Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Amino Acids, Essential: Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.Amino Acid Transport Systems: Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Amino Acids, Aromatic: Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid: The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Amino Acids, Branched-Chain: Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Amino Acids, SulfurKinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Restriction Mapping: Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic: Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).Protein Structure, Secondary: The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.Amino Acids, Basic: Amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH.Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Amino Acids, DiaminoGlutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.Open Reading Frames: A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).Genes: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.Protein Biosynthesis: The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.Excitatory Amino Acids: Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.Gene Library: A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Sequence Deletion: Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.Mutagenesis: Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.Amino Acid Transport System A: A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.Amino Acids, Neutral: Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Blotting, Northern: Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Macromolecular Substances: Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.Sequence Analysis, Protein: A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.Receptors, Amino Acid: Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.Chromatography, Gel: Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Protein PrecursorsCOS Cells: CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.Protein Sorting Signals: Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.Amino Acids, Cyclic: A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.Endopeptidases: A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.Chromatography, Ion Exchange: Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid: A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Protein Processing, Post-Translational: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.Aminoisobutyric Acids: A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.Chickens: Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.Genetic Complementation Test: A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Catalysis: The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.Peptide Mapping: Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases: A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.Fungal Proteins: Proteins found in any species of fungus.DNA Mutational Analysis: Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Blotting, Southern: A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Escherichia coli Proteins: Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Carbon Isotopes: Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.Chromosome Mapping: Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.Circular Dichroism: A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1: A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.Enzyme Stability: The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Oligopeptides: Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.Genes, Fungal: The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Oligonucleotide Probes: Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.Amino Acids, Acidic: Amino acids with side chains that are negatively charged at physiological pH.Serine Endopeptidases: Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.Exons: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.Oligodeoxyribonucleotides: A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.Genetic Code: The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.Stereoisomerism: The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Mutation, Missense: A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Cercopithecus aethiops: A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.Chemistry: A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Protein Folding: Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.Isoenzymes: Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.Genes, Viral: The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.Chemical Phenomena: The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins: Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.Crystallography, X-Ray: The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.RNA: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.Catalytic Domain: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.DNA Restriction Enzymes: Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.Chromatography, Affinity: A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)CHO Cells: CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.Xenopus laevis: The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Transaminases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1: A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter found ubiquitously. It has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE. It may also act as an ecotropic leukemia retroviral receptor.Amino Acid Isomerases: Enzymes that catalyze either the racemization or epimerization of chiral centers within amino acids or derivatives. EC 5.1.1.Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.Protein Engineering: Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.Nucleic Acid Hybridization: Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)Membrane Transport Proteins: Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.Dipeptides: Peptides composed of two amino acid units.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Carboxypeptidases: Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue.Glucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Biological Transport, Active: The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.Solubility: The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Biological Evolution: The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.
Twelfth rib resection as an approach for portal vein cannulation in sheep. (1/23787)
A surgical technique involving resection of the twelfth rib was used to insert silastic cannulas into the portal veins of three sheep to study amino acid metabolism. Good exposure to the vein was achieved by this method although it required positive ventilation due to the penetration of the thoracic cavity. All cannulas were buried subcutaneously and exteriorized near the dorsal midline. This facilitated continuous infusion into the portal cannula without disturbing cannula placement. (+info)The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. The tryptic peptides. (2/23787)
The NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa was digested with trypsin, and peptides accounting for 441 out of the 452 residues of the polypeptide chain were isolated and substantially sequenced. Additional experimental detail has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50052 (11 pages) with the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained under the terms given in Biochem J. (1975) 145, 5. (+info)The isolation and partial characterization of the serum lipoproteins and apolipoproteins of the rainbow trout. (3/23787)
1. VLD (very-low-density), LD (low-density) and HD (high-density) lipoproteins were isolated from the serum of trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). 2. Each lipoprotein class resembled that of the human in immunological reactivity, electrophoretic behaviour and appearance in the electron microscope. Trout LD lipoprotein, however, was of greater density than human LD lipoprotein. 3. The trout lipoproteins have lipid compositions which are similar to those of the corresponding human components, except for their high contents of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. 4. HD and LD lipoproteins were immunologically non-identical, whereas LD lipoproteins possessed antigenic determinants in common with VLD lipoproteins. 5. VLD and HD lipoproteins each contained at least seven different apoproteins, whereas LD liprotein was composed largely of a single apoprotein which resembled human apolipoprotein B. 6. At least one, and possibly three, apoprotein of trout HD lipoprotein showed features which resemble human apoprotein A-1.7. The broad similarity between the trout and human lipoprotein systems suggests that both arose from common ancestral genes early in evolutionary history. (+info)Studies of the binding of different iron donors to human serum transferrin and isolation of iron-binding fragments from the N- and C-terminal regions of the protein. (4/23787)
1. Trypsin digestion of human serum transferrin partially saturated with iron(III)-nitrilotriacetate at pH 5.5 or pH 8.5 produces a carbohydrate-containing iron-binding fragment of mol.wt. 43000. 2. When iron(III) citrate, FeCl3, iron (III) ascorabate and (NH4)2SO4,FeSO4 are used as iron donors to saturate the protein partially, at pH8.5, proteolytic digestion yields a fragment of mol.wt. 36000 that lacks carbohydrate. 3. The two fragments differ in their antigenic structures, amino acid compositions and peptide 'maps'. 4. The fragment with mol.wt. 36000 was assigned to the N-terminal region of the protein and the other to the C-terminal region. 5. The distribution of iron in human serum transferrin partially saturated with various iron donors was examined by electrophoresis in urea/polyacrylamide gels and the two possible monoferric forms were unequivocally identified. 6. The site designated A on human serum transferrin [Harris (1977) Biochemistry 16, 560--564] was assigned to the C-terminal region of the protein and the B site to the N-terminal region. 7. The distribution of iron on transferrin in human plasma was determined. (+info)Salivary mucin MG1 is comprised almost entirely of different glycosylated forms of the MUC5B gene product. (5/23787)
The MG1 population of mucins was isolated from human whole salivas by gel chromatography followed by isopycnic density gradient centrifugation. The reduced and alkylated MG1 mucins, separated by anion exchange chromatography, were of similar size (radius of gyration 55-64 nm) and molecular weight (2.5-2.9 x 10(6) Da). Two differently-charged populations of MG1 subunits were observed which showed different reactivity with monoclonal antibodies to glycan epitopes. Monosaccharide and amino acid compositional analyses indicated that the MG1 subunits had similar glycan structures on the same polypeptide. An antiserum recognizing the MUC5B mucin was reactive across the entire distribution, whereas antisera raised against the MUC2 and MUC5AC mucins showed no reactivity. Western blots of agarose gel electrophoresis of fractions across the anion exchange distribution indicated that the polypeptide underlying the mucins was the product of the MUC5B gene. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping performed on the fragments produced by trypsin digestion of the two MG1 populations yielded data similar to that obtained for MUC5B mucin subunits prepared from respiratory mucus (Thornton et al., 1997) and confirmed that the MUC5B gene product was the predominant mucin polypeptide present. Isolation of the MG1 mucins from the secretions of the individual salivary glands (palatal, sublingual, and submandibular) indicate that the palatal gland is the source of the highly charged population of the MUC5B mucin. (+info)Association of polymorphism at the type I collagen (COL1A1) locus with reduced bone mineral density, increased fracture risk, and increased collagen turnover. (6/23787)
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between a common polymorphism within intron 1 of the COL1A1 gene and osteoporosis in a nested case-control study. METHODS: We studied 185 healthy women (mean +/- SD age 54.3+/-4.6 years). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry, and fractures were determined radiographically. The COL1A1 genotype was assessed using the polymerase chain reaction and Bal I endonuclease digestion. RESULTS: Genotype frequencies were similar to those previously observed and in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: SS 61.1%, Ss 36.2%, and ss 2.7%. Carriage of at least one copy of the "s" allele was associated with a significant reduction in lumbar spine BMD (P = 0.02) and an increased risk of total fracture (P = 0.04). Urinary pyridinoline levels were significantly elevated in those with the risk allele (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These data support the findings that the COL1A1 gene polymorphism is associated with low BMD and fracture risk, and suggest a possible physiologic effect on total body turnover of type I collagen. (+info)Basic homopolyamino acids, histones and protamines are potent antagonists of angiogenin binding to ribonuclease inhibitor. (7/23787)
A radio-ribonuclease inhibitor assay based on the interaction of 125I-angiogenin with ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) was used to detect pancreatic-type ribonucleases and potential modulators of their action. We show that highly basic proteins including the homopolypeptides poly-arginine, poly-lysine and poly-ornithine, core histones, spermatid-specific S1 protein and the protamines HP3 and Z3 were strong inhibitors of angiogenin binding to RI. A minimum size of poly-arginine and poly-lysine was required for efficient inhibition. The inhibition likely resulted from direct association of the basic proteins with the acidic inhibitor, as RI bound to poly-lysine and protamines while 125I-angiogenin did not. Antagonists of the angiogenin-RI interaction are potential regulators of either angiogenin-triggered angiogenesis and/or intracellular RI function, depending on their preferential target. (+info)The DNA binding activity of Translin is mediated by a basic region in the ring-shaped structure conserved in evolution. (8/23787)
DNA binding proteins, for the most part, function as dimers or tetramers which recognize their target sequences. Here we show that Translin, a novel single-stranded DNA end binding protein, forms a ring-shaped structure conserved throughout evolution and that this structure is responsible for its DNA binding activity. Point mutations at Leu184 and Leu191 in the leucine zipper motif of human Translin resulted in loss of the multimeric structure and abrogation of DNA binding. Point mutations at R86, H88, H90 to T86, N88, N90 in one of the basic regions, however, completely inhibited the DNA binding activity without affecting the multimeric structure. These results support the view that the DNA binding domain of Translin is formed in the ring-shaped structure in combination with its basic region (amino acids 86-97) polypeptides. (+info)Amino acids[edit]. BMAA[edit]. The non-proteinogenic amino acid beta-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is ubiquitously produced by ... Amino Acid BMAA Nervous System All Most cyanotoxins have a number of variants (analogues). As of 1999, altogether over 84 ... A peptide is a short polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They have the same chemical structure as proteins, except ... a neurotoxic amino acid". PNAS. 102 (14): 5074-5078. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.5074C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501526102. PMC 555964. PMID ...
FA, N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, vitamin B9,[ ... Folic acid is essential for the body to make DNA, RNA, and metabolise amino acids, which are required for cell division. Not ... 2S)-2-[[4-[(2-Amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid[5] ... Folinic acid is not the same as folic acid. Folic acid supplements have little established role in cancer chemotherapy.[46][47] ...
Amino acid metabolism[edit]. *PLP is a cofactor in the biosynthesis of five important neurotransmitters: serotonin, dopamine, ... Its active form, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, serves as a coenzyme in some 100 enzyme reactions in amino acid, glucose, and lipid ... Transaminases break down amino acids with PLP as a cofactor. The proper activity of these enzymes is crucial for the process of ... An estimated 40-60% of ingested vitamin B6 is oxidized to 4-pyridoxic acid. Several studies have shown that 4-pyridoxic acid is ...
"Analysis of the genomic organization of the human cationic amino acid transporters CAT-1, CAT-2 and CAT-4". Amino Acids. 21 (2 ... Cationic amino acid transporter 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A2 gene.[5][6] ... cellular amino acid metabolic process. • nitric oxide production involved in inflammatory response. • L-arginine transport. • ... amino acid transport. • regulation of macrophage activation. • transmembrane transport. • L-lysine transmembrane transport. ...
FA, N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, vitamin B9,[ ... 2S)-2-[[4-[(2-Amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid[5] ... Folic acid is essential for the body to make DNA, RNA, and metabolise amino acids, which are required for cell division.[10] As ... "Folic_Acid_msds".. *^ a b c d e f g h i "Folate". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State ...
... s can bind to a messenger RNA chain and use its sequence for determining the correct sequence of amino acids. Amino ... It is during this binding that the correct translation of nucleic acid sequence to amino acid sequence occurs. For each coding ... As amino acids gradually appeared in the RNA world under prebiotic conditions,[54][55] their interactions with catalytic RNA ... The attached amino acids are then linked together by another part of the ribosome. Once the protein is produced, it can then ...
Amino acid[edit]. Cortisol raises the free amino acids in the serum by inhibiting collagen formation, decreasing amino acid ... Omega-6, omega-3 essential fatty acid ratio: the scientific evidence. Basel: Karger. p. 50. ISBN 978-3-8055-7640-6.. ... Omega-3 fatty acids have a dose-dependent effect[70] in slightly reducing cortisol release influenced by mental stress,[71] ... Cortisol stimulates gastric-acid secretion.[31] Cortisol's only direct effect on the hydrogen-ion excretion of the kidneys is ...
Proteins and amino acids[edit]. Alpha-carbon (α-carbon) is also a term that applies to proteins and amino acids. It is the ... The α-carbon of an amino acid is significant in protein folding. When describing a protein, which is a chain of amino acids, ... one often approximates the location of each amino acid as the location of its α-carbon. In general, α-carbons of adjacent amino ... That is, the groups hanging off the chain at the α-carbon are what give amino acids their diversity. These groups give the α- ...
Amino acid biosynthesis[edit]. All amino acids are formed from intermediates in the catabolic processes of glycolysis, the ... Amino acid biosynthesis from intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. ... Pyruvate can come from the breakdown of glucose, lactate, amino acids, or glycerol.[10] The gluconeogenesis pathway has many ... From the citric acid cycle, α-ketoglutarate is converted into glutamate and subsequently glutamine, proline, and arginine; and ...
Amino acid synthesis. Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma[158] except the sulfur- ... Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, much amino acid synthesis, and the immune ... Chloroplasts synthesize all the fatty acids in a plant cell[145][147]-linoleic acid, a fatty acid, is a precursor to jasmonate. ... This polypeptide has four amino acids linked together. At the left is the N-terminus, with its amino (H2N) group in green. The ...
Amino acid propensities[edit]. Large aromatic residues (tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan) and β-branched amino acids ( ... A β-strand is a stretch of polypeptide chain typically 3 to 10 amino acids long with backbone in an extended conformation. The ... The side chains from the amino acid residues found in a β-sheet structure may also be arranged such that many of the adjacent ... However, Astbury did not have the necessary data on the bond geometry of the amino acids in order to build accurate models, ...
... s range in size from 12 to 80 amino acid residues and have a wide range of structures.[8] Most cathelicidins are ... Even larger cathelicidin peptides (39-80 amino acid residues) are also present. These larger cathelicidins display repetitive ... although amino acid residues thought to be important in such protease inhibition are usually lacking. ... linear peptides with 23-37 amino acid residues, and fold into amphipathic α-helices. Additionally cathelicidins may also be ...
... beyond the twenty canonical amino acids found in nature, to include an unnatural amino acid as well. The unnatural amino acid ... the tRNA with the amino acid. Once the tRNA is charged, a ribosome can transfer the amino acid from the tRNA onto a growing ... and redox-active amino acids.[14] Another use is introducing amino acids bearing reactive functional groups for chemically ... the cavity that holds the amino acid can be mutated and modified to carry unnatural amino acids synthesized in the lab, and to ...
... derived from the related proteinogenic L-amino acid glutamic acid. Theanine is an analog of this amino acid, and its primary ... is an amino acid analogue of the proteinogenic amino acids L-glutamate and L-glutamine and is found primarily in particular ... Not to be confused with threonine, a distinct amino acid, or theine, an archaic synonym of caffeine. ... Amino acids as oral immunomodulative nutrients". SpringerPlus. 2: 635. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-635. PMC 3851524. PMID 24312747. ...
Amino Acids. 40 (5): 1369-1383. doi:10.1007/s00726-011-0874-6. PMC 3080578 . PMID 21424716. UNeMed 2003 Annual Report, p.4 " ... Creatine gluconate is a form of creatine where the molecule is bound to gluconic acid. In 1912, Harvard University researchers ... annual meeting demonstrated that the addition of the ethyl group to creatine actually reduces acid stability and accelerates ...
Hornykiewicz O (2002). "L-DOPA: from a biologically inactive amino acid to a successful therapeutic agent". Amino Acids. 23 (1- ... The results regarding fat and fatty acids have been contradictory, with various studies reporting protective effects, risk- ...
ANSWER: amino acids. [10] During translation, amino acids are polymerized by these complexes, which are formed in the nucleolus ... A bonus question on amino acids. These biological monomers are usually in a zwitterionic form. For 10 points each:. [10] Name ...
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor ... A 38-amino acid sequence found prior to (i.e., before the N-terminus of) the fourth membranous domain in all four AMPAR ... While the amino acid sequence of the subunit indicated that there seemed to be four transmembrane domains (parts of the protein ... Here, A→I editing alters the uncharged amino acid glutamine (Q) to the positively charged arginine (R) in the receptor's ion ...
"Hydrophobic amino acids". Amino Acid Properties and Consequences of Substitutions, In: Bioinformatics for Geneticists. Wiley. ... and glutamic acid. While glutamic acid is usually sufficient because amino acid nitrogen is recycled through glutamate as an ... Cysteine (symbol Cys or C;[3] /ˈsɪstiiːn/)[4] is a semiessential[5] proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH ... interactions in micelles to a greater degree than the side chain in the nonpolar amino acid glycine and the polar amino acid ...
HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB ... Isovaleryl-coenzyme A, also known as isovaleryl-CoA, is an intermediate in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids.[1][2][ ... fatty acids, and other compounds. Figure 8.57: Metabolism of L-leucine ...
"Hydrophobic amino acids". Amino Acid Properties and Consequences of Substitutions, In: Bioinformatics for Geneticists. Wiley. ... so it must be biosynthesized from its constituent amino acids, cysteine, glycine and glutamic acid. Glutamic acid and glycine ... Cysteine (symbol Cys or C;[3] /ˈsɪstiiːn/)[4] is a semi-essential[5] proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH ... interactions in micelles to a greater degree than the side chain in the non-polar amino acid glycine and the polar amino acid ...
AA: amino acids. • HMB: β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid. • ↑ represents activation. • Τ represents inhibition ... Many amino acids derived from food protein promote the activation of mTORC1 and increase protein synthesis by signaling through ... PA: phosphatidic acid. • mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin. • AMP: adenosine monophosphate. • ATP: adenosine triphosphate. ... in myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in response to physical exercise and specific amino acids ...
The ultimate form of mature cathepsin D is composed of 337 amino acid residues, 196 amino acid residues in the heavy chain and ... The catalytic sites of cathepsin D include two critical aspartic residues (amino acid 33 and 231) located on the 14 kDa and ... cathepsin D accommodates up to 8 amino acid residues in the binding cleft of the active site. The main physiological functions ... "Nucleic Acids Research. 15 (9): 3773-86. doi:10.1093/nar/15.9.3773. PMC 340781 . PMID 3588310.. ...
... is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain. It is the simplest amino acid (since carbamic acid is ... With acid chlorides, one obtains the amidocarboxylic acid, such as hippuric acid[23] and acetylglycine.[24] With nitrous acid, ... Amino acid neurotransmitter. References[edit]. *^ The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (11th ... "Organic Molecule, Amino Acid-Like, Found In Constellation Sagittarius 27 March 2008 - Science Daily". Retrieved 2008-09-16.. ...
HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB ... fatty acids, and other compounds. Figure 8.57: Metabolism of L-leucine ...
PelB (an amino acid signal sequence that targets the protein to the periplasm where a signal peptidase then cleaves off PelB) ... Usually peptides that can be fused to pVIII are 6-8 amino acids long. The size restriction seems to have less to do with ... Moreover, pIII allows for the insertion of larger protein sequences (>100 amino acids) and is more tolerant to it than pVIII. ... Direct Interaction Rescue or by adding an 8-10 amino acid linker between the cDNA and pIII at the C-terminus. pVIII is the main ...
... they are simply converted into other amino acids. However, like other amino acids, BCAAs may interfere with medications for ... Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during repeated prolonged skiing exercises at altitude. Int J Sport Nutr. 1996;6:295- ... Amino acid supplements to improve athletic performance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 1999;2:539-544. ... Branched-chain amino acids enhance the cognitive recovery of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil ...
Heavy Subunits of the Heteromeric Amino Acid Transporter Family research products from R&D Systems. Learn more. ... Heavy Subunits of the Heteromeric Amino Acid Transporter Family research area related information and SLC3: ... Home » Research Areas » SLC3: Heavy Subunits of the Heteromeric Amino Acid Transporter Family ...
Branched-chain amino acids come together and discuss about Branched-chain amino acids. Please use the message board below to ... Amino acids Forum. • Aliphatic Forum. • Leucine Forum. • Isoleucine Forum. • Valine Forum. • Branched chain aminotransferase ... There are no entries in Branched-chain amino acids forum. Become the first person to post messages in this forum by using the ... Congratulations! You have found the Branched-chain amino acids Forum on Forum Jar. This forum is a place where people who are ...
ranched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine and valine) are essential amino acids for humans and animals. It has been ... Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) as nutraceuticals for exercise. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) as nutraceuticals for ... shown that BCAA oxidation is promoted by exercise through activation of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC ...
Unlike nonessential amino acids, essential amino acids cant be made by your body and must be obtained through your diet. ... What Are Essential Amino Acids?. Amino acids are organic compounds composed of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, along ... Conditionally Essential Amino Acids. There are several nonessential amino acids that are classified as conditionally essential. ... The nine essential amino acids perform a number of important and varied jobs in your body:. *Phenylalanine: Phenylalanine is a ...
Two enzymes convert L-amino acids to D-amino acids. D-Amino-acid racemase, a PLP-dependent enzyme, racemizes amino acids via ... D-Amino acids are amino acids where the stereogenic carbon alpha to the amino group has the D-configuration. For most naturally ... L-amino-acid oxidases convert L-amino acids to the alpha-ketoacids, which are susceptible to reductive amination. Some amino ... L- and D-amino acids are usually enantiomers. The exceptions are two amino acids with two stereogenic centers, threonine and ...
Amino acids that must be obtained from the diet are called essential amino acids. Nonessential amino acids are produced in the ... Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the amino acids are produced. The ... Commercial syntheses of amino acids[edit]. The commercial production of amino acids usually relies on mutant bacteria that ... Most amino acids are synthesized from α-ketoacids, and later transaminated from another amino acid, usually glutamate. The ...
Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins in the body. ... test done on infants that looks at the amounts of amino acids ... Plasma amino acids is a screening test done on infants that looks at the amounts of amino acids in the blood. Amino acids are ... Amino acids, peptides, and proteins. In: Rifai N, ed. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 6th ed. ... An increased level of a particular amino acid is a strong sign. This shows that there is a problem with the bodys ability to ...
Strings of amino acids make up proteins, of which there are countless varieties. ... AMINO ACIDS CONCEPT Amino acids are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and (in some cases) sulfur ... Only L-amino acids occur in proteins made by living systems. D-amino acids and amino acids other than α-amino acids occur in ... Amino Acid Biology COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc.. Amino Acid. Amino acids are molecules that have both an amino group (-NH ...
Amino acids are very important in our daily life as energy sources and have several functions in metabolism since amino acids ... All the amino acids contain a chiral carbon atom and they exist in d- and l-forms except one amino acids, i.e., glycine. ... Bhushan R, Bruckner H (2004) Marfeys reagent for chiral amino acid analysis: a review. Amino Acids 27:231-247PubMedCrossRef ... Bruckner H, Westhauser T (2003) Chromatographic determination of l- and d-amino acids in plants. Amino Acids 24:43-55PubMed ...
... the monoamide of glutamic acid, and an abundant constituent of proteins. First isolated from gliadin, a protein present in ... that is unique to each amino acid. The term amino acid. is short for α-amino [alpha-amino] carboxylic acid. . Each molecule… ... amino acid. Amino acid. , any of a group of organic molecules that consist of a basic amino group (―NH2), an acidic carboxyl ... Glutamine, an amino acid, the monoamide of glutamic acid, and an abundant constituent of proteins. First isolated from gliadin ...
When the carboxyl carbon atom of one amino acid covalently binds to the amino nitrogen atom of another amino acid with the ... The 20 amino acids commonly found in animals are alanine , arginine , asparagine , aspartic acid , cysteine , glutamic acid , ... Cellular catabolism breaks amino acids down into smaller fragments. Many of the amino acids necessary in metabolism can be ... and more than 100 less common amino acids also occur in biological systems, particularly in plants. Every amino acid except ...
8-tetracyanoquinodimethane were obtained by the condensation of the acid dichlorides of furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid and... ... The corresponding amino esters and their complexes with 7,7,8, ... The corresponding amino esters and their complexes with 7,7,8,8 ... 5-dicarboxylic acid and tetrahydrothiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid with 8-hydroxy- and 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinolines. Almost ... Ester Organic Chemistry Antimicrobial Activity Dicarboxylic Acid Dichloride Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh ...
Disclosed are β-amino acid monomers containing cylcoalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocylic substituents which encompass the α and ... For unsubstituted β-amino acids and β-amino acids containing one or two acyclic substituents on the carbon adjacent to the ... Podlech and Seebach (1995) On the Preparation of β-Amino Acids from α-Amino Acids Using the Arndt-Eistert Reaction: Scope, ... The amino group of each subsequent amino acid to be added to the N-terminus of the growing peptide chain is protected with Boc ...
D-amino acid (CHEBI:21501) is a N-acetyl-amino acid (CHEBI:21575). N-acetyl-L-amino acid (CHEBI:21545) is a N-acetyl-amino acid ... acetic acid (CHEBI:15366) N-acetyl-amino acid (CHEBI:21575) is a N-acyl-amino acid (CHEBI:51569) N-acetyl-amino acid (CHEBI: ... N2-acetylglutamine (CHEBI:73685) is a N-acetyl-amino acid (CHEBI:21575). grixazone A (CHEBI:73546) is a N-acetyl-amino acid ( ... N-acetylcitrulline (CHEBI:49006) is a N-acetyl-amino acid (CHEBI:21575). N-acetylglycine (CHEBI:40410) is a N-acetyl-amino acid ...
L-α-amino acid (CHEBI:15705) is a α-amino acid (CHEBI:33704) L-α-amino acid (CHEBI:15705) is conjugate acid of L-α-amino acid ... L-α-amino acid (CHEBI:15705). serine family amino acid (CHEBI:26650) is a L-α-amino acid (CHEBI:15705). L-α-amino acid anion ( ... glutamine family amino acid (CHEBI:24318) is a L-α-amino acid (CHEBI:15705). LSM-11903 (CHEBI:100529) is a L-α-amino acid ( ... L-α-amino acid residue (CHEBI:83228) is substituent group from L-α-amino acid (CHEBI:15705). L-α-amino acid zwitterion (CHEBI: ...
D-amino acids be structural mirror images of L-amino acids.) All amino acids have the same "backbone", or basic structure:. ... This will create an amino nitrile. To this add aqueous acid, heat, and water, and voila, an amino acid.. Organic Chemistry: ... An amino acid is a carbon atom with a hydrogen atom, an organic acid {COOH}, an amino group {NH2}, and one other chemical group ... Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The following is one of several ways to synthesize amino acids. Its advantage ...
A ball-and-stick model structure of polar amino acid glutamine (Gln, Q). Carbon in blue-grey, oxygen in red, nitrogen in green ... Glutamine (amino acid). By. J_Alves. Created. 2010-05-20. Description. A ball-and-stick model structure of polar amino acid ... acid , amino , amino acid , biology , chemistry , glutamine , model , polar , science , structure. Viewed by. 3342 People. ...
... Mark Lamkin mlamkin at acs.bu.edu Mon Jan 23 16:51:24 EST 1995 *Previous message: Help! Blocked ... I am looking for a method to separate pth-amino acids using a C18 column. Wonder if any out there can help in my application. ...
Can you pick the correct structure for each amino acid? Test your knowledge on this science quiz to see how you do and compare ... Tags:Biology Quiz, Chemistry Quiz, amino, Amino Acids, formula, Organic Chemistry, Picture Click, protein, skeletal, structure ... Science Quiz / Amino Acids by Structure. Random Science or Organic Chemistry Quiz ... Can you pick the correct structure for each amino acid?. by Scuadrado ...
Olefi n moieties open amino acids and peptides to metathesis reactions and a full range of other bioorthogonal synthesis routes ... Recent developments in Chemical Biology research have increased the demand of amino acid building blocks with unsaturated side ...
Influence of a number of amino acids on the rate of reaction has been studied at several additive concentrations. The addition ... On the basis of the obtained results, it is possible to develop technologically accessible electrodialysis of amino acids as ... Keywords: Amino acids; Chiral recognition; Electrodialysis; Membrane; Molecular imprinting; Molecular recognition; Optical ... Desalting of neutral amino acids fermentative solutions by electrodialysis with ion-exchange membranes ...
Unnatural Amino Acids II, ß-Amino Acids and Homo Amino Acids . ChemFiles Vol 2 No 4 . ... Cyclic Amino Acids / Diamino Acids / ß-Amino Acids and Homo Amino Acids. Alanine Derivatives / Phenylalanine Boronic Acids / ... ß-Amino Acids and Homo Amino Acids. In the past few years ß-peptides and other ß-amino acid containing oligomers have emerged ... ß-amino acid by an ß-amino acid residue resulted in a hybrid oligopeptide which binds to major histocompatibility complex (MHC ...
Ingredients Lotions Creams Gels Serums Copper Peptides Hyaluronic Acid Argireline DMAE CoQ10 GABA Alpha Lipoic Acid Collagen ...
The α-carbon atom of all amino acids, with the exception of glycine, is asymmetric; this means that four different chemical ... As a result, each of the amino acids, except glycine, can exist in two different spatial, or geometric, arrangements (i.e., ... The physicochemical properties of a protein are determined by the analogous properties of the amino acids in it. ... Amino acid sequence in protein molecules. Since each protein molecule consists of a long chain of amino acid residues, linked ...
IsoleucineBCAAsProteinsTyrosineLeucineAlanineArginineHistidinePeptidesBCAAGlycineMetabolismPhenylalanineAsparagineSerineCysteinePeptideTryptophanNitrogenChiralGlutamineAlpha-aminoUnnatural amino acidsPowderSupplementsPrecursorsResiduesPathwaysCarboxylic acid groupEnzymesMoleculeStandard amino acidsTwenty amino acidsCertain amino acidsBiologicallyNucleic acidsBiosynthesisButyric acidCOOHAmine groupProlineCarbon atomSynthesizeNonessentialSynthesisAnother amino acid2222ChiralityGroupFattyOrganismsSolubility
- B ranched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine and valine) are essential amino acids for humans and animals. (e-pan.org)
- It has been shown that BCAA oxidation is promoted by exercise through activation of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), which is a rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolic pathway of the BCAAs, and the elevated enzyme activity in skeletal muscle is quickly downregulated after exercise. (e-pan.org)
- D-Amino acids are most occasionally found in nature as residues in proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
- Amino acids, peptides, and proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
- Strings of amino acids make up proteins, of which there are countless varieties. (encyclopedia.com)
- Of the 20 amino acids required for manufacturing the proteins the human body needs, the body itself produces only 12, meaning that we have to meet our requirements for the other eight through nutrition. (encyclopedia.com)
- Amino acids are very important in our daily life as energy sources and have several functions in metabolism since amino acids are the main key elements for the formation of proteins and peptides. (springer.com)
- Glutamine , an amino acid , the monoamide of glutamic acid , and an abundant constituent of proteins . (britannica.com)
- Amino acids are released in the intestinal tract by the digestion of food proteins and are then carried in the bloodstream to the body cells, where they are used for growth, maintenance, and repair. (factmonster.com)
- These are the 1 and 3 letter codes for the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins. (everything2.com)
- There are 23 L- amino acids that form the basis for proteins in all the known life on this planet. (everything2.com)
- 3 Systematic replacement of an ß-amino acid by an ß-amino acid residue resulted in a hybrid oligopeptide which binds to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, while showing enhanced stability towards proteolysis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- With the exception of a few small proteins (peptides) that occur in bacteria , the amino acids that occur in proteins are l- amino acids. (britannica.com)
- As scientists work on modifying amino acids in order to engineer designer proteins, students in Associate Professor of Chemistry Doug Young's laboratory at William & Mary are providing raw research to make it happen. (wm.edu)
- In his lab, students synthesize unnatural amino acids in order to get cells to put them into their proteins. (wm.edu)
- any of a class of organic compounds that contains at least one amino group, -NH 2 , and one carboxyl group, -COOH: the alpha-amino acids, RCH(NH 2 )COOH, are the building blocks from which proteins are constructed. (dictionary.com)
- Any of various organic acids containing both an amino group and a carboxyl group, especially any of the 20 or more compounds that link together to form proteins. (dictionary.com)
- Twenty of the naturally occurring amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which they form by being connected to each other in chains. (dictionary.com)
- Amino acids are the constituents of proteins and are the intermediates in many metabolic pathways. (waters.com)
- Amino acids are the basic structural building blocks of proteins . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Just as the letters of the alphabet can be combined in different ways to form an endless variety of words, a limited number of amino acids can be linked together in varying sequences to form a vast array of proteins. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Amino acids serve many functions including as building blocks for proteins, neurotransmitters, precursors to hormones, and enzyme co-factors. (questdiagnostics.com)
- If the body is allowed to deplete itself of any of the essential amino acids, it cannot produce those proteins requiring such amino acids. (prohealth.com)
- There are nearly 30 known amino acids that make up the various forms of proteins found in living things. (prohealth.com)
- In the form of proteins , amino acids comprise the second-largest component (water is the largest) of human muscles , cells and other tissues . (wn.com)
- Outside proteins, amino acids perform critical roles in processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis . (wn.com)
- Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are precursors to proteins , and are incorporated into proteins during translation . (wn.com)
- In particular it contains a large number of amino acids, the molecules that make up proteins in living organisms. (encyclopedia.com)
- Proteins are polymers of multiple monomer units called amino acid, which have many different functional groups. (wikibooks.org)
- More than 500 amino acids exist in nature, but the proteins in all species, from bacteria to humans, consist mainly of only 20 called the essential amino acids. (wikibooks.org)
- 2-amino acids, also known as alpha-amino acids, are a specific type of amino acid that makes up proteins. (wikibooks.org)
- Amino acids play central roles both as building blocks of proteins and as intermediates in metabolism. (wikibooks.org)
- Proteins are linear polymers formed by linking the a-carboxyl group of one amino acid to the a-amino group of another amino acid. (wikibooks.org)
- Thus, the 20 amino acids that are found within proteins convey a vast array of chemical versatility. (wikibooks.org)
- The chemical properties of the amino acids of proteins determine the biological activity of the protein. (wikibooks.org)
- In addition, proteins contain within their amino acid sequences the necessary information to determine how that protein will fold into a three dimensional structure, and the stability of the resulting structure. (wikibooks.org)
- There are twenty major amino acids which make up proteins. (wikibooks.org)
- Amino acid synthesis is the process of creating new amino acids inside an organism's cells for the body to use to make proteins necessary for survival. (wisegeek.com)
- The basic amino acids are organic molecules, meaning molecules that contain carbon, which can combine together to form proteins that living organisms, such as people, need to survive. (wisegeek.com)
- When a person cannot get the right foods to perform the necessary amino acid synthesis, it must find other ways to create specific proteins. (wisegeek.com)
- It performs amino acid synthesis on these healthy parts to create the proteins it needs. (wisegeek.com)
- An organism's body uses the proteins achieved from amino acid synthesis for a number of processes. (wisegeek.com)
- AAAA can be used for the quantification of aromatic amino acids, isolated peptides or proteins, complex peptide or protein samples, such as serum or milk powder, and peptides or proteins immobilized on solid supports. (hindawi.com)
- Amino acids are the monomers of proteins and are an essential part of human growth, development, and health. (wikibooks.org)
- Proteins are broken down using hydrolysis reactions in which a water molecule is added to the protein, and this results in individual amino acids being formed. (wikibooks.org)
- Proteins are synthesized using dehydration reactions (condensation reaction), in which a molecule of water is removed and a peptide bond forms between the amino acids. (wikibooks.org)
- The human body needs and uses the different amino acids to make proteins to help the body: 1) Metabolize food, 2) Repair torn or damaged body tissues, 3) Grow, and 4) Perform other important body functions (Amino acids, 2013). (wikibooks.org)
- In simpler terms, amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. (wikibooks.org)
- Any of various compounds containing an amino group (NH 2 ), a carboxylic acid group (COOH), and a distinctive side chain, especially any of the 20 amino acids that link together to form proteins. (thefreedictionary.com)
- About 20 amino acids are needed by animal cells to produce proteins, but only about half, called nonessential amino acids , can be produced by animal cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Using a novel genetic selection, we have identified a series of synthetase mutants that selectively charge the amber suppresor tRNA with the C8 amino acid, alpha-aminocaprylic acid, and the photocaged amino acid, o-nitrobenzyl cysteine, allowing them to be inserted into proteins in yeast in response to the amber nonsense codon, TAG. (biomedsearch.com)
- Threonine is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. (tradeindia.com)
- Amino Acid 80% (Soyabean Based)Known as building block of proteins, offered Amino Acid 80% is highly demanded all over the globe. (tradeindia.com)
- One particularly important function is as the building blocks of proteins, which are linear chains of amino acids. (medicalxpress.com)
- Amino acids are those L-amino acids commonly found in naturally occurring proteins and are listed in WIPO Standard ST.25 (1998), Appendix 2, Table 3. (uspto.gov)
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and we all know the need for protein to help your body grow and maintain muscle mass. (optimumnutrition.com)
- Furthermore, amino acids derived from the dietary proteins serve as energy source since while catabolized in our body, amino acids form organic acids that can replenish Krebs cycle and ammonia that eliminates through urea cycle [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
- It plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration, and although it is one of the few amino acids not incorporated into proteins, taurine is one of the most abundant amino acids in the brain, retina, muscle tissue, and organs throughout the body. (biomedsearch.com)
- Despite the use of only 22 amino acids (21 in eukaryotes) by the translational machinery to assemble proteins (the proteinogenic amino acids), over 140 amino acids are known to occur naturally in proteins and thousands more may occur in nature or be synthesized in the laboratory. (wikipedia.org)
- The genetic code encodes 20 standard amino acids for incorporation into proteins during translation. (wikipedia.org)
- Some natural amino acids, such as norleucine, are misincorporated translationally into proteins due to infidelity of the protein-synthesis process. (wikipedia.org)
- Many amino acids, such as ornithine, are metabolic intermediates produced biosynthetically, but not incorporated translationally into proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Post-translational modification of amino-acid residues in proteins leads to the formation of many proteinaceous, but non-proteinogenic, amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- δ-Aminolevulinic acid: an intermediate in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (haem, chlorophyll, cobalamin etc.). 4-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA): an intermediate in folate biosynthesis The reason why α-amino acids are used in proteins has been linked to their frequency in meteorites and prebiotic experiments. (wikipedia.org)
- In the form of proteins, amino acid residues form the second-largest component (water is the largest) of human muscles and other tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- Beyond their role as residues in proteins, amino acids participate in a number of processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
- They include the 22 proteinogenic ("protein-building") amino acids, which combine into peptide chains ("polypeptides") to form the building-blocks of a vast array of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- N-formylmethionine (which is often the initial amino acid of proteins in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts) is generally considered as a form of methionine rather than as a separate proteinogenic amino acid. (wikipedia.org)
- Codon-tRNA combinations not found in nature can also be used to "expand" the genetic code and form novel proteins known as alloproteins incorporating non-proteinogenic amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- Proteins were found to yield amino acids after enzymatic digestion or acid hydrolysis. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, the amino acids arginine , cysteine , glycine , glutamine , histidine , proline , serine , and tyrosine are considered conditionally essential , meaning they are not normally required in the diet but must be supplied exogenously to specific populations that do not synthesize it in adequate amounts. (wikipedia.org)
- Tyrosine is synthesized by the hydroxylation of phenylalanine , an essential amino acid. (wikipedia.org)
- Both organisms oxidized phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan to phenylacetic acid, p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid and indole acetic acid respectively. (nih.gov)
- C. lentoputrescens, C. limosum and C. malenomenatum resembled C. tetanomorphum by using glutamic acid and tyrosine. (nih.gov)
- Iodinated and brominated tyrosine are also amino acids found in species, but are not included in the 20 major amino acids because of their rarity: iodinated tyrosin is only found in thyroid hormones, and brominated tyrosine is only found in coral. (wikibooks.org)
- the unique profile includes amino acids such as taurine, citrulline, tyrosine, arginine, and theanine- helpful for all training goals. (myprotein.com)
- Here, we would like to propose a simple HPLC/UV method based on a reversed-phase separation of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine (Tyr), phenylalanine (Phe), and optionally tryptophan (Trp) without any derivatization. (hindawi.com)
- One such illness is Phenylketonuria, an inherited disease in which the nonessential amino acid tyrosine becomes essential because the body cannot convert phenylalanine into tyrosine (Whitney and Rolfes, 2015). (wikibooks.org)
- The chemical name for tyrosine amino acid is 2- amino -3-p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid , which is an aromatic polar alpha- amino acid containing a phenolic hydroxyl group. (phrmg.org)
- Tyrosine is a conditional essential amino acid and. (phrmg.org)
- Because your body can't reconvert tyrosine to phenylalanine, you must get this nutrient amino from your diet. (dummies.com)
- Tyrosine is known as the antidepressant amino acid, and it may also be useful for reducing anxiety and improving energy. (dummies.com)
- The Branched Chain Amino Acids Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine are valued for their anabolic and anti-catabolic properties. (gnc.com)
- A branched chain amino acid formula designed with a potent BCAA ratio of 8:1:1 (leucine, isoleucine, valine). (muscletech.com)
- supported by our time-release technology, leucine is an essential amino acid that must come from your diet. (myprotein.com)
- Featuring the same essential amino acid profile as our Impact Whey Protein , but with faster amino acid absorption rate, 1 and a 4:1:1 ratio of the BCAAs, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. (myprotein.com)
- What's more, there's a 4:1:1 ratio of the BCAAs, leucine, isoleucine, and valine, to provide a premium amino-acid supplement. (myprotein.com)
- Now Branched Chain Amino Acid contains the essential amino acids Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine. (astronutrition.com)
- Dado and Gellman (1994) Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Derivatives of β-Alanine and γ-Amino Butyris Acid: Model Studies for the Folding of Unnatural Polypeptide Backbones, J. Am. Chem. (freepatentsonline.com)
- In bacteria, d -alanine and some other d -amino acids have been found as components of gramicidin and bacitracin. (britannica.com)
- 2-aminoethanoic acid, for example, is usually called glycine , and 2-aminopropanoic acid is usually known as alanine . (chemguide.co.uk)
- Glycine and alanine are example of amino acid which consist of amino and carboxyl group. (bartleby.com)
- Features free-form branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), taurine, L-glutamine, L-alanine, and electrolytes with coconut water and watermelon juice, plus a scientifically tested weight loss driver. (muscletech.com)
- Examples include β-alanine, GABA, and δ-aminolevulinic acid. (wikipedia.org)
- β-alanine: an amino acid produced by aspartate 1-decarboxylase and a precursor to coenzyme A and the peptides carnosine and anserine. (wikipedia.org)
- The α-ketoglutarate family of amino acid synthesis (synthesis of glutamate, glutamine, proline and arginine) begins with α-ketoglutarate, an intermediate in the Citric Acid Cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- C. botulinum type G and C. subterminale used glycine, lysine, serine, and arginine but in contrast to C. sticklandii they neither reduced proline to 5-aminovaleric acid nor produced 2-aminobutyric acid. (nih.gov)
- C. lituseburense and C. scatologenes used serine, threonine and arginine and produced 2-amino butyric acid and ornithine. (nih.gov)
- Arginine and histidine may also be classified as essential amino acids, though they are generally considered essential only in children, whose undeveloped metabolisms are unable to synthesize them. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Furthermore, the bottom extension of basic amino acids appears to be most divergent containing multiple pathways for lysine biosynthesis and multiple gene sets for arginine biosynthesis. (genome.jp)
- Odontoceti, or toothed whales, have the amino acid arginine at position 156 in the genetic code, while Mysticeti, or baleen whales, have a glutamine. (eurekalert.org)
- These vegan-friendly capsules contain L-arginine, a conditionally essential amino acid. (communitynaturalfoods.com)
- In infants, there are addition 2 essential amino acids which are Arginine and Histidine. (omicsonline.org)
- For example, humans can only synthesize 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (a.k.a. non-essential amino acid ), and in time of accelerated growth, histidine , can be considered an essential amino acid . (wikipedia.org)
- A few amino acids, such as serine and histidine, are deaminated nonoxidatively. (conservapedia.com)
- The extensions are the pathways containing the reaction modules RM001 , RM033 , RM032 , and RM002 for biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids (left) and basic amino acids (bottom), and the pathways for biosynthesis of histidine and aromatic amino acids (top right). (genome.jp)
- In month 9, Threonine and Histidine were found at the highest amounts of essential amino acid, this was 5.85% and 2.96%, respectively. (omicsonline.org)
- In peptides, L-amino acid residues slowly racemize, resulting in the formation of some D-amino acid residues. (wikipedia.org)
- Olefi n moieties open amino acids and peptides to metathesis reactions and a full range of other bioorthogonal synthesis routes. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- In the past few years ß-peptides and other ß-amino acid containing oligomers have emerged as very promising tools in medicinal chemistry, as they exhibit remarkable biological activity together with an extraordinary biological stability. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Peptides provide a cheese with its distinct flavor, based on the configuration of these amino-acid chains. (dictionary.com)
- AnaSpec, EGT Group is pleased to highlight our wide collection of Fmoc- and Boc-protected PEGylated amino acids for PEGylated peptides synthesis. (anaspec.com)
- I can't believe it's not more popular, and that people use Amino Energy instead of Pro BCAA! (gnc.com)
- Amino Acid BCAA Bulk Description: These branched chain essential amino acids (BCAA) are known as the stress amino acids . (phrmg.org)
- Amino Vital's 7500 ER BCAA supplement is a powerful combination of the branched chain amin. (illpumpyouup.com)
- The phrase branched-chain amino acids or BCAA is sometimes used to refer to the amino acids having aliphatic side-chains that are non-linear. (wikidoc.org)
- All the amino acids contain a chiral carbon atom and they exist in d- and l -forms except one amino acids, i.e., glycine. (springer.com)
- As a result, each of the amino acids, except glycine, can exist in two different spatial, or geometric, arrangements (i.e., isomers ), which are mirror images akin to right and left hands. (britannica.com)
- In fact, glycine is frequently used as a buffer in the pH range from 1 to 3 (acid solutions) and from 9 to 12 (basic solutions). (britannica.com)
- In acid solutions, glycine has a positive charge and therefore migrates to the cathode (negative electrode of a direct-current electrical circuit with terminals in the solution). (britannica.com)
- Most of the monoamino acids (i.e., those with only one amino group) have isoelectric points similar to that of glycine. (britannica.com)
- If you look yet again at the general formula for an amino acid, you will see that (apart from glycine, 2-aminoethanoic acid) the carbon at the centre of the structure has four different groups attached. (chemguide.co.uk)
- Because of these four different groups attached to the same carbon atom, amino acids (apart from glycine) are chiral . (chemguide.co.uk)
- Screening infants for increased levels of amino acids can help detect problems with metabolism. (medlineplus.gov)
- Defects in metabolism of amino acids. (medlineplus.gov)
- Important in cellular metabolism in animals , glutamine is the only amino acid capable of readily crossing the barrier between blood and brain and, with glutamic acid, is thought to account for about 80 percent of the amino nitrogen (―NH 2 ) of brain tissue. (britannica.com)
- More than 70 disorders of amino acid metabolism have been described. (questdiagnostics.com)
- The body's protein metabolism uses a base of essential amino acids to create 150 or more others inside the body, which on an ongoing basis recombine and produce some 40,000 protein types on an as needed-basis. (prohealth.com)
- Disturbances of Amino Acid Metabolism: Clinical Chemistry and Diagnosis. (labcorp.com)
- Amino acids are critical to life, and have a variety of roles in metabolism. (medicalxpress.com)
- L Serine Amino Acid Powder Beta Hydroxyalanine CAS 56 45 1 AJI92 Standard L-Serine Information L-Serine, also known as beta-hydroxyalanine, is a non-essential amino acid that plays a role in the metabolism of fats and fatty acids and. (opencroquet.org)
- Categorization of IEM can be simply made on the basis of the affected metabolic network: fatty acids oxidation disorders, protein/amino acids metabolism disorders, disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, lysosomal storage diseases, peroxisomal disorders, and mitochondrial diseases. (intechopen.com)
- This chapter will overview amino acid metabolism-related inherited disorders and amino acid analysis for the diagnosis and routine monitoring of this category of IEMs. (intechopen.com)
- Amino acids disorders (also called aminoacidopathies) are a group of inborn errors of metabolism diseases, caused by the inherited defects in pathways involved in amino acids metabolism. (intechopen.com)
- As a result of mutation, the inherited defect is reflected downstream as a lack or a partial biological activity of enzymes involved in amino acids metabolism. (intechopen.com)
- Don't be misled by this division, since all amino acids are necessary for metabolism, growth and other physical processes taking place within our bodies. (bodybuildingpro.com)
- Known primarily for its pain-controlling abilities, Phenylalanine is one of the building blocks of amino acids and can increase mental alertness, suppress the appetite, and has a positive, effect in reducing the symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease. (prohealth.com)
- Other essential amino acid such as Phenylalanine, Methionine, Isoleucine and Tryptophan were found at 4.54%, 4.35%, 4.25% and 2.36% respectively. (omicsonline.org)
- Phenylalanine - an essential amino acid- is readily available in most food sources, particularly high in meats and milk products, with lower levels found in oats and wheat germ. (dummies.com)
- Furthermore, glutamine and asparagine are converted to the respective acids during hydrolysis. (hindawi.com)
- There are a total of twenty amino acids, with Asparagine being the first to be discovered in 1806. (wikibooks.org)
- In 1806, French chemists Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated a compound in asparagus that was subsequently named asparagine, the first amino acid to be discovered. (wikipedia.org)
- These are all L-stereoisomers ("left-handed" isomers), although a few D-amino acids ("right-handed") occur in bacterial envelopes, as a neuromodulator (D-serine), and in some antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
- Also a more recent development is the use of ICP-MS [ 16 - 20 ] and hence the detection of the sulphur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Extra determination of cysteine, tryptophan, and other difficult amino acids would increase the cost and effort so much that this is nearly never performed. (hindawi.com)
- When the carboxyl carbon atom of one amino acid covalently binds to the amino nitrogen atom of another amino acid with the release of a water molecule, a peptide bond is formed. (factmonster.com)
- Disclosed are β-amino acid monomers containing cylcoalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocylic substituents which encompass the α and β carbons of the peptide backbone and β-polypeptides made from such monomers. (freepatentsonline.com)
- Amino "head" of one amino acid can be linked to the carboxyl tail of another by removal of a molecule of water (Peptide bond). (everything2.com)
- Since each protein molecule consists of a long chain of amino acid residues, linked to each other by peptide bonds, the hydrolytic cleavage of all peptide bonds is a prerequisite for the quantitative determination of the amino acid residues. (britannica.com)
- it thus reveals the sequence of the amino acids in the peptide chain. (britannica.com)
- Primary structure of protein consists of long chain of amino acid linked to each other through peptide bond. (bartleby.com)
- Two amino acids form a peptide, or amide, bond when they join. (reference.com)
- Amino acid analysis is considered to be the gold standard for quantitative peptide and protein analysis. (hindawi.com)
- Sometimes amino acids are referred to with an L- in front of the name, as in L-tryptophan . (everything2.com)
- Amino acids are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and (in some cases) sulfur bonded in characteristic formations. (encyclopedia.com)
- amino acid əmē´nō [ key ] , any one of a class of simple organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and in certain cases sulfur. (factmonster.com)
- A ball-and-stick model structure of polar amino acid glutamine (Gln, Q). Carbon in blue-grey, oxygen in red, nitrogen in green, hydrogen in silver. (openclipart.org)
- Amino acids , in addition to their role as protein monomeric units, are energy metabolites and precursors of many biologically important nitrogen -containing compounds, notably heme, physiologically active amines, glutathione, nucleotides, and nucleotide coenzymes. (conservapedia.com)
- The first reaction in the breakdown of an amino acid is almost always removal of its α-amino group with the object of excreting excess nitrogen and degrading the remaining carbon skeleton. (conservapedia.com)
- Living organisms excrete the excess nitrogen resulting from the metabolic breakdown of amino acids in one of three ways. (conservapedia.com)
- This complication doesn't actually make much difference to the chemistry of the compound - the nitrogen still behaves in the same way as it does in the other amino acids. (chemguide.co.uk)
- Plants synthesize the amino acids that they require, utilizing carbon and oxygen from the air, hydrogen from water, and nitrogen that has been converted to usable form through nitrogen fixation . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The first key purine made is inosinic acid, from all kinds of carbon and nitrogen sources. (dummies.com)
- The key elements of an amino acid are carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , and nitrogen , though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. (wn.com)
- Yeast assimilable nitrogen or YAN is the combination of Free Amino Nitrogen (FAN), ammonia (NH 3 ) and ammonium (NH 4 + ) that is available for the wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to use during fermentation . (wn.com)
- The amino group consists of one nitrogen atom and two hydrogen atoms. (reference.com)
- Nonessential amino acids can be produces as long as there is a supply of Nitrogen to produce the amino group of the amino acid and pieces of fat or carbohydrates to form the rest of the structure. (wikibooks.org)
- This review summarizes the latest developments in the asymmetric synthesis of acyclic and phosphacyclic α-amino- C -phosphinic acids and derivatives, following in the first case an order according to the strategy used, whereas for cyclic compounds the nitrogen embedding in the heterocyclic core is considered. (mdpi.com)
- S80 Organic Nitrogen Fertilizer Based on Hydrolyzed Protein Amino Acid Description Hydrolyzed Protein Amino Acid is non-polluting fertilizer input suitable in organic farming. (phrmg.org)
- vegetables Description Amino acid is molecule containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain that varies between different amino acids , is is produced from plant source, contains high content of amino acid nitrogen and protein , and. (phrmg.org)
- Improper use of amino acids can be very harmful to human body, causing imbalances of Negative nitrogen. (chinahush.com)
- We initially targeted for study 2-amino-2,3-dimethylpentanoic acid (2-a-2,3-dmpa), an amino acid with two chiral centers and, consequently, four stereoisomers ( 8 ) (Fig. 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
- This amino acid meets two important criteria: (i) It is present in the Murchison meteorite ( 9 ) but has not been reported to occur in terrestrial matter, and (ii) its two chiral centers are resistant to epimerization because one (C-2) lacks a hydrogen atom and the other (C-3) has a methine hydrogen atom of low acidity. (sciencemag.org)
- This amino acid has two chiral centers and, consequently, four stereoisomers: the D and L forms of α-methylisoleucine and α-methylalloisoleucine. (sciencemag.org)
- Recently, GC was applied for chiral amino acid analysis on spacecrafts [ 11 ], such as the robotic lander Philae [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The amino group can be taken from ammonia (NH 3 ) in the environment and used to make glutamate or glutamine. (dummies.com)
- Here's the second frugal thing that microbes do: After glutamine and glutamate are made, the amino group can be used in all the other 20 amino acids. (dummies.com)
- They are also known (slightly confusingly) as alpha-amino acids . (chemguide.co.uk)
- In the alpha amino acids, the amino and carboxylate groups are attached to the same carbon atom, which is called the α-carbon. (medicalxpress.com)
- The various alpha amino acids differ in which side chain (R group) is attached to their alpha carbon. (medicalxpress.com)
- Over 30 unnatural amino acids have been inserted translationally into protein in engineered systems, yet are not biosynthetic. (wikipedia.org)
- AllegroMedical.com offers a number of amino acid supplements in liquid, powder and tablet form. (allegromedical.com)
- TD Product Details: Minimum Order Quantity 100 Kilogram Form Powder Organic Type Organic Pack Size 25 kg Packaging Type Bag Physical State Powder Purity (%) 100% Usage AGRICULTURE We offer Amino Acid Powder which is a natural extract from ancient. (tradeindia.com)
- We are a remarkable entity, engaged in Exporter, Manufacturer & Supplier of Amino Acid 50% Powder in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. (tradeindia.com)
- Amino Acid 50% Powder offered comes under product category Amino Acid/Protein Hydrolysate and comes in packaging options of 25 Kg HDPE bags/drums with ideal storage condition. (tradeindia.com)
- Amino Acid Mineral Mix PowderOffered Amino Acid Mineral Mix Powder is known as an extremely effective, curative and protective acid. (tradeindia.com)
- I found amino acids powder at 'My protein', though i read that it's recommended to take it with BCAA's, but for some reason it sounds like not a right suggestion. (veganbodybuilding.com)
- Samples were extracted by using Hydrochloric acid 6M and Thioglycolic acid 4% at a ratio of 1:1:1 (fish powder : HCl : Thioglycolic acid). (omicsonline.org)
- All Verified silk amino acids powder suppliers & silk amino acids powder manufacturers have passed our Business License Check, they can provide quality silk amino acids powder products. (opencroquet.org)
- Non Protein Amino Acids Taurine Natural Plant Extracts , Natural Herbal Extracts CAS 107-35-7 CAS:107-35-7 Purity:99.9% Min Purity Appearance: white crystal or crystalline powder , odorless, taste slightly acidic aqueous solution PH. (opencroquet.org)
- Will be difficult to find vegan friendly, amino acid, supplements in caplet form. (veganbodybuilding.com)
- Because of their biological significance, amino acids are important in nutrition and are commonly used in nutritional supplements, fertilizers, and food technology. (wikipedia.org)
- Further remarkable applications of ß-amino acids are the use as protease inhibitors, 11 precursors for antibiotics 12 and building blocks in cryptophycins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Consequently, amino acids are also precursors of glucose , fatty acids, and ketone bodies and are therefore metabolic fuels. (conservapedia.com)
- Amino acids ( Figure 1 ) play multiple important roles in our body: they are basic structural protein units and precursors of neurotransmitters, porphyrins, and nitric oxide. (intechopen.com)
- They are formed from ribosomally-derived D-amino acid residues. (wikipedia.org)
- Several antibiotics , e.g. bacitracin , contain D-amino acid residues. (wikipedia.org)
- To obtain information about the sequence of the amino acid residues in the protein, the protein is degraded stepwise, one amino acid being split off in each step. (britannica.com)
- Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes ( metabolic pathways ) by which the amino acids are produced. (wikipedia.org)
- The pathways for the synthesis of nonessential amino acids are quite simple. (wikipedia.org)
- This map presents a modular architecture of the biosynthesis pathways of twenty amino acids, which may be viewed as consisting of the core part and its extensions. (genome.jp)
- They are compounds containing an amino group, -NH 2 , and a carboxylic acid group, -COOH. (chemguide.co.uk)
- If you look again at the general structure of an amino acid, you will see that it has both a basic amine group and an acidic carboxylic acid group. (chemguide.co.uk)
- The amino group is on the left, and the carboxylic acid group is on the right. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- An amino acid is an organic molecule with three main components: an amino group (-NH2), a carboxylic acid group (-COOH), and an R group, or side chain, unique to each amino acid. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- An amino acid is in a zwitterionic state when the carboxylic acid group is deprotonated and the amino group is protonated, simultaneously. (wikibooks.org)
- In solid state, the amine functionality deprotonates the carboxylic acid group, giving rise to the zwitterionic, dipolar entity. (wikibooks.org)
- Two enzymes convert L-amino acids to D-amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- Imipramine functionalized compounds are provided for conjugation to antigenic compounds, particularly poly(amino acids), and enzymes. (google.com)
- Eating implies the material is being exposed to digestive enzymes and such, and since enzymes are very shape specific, the protein material being ingested probably wouldn't be broken down into component amino acids. (thenakedscientists.com)
- Imagine that the amino-acid molecule is like the face of a compass, with a carbon atom at the center. (encyclopedia.com)
- The name amino acid, in fact, comes from the amino group and the acid group, which are the most chemically reactive parts of the molecule. (encyclopedia.com)
- sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain determines the characters of the protein molecule. (everything2.com)
- The general structure of an amino acid molecule. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Alkyl group is also present in most of the amino acid to create chirality in the molecule while amino acids with no alkyl group known as achiral. (bartleby.com)
- The formation of a dipeptide from two amino acids is accompanied by the loss of a water molecule. (wikibooks.org)
- When two amino acids are joined together, the resulting molecule is called a dipeptide. (wikibooks.org)
- In chemistry, an amino acid is a molecule containing both amine and carboxyl functional groups. (medicalxpress.com)
- In these structures, the amine group displaced further from the carboxylic acid end of the amino acid molecule. (wikipedia.org)
- Although over 100 amino acids exist in nature, the human body requires 20 amino acids, called standard amino acids , for normal functioning. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Chemical structures of the 20 standard amino acids. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The standard amino acids thus exhibit the pattern 1 + 19. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- These non-standard amino acids do not have a dedicated codon, but are added in place of a stop codon when a specific sequence is present, UGA codon and SECIS element for selenocysteine, UAG PYLIS downstream sequence for pyrrolysine. (wikipedia.org)
- Of the basic set of twenty amino acids (not counting selenocysteine ), humans cannot synthesize eight. (wikipedia.org)
- Animals can synthesize certain amino acids. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Although all vertebrates require certain amino acids that their cells cannot synthesize, ruminant animals (such as cattle ) carry within one of the stomachs microbes that synthesize the amino acids needed by the animals. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Living organisms constantly break down certain amino acids and compounds, then synthesize them to create the amino acids that organism needs. (wisegeek.com)
- On the basis of the obtained results, it is possible to develop technologically accessible electrodialysis of amino acids as well as other biologically active substance desalting from cultured liquids. (lenntech.com)
- This page explains what amino acids are, concentrating on the 2-amino acids that are biologically important. (chemguide.co.uk)
- The biologically important amino acids have the amino group attached to the carbon atom next door to the -COOH group. (chemguide.co.uk)
- For complete accuracy, one of the 20 biologically important amino acids (proline) has a slightly different structure. (chemguide.co.uk)
- Although the L form is the only biologically active one, amino acids spontaneously racemise to their oppsite optical isomer over time. (thenakedscientists.com)
- Nucleotides are the subunits of nucleic acids like ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and like amino acids they're expensive and time consuming to make. (dummies.com)
- Amino acid biosynthesis overview. (wikipedia.org)
- Amino acid biosynthesis starts with a carbon skeleton, made from intermediates of the citric acid cycle or glycolysis. (dummies.com)
- With the exception of α-amino- n -butyric acid, these amino acids are either unknown or of limited occurrence in the biosphere. (sciencemag.org)
- Technically, any organic compound with an amine (-NH2) and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional group is an amino acid. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus a β amino acid has the amine group bonded to the second carbon away, and a γ amino acid has it on the third. (wikipedia.org)
- Any of the 20 or so amino acids that has the amino and carboxyl groups attached to the same carbon atom, usually has an l -configuration, and is the chemical constituent of a protein. (dictionary.com)
- An amino acid is formed when two groups, a carboxyl and an amino, join together and share a carbon atom. (wisegeek.com)
- Humans can not synthesize all of these amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- Not all organisms are able to synthesize all amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- Of the 20-odd amino acids, there are 8 (or 9 , due to the expert factor ) that the body cannot synthesize for itself. (everything2.com)
- The nonessential amino acids are those that the body can synthesize by itself and make in large enough quantities. (wikibooks.org)
- Your body has the ability to synthesize these amino acids from other amino acids, fat or carbohydrate. (bodybuildingpro.com)
- Nonessential amino acids are produced in the body. (wikipedia.org)
- The remaining twelve are nonessential amino acids. (dictionary.com)
- There are 11 nonessential amino acids and they can be supplied by food in the diet but it is not a requirement. (wikibooks.org)
- Of the 20 amino acids, 11 are nonessential, meaning that they can be produced and synthesized by the body. (wikibooks.org)
- The nonessential amino acids are manufactured by your body. (bodybuildingpro.com)
- For the non-biological synthesis of amino acids, see Strecker amino acid synthesis . (wikipedia.org)
- A transamination reaction takes place in the synthesis of most amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- This is one of the initial regulations of the α-ketoglutarate family of amino acid synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
- The regulation of the synthesis of glutamate from α-ketoglutarate is subject to regulatory control of the Citric Acid Cycle as well as mass action dependent on the concentrations of reactants involved due to the reversible nature of the transamination and glutamate dehydrogenase reactions. (wikipedia.org)
- 1996) Synthesis of a New Carbohydrate Mimetics: "Carbopeptoid" Containing a C-1 Carboxylate and C-2 Amino Group, Tetrahedron Lett. (freepatentsonline.com)
- 2003) Asymmetric Synthesis of a New Helix-forming β-Amino Acid: trans-4-Aminopiperidine-3-carboxylic Acid, Eur. (freepatentsonline.com)
- The body uses amino acid synthesis to form the rest of the amino acids it needs from various compounds. (wisegeek.com)
- α-Amino- C -phosphinic acids and derivatives are an important group of compounds of synthetic and medicinal interest and particular attention has been dedicated to their stereoselective synthesis in recent years. (mdpi.com)
- Spike Your Protein Synthesis With Amino Fuel! (illpumpyouup.com)
- Most amino acids are synthesized from α- ketoacids , and later transaminated from another amino acid, usually glutamate . (wikipedia.org)
- Superior Amino 2222 features Optimum Nutrition's New Hydro-Amino Bond System which aids th. (illpumpyouup.com)
- At this step, the chirality of the amino acid is established. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, the chirality (structure) of the amino acids in the meteorite is closer to that of amino acids that are found in organisms on Earth, which are all left-handed, than the structure predicted for amino acids produced through chemical reactions in space, which are predicted to be equally left and right-handed. (encyclopedia.com)
- Amino acids come in two types, left-handed and right-handed (called chirality). (thenakedscientists.com)
- Some amino acids contain the opposite absolute chirality, chemicals that are not available from normal ribosomal translation/transcription machinery. (wikipedia.org)
- D-Amino acids are amino acids where the stereogenic carbon alpha to the amino group has the D-configuration. (wikipedia.org)
- To the north of the carbon center is what is known as an amino group (-NH 2 ). (encyclopedia.com)
- An N -acyl-amino acid that has acetyl as the acyl group. (ebi.ac.uk)
- The other chemical group is what gives each amino acid its specific properties. (everything2.com)
- Most amino acids are deanimated by transamination, the transfer of their amino group to an α-keto acid to yield the α-keto acid of the original amino acid and a new amino acid, in reactions catalyized by aminotransferases. (conservapedia.com)
- where 'R' can be quite a complicated group containing other active groups like -OH, -SH, other amine or carboxylic acid groups, and so on. (chemguide.co.uk)
- The R group is unique to each amino acid. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Amino acids have an amino group bonded to a carbon skeleton. (dummies.com)
- The next step is attachment of an amino group to the carbon structure. (dummies.com)
- Interpret and draw the structure of 5 amino acids, general amino acid and R group in each structure of amino acid should be circled. (bartleby.com)
- NH 2 indicates the amino group. (bartleby.com)
- Amino acids can be broadly hydrophobic and hydrophilic , depending on the chemical properties of the R group side chain. (wikibooks.org)
- According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, an amino acid is defined as "an amphoteric organic acid containing the amino group NH2. (wikibooks.org)
- In a group of adult men with TD, administration of branched-chain amino acids markedly reduced the movements of TD. (medscape.com)
- The general structure of amino acids consist of an amino group, a carboxylic group and a variable R side chain that has a major effect on solubility and polarity. (intechopen.com)
- This amino acid contains a selenol group on its β-carbon Pyrrolysine. (wikipedia.org)
- Contains significant quantities of all amino acids, the perfect ratio of fatty acids and is cheap. (veganbodybuilding.com)
- Many D-amino acids found in higher organisms are derived from microbial sources. (wikipedia.org)
- Once used in dating objects from the distant past, amino acids have existed on Earth for at least three billion years - long before the appearance of the first true organisms. (encyclopedia.com)
- Accordingly, living organisms are classified as being either ammonotelic (ammonia excreting), ureotelic (urea excreting), or uricotelic (uric acid excreting). (conservapedia.com)
- The polyamide layer technique for the chromatographic separation of dimethylaminonaphthalene sulphonyl amino acids has been adapted to the qualitative analysis of amino acids in media before and after the growth of micro-organisms. (nih.gov)
- These include spoilage organisms such as Brettanomyces , Acetobacter and Lactic acid bacteria from the Lactobacillus and Pediococcus genera . (wn.com)
- Certain organisms, such as plants and yeast, can produce all 20 amino acids on their own. (wisegeek.com)
- D amino acids do crop up in L- amino dependent organisms, but usually in a pathological context. (thenakedscientists.com)
- So, organisms (on earth) are composed of L-amino acids, but there are trace amounts of D-forms. (thenakedscientists.com)
- Some non-α amino acids exist in organisms. (wikipedia.org)
- Aside from those two special cases, L- and D-amino acids have identical properties (color, solubility, melting point) under many conditions. (wikipedia.org)
- At this point I would normally try to relate the actual values for solubility of the various amino acids to their structures. (chemguide.co.uk)