data similar to that obtained for MUC5B mucin subunits prepared from respiratory mucus (Thornton et al., 1997) and confirmed that the MUC5B gene product was the predominant mucin polypeptide present. Isolation of the MG1 mucins from the secretions of the individual salivary glands (palatal, sublingual, and submandibular) indicate that the palatal gland is the source of the highly charged population of the MUC5B mucin. (+info)

Association of polymorphism at the type I collagen (COL1A1) locus with reduced bone mineral density, increased fracture risk, and increased collagen turnover. (6/23787)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between a common polymorphism within intron 1 of the COL1A1 gene and osteoporosis in a nested case-control study. METHODS: We studied 185 healthy women (mean +/- SD age 54.3+/-4.6 years). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry, and fractures were determined radiographically. The COL1A1 genotype was assessed using the polymerase chain reaction and Bal I endonuclease digestion. RESULTS: Genotype frequencies were similar to those previously observed and in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: SS 61.1%, Ss 36.2%, and ss 2.7%. Carriage of at least one copy of the "s" allele was associated with a significant reduction in lumbar spine BMD (P = 0.02) and an increased risk of total fracture (P = 0.04). Urinary pyridinoline levels were significantly elevated in those with the risk allele (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These data support the findings that the COL1A1 gene polymorphism is associated with low BMD and fracture risk, and suggest a possible physiologic effect on total body turnover of type I collagen. (+info)

Basic homopolyamino acids, histones and protamines are potent antagonists of angiogenin binding to ribonuclease inhibitor. (7/23787)

A radio-ribonuclease inhibitor assay based on the interaction of 125I-angiogenin with ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) was used to detect pancreatic-type ribonucleases and potential modulators of their action. We show that highly basic proteins including the homopolypeptides poly-arginine, poly-lysine and poly-ornithine, core histones, spermatid-specific S1 protein and the protamines HP3 and Z3 were strong inhibitors of angiogenin binding to RI. A minimum size of poly-arginine and poly-lysine was required for efficient inhibition. The inhibition likely resulted from direct association of the basic proteins with the acidic inhibitor, as RI bound to poly-lysine and protamines while 125I-angiogenin did not. Antagonists of the angiogenin-RI interaction are potential regulators of either angiogenin-triggered angiogenesis and/or intracellular RI function, depending on their preferential target. (+info)

The DNA binding activity of Translin is mediated by a basic region in the ring-shaped structure conserved in evolution. (8/23787)

DNA binding proteins, for the most part, function as dimers or tetramers which recognize their target sequences. Here we show that Translin, a novel single-stranded DNA end binding protein, forms a ring-shaped structure conserved throughout evolution and that this structure is responsible for its DNA binding activity. Point mutations at Leu184 and Leu191 in the leucine zipper motif of human Translin resulted in loss of the multimeric structure and abrogation of DNA binding. Point mutations at R86, H88, H90 to T86, N88, N90 in one of the basic regions, however, completely inhibited the DNA binding activity without affecting the multimeric structure. These results support the view that the DNA binding domain of Translin is formed in the ring-shaped structure in combination with its basic region (amino acids 86-97) polypeptides. (+info)

... ic acid.) Most natural amino acids are α-amino acids in the L conformation, but some exceptions exist. Some non-α-amino acids ... a β-amino acid. Taurine is an amino sulfonic acid and not an amino carboxylic acid, however it is occasionally considered as ... amino acids. Other amino acids are solely found in abiotic mixes (e.g. α-methylnorvaline). Over 30 unnatural amino acids have ... 20 standard amino acids 22 proteinogenic amino acids over 80 amino acids created abiotically in high concentrations about 900 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-proteinogenic_amino_acids

FDAA consists of a D-amino acid and a fluorophore (coupled through the amino acid side chain.) The D-amino acid backbone is ... Fluorescent D-amino acids (FDAAs) are D-amino acid derivatives whose side-chain terminal is covalently coupled with a ... D-alanine is the most well-studied D-amino acids for FDAA development because it is a naturally existing residue in bacterial ... These enzymes are reported to have high specificity toward the chirality center of the amino acid backbone (the D-chiral center ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_D-amino_acids

Amino acids are listed by type: Proteinogenic amino acid Non-proteinogenic amino acids This disambiguation page lists articles ... associated with the title List of amino acids. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amino_acids

... part of amino acid catabolism (see below). A rare exception to the dominance of α-amino acids in biology is the β-amino acid ... D-amino acid residues are found in some proteins, but they are rare. Amino acids are designated as α- when the amino nitrogen ... Amino acids containing an amino group bonded directly to the α-carbon are referred to as α-amino acids. These include proline ... Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although hundreds of amino ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid

Essential amino acids (EAAs) are amino acids which are necessary to build proteins in an organism but can not be synthesized by ... Essential amino acids (EAAs) are amino acids that are necessary to build proteins in an organism. The source of complete EAAs ... "Amino acids in food" (PDF). www.livsmedelsverket.se.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) "Protein and Amino Acid ... CS1 maint: url-status, Essential amino acids, Nutrition, Vegetarianism). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_amino_acids_in_plant_food

Because of this, the 13C content of amino acid carbon skeletons varies considerably between the amino acids. There is also an ... which is apparent from the abundance of 15N in some amino acids. Because of these properties, amino acid isotopes record useful ... Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are synthesized from alpha-keto acid precursors that are in turn ... the addition of an amino group that completes amino acid biosynthesis. Bonds to heavy isotopes are stronger than bonds to light ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_isotope_composition_of_amino_acids

... typically 18 to 19 amino acids in length. Silk amino acids have a lower molecular weight than silk protein powders and are ... Silk amino acid (SAAs) also known as Sericin is a natural water-soluble glycoprotein extracted from raw silk. It is used as an ... "Silk amino acids add a velvety touch to cosmetics and also helps to prevent dehydration of the skin". Dermaxine: bio-cellular ... Silk amino acids are used in formulating shampoos, conditioner, hair treatments, bodywash, body lotions, cleansers, toners and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_amino_acid

... a D-amino acid Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, L-amino acid, and one product, D-amino acid. This enzyme belongs to the ... In enzymology, an amino-acid racemase (EC 5.1.1.10) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction an L-amino acid ⇌ {\ ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is amino-acid racemase. This enzyme is also called L-amino acid racemase. This enzyme ... Soda K, Osumi T (1969). "Crystalline amino acid racemase with low substrate specificity". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 35 (3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino-acid_racemase

... s are membrane permeases involved in the transport of amino acids into the cell. A number of such proteins ... Amino acid transporter CIP1; SLC12A1; SLC12A2; SLC12A3; SLC12A4; SLC12A5; SLC12A6; SLC12A7; SLC12A8; SLC12A9; SLC7A1; SLC7A10; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_permease

... , in combination with protein digestibility, is the method used to determine if a protein is complete. PDCAAS ... two major protein standards which determine the completeness of proteins by their unique composition of essential amino acids. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_score

... is the mechanism triggered in mammalian cells by amino acid starvation. The amino acid response pathway is ... and mobilization of amino acid in an organism. Essential amino acids are crucial to maintain homeostasis within an organism. ... "Adipocyte amino acid sensing controls adult germline stem cell number via the amino acid response pathway and independently of ... is a cofactor of ATF4 for amino acid-regulated transcription of CHOP". Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (17): 5954-5965. doi:10.1093/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_response

An aromatic amino acid is an amino acid that includes an aromatic ring. Among the 20 standard amino acids, the following are ... Aromatic amino acids also play a crucial role in glycan-protein interactions. Aromatic amino acids play critical roles in ... Media related to Aromatic amino acids at Wikimedia Commons Aromatic+Amino+Acids at the US National Library of Medicine Medical ... its basic properties cause it to be predominantly classified as a polar amino acid. Aromatic amino acids absorb ultraviolet ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acid

D-alpha-amino acid - L-alpha-amino acid sequence can induce beta hairpin. It suggested that acyclic secondary amino acids are ... In enzymology, a N-methyl-L-amino-acid oxidase is an oxidase of a subtype of secondary amino acids. Imino acid Imidic acid ... Proline is the only proteinogenic secondary amino acids. Other secondary amino acids are non-proteinogenic amino acids. In ... Secondary amino acids are amino acids which do not contain the amino group -NH 2 but is rather a secondary amine. Secondary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_amino_acid

6-dienoic acid) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid found in toxins made by cyanobacteria. Toxins which include this amino acid ... Non-proteinogenic amino acids, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ... ADDA ((all-S,all-E)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADDA_(amino_acid)

The conversion of aspartate into either the storage amino acid asparagine or aspartate family amino acids may be subject to a ... In molecular biology, the amino acid kinase domain is a protein domain. It is found in protein kinases with various ... In prokaryotes and plants the synthesis of the essential amino acids lysine and threonine is predominantly regulated by feed- ... relatively little is known about the regulation of carbon and nitrogen flow into amino acids. The metabolic regulation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_kinase

A glucogenic amino acid (or glucoplastic amino acid) is an amino acid that can be converted into glucose through ... ISBN 0-7167-4955-6 Accessed 2007-03-17 Amino acid metabolism v t e (Amino acids, Glucogenic amino acids, Nitrogen cycle, ... The production of glucose from glucogenic amino acids involves these amino acids being converted to alpha keto acids and then ... Amino acid metabolism Chapter on Amino acid catabolism in Biochemistry by Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer. Fourth ed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid

ISBN 978-0-7817-6879-5. (Neurochemistry, Molecular neuroscience, Amino acids, Acidic amino acids, Neurotransmitters, Amino acid ... An amino acid neurotransmitter is an amino acid which is able to transmit a nerve message across a synapse. Neurotransmitters ( ... Excitatory amino acids (EAA) will activate post-synaptic cells. inhibitory amino acids (IAA) depress the activity of post- ... Amino acid non-protein functions Monoamine neurotransmitter "Axon Terminal : on Medical Dictionary Online". Archived from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_neurotransmitter

An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism ... Amino acids that must be obtained from the diet are called essential amino acids. Nonessential amino acids are produced in the ... amino acids are sometimes considered a single pool of nutritionally equivalent amino acids as are the aromatic amino acid pair ... amino acids Low-protein diet Orthomolecular medicine Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score Ketogenic amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_amino_acid

Amino acid racemization analysis consists of sample preparation, isolation of the amino acid wanted, and measure of its D:L ... All biological tissues contain amino acids. All amino acids except glycine (the simplest one) are optically active, having a ... The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of: Amino acid dating Northern Arizona University Amino Acid ... and the particular amino acid D:L ratio determined by fluorescence. Alternatively, the particular amino acid can be separated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_dating

For example, humans can synthesize 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (a.k.a. non-essential amino acids). Most amino acids are ... Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the amino acids are produced. The ... The commercial production of amino acids usually relies on mutant bacteria that overproduce individual amino acids using ... the gene furthest from the amino-acid binding site of this operon can be transcribed. When a second of these amino acids is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis

... is a change from one amino acid to a different amino acid in a protein due to point mutation in the ... Leucine is an example of a typical amino acid. Idiosyncratic amino acids - there are few similar amino acids that they can ... or simple properties such as amino acid size or charge (see also amino acid chemical properties). Usually amino acids are thus ... Amino acids can also be classified according to how many different amino acids they can be exchanged by through single ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_replacement

Solute carrier family Amino acid transport Amino acid transport, acidic Amino acid transport, basic Amino acid transport ... An amino acid transporter is a membrane transport protein that transports amino acids. They are mainly of the solute carrier ... There are several families that function in amino acid transport, some of these include: TC# 2.A.3 - Amino Acid-Polyamine- ... Branched Chain Amino Acid Exporter (LIV-E) Family TC# 2.A.95 - 6TMS Neutral Amino Acid Transporter (NAAT) Family TC# 2.A.118 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_transporter

Amino acid metabolism Amino acid metabolism Media related to Ketogenic amino acids at Wikimedia Commons v t e (Articles with ... A ketogenic amino acid is an amino acid that can be degraded directly into acetyl-CoA, which is the precursor of ketone bodies ... Ketogenic amino acids serve important roles in the human body, leading to the study of ketogenic amino acid rich (KAAR) diets ... This is in contrast to the glucogenic amino acids, which are converted into glucose. Ketogenic amino acids are unable to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acid

... are oxidoreductases, a type of enzyme, that act upon amino acids. They constitute the majority of ... Examples include: Glutamate dehydrogenase Nitric oxide synthase Amino+Acid+Oxidoreductases at the US National Library of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_oxidoreductases

The abundance of amino acids includes amino acids in free form and in polymerization form (proteins). Amino acids can be ... Amino acids catabolized into both glucogenic and ketogenic products Glucogenic amino acid Ketogenic amino acid Ambrogelly A, ... Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation. The word " ... In contrast, non-proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are either not incorporated into proteins (like GABA, L-DOPA, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinogenic_amino_acid

Two enzymes convert L-amino acids to D-amino acids. D-Amino-acid racemase, a PLP-dependent enzyme, racemizes amino acids via ... D-Amino acids are amino acids where the stereogenic carbon alpha to the amino group has the D-configuration. For most naturally ... L-amino-acid oxidases convert L-amino acids to the alpha-ketoacids, which are susceptible to reductive amination. Some amino ... D-Amino acids are occasionally found in nature as residues in proteins. They are formed from ribosomally-derived D-amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Amino_acid

... (also known as aminoacylation or tRNA charging) refers to the attachment of an amino acid to its ... During amino acid activation, each amino acid (aa) is attached to its corresponding tRNA molecule. The coupling reaction is ... Amino acid activation was first characterized by Mahlon Hoagland, who found that amino acids could be activated by certain ... Editing mechanisms occur when there is a misactivation of amino acids, where an amino acid is attached to the wrong tRNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_activation

Like the vanilla amino acid composition (AAC) method, it characterizes the protein mainly using a matrix of amino-acid ... pseudo amino acid composition) was proposed. In contrast with the conventional amino acid composition (AAC) that contains 20 ... Given a protein sequence P with L {\displaystyle L} amino acid residues, i.e., P = [ R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 R 5 R 6 R 7 ⋯ R L ] (1) {\ ... Pseudo amino acid composition, or PseAAC, in molecular biology, was originally introduced by Kuo-Chen Chou in 2001 to represent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo_amino_acid_composition

The amino acids are in the simplest form, making it easy for the body to process and digest. Amino acid-based formula may be ... Amino acid-based formula is a type of infant milk formula made from individual amino acids. It is hypoallergenic and intended ... Intake of amino-acid formula for healthy infants shows no advantage in growth. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein ... D J Hill, S H Murch, K Rafferty, P Wallis, C J Green (June 2007). "The efficacy of amino acid-based formulas in relieving the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid-based_formula

... s are medical conditions associated with a failure of amino acids to be absorbed from the kidney ... Milne MD (1971). "Disorders of intestinal amino-acid transport". J Clin Pathol. 5 (Suppl): 41-4. doi:10.1136/jcp.s3-5.1.41. PMC ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Amino acid metabolism disorders, All stub ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_transport_disorder

... "mTORC2 Regulates Amino Acid Metabolism in Cancer by Phosphorylation of the Cystine-Glutamate Antiporter xCT". Molecular Cell. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mischel

Nucleic Acids Research. 38 (20): 7308-7319. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq595. PMC 2978367. PMID 20631005. (Articles without InChI source ... Amino sugars). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoribosylamine

PelB (an amino acid signal sequence that targets the protein to the periplasm where a signal peptidase then cleaves off PelB) ... Usually peptides that can be fused to pVIII are 6-8 amino acids long. The size restriction seems to have less to do with ... Moreover, pIII allows for the insertion of larger protein sequences (>100 amino acids) and is more tolerant to it than pVIII. ... Direct Interaction Rescue or by adding an 8-10 amino acid linker between the cDNA and pIII at the C-terminus. pVIII is the main ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display

Sufficient nucleotides and amino acids must be present in order to synthesize mRNA and proteins. Physiological temperatures are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_phase

... the membrane-binding domain consists of a series of amphipathic α helices with several hydrophobic amino acids exposed to a ... Arachidonic acid can bind to E-cat and E-allo, but the affinity of AA for E-allo is 25 times that for Ecat. Palmitic acid, an ... However, oxygenation of 10,10-difluoroarachidonic acid to 11-(S )-hydroxyeicosa-5,8,12,14-tetraenoic acid is not consistent ... While metabolizing arachidonic acid primarily to PGG2, COX-2 also converts this fatty acid to small amounts of a racemic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin-endoperoxide_synthase_2

The mash is high in protein, and has a similar proportion of various amino acids to the soybean. It may prove to be a good ... Most Physaria species contain the hydroxy acid lesquerolic acid in their oil with a seed oil content of ~24%. This oil is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physaria_fendleri

number of amino acids changes as seen to the right. PANO1 appears to diverge much more quickly than fibrinogen alpha and much ... Its protein contains 1 exon and 215 amino acids. PANO1 has one isoform, isoform 1, located in the PONAB and PANTR species. ... A possible cleavage site was identified between amino acids 33 and 34 as depicted in the PANO1 protein model. As mentioned ... These isoforms have proteins with 215 and 216 amino acids, respectively. No isoforms for the human PANO1 protein could be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PANO1

Both the N-terminally attached myristic acid and the peptide sequences of the unique region are involved in the interaction. ... "Increased pp60c-src tyrosyl kinase activity in human neuroblastomas is associated with amino-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-oncogene_tyrosine-protein_kinase_Src

Only fifteen amino acid residues are absolutely conserved across mutations of the enzyme. The active site contains a catalytic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate_synthase

They also increase the availability of certain essential amino acids in the muscle, as well as regulate the transcription of a ... Harlow, H.J.; Frank, C.L. (2001). "The role of dietary fatty acids in the evolution of spontaneous and facultative hibernation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernation

Wanting Jiao; Yifei Fan; Nicola J Blackmore; Emily J. Parker (26 March 2020). "A single amino acid substitution uncouples ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Parker

11563-11567 Subbarao EK, London W, Murphy BR (1993). A single amino acid in the PB2 gene of influenza A virus is a determinant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_R._Murphy

The Murchison meteorite samples contained 90 different amino acids, only 19 of which are found on earth. The meteorite has been ... analysed at the NASA Ames Research Center where they were discovered to contain the first convincing evidence of amino acids of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison,_Victoria

In SARS-CoV, the causative agent of SARS, the N protein is 422 amino acid residues long and in SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_nucleocapsid_protein

... denotes any amino acid except for those in the string. For example, {ST} denotes any amino acid other than S or T. If a pattern ... signifies a single amino acid or a gap, and each * indicates one member of a closely related family of amino acids. The authors ... each denoting a specific amino acid or a set of amino acids; a string of characters drawn from the alphabet denotes a sequence ... It spans about 150 amino acid residues, and begins as follows: WDIND*.*P..*...D.F.*W***.**.IYS**...A.*H*S*WAMRNTNNHN Here each ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_motif

The guerrillas were armed with only one machine gun, several dozen pistols, Molotov cocktails and bottles filled with acid. The ... Marina Sorokina; Tarik Cyril Amar (2014). Michael David-Fox; Peter Holquist; Alexander M. Martin (eds.). The Holocaust in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland

What is more, combining C3's amino acids leads to 5 α helices, 4 β lamina and a loop at the catalytic C-terminal which interact ... it contains two aspartic acid residues (Asp117 and Asp224) where CAD is identified and, consequently, it stays bounded until ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase-activated_DNase

DasSarma, Shiladitya; Capes, Melinda D.; Karan, Ram; DasSarma, Priya (2013-03-11). "Amino Acid Substitutions in Cold-Adapted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiladitya_DasSarma

Consequently, it oxidizes many forms of alcohol, amino acid, carbohydrates, and other organic compounds. As a BOD biosensor, ... C. blankii "cultivated on a mixture of n-paraffins (6% vol/vol) has been shown to produce fumaric acid", which could be ... K. Tsekova, A. Kaimaktchiev & A. Krumov (1999). "Production of Fumaric Acid from n-Alcanes by Candida Blankii NA-83". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_blankii

The luciferase enzyme consists of a 555-amino acid-long peptide with a molecular mass of 61627 u, while the luciferine vargulin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargula_hilgendorfii

IUPAC Name [2-amino-4-oxo-6,7-bis(sulfanyl)-3,5,5~{a},8,9~{a},10-hexahydropyrano[3,2-g]pteridin-8-yl]methyl dihydrogen ... Tungsten-using enzymes typically reduce free carboxylic acids to aldehydes. The first tungsten-requiring enzyme to be ... 2-Amino-4-oxo-6,7-bis(sulfanyl)-3,5,5a,8,9a,10-hexahydropyrano[3,2-g]pteridin-8-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate". pubchem.ncbi. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdopterin

The primary structure of these proteins contains an N-terminal hydrophobic leader sequence of 30-40 amino acids, which could ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxin_binding_protein

2800 amino acids. Teneurins are highly conserved within and between species. The primary structure, or amino acid sequence ... There are 41 amino acids in TCAPs, except for TCAP-3 from Ten-m3, which has 40. TCAPs show structural homology to the CRF ... The linker region is made up of ~200 amino acid residues and is found immediately distal to the transmembrane domain. This is ... More distally is the globular domain consisting of a 700-800 amino acid residue region. There are 17 conserved cysteine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TENM3

Amino acids are the main source of chemical energy for H. salinarum, particularly arginine and aspartate, though they are able ... to metabolize other amino acids, as well. H. salinarum have been reported to be unable to grow on sugars, and therefore need to ... Vreeland, H; Rosenzweig, W D; Lowenstein, T; Satterfield, C; Ventosa, A (December 2006). "Fatty acid and DNA analyses of ... Kozlowski, LP (26 October 2016). "Proteome-pI: proteome isoelectric point database". Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (D1): D1112- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium_salinarum

This domain is approximately 150 amino acids in length and is always found located at the N-termini of proteins. The domain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENTH_domain

The chronological sequence of each amino acid sub-unit is the basis for directionality notation in polypeptides; a given ... protein can be represented as its set of unique amino acid abbreviations within an N-terminus and a C-terminus. Many proteins ... Nucleic acid molecules have a phosphoryl (5') end and a hydroxyl (3') end. This notation follows from organic chemistry ... The nucleic acid sequences are complementary and parallel, but they go in opposite directions, hence the antiparallel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparallel_(biochemistry)

... lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts. All amino acids are synthesized from ... amino acids can be linked in varying sequences to form a huge variety of proteins. Proteins are made from amino acids that have ... which is then transaminated to form an amino acid. Amino acids are made into proteins by being joined in a chain of peptide ... but mammals can only synthesize eleven nonessential amino acids, so nine essential amino acids must be obtained from food. Some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

Amino acid metabolism disorders, Autosomal recessive disorders, All stub articles, Genetic disorder stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlysinemia

... which is formed after cleavage of the amino and carbonyl ends of the 15kDa protein. The 15 kDa form consists of 145 amino acids ... The 9 kDa form consists of 74 amino acids, and has a cytotoxic function. This molecule is found in cytotoxic granules, along ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNLY

... had been using modified hypospray syringes to encode information into amino acid sequences for secret transport. J'Dan admits ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drumhead

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Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life. ... Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins. ... NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS. Nonessential means that our bodies can produce the amino acid, even if we do not get it from the food ... Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life.. When proteins are digested or broken down, amino acids are left. The ... Nonessential amino acids include: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002222.htm

... *Formula: C12H17NO2 ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi?ID=U375462&Mask=2000

Here we measure the relative propensity for β-sheet formation of the twenty naturally occurring amino acids in a variant of the ... Amino-acid substitutions were made at a guest site on the solvent-exposed surface of the β-sheet. Several criteria were used to ... 1 for the naturally occurring amino acids, excluding proline. The magnitude of the differences suggests that β-sheet ... SEVERAL model systems have been used to evaluate the α-helical propensities of different amino acids1-7. In contrast, ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/367660a0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d47c0292-31a2-49e1-8d1f-51a17fb886b4

What are Amino Acid Supplements?. Amino acids are often referred to as the "building blocks of protein." They are organic ... These are known as the "essential" amino acids.. When people talk about amino acid supplements, though, theyre usually talking ... Effect of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on the exercise-induced change in aromatic amino acid concentration in ... no reason to believe that amino acids build lean mass better than food sources of protein containing the same amino acids. And ...

https://www.bodybuilding.com/content/who-should-take-amino-acid-supplements.html

This article describes the sources of essential amino acids and their uses in the body, plus various industries (health, ... Obtaining essential amino acids through health and pharmaceuticals. Essential amino acids are amino acids that the body cannot ... Lysine, methionine, and glutamic acid are widely used in animal feeds.. Amino acids in the chemical industry. Many amino acids ... Amino acids are the building blocks of life and are encoded by DNA. Enzymes and structural proteins are made of amino acids, ...

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Amino-Acid-Uses-in-Industry.aspx

Identify the unknown Amino Acid.Illustrate a variety of key chemistry concepts using the materials provided by these ... Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of all proteins. Often times scientists may need to identify the amino acid ... Chromatography of Amino Acids - Small Group Learning Kit Educational Materials Chemistry Educational Materials Chromatography ... In this activity, students will perform a paper chromatography experiment on three known amino acids, and then use their ...

https://www.sargentwelch.com/store/product/23140422/chromatography-of-amino-acids-small-group-learning-kit

Sigma-Aldrich offers many products related to excitatory amino acid transporters for your research needs. ... Nieoullon A, Canolle B, Masmejean F, Guillet B, Pisano P, Lortet S. 2006. The neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter EAAC1/ ... Fairman WA, Vandenberg RJ, Arriza JL, Kavanaught MP, Amara SG. 1995. An excitatory amino-acid transporter with properties of a ... Chao X, Fei F, Fei Z. 2010. The Role of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters in Cerebral Ischemia. Neurochem Res. 35(8):1224-1230 ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/BR/en/technical-documents/technical-article/protein-biology/enzyme-activity-assays/excitatory-amino-acid-transporters

Introduction The organic compounds that contain both the carboxyl and amino groups are Amino acids. So there are ... ... 1. Which is the smallest amino acid structure?. The nonessential amino acid, glycine is the smallest among the amino acids. ... There are mainly two types of amino acids that are essential and nonessential amino acids. Essential amino acids need to be ... Amino acid is a short form of the word alpha-amino carboxylic acid. Amino acids contain the elements- carbon, oxygen, nitrogen ...

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/amino-acids-properties-functions-sources

Since the exact sites of receptor phosphorylation by beta-ARK are poorly defined, the identification of substrate amino acids ... Role of acidic amino acids in peptide substrates of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase and rhodopsin kinase Biochemistry. 1991 ... A family of peptides was synthesized to further study the role of acidic amino acids in peptide substrates of beta-ARK. By ... Removal of the negatively charged amino acids surrounding a cluster of serines in this alpha 2-peptide resulted in a complete ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1645191/?dopt=Abstract

Can amino acid also be developed as pesticide against plant viruses? Peer-Reviewed Publication Higher Education Press ... Can amino acid also be developed as pesticide against plant viruses?. Higher Education Press ... Tryptophan is one of the essential amino acids and the biosynthetic precursor of many alkaloids. Prof. Qingmin Wang and Dr. ... banana bunchy top virus were equal to or higher than amino-oligosaccharins and moroxydine hydrochloride-copper acetate. The ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/943962

Amino Acid Supplement at the Natural Health Practice. This supplement is a very special combination of amino acids needed to ... Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) - includes three amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine. They help with muscle growth ... Scientific research has shown that certain amino acids can help to lose fat around the middle. Specific amino acids can help to ... I have ensured that this amino acid supplement includes only the highest quality and most essential amino acids scientifically ...

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... *Formula: C6H13NO2 ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/C6H13NO2/c1-2-3-4-5

Citation Machine® helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use. Cite sources in APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, and Harvard for free.

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FAS: fatty acid Synthesis ;CS: Carbohydrate Synthesis ; NRPS: NonRibosomal Peptide Synthesis ; PKS: PolyKetide Synthesis ...

https://bioinfo.lifl.fr/norine/res_amino.jsp?code=Hpg

Discover the health benefits of Superior Amino 2222 and more Amino Acids ... Buy Amino 1000 190 Caplets & other Amino Acids Products. This Amino Acid formula contains all three Branch Chained Amino Acids ... Amino Complete, 360 Capsules. Buy Amino Complete™ 360 Capsules & other Amino Acids. Balanced Blend of Amino Acids. Manufactured ... Amino Acid Supplements. An Amino Acid supplement can fill the gaps in your diet.* Shop Puritan Prides assortment of Amino ...

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... Molecular Formula: C4H5F2NO4 ...

https://scitoys.com/scichem/jqp073/322852.html

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"Amino Acids, Neutral" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Amino Acids, Neutral" was a major or minor ... "Amino Acids, Neutral" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Prevalence of positive selection among nearly neutral amino acid replacements in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Apr ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Amino Acids, Neutral" by people in Profiles. ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Amino%20Acids,%20Neutral

A nickel/visible light photoredox co-catalyzed decarboxylative thiolation reaction of carboxylic acids has been developed. This ... Decarboxylative sulfenylation of amino acids via metallaphotoredox catalysis L. Wei, C. Wu, C. Tung, W. Wang and Z. Xu, Org. ... A nickel/visible light photoredox co-catalyzed decarboxylative thiolation reaction of carboxylic acids has been developed. This ...

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/qo/c9qo00817a

... benzoic acid , C9H11NO4 , CID 19092997 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/19092997

NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS. Nonessential means that our bodies can produce the amino acid, even if we do not get it from the food ... Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins. Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life.. Proteins. ... Amino acids - illustration Amino acids are either essential, which must be supplied by food, or nonessential, which are made in ... Amino acids - illustration Amino acids are either essential, which must be supplied by food, or nonessential, which are made in ...

https://www.limamemorial.org/health-library/HIE%20Multimedia/1/002222

3,5,6-Trichloro-4-aminopicolinic acid. 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-picolinic acid. 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid. 4-Amino ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh-rtecs/TJ72D288.html

UsesGABA is a natural calming and anti-epileptic agent in the brain that is manufactured from the amino acid glutamine and ... GABA (Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid). Uses. GABA is a natural calming and anti-epileptic agent in the brain that is manufactured ...

https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hn-2849009

Quality plant enhancers contain products such as amino acids, beneficial fungi and beneficial enzymes. Here is how quality ... your plant also needs amino acids. If you find a plant enhancer that comes packed with amino acids, that means it is designed ... Amino Acids - Much like people, plants needs protein in order to thrive. But in order to properly synthesize those proteins and ...

https://www.advancednutrients.com/articles/materials-used-in-popular-plant-enhancers/

Amino acids can be found naturally in foods like meats, dairy, and legumes, or they can be taken as supplements. Amino acid ... What is glutamine?Glutamine, also known as l-glutamine, is an amino acid found in the muscles and transferred by the blood into ... Proven Benefits Of Amino Acids , Prolab Nutrition Posted by Prolab Nutrition on 1st Jun 2022 ... Amino acids are the building blocks of protein, which helps to repair and build muscle tissue. ...

https://prolab.com/blog/tag/Amino+Acid

https://proteinfactory.com/?attachment_id=77882

Homoallylic α-amino esters and amines were prepared via a Pd(II)-catalyzed coupling of 1,2-nonadiene and boronic acids with ... An efficient method for the asymmetric synthesis of anti-β-hydroxy-α-amino acid derivatives is based on highly enantio- and ... In particular, use of the N,O-acetal having a bis(trimethylsilyl)amino group directly produced N-unprotected aspartic acid ... Chelated amino acid ester enolates are excellent nucleophiles for allylic alkylations. With these enolates, even terminal π- ...

https://www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/C1C/nitrogen/alpha-amino-acids2.shtm

amino)-3-hydroxy-3-. methylbutanoic acid (2R)-2-{[(9H-FLUORE. N-9-YLMETHOXY)CARBO. NYL]AMINO}-3-HYDROX. Y-3-METHYLBUTANOIC ACID ... Fmoc-(R)-2-amino-3-. hydroxy-3-methylbut. anoic acid N-[(9H-Fluoren-9-yl. methoxy)carbonyl]-3. -hydroxy-D-valin [German] [ACD/ ... Fmoc-(R)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-3-m. ethylbutanoic acid *Molecular FormulaC20H21NO5 ... BONYL}AMINO)-3-HYDR. OXY-3-METHYLBUTANOI. C ACID (2R)-2-(9H-fluoren-. 9-ylmethoxycarbonyl. ...

http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.29312289.html?rid=18503ed4-64f9-4593-aae4-b0a871c07595&page_num=0

Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the ... as well as many other amino acid and organic acid metabolism disorders Overview of Amino Acid and Organic Acid Metabolism ... There are numerous disorders of branched-chain amino acid metabolism (see the table Branched-Chain Amino Acid* Metabolism ... Long-term propionic acidemia treatment is dietary restriction of precursor amino acids and odd-chain fatty acids and possibly ...

https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/pediatrics/inherited-disorders-of-metabolism/branched-chain-amino-acid-metabolism-disorders

When people talk about amino acid supplements, though, they're usually talking about three specific essential amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. (bodybuilding.com)
Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) - includes three amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine. (marilynglenville.com)
Diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease is by finding elevated plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids (particularly leucine) and confirmed by genetic testing. (merckmanuals.com)
L-Leucine Amino Acid, 3.53 oz. (vitadigest.com)
A branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) is a complex of three essential amino acids leucine (n/d), isoleucine (n/d) and valine (n/d). (fitaudit.com)
BCAA's include the essential amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. (firstendurance.ca)
Branched-chain amino acids like leucine, isoleucine, and valine are critical for muscle protein synthesis, repairing muscles, producing growth hormones, and stimulating wound healing. (nutrabay.com)
Amino acids like threonine, lysine, and leucine form the major component of connective tissues like collagen, elastin, and skin. (nutrabay.com)
Amino acids like valine, leucine, lysine, and isoleucine are essential for energy regulation and production. (nutrabay.com)

Example of essential amino acid is histidine, valine, etc. (tutorialspoint.com)

Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins . (medlineplus.gov)
Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life. (medlineplus.gov)
When proteins are digested or broken down, amino acids are the result. (medlineplus.gov)
Amino acids, peptides, and proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
Characterization of the thermal stabilities of these proteins leads to a thermodynamic scale for β-sheet propensities that spans a range of ∼ 2 kcal mol −1 for the naturally occurring amino acids, excluding proline. (nature.com)
Enzymes and structural proteins are made of amino acids, and are used as precursors for other important biomolecules in the body. (news-medical.net)
Building muscle involves ingesting protein and amino acids that build up the proteins. (news-medical.net)
In addition to the transport of L-glutamate, a number of other naturally occurring excitatory amino acids, including L-aspartate, L-cysteine sulfinate and L-cysteate, are known substrates of these transporter proteins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Amino acids are the basic constituent of proteins. (tutorialspoint.com)
And proteins are formed when amino acids combine. (tutorialspoint.com)
The functions of the compound amino acids are many they are a synthesis of porphyrin, synthesis of proteins, synthesis of plant hormones, synthesis of vitamins, etc. (tutorialspoint.com)
But in order to properly synthesize those proteins and benefit plant growth, your plant also needs amino acids. (advancednutrients.com)
van Vught AJ, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Brummer RJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Effects of oral ingestion of amino acids and proteins on the somatotropic axis. (prosource.net)
At the end of the incubation, proteins were removed from muscle homogenates and medium with trichloroacetic acid. (harvard.edu)
Scorpion venoms are a complex mixture of inorganic salts, free amino acids, heterocyclic components, peptides and proteins. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Proteins are made up of both essential and non-essential amino acids that can be used by the body for a plethora of benefits. (firstendurance.ca)
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are crucial for the smooth functioning of multiple processes in the body. (nutrabay.com)
While many think in terms of meat, eggs and milk when seeking proteins sources, here's a brief, incomplete listing of a few plant-based TurboCharged foods that contain all 9 essential amino acids. (silverdisobedience.rocks)
Silk amino acids or SAA are comprised of primarly of 5 short chain proteins in the below proportions. (helpyougetgains.com)
At the ribosome, the processed mRNA is translated to produce proteins from amino acid units. (cdc.gov)

Tryptophan is one of the essential amino acids and the biosynthetic precursor of many alkaloids. (eurekalert.org)
These amino acids include phenylalanine, tyrosine , and tryptophan . (differencebetween.com)
Our body needs the amino acid tryptophan to synthesize this neurotransmitter. (nutrabay.com)

β-alanine is naturally occurring β-amino acid (amino group is at the β position not in the α position) 7. (jacquidankworth.com)
Typically, aliphatic amino acids can be found within protein molecules, with two exceptions alanine and glycine, found either inside or outside of a protein molecule. (differencebetween.com)
A concentrated solution of amino acids including betaine, glutamic acid, alanine, glycine, serine, arginine, proline, lysine HCI and threonine, come together in this system designed to deliver beneficials without barrier ingredients getting in the way of performance. (pacificabeauty.com)

Phenylalanine and aspartic acid are combined to produce the dipeptide aspartame. (news-medical.net)
While there were no significant differences between glutamic and aspartic acid residues, serine-containing peptides were 4-fold better substrates than threonine. (nih.gov)

22) Consider all possible tripeptides made of the amino acids tyrosine, histidine and proline. (jacquidankworth.com)
Sometimes, histidine amino acid is incorrectly grouped in aromatic amino acid groups. (differencebetween.com)
Amino acids like histidine and phenylalanine are required to synthesize neurotransmitters like dopamine, histamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. (nutrabay.com)

Arginine - when you are under chronic stress your body can't make enough of this amino acid for what it needs. (marilynglenville.com)
Glutamine - this amino acid, like arginine, becomes essential when the body is under chronic stress. (marilynglenville.com)
One amino acid that has received a lot of attention is arginine. (prosource.net)
Creatine can be synthesized in the body from the three common amino acids glycine (n/d), arginine (n/d) and methionine (n/d). (fitaudit.com)
Results Yeast populations grown in the presence of rapamycin reached higher cell densities complemented by an increase in their chronological lifespan, and these physiological adaptations were associated with a rewiring of the amino acid metabolism, particularly that of arginine. (cam.ac.uk)

P.292 right column bottom paragraph: 'Incubation of the diaphragm in the presence of insulin and glucose was found to inhibit the release of amino acids, including tyrosine, from the muscle (Table I).' P.295 right column bottom paragraph: 'The present experiments used diaphragms from young (50 to 80 g) rats, because the muscles are thin and permit rapid diffusion of nutrients. (harvard.edu)

These are known as the "branched-chain amino acids," or BCAAs. (bodybuilding.com)
Numerous research studies have shown these three key amino acids are extremely important to consume, especially during dieting and exercising (and according to one study, BCAAs are even more important when exercising in the heat). (firstendurance.ca)
Contains Branched Chain Amino Acids or BCAAs which are three of the essential amino acids your body requires to operate. (haysnaturals.com)
With a total of 10g of BCAAs per serve, ABC is a critical tool to boost protein synthesis, reduce lactic acid, and increase muscular endurance to power you through even the toughest workout. (spartansuppz.com)

Amino acids can be produced by chemical synthesis, enzymatic catalysis, extraction from natural sources, or fermentation. (news-medical.net)
Chemical synthesis is often used in industry for the mass production of specific amino acids. (news-medical.net)
If you find a plant enhancer that comes packed with amino acids, that means it is designed to maximize protein synthesis and help your plants make the most efficient use out of your nutrient solution. (advancednutrients.com)
A general Pd-catalyzed, enantioselective three-component synthesis using readily available sulfonamides, glyoxylic acid derivatives, and boronic acids provides a broad range of α-arylglycines in high yields and excellent levels of enantioselectivity. (organic-chemistry.org)
Continuing the work on the synthesis of biochemical compounds under possible primitive Earth conditions 2 , we now have investigated the direct formation of amino-acids from hydrogen cyanide. (harvard.edu)
There is evidence that supports glutamine supplementation for recovery, glycogen storage, synthesis of other amino acids and reduction of the catabolic effects of over-training. (firstendurance.ca)
BuildUp Amino Acid Complex represents a breakthrough in the use of amino acids for muscle protein synthesis. (haysnaturals.com)
This proposal seeks to develop new opportunities in this area of novel amino acid synthesis, either through improving methodology for the production of existing amino acids by application of biosynthesis or through the development of novel products using a biosynthetic approach. (ukri.org)
This review focuses on recent (last five years) applications of native and engineered C−N lyases, either as stand-alone biocatalysts or as part of multienzymatic and chemoenzymatic cascades, in enantioselective synthesis of noncanonical amino acids and dinitrogen-fused heterocycles, which are useful tools for neurobiological research and important synthetic precursors to pharmaceuticals and food additives. (rug.nl)

Lysine, methionine, and glutamic acid are widely used in animal feeds. (news-medical.net)
Sometimes, methionine is also considered an aliphatic amino acid, but it contains a sulfur atom in the side chain that makes it fairly non-reactive, like true aliphatic amino acids. (differencebetween.com)

Some products are often supplemented with certain amino acids to increase their nutritional value. (news-medical.net)
Many plant based products are deficient in certain amino acids which can be introduced to provide the consumer with extra nutrients to improve health. (news-medical.net)
Scientific research has shown that certain amino acids can help to lose fat around the middle. (marilynglenville.com)
Protein, and more specifically certain amino acids, seem to augment GH levels. (prosource.net)

One such method for separating and identifying individual amino acids is paper chromatography. (sargentwelch.com)
b) The requirement for dietary protein is for individual amino acids, not simply the total amount of protein in the diet. (jacquidankworth.com)
Results will be reported as "Free Amino Acids as Hydrates" to signify that the reported values for the individual amino acids in this screen include the molecular weight of one water molecule. (medallionlabs.com)

Who Should Take Amino Acid Supplements? (bodybuilding.com)
Amino acid supplements are a common sight in gyms-particularly in weight rooms. (bodybuilding.com)
What are Amino Acid Supplements? (bodybuilding.com)
Many amino acids are used in food supplements to help with certain conditions and disorders. (news-medical.net)
Buy Liquid Aminos 50 Softgels & other Amino Acids supplements. (puritan.com)
Amino acids can be found naturally in foods like meats, dairy, and legumes, or they can be taken as supplements. (prolab.com)
At Evergreen Healthfoods, we stock a range of supplements which contain the amino acid cysteine. (evergreen.ie)
Take a look at our extensive range of amino acids supplements to find more information on the functions and benefits on this amino acid and many more. (evergreen.ie)
Find a huge selection of the best selling amino acid complex supplements. (bestpricenutrition.com)
This is why many people opt for amino acids supplements for weight loss. (curedisease.com)
Bodybuilders and athletes take amino acid supplements to recover faster, prepare for the next training session and increase their workout intensity. (nutrabay.com)

Several amino acids or their derivatives are used as flavour enhancers in foods. (news-medical.net)
The combination of dirhodium(II)/Xantphos catalyzes a three-component reaction of readily accessible amines, diazo compounds, and allylic compounds to afford various architecturally complex and functionally diverse α-quaternary α-amino acid derivatives in good yields with high atom and step economy. (organic-chemistry.org)
The present study indicated variations in the number and types of amino acids, fatty acids derivatives and neurotoxin in the four scorpion species. (tubitak.gov.tr)
In conclusion, concentrations of amino and fatty acids derivatives and neurotoxic compounds showed differences among the four scorpion species. (tubitak.gov.tr)

a) aliphatic amino acids b) all amino acids c) Non-polar amino acids d) aromatic amino acids Online Practice test on. (jacquidankworth.com)
The key difference between aliphatic and aromatic amino acids is that aliphatic amino acids have no cyclic structures with alternating double-bond characteristics, whereas aromatic amino acids have cyclic structures with alternating double-bond characteristics. (differencebetween.com)
Aliphatic amino acids are amino acids consisting of aliphatic side chains functional groups. (differencebetween.com)
In aliphatic amino acids, when the number of carbon atoms on the side chain increases, hydrophobicity increases. (differencebetween.com)

The effects of CGP 37849 [DL-(E)-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoate] and its ethylester CGP 39551 on whole-cell currents evoked by the endogenous excitatory amino acids, L-glutamate and L-aspartate, were studied in cultured mouse spinal cord neurones. (unboundmedicine.com)

During long-duration aerobic exercise-a 4- or 5-hour cycle for example-amino supplementation is a way to reduce fatigue. (bodybuilding.com)
The effectiveness of amino acid supplementation is often hotly debated, particularly when compared to whey protein or whole food sources. (bodybuilding.com)

By kinetic analyses of the phosphorylation reactions, beta-ARK exhibited a marked preference for negatively charged amino acids localized to the NH2-terminal side of a serine or threonine residue. (nih.gov)

The amino acid that would not be synthesized or produced by our body but is needed for the proper functioning of the human body is an essential amino acid. (tutorialspoint.com)
Because cysteine can be synthesised in the liver, it is generally considered a non-essential amino acid. (evergreen.ie)
However, a varied diet is necessary to ensure the body is receiving enough cysteine, meaning it is sometimes considered a semi-essential amino acid. (evergreen.ie)
Virtually every cell in the body uses this non-essential amino acid. (firstendurance.ca)
Because the body has the ability to produce glutamine it has long been considered a non-essential amino acid, which simply means the body has a mechanism to produce this powerful amino acid. (firstendurance.ca)
As a result, glutamine has recently been classified as a conditional non-essential amino acid. (firstendurance.ca)
Findings - All seven ILVs contained a large amount of protein (15.5-22.8 percent), which compared favorably to the essential amino acid pattern of a WHO standard. (cdc.gov)

Unlike beta-ARK, RK preferred acid residues localized to the carboxyl-terminal side of the serine. (nih.gov)

they are aliphatic and aromatic amino acids, depending on the chemical structure of these chemical compounds. (differencebetween.com)
Aromatic amino acids refer to the attachment of a highly stable aromatic ring that does not easily react with other compounds or chemical elements. (differencebetween.com)
Aliphatic and aromatic amino acids are biochemical compounds having the basic amino acid functional groups with some important side chains. (differencebetween.com)

Amino acids have important applications in the human body since they help in food digestion, repairing tissues, proper functioning of enzymes, promoting muscle growth, transportation of molecules, etc. (tutorialspoint.com)
Proteases are enzymes which potentially hydrolyze anything that contains peptide bond, from a dipeptide up to a large protein, containing thousands of amino acids and, thus, it comprises a group of hydrolases that are the most relevant in technological terms. (hindawi.com)
In particular this programme of research will look at newly cloned transaminase enzymes, to identify those which will improve efficiencies and reaction times for the production of amino acids already on the market, as well as novel amino acids for which there is an emerging market. (ukri.org)

What is the amino acid sequence Trypsin-ultra? (neb.com)
Use of Predicted Amino Acid Sequence of Envelope-Nonstructural Protein 1 Region to Study Molecular Evolution of Epidemic-Causing Dengue-2 Strains. (who.int)
U22521) and translated into the deduced amino acid sequence. (cdc.gov)

Cysteine is a proteinogenic amino acid, meaning it contributes to building protein. (evergreen.ie)
Peptide Mass Fingerprinting and N-Terminal Amino Acid Sequencing of Glycosylated Cysteine Protease of Euphorbia nivulia Buch. (hindawi.com)
This paper describes the biochemical characterization, of this cysteine like protease with respect to peptide fingerprinting and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. (hindawi.com)

When you choose a supplement that provides the benefits of amino acids for weight loss, you will always like to choose a specific brand that gives you the confidence and security of getting positive results. (curedisease.com)

Fermentation is currently only used for lysine and glutamic acid as certain mutant bacteria strains are needed which are difficult to produce. (news-medical.net)

GABA is a natural calming and anti-epileptic agent in the brain that is manufactured from the amino acid glutamine and glucose. (uofmhealth.org)
What is glutamine?Glutamine, also known as l-glutamine, is an amino acid found in the muscles and transferred by the blood into different organ systems. (prolab.com)
Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body, accounting for greater than 60% of the total intramuscular free amino acid pool. (firstendurance.ca)

The carbon has an amino group, carboxylic group, hydrogen and variable R group. (jacquidankworth.com)
The basic functional groups in a simple amino acid are the amine group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and a side chain attached to a central carbon atom. (differencebetween.com)

SEVERAL model systems have been used to evaluate the α-helical propensities of different amino acids 1-7 . (nature.com)

A chiral catalyst based on nickel, an earth-abundant metal, can achieve the enantioconvergent coupling of readily available racemic alkyl electrophiles with a wide variety of alkylzinc reagents to afford protected unnatural α-amino acids in good yield and ee. (organic-chemistry.org)
Unnatural and unusual amino acids are being increasingly incorporated into pharmaceuticals as building blocks because of their resistance to normal metabolic degradation. (ukri.org)
Besides the natural occurring L-amino acids, we offer a selection of unnatural D-amino acids and DL-amino acids. (carlroth.com)

The organic compounds that contain both the carboxyl and amino groups are Amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)
Amino acids are crystalline colourless organic compounds. (tutorialspoint.com)
Amino acids supply the blood indispensable compounds. (supplementwarehouse.com)
These compounds are nonpolar and hydrophobic amino acids. (differencebetween.com)
Since aliphatic amino acid molecules have an equal charge distribution across the molecule, these compounds do not react strongly in the presence of other molecules because there is no distinct positive or negative charge. (differencebetween.com)
B. leptochelys which has 6 amino acids, 19 fatty acids and 5 neurotoxic compounds were recorded. (tubitak.gov.tr)

Overview of Amino Acid and Organic Acid Metabolism Disorders The kidneys actively reabsorb significant amounts of amino acids. (merckmanuals.com)
Read Online Amino Acid Metabolism Mcqs And Answers Multiple Choice Questions- Amino acid and protein chemistry 1-A mutation has changed an isoleucine residue of a protein to Glutamic acid, which statement best describes its location in a endobj Biology MCQs for Class 12 Chapter Wise with Answers PDF Download was Prepared Based on Latest Exam Pattern. (jacquidankworth.com)
The simplest way that amino acids can boost your natural rate of reducing weight is by enhancing the metabolism rate of your body. (curedisease.com)

It is concluded that specific pumps for transport of glucose, amino acids, and bicarbonate exist on the luminal surface. (jci.org)
It's also needed to make other amino acids and glucose. (prolab.com)
Effects of insulin, glucose, and amino acids on protein turnover in rat diaphragm. (harvard.edu)
Net change is the difference between the amino acid content of the muscle and medium of tissues treated with insulin and glucose and the control tissues. (harvard.edu)

Nonessential means that our bodies can produce the amino acid, even if we do not get it from the food we eat. (medlineplus.gov)
You do not need to eat essential and nonessential amino acids at every meal, but getting a balance of them over the whole day is important. (medlineplus.gov)
Apart from the nine essential amino acids all the other amino acids are synthesized in the cells present in our body itself and are given the name nonessential amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)
These 20 amino acids that are essential and nonessential differ from each other in the side chain of the R or hydrocarbon group. (tutorialspoint.com)
The structure of essential and nonessential amino acids is shown below. (tutorialspoint.com)
List the essential and nonessential amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)
Examples of Essential and nonessential amino acids are shown below. (tutorialspoint.com)
Amino acids are either essential, which must be supplied by food, or nonessential, which are made in the body. (limamemorial.org)
The chart below shows the essential and nonessential amino acids content of beefalo meat. (fitaudit.com)

To make things easier and more convenient for you I have formulated a very supplement containing the most important amino acids to help you lose your belly. (marilynglenville.com)
I have ensured that this amino acid supplement includes only the highest quality and most essential amino acids scientifically known to be important. (marilynglenville.com)
This supplement is a very special combination of amino acids needed to help you fat around the middle. (marilynglenville.com)
An Amino Acid supplement can fill the gaps in your diet. (puritan.com)
Amino Acid Supplement - Motiv-8 Amino You workout hard, you need a drink that can help you recover from those grueling workouts. (bestpricenutrition.com)
pros-and-cons pros="-The BCAA Branched Chain Essential Amino Acids supplement is available in the form of a powder. (curedisease.com)
cons="-The BCAA Branched Chain Essential Amino Acids supplement has a bitter taste. (curedisease.com)

Amino acids absorb vital minerals like zinc, calcium, and selenium required for strong bone and immune health. (nutrabay.com)
Below is a breakdown of the known Minerals, Amino Acids and other Organic ingredients contained in Mountain Blood shilajit. (natureprovides.com)
Purpose - The main purpose of this paper is to determine the content of amino acids, fatty acids and minerals in seven indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs) in Ghana. (cdc.gov)

Among these 20 amino acids, 11 are made in the body, while the other 9 are consumed from dietary sources. (differencebetween.com)

Removal of the negatively charged amino acids surrounding a cluster of serines in this alpha 2-peptide resulted in a complete loss of phosphorylation by the kinase. (nih.gov)
A family of peptides was synthesized to further study the role of acidic amino acids in peptide substrates of beta-ARK. (nih.gov)

The use of visible light and a silane reductant enables a carbonyl alkylative amination reaction that combines a wide range of primary amines, α-ketoesters, and alkyl iodides to form functionally diverse all-alkyl α-tertiary amino esters. (organic-chemistry.org)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Q-Absorbance Ratio Spectrophotometric Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Prednisolone and 5-Amino Salicylic Acid in Tablet Dosage form. (who.int)
The present work carries an analytical method development of prednisolone and 5- amino salicylic acid in tablet dosage form. (who.int)
The method is based upon Q - absorption ratio method for the simultaneous determination of the prednisolone and 5-amino salicylic acid. (who.int)

Retrieved on December 06, 2022 from https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Amino-Acid-Uses-in-Industry.aspx. (news-medical.net)

I dont crave the actual non-raw food, just whatever nutrient or amino acid it provides. (veganbodybuilding.com)
The ability to synthesise amino acids emerges as the key factor leading to the major mechanistic differences between mammalian and microbial TOR signalling pathways in relation to nutrient recognition. (cam.ac.uk)

Another example is monosodium glutamate (MSG), a derivative of glutamic acid, widely used in Asian dishes to intensify the flavour. (news-medical.net)
Glutamic acid can be modified with the addition of sodium hydroxide to produce monosodium glutamate. (news-medical.net)

Amino acid is a short form of the word alpha-amino carboxylic acid. (tutorialspoint.com)
were prepared based on … Carboxylic group provides an acidic property to the amino acid while amino group gives it … Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. (jacquidankworth.com)

How Do Amino Acids Help Reduce Muscle Fatigue? (amino-vital.com)

Our latest RUO kit, the Luna ® SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR Multiplex Assay Kit , enables high throughput workflows for real-time detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid using hydrolysis probes. (neb.com)
Amino acids in a polypeptide Nucleic acids in a nucleotide Answer- Nucleic acids in a nucleotide Q10) Which one of the following is a non-reducing carbohydrate? (jacquidankworth.com)
Nucleic Acids Res. (crossref.org)
Direct sequencing of the pan-flavavirus PCR amplicons showed Usutu virus nucleic acid sequences in each sample. (cdc.gov)

Here we measure the relative propensity for β-sheet formation of the twenty naturally occurring amino acids in a variant of the small, monomeric, β-sheet-rich, IgG-binding domain from protein G. Amino-acid substitutions were made at a guest site on the solvent-exposed surface of the β-sheet. (nature.com)

Conditionally essential amino acids are usually not essential, except in times of illness and stress. (medlineplus.gov)

The total chromosomal content of a cell involves approximately 105 genes in a specialized macromolecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (cdc.gov)
Furthering an understanding of West African plant foods Mineral, fatty acid and protein content of seven cultivated indigenous leafy vegetables of Ghana. (cdc.gov)

ABSTRACT The national neonatal screening programme in the United Arab Emirates currently includes 16 disorders: congenital hypothyroidism, sickle-cell diseases, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, biotinidase deficiency and 12 amino acid, organic acid and fatty acid disorders. (who.int)
The incidence of screened disorders were 1:1 873 for congenital hypothyroidism, 1:14 544 for phenylketonuria, 1:3 526 for amino acid, organic acid and fatty acid disorders, 1:9 030 for classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 1:8 300 for biotinidase deficiency, 1:2 384 for sickle-cell disease and 1:121 for sickle-cell traits. (who.int)

They are produced by various metabolic processes happening in the body and also from other amino acids. (tutorialspoint.com)

The use of catalytic loadings of picolinaldehyde and Ni(II) salts in catalytic α-allylation of unprotected amino acid esters induces preferential reactivity at the enolizable α-carbon over the free nitrogen with electrophilic palladium π-allyl complexes to produce α-quaternary α-allyl amino acid esters. (organic-chemistry.org)

So there are two functional groups present in this molecule they are amino (-NH 2 ) and carboxyl groups (-COOH). (tutorialspoint.com)
And also they can participate in chemical reactions which involve the use of the functional groups' carboxyl and an amino group. (tutorialspoint.com)

It is also true that you cannot fulfil the regular needs of your body for amino acids through your daily diet. (curedisease.com)

How Do Amino Acids Help With Muscle Growth? (amino-vital.com)

Amino acids are often referred to as the "building blocks of protein. (bodybuilding.com)
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein, which helps to repair and build muscle tissue. (prolab.com)
Amino Acids are key in muscle recovery, they are the building blocks of protein molecules which are what make up our muscles. (spartansuppz.com)

The Usutu virus positive blackbird sample, which exhibited numerous nucleotide and amino acid changes compared with the other sequences, had been found outside of the Usutu virus endemic area. (cdc.gov)

Thus, the potent NMDA antagonists CGP 37849 and CGP 39551 were shown to inhibit excitatory amino acid responses specifically by competitive binding to the neurotransmitter recognition site of the NMDA receptor. (unboundmedicine.com)

Anatomy13

Organisms14

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Phenomena and Processes80

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care2

Twelfth rib resection as an approach for portal vein cannulation in sheep. (1/23787)

The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. The tryptic peptides. (2/23787)

The isolation and partial characterization of the serum lipoproteins and apolipoproteins of the rainbow trout. (3/23787)

Studies of the binding of different iron donors to human serum transferrin and isolation of iron-binding fragments from the N- and C-terminal regions of the protein. (4/23787)

Salivary mucin MG1 is comprised almost entirely of different glycosylated forms of the MUC5B gene product. (5/23787)

Association of polymorphism at the type I collagen (COL1A1) locus with reduced bone mineral density, increased fracture risk, and increased collagen turnover. (6/23787)

Basic homopolyamino acids, histones and protamines are potent antagonists of angiogenin binding to ribonuclease inhibitor. (7/23787)

The DNA binding activity of Translin is mediated by a basic region in the ring-shaped structure conserved in evolution. (8/23787)

Amino Acids

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Amino Acid Sequence

Amino Acid Substitution

Cloning, Molecular

Amino Acids, Essential

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Sequence Alignment

Amino Acid Motifs

Base Sequence

Escherichia coli

Mutation

Binding Sites

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

DNA, Complementary

Amino Acids, Aromatic

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Peptide Fragments

Amino Acids, Sulfur

Kinetics

Recombinant Proteins

Leucine

Protein Conformation

Models, Molecular

Structure-Activity Relationship

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Substrate Specificity

DNA

Molecular Weight

Peptides

Protein Binding

Bacterial Proteins

Restriction Mapping

Cell Line

Phylogeny

Alanine

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Genes, Bacterial

Proteins

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

RNA, Messenger

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Protein Structure, Secondary

Plasmids

Conserved Sequence

Isoleucine

Amino Acids, Basic

Lysine

Species Specificity

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

DNA Primers

Carrier Proteins

Codon

Cyanogen Bromide

Trypsin

Glycine

Cattle

Biological Transport

Amino Acids, Diamino

Glutamine

Open Reading Frames

Genes

Valine

Protein Biosynthesis

Excitatory Amino Acids

Methionine

Arginine

Aspartic Acid

Gene Library

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Sequence Deletion

Sequence Analysis

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Nitrogen

Proline

Phenylalanine

Point Mutation