Amino Acid Transport Systems
Amino Acid Transport System L
Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic
Amino Acids
Biological Transport
Aminoisobutyric Acids
Amino Acid Transport System A
Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral
Biological Transport, Active
Amino Acid Transport System ASC
beta-Alanine
An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported.
Antigens, CD98
A heterodimeric protein that is a cell surface antigen associated with lymphocyte activation. The initial characterization of this protein revealed one identifiable heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) and an indeterminate smaller light chain. It is now known that a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS) can dimerize with the heavy chain. Depending upon its light chain composition a diverse array of functions can be found for this protein. Functions include: type L amino acid transport, type y+L amino acid transport and regulation of cellular fusion.
Carrier Proteins
Sodium
Phenylalanine
Alanine
Membrane Transport Proteins
4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate
Glutamine
Proline
Cystine
Isoleucine
Fatty Acid Transport Proteins
Valine
Amino Acid Sequence
Cloning, Molecular
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Mutation
Cell Membrane
Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Tryptophan
An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Glutamates
Xenopus laevis
Substrate Specificity
Oocytes
Base Sequence
Taurocholic Acid
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Rats, Inbred Strains
Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1
Cells, Cultured
Glycine
Antigens, CD98 Light Chains
Liver
Cystinuria
An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.
Antigens, CD98 Heavy Chain
A transmembrane glycoprotein subunit that can dimerize with a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS). This protein subunit serves a diverse array of functions including amino acid transport and cell fusion. Its function is altered depending which of the light chain subunits it interacts with.
Amino Acid Substitution
The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.
Hartnup Disease
An autosomal recessive disorder due to defective absorption of NEUTRAL AMINO ACIDS by both the intestine and the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The abnormal urinary loss of TRYPTOPHAN, a precursor of NIACIN, leads to a NICOTINAMIDE deficiency, PELLAGRA-like light-sensitive rash, CEREBELLAR ATAXIA, emotional instability, and aminoaciduria. Mutations involve the neurotransmitter transporter gene SLC6A19.
Glucose
Carbon Radioisotopes
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Membrane Proteins
Ileum
Pseudomonadaceae
Phenylacetates
Derivatives of phenylacetic acid. Included under this heading are a variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the benzeneacetic acid structure. Note that this class of compounds should not be confused with derivatives of phenyl acetate, which contain the PHENOL ester of ACETIC ACID.
Cycloheximide
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Ion Transport
Symporters
DNA, Complementary
Protein Transport
Axonal Transport
Amino Acid Transport System X-AG
Stereoisomerism
Monosaccharide Transport Proteins
Aspartic Acid
Carbon Isotopes
Amino Acid Transport Disorders, Inborn
Disorders characterized by defective transport of amino acids across cell membranes. These include deficits in transport across brush-border epithelial cell membranes of the small intestine (MICROVILLI) and KIDNEY TUBULES; transport across the basolateral membrane; and transport across the membranes of intracellular organelles. (From Nippon Rinsho 1992 Jul;50(7):1587-92)
Amino Acids, Essential
Placenta
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
Temperature
Binding Sites
Cyanides
Models, Biological
Structure-Activity Relationship
Ouabain
Glutamic Acid
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
3-O-Methylglucose
Jejunum
Rabbits
Protein Binding
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1
Plasmids
Amino Acid Motifs
Kidney
Serine
Electron Transport
Nitrogen
Insulin
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
Models, Molecular
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Taurine
Organic Anion Transporters
Intestine, Small
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Genetic Complementation Test
Anion Transport Proteins
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Gene Expression
Maltose
Radioisotope Dilution Technique
Trophoblasts
Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).
DNA Primers
Genes
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Cattle
Kidney Cortex
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Cricetinae
Anions
Depression, Chemical
The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.
Protein Biosynthesis
Fatty Acids
Cations
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Iodoacetates
Lithium
Intestines
Neurospora
Transfection
Peptide Fragments
Adenosine Triphosphate
Threonine
Binding, Competitive
Chromosome Mapping
Restriction Mapping
Tissue Distribution
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Gene Library
Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent
Bile Acids and Salts
Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Bile Canaliculi
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Erythrocytes
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Osmolar Concentration
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
A family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that couple the uptake of GLUTAMATE with the import of SODIUM ions and PROTONS and the export of POTASSIUM ions. In the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM they regulate neurotransmission through synaptic reuptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Outside the central nervous system they function as signal mediators and regulators of glutamate metabolism.
Blood-Brain Barrier
Blotting, Northern
Periplasmic Binding Proteins
Intestinal Mucosa
Tyrosine
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Gene Expression Regulation
Epithelium
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Cell Membrane Permeability
Succinates
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Xenopus
RNA, Complementary
Protons
Protein Structure, Secondary
Rat liver endothelial cell glutamine transporter and glutaminase expression contrast with parenchymal cells. (1/308)
Despite the central role of the liver in glutamine homeostasis in health and disease, little is known about the mechanism by which this amino acid is transported into sinusoidal endothelial cells, the second most abundant hepatic cell type. To address this issue, the transport of L-glutamine was functionally characterized in hepatic endothelial cells isolated from male rats. On the basis of functional analyses, including kinetics, cation substitution, and amino acid inhibition, it was determined that a Na+-dependent carrier distinct from system N in parenchymal cells, with properties of system ASC or B0, mediated the majority of glutamine transport in hepatic endothelial cells. These results were supported by Northern blot analyses that showed expression of the ATB0 transporter gene in endothelial but not parenchymal cells. Concurrently, it was determined that, whereas both cell types express glutamine synthetase, hepatic endothelial cells express the kidney-type glutaminase isozyme in contrast to the liver-type isozyme in parenchymal cells. This represents the first report of ATB0 and kidney-type glutaminase isozyme expression in the liver, observations that have implications for roles of specific cell types in hepatic glutamine homeostasis in health and disease. (+info)Conducted signals within arteriolar networks initiated by bioactive amino acids. (2/308)
Our purpose was to determine the specificity of L-arginine (L-Arg)-induced conducted signals for intra- vs. extracellular actions of L-Arg. Diameter and red blood cell velocities were measured for arterioles [18 +/- 1.6 (SE) micrometer] in the cremaster muscle of pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized (Nembutal, 70 mg/kg) hamsters (n = 53). Remote (conducted) responses were viewed approximately 1,000 micrometer upstream from the local (micropipette) application. Six amino acids were tested: L-arginine, L-cystine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-histidine, and L-aspartate (100 microM each). Only L-Arg induced a remote dilation; L-lysine and L-aspartate had no effect, and the others each induced a significant remote constriction. There is a second conducted signal initiated by L-arginine that preconditions the arteriolar network and upregulates a direct response of L-arginine to dilate the remote site. This was blocked by inhibition of L-arginine uptake at the local (preconditioning) site (100 microM L-histidine or 1 mM phenformin). Arginine-glycine-aspartate (100 microM)-induced remote dilations (+3. 2 +/- 0.3 micrometer) were not mimicked by a peptide control and were prevented by anti- integrin alphav monoclonal antibody. Remote dilations were greater in animals with a higher wall shear stress for arginine-glycine-aspartate (r2 = 0.92) but not for L-arginine (r2 = 0.12). Thus L-arginine initiates separate conducted signals related to system y+ transport, integrins, and baseline flow. (+info)Yeast mutants affecting possible quality control of plasma membrane proteins. (3/308)
Mutations gef1, stp22, STP26, and STP27 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were identified as suppressors of the temperature-sensitive alpha-factor receptor (mutation ste2-3) and arginine permease (mutation can1(ts)). These suppressors inhibited the elimination of misfolded receptors (synthesized at 34 degrees C) as well as damaged surface receptors (shifted from 22 to 34 degrees C). The stp22 mutation (allelic to vps23 [M. Babst and S. Emr, personal communication] and the STP26 mutation also caused missorting of carboxypeptidase Y, and ste2-3 was suppressed by mutations vps1, vps8, vps10, and vps28 but not by mutation vps3. In the stp22 mutant, both the mutant and the wild-type receptors (tagged with green fluorescent protein [GFP]) accumulated within an endosome-like compartment and were excluded from the vacuole. GFP-tagged Stp22p also accumulated in this compartment. Upon reaching the vacuole, cytoplasmic domains of both mutant and wild-type receptors appeared within the vacuolar lumen. Stp22p and Gef1p are similar to tumor susceptibility protein TSG101 and voltage-gated chloride channel, respectively. These results identify potential elements of plasma membrane quality control and indicate that cytoplasmic domains of membrane proteins are translocated into the vacuolar lumen. (+info)Large neutral amino acids block phenylalanine transport into brain tissue in patients with phenylketonuria. (4/308)
Large neutral amino acids (LNAAs), including phenylalanine (Phe), compete for transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via the L-type amino acid carrier. Accordingly, elevated plasma Phe impairs brain uptake of other LNAAs in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). Direct effects of elevated brain Phe and depleted LNAAs are probably major causes for disturbed brain development and function in PKU. Competition for the carrier might conversely be put to use to lower Phe influx when the plasma concentrations of all other LNAAs are increased. This hypothesis was tested by measuring brain Phe in patients with PKU by quantitative 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy during an oral Phe challenge with and without additional supplementation with all other LNAAs. Baseline plasma Phe was approximately 1,000 micromol/l and brain Phe was approximately 250 micromol/l in both series. Without LNAA supplementation, brain Phe increased to approximately 400 micromol/l after the oral Phe load. Electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral analysis revealed acutely disturbed brain activity. With concurrent LNAA supplementation, Phe influx was completely blocked and there was no slowing of EEG activity. These results are relevant for further characterization of the LNAA carrier and of the pathophysiology underlying brain dysfunction in PKU and for treatment of patients with PKU, as brain function might be improved by continued LNAA supplementation. (+info)CAT2-mediated L-arginine transport and nitric oxide production in activated macrophages. (5/308)
Activated macrophages require l-arginine uptake to sustain NO synthesis. Several transport systems could mediate this l-arginine influx. Using competition analysis and gene-expression studies, amino acid transport system y+ was identified as the major carrier responsible for this activity. To identify which of the four known y+ transport-system genes is involved in macrophage-induced l-arginine uptake, we used a hybrid-depletion study in Xenopus oocytes. Cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) 2 antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides abolished the activated-macrophage-mRNA-induced l-arginine transport. Together with expression studies documenting that CAT2 mRNA and protein levels are elevated with increased l-arginine uptake, our data demonstrate that CAT2 mediates the l-arginine transport that is required for the raised NO production in activated J774 macrophages. (+info)Cationic amino acid transporter gene expression in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells and in rats. (6/308)
Immunostimulants trigger vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to express the inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS) and increased arginine transport activity. Although arginine transport in VSMC is considered to be mediated via the y+ system, we show here that rat VSMC in culture express the cat-1 gene transcript as well as an alternatively spliced transcript of the cat-2 gene. An RT-PCR cloning sequence strategy was used to identify a 141-base nucleotide sequence encoding the low-affinity domain of alternatively spliced CAT-2A and a 138-base nucleotide sequence encoding the high-affinity domain of CAT-2B in VSMC activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in combination with interferon-gamma (IFN). With this sequence as a probe, Northern analyses showed that CAT-1 mRNA and CAT-2B mRNA are constitutively present in VSMC, and the expression of both mRNAs was rapidly stimulated by treatment with LPS-IFN, peaked within 4 h, and decayed to basal levels within 6 h after LPS-IFN. CAT-2A mRNA was not detectable in unstimulated or stimulated VSMC. Arginine transporter activity significantly increased 4-10 h after LPS-IFN. iNOS activity was reduced to almost zero in the absence of extracellular arginine uptake via system y+. Induction of arginine transport seems to be a prerequisite to the enhanced synthesis of NO in VSMC. Moreover, this work demonstrates tissue expression of CAT mRNAs with use of a model of LPS injection in rats. RT-PCR shows that the expression of CAT-1 and CAT-2B mRNA in the lung, heart, and kidney is increased by LPS administration to rats, whereas CAT-2A mRNA is abundantly expressed in the liver independent of LPS treatment. These findings suggest that together CAT-1 and CAT-2B play an important role in providing substrate for high-output NO synthesis in vitro as well as in vivo and implicate a coordinated regulation of intracellular iNOS enzyme activity with membrane arginine transport. (+info)Receptor-mediated Moloney murine leukemia virus entry can occur independently of the clathrin-coated-pit-mediated endocytic pathway. (7/308)
To investigate receptor-mediated Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) entry, the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged ecotropic receptor designated murine cationic amino acid transporter (MCAT-1) (MCAT-1-GFP) was constructed and expressed in 293 cells (293/MCAT-1-GFP). 293/MCAT-1-GFP cells displayed green fluorescence primarily at the cell membrane and supported wild-type levels of MoMuLV vector binding and transduction. Using immunofluorescence labeling and confocal microscopy, it was demonstrated that the surface envelope protein (SU) gp70 of MoMuLV virions began to appear inside cells 5 min after virus binding and was colocalized with MCAT-1-GFP. However, clathrin was not colocalized with MCAT-1-GFP, suggesting that MoMuLV entry, mediated by MCAT-1, does not involve clathrin. Double immunofluorescence labeling of SU and clathrin in 293 cells expressing untagged receptor (293/MCAT-1) gave the same results, i.e., SU and clathrin did not colocalize. In addition, we examined the transduction ability of MoMuLV vector on HeLa cells overexpressing the dominant-negative GTPase mutant of dynamin (K44A). HeLa cells overexpressing mutant dynamin have a severe block in endocytosis by the clathrin-coated-pit pathway. No significant titer difference was observed when MoMuLV vector was tranduced into HeLa cells overexpressing either wild-type or mutant dynamin, while the transduction ability of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein pseudotyped vector into HeLa cells overexpressing mutant dynamin was decreased significantly. Taken together, these data suggest that MoMuLV entry does not occur through the clathrin-coated-pit-mediated endocytic pathway. (+info)Modulation of ATPase activity by physical disengagement of the ATP-binding domains of an ABC transporter, the histidine permease. (8/308)
The membrane-bound complex of the prokaryotic histidine permease, a periplasmic protein-dependent ABC transporter, is composed of two hydrophobic subunits, HisQ and HisM, and two identical ATP-binding subunits, HisP, and is energized by ATP hydrolysis. The soluble periplasmic binding protein, HisJ, creates a signal that induces ATP hydrolysis by HisP. The crystal structure of HisP has been resolved and shown to have an "L" shape, with one of its arms (arm I) being involved in ATP binding and the other one (arm II) being proposed to interact with the hydrophobic subunits (Hung, L.-W., Wang, I. X., Nikaido, K., Liu, P.-Q., Ames, G. F.-L., and Kim, S.-H. (1998) Nature 396, 703-707). Here we study the basis for the defect of several HisP mutants that have an altered signaling pathway and hydrolyze ATP constitutively. We use biochemical approaches to show that they produce a loosely assembled membrane complex, in which the mutant HisP subunits are disengaged from HisQ and HisM, suggesting that the residues involved are important in the interaction between HisP and the hydrophobic subunits. In addition, the mutant HisPs are shown to have lower affinity for ADP and to display no cooperativity for ATP. All of the residues affected in these HisP mutants are located in arm II of the crystal structure of HisP, thus supporting the proposed function of arm II of HisP as interacting with HisQ and HisM. A revised model involving a cycle of disengagement and reengagement of HisP is proposed as a general mechanism of action for ABC transporters. (+info)
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Expanded genetic code
... various transport systems can handle unnatural amino acids with apolar side-chains. In the second case, a biosynthetic pathway ... coli strain that biosynthesizes a novel amino acid (p-aminophenylalanine) from basic carbon sources and includes it in its ... while the added amino acids are called non-standard amino acids (NSAAs), or unnatural amino acids (uAAs; term not used in ... or non-canonical amino acids. The first element of the system is the amino acid that is added to the genetic code of a certain ...
List of MeSH codes (D12.776.157)
... amino acid transport systems, basic MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.374.600 - amino acid transport system y+ MeSH D12.776.157.530. ... amino acid transport systems, acidic MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.249.500 - amino acid transport system x-ag MeSH D12.776.157.530. ... amino acid transport system a MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.500.200 - amino acid transport system asc MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.500. ... cationic amino acid transporter 2 MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.374.750 - amino acid transport system y+l MeSH D12.776.157.530. ...
Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT
AT heterodimer is the main apical reabsorption system for cystine in the kidney". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 283 (3): F540- ... of truncation of the COOH-terminal region of a Na+-independent neutral and basic amino acid transporter on amino acid transport ... Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC3A1 gene. Mutations in the ... amino acid transport on substrate affinity of the heteromeric b(0,+) amino acid transporter". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (19): 14331- ...
KPNA3
Most nuclear proteins contain short basic amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals (NLSs). KPNA3, encodes a ... The similarities among these proteins suggests that karyopherin alpha-3 may be involved in the nuclear transport system. KPNA3 ... The predicted amino acid sequence shows similarity to Xenopus importin, yeast SRP1, and human RCH1 (KPNA2), respectively. ... The transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is mediated by the nuclear pore complex ( ...
Metabolism
The amino acids or sugars released by these extracellular enzymes are then pumped into cells by active transport proteins. ... Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from four basic classes of molecule: amino acids, ... Thus living systems are not in equilibrium, but instead are dissipative systems that maintain their state of high complexity by ... lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts. All amino acids are synthesized from ...
Bacterial secretion system
Proteins are synthesised in ribosomes by a process of serially adding amino acids, called translation. In SecA pathway, a ... It is also called T7b system in Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus. It is composed of two basic components: a membrane-bound ... the protein can stay in the cell or is mostly transported out of the bacteria using other secretion systems. Among Gram- ... Type IV secretion system (T4SS or TFSS) is related to bacterial conjugation system, by which different bacteria can exchange ...
Willard Gibbs Award
... for demonstration of important metabolic interrelationships of amino acids, and for measurement of the amino acid requirements ... biological control systems, immunological response, processing of genetic information, ionophore transport and the reaction of ... His group developed the basic models, mechanisms, and methods for nanocrystal synthesis, processing, and characterization that ... He has made outstanding contributions in many fields, among which are the following: the synthesis of amino acids, the ...
Iminoglycinuria
... part of the system of Na-K-Cl cotransporters) couple with the amino or imino acids on the molecular level and transport them ... Proline at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Botany Online: Basic metabolism - Biosynthesis ... instead of the amino group found in amino acids. Proline is considered and usually referred to as an amino acid, but unlike ... The neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 (affecting glycine, proline, and other neutral amino acids like cysteine and ...
Glutamic acid
Smith, Quentin R. (April 2000). "Transport of glutamate and other amino acids at the blood-brain barrier". The Journal of ... and glutamic acid is responsible for umami, one of the five basic tastes of the human sense of taste. Glutamic acid often is ... is transported by a high-affinity transport system. It can also be converted into glutamine. Adenosine monophosphate Ajinomoto ... A key process in amino acid degradation is transamination, in which the amino group of an amino acid is transferred to an α- ...
CKMT1A
... consists of 417 amino acids and weighs 47037Da. CKMT1A is rich in amino acids with hydroxyl-containing and basic side ... According to the "transport" ("shuttle") hypothesis for the CK system, after synthesis within the mitochondrial matrix, the γ- ... inhibits the processing of uMtCK to induce cell death in a cell culture model system". Bioscience Reports. 31 (5): 429-37. doi: ...
Thiamine pyrophosphate
... complex Pyruvate decarboxylase in ethanol fermentation Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Branched-chain amino acid ... It was first discovered as an essential nutrient (vitamin) in humans through its link with the peripheral nervous system ... It achieves this in four basic steps: The carbanion of the TPP ylid nucleophilically attacks the carbonyl group on the ... the human Tpc and the Drosophila melanogaster have been identified as being responsible for the mitochondrial transport of ThPP ...
Neurotransmitter
Major neurotransmitters: Amino acids: glutamate, aspartate, D-serine, gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine Gasotransmitters ... 474 for noradrenaline system, page 476 for dopamine system, page 480 for serotonin system and page 483 for cholinergic system. ... A neuron transports its information by way of a nerve impulse called an action potential. When an action potential arrives at ... International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 29 January 2016. Grandy DK, Miller GM, Li JX (February 2016 ...
Leigh syndrome
Their function is to convert the potential energy of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in ... This causes a chronic lack of energy in the cells, which leads to cell death and in turn, affects the central nervous system ... Without ATP synthase, the electron transport chain will not produce any ATP. The most common MT-ATP6 mutation found with Leigh ... The brain stem is involved in maintaining basic life functions such as breathing, swallowing, and circulation; the basal ...
Antigen-antibody interaction
This region, called the variable (V) domain, is composed of amino acid sequences that define each type of antibody and their ... The immune complex is then transported to cellular systems where it can be destroyed or deactivated. The first correct ... One basic application is determination of ABO blood group. It is also used as a molecular technique for infection with ... The variable region in turn has hyper-variable regions which are unique amino acid sequences in each antibody. Antigens are ...
Amino acid transporter
Solute carrier family Amino acid transport Amino acid transport, acidic Amino acid transport, basic Amino acid transport ... System A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (VIAAT) is responsible ... An amino acid transporter is a membrane transport protein that transports amino acids. They are mainly of the solute carrier ... There are several families that function in amino acid transport, some of these include: TC# 2.A.3 - Amino Acid-Polyamine- ...
Molecular diffusion
In cell biology, diffusion is a main form of transport for necessary materials such as amino acids within cells. Diffusion of ... Because chemical diffusion is a net transport process, the system in which it takes place is not an equilibrium system (i.e. it ... As with the basic equation of heat transfer, this indicates that the rate of force is directly proportional to the driving ... Transport phenomena - Exchange of mass, energy, and momentum between observed and studied systems Turbulent diffusion Viscosity ...
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
Inherited Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism in Adults Chapter 414: Inherited Defects of Membrane Transport Part 13: Neurologic ... Basic Biology of the Cardiovascular System Chapter 233: Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease Section 2: Diagnosis of ... The Immune System in Health and Disease Chapter 342: Introduction to the Immune System Chapter 343: The Major ... Disorders of the Testes and Male Reproductive System Chapter 385: Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Chapter 386: ...
Chloroplast
... s carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, much amino acid synthesis, and the immune ... Chloroplasts can pump K+ and H+ ions in and out of themselves using a poorly understood light-driven transport system. In the ... Basic Biology (18 March 2016). "Bacteria". "chloroplast". Online Etymology Dictionary. von Mohl, H. (1835/1837). Ueber die ... Chloroplasts synthesize all the fatty acids in a plant cell-linoleic acid, a fatty acid, is a precursor to jasmonate. One of ...
Broth
... because dietary collagen is broken down into amino acids, which become building blocks for body tissues, and is not transported ... "Broth Basics". Martha Stewart. 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2016-11-30.. *^ Christensen, Emma. "What's the Difference Between Stock ... including boosting the immune system; improving joints, skin and hair due to collagen content; and promoting healthy teeth and ... In the Maldives the tuna broth known as garudiya is a basic food item, but it is not eaten as a soup in the general sense of ...
Apolipoprotein
Basic amino acids important for LDL receptor binding are clustered into a surface patch on one long helix. Apolipoprotein F ( ... They transport lipids (and fat soluble vitamins) in blood, cerebrospinal fluid and lymph. The lipid components of lipoproteins ... ApoE is the major lipoprotein in the central nervous system. Recent findings with apoA1 and apoE suggest that the tertiary ... In lipid transport, apolipoproteins function as structural components of lipoprotein particles, ligands for cell-surface ...
Index of biochemistry articles
... amino - amino acid - amino acid receptor - amino acid sequence - amino acid sequence homology - aminobutyric acid - ammonia - ... List of chemistry topics, Chemistry basic topics List of biology topics, Biology basic topics List of molecular biology topics ... transport protein - transport vesicle - triiodothyronine - trinucleotide repeat - Triose - tropomyosin - troponin - Tryptophan ... systems biology - T cell - T-cell antigen receptors - tachykinin - tachykinin receptor - talin protein - tandem repeat sequence ...
Amphetamine
SLC1A1 is excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), a glutamate transporter located in neurons, SLC22A3 is an extraneuronal ... Amphetamine is a weak base with a pKa of 9.9; consequently, when the pH is basic, more of the drug is in its lipid soluble free ... Although the monoamine transport cycle has been resolved in considerable detail, kinetic knowledge on the molecular actions of ... Zhang M, Han L, Xu Y (June 2012). "Roles of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in the central nervous system". ...
Kidney
... and amino acids. Examples of substances secreted are hydrogen, ammonium, potassium and uric acid. The kidneys also carry out ... which is part of the collecting duct system, and then to the ureters where it is renamed urine. In addition to transporting the ... Mescher, Anthony L. (2016). Junqueira's Basic Histology, 14th edition. Lange. p. 393. "Nomenclature in nephrology: preserving ' ... Two organ systems, the kidneys and lungs, maintain acid-base homeostasis, which is the maintenance of pH around a relatively ...
List of unsolved problems in biology
What is the folding code? What is the folding mechanism? Can we predict the native structure of a protein from its amino acid ... Can developing biological systems tell the time? To an extent, this appears to be the case, as shown by the CLOCK gene. Why are ... In cell theory, what is the exact transport mechanism by which proteins travel through the Golgi apparatus? Mechanism of action ... International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research. 3 (1): 11-15. doi:10.4103/2229-516X.112230. PMC 3678674. PMID ...
Photosynthesis
Nutrients used in cellular respiration include carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids. These nutrients are oxidized to ... The antenna system is at the core of the chlorophyll molecule of the photosystem II reaction center. That freed electron is ... Thus, the basic reaction by which photosynthesis is used to produce food (such as glucose) was outlined. Cornelis Van Niel made ... Linear electron transport through a photosystem will leave the reaction center of that photosystem oxidized. Elevating another ...
Drug metabolism
Commandeur JN, Stijntjes GJ, Vermeulen NP (June 1995). "Enzymes and transport systems involved in the formation and disposition ... or glucuronic acid. Sites on drugs where conjugation reactions occur include carboxy (-COOH), hydroxy (-OH), amino (NH2), and ... During the remainder of the nineteenth century, several other basic detoxification reactions were discovered, such as ... Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system Flavin-containing monooxygenase system Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase ...
Endomembrane system
These special proteins contain a specialized retention signal made up of a specific sequence of amino acids that enables them ... The ER membrane expands and can be transferred by transport vesicles to other components of the endomembrane system.[23][26] ... Biomembranes: Structural Organization and Basic Functions". Molecular Cell Biology. W. H. Freeman and Company. Retrieved 2008- ... Importantly, the transport of lipids through the cytosol and lipid flow through a continuous endomembrane system are not ...
C14orf119
54 amino acids), extended strands make up 23.57% of the protein (33 amino acids), and random coils make up 37.86% of the ... "BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool". blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved May 2, 2020. "C14orf119 (My028) Result Summary , ... "InnateDB: Systems Biology of the Innate Immune Response". www.innatedb.com. Retrieved May 3, 2020. "Results - mentha: the ... SUMOylation is involved in transcriptional regulation, protein stability, apoptosis, nuclear-cytosolic transport, progression ...
Blood
Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma ... which exert their influence principally through the respiratory system and the urinary system to control the acid-base balance ... In contrast, carbon dioxide is mostly transported extracellularly as bicarbonate ion transported in plasma. Vertebrate blood is ... Blood pH is regulated to stay within the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45, making it slightly basic. Blood that has a pH below 7.35 ...
Plant defense against herbivory
... and often take longer to synthesize and transport. The geranium, for example, produces the amino acid, quisqualic acid in its ... "Phenols". Plant Defense Systems & Medicinal Botany. Retrieved 2007-05-21. Van Soest, Peter J. (1982). Nutritional ecology of ... Most are multicyclic structures which differ from one another in both functional groups, and in basic carbon skeletons. ... Oxalyldiaminopropionic acid is a neurotoxic amino acid produced as a defensive metabolite in the grass pea (Lathyrus sativus). ...
Bile acid
... are reabsorbed by active transport in the ileum and recycled back to the liver for further secretion into the biliary system ... Conjugating bile acids with amino acids lowers the pKa of the bile-acid/amino-acid conjugate to between 1 and 4. Thus ... Wiemuth D, Sahin H, Falkenburger BH, Lefevre CM, Wasmuth HE, Grunder S (2012). "BASIC--a bile acid-sensitive ion channel highly ... Cholic acid is converted into deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid into lithocholic acid. All four of these bile acids ...
Chloroplast DNA
... rich in hydroxylated amino acids such as serine, threonine, and proline, and poor in acidic amino acids like aspartic acid and ... 4.2 Phosphorylation, chaperones, and transport. *4.3 The translocon on the outer chloroplast membrane (TOC) *4.3.1 Toc34 and 33 ... Special Issue: Biotechnology Annual Review 2010RNA Basics and Biotechnology Applications. 27 (3): 256-66. doi:10.1016/j.nbt. ... the new chloroplast host had to develop a unique protein targeting system to avoid having chloroplast proteins being sent to ...
Mineral (nutrient)
... essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids.[4] The five major minerals in the human body are calcium, phosphorus, ... Needed for muscle, heart and digestive system health, builds bone, supports synthesis and function of blood cells Dairy ... then transporting the acquired nutrients to local ecosystems.[56][57] ... amino acids, organic acids, etc.) improves the bioavailability of the supplemented mineral.[36] ...
Tea
... such as the polyphenols and amino acids, but is a suspension when all of the insoluble components are considered, such as the ... After basic processing, teas may be altered through additional processing steps before being sold,[84] and is often consumed ... 1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.. ... Compressed tea (such as Pu-erh) is produced for convenience in transport, storage, and ageing. It can usually be stored longer ...
Biofuel
Escherichia coli strains have also been successfully engineered to produce butanol by modifying their amino acid metabolism.[36 ... The resulting densified fuel is easier to transport and feed into thermal generation systems, such as boilers. ... Biomass and the Environment - Basics *^ a b "Biofuels Make a Comeback Despite Tough Economy". Worldwatch Institute. 2011-08-31 ... EU to phase out palm oil from transport fuel by 2030 *^ a b The Royal Society (January 2008). Sustainable biofuels: prospects ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
... results in an amino acid switch: valine to methionine exchange at codon 66, Val66Met, which is in the prodomain of BDNF.[39][38 ... BDNF acts on certain neurons of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system, helping to support survival of ... Yoshii A, Constantine-Paton M (June 2007). "BDNF induces transport of PSD-95 to dendrites through PI3K-AKT signaling after NMDA ... because normally CREB interaction with CRE and the subsequent translation of the BDNF transcript is blocked by of the basic ...
Food chemistry
Food and Nutrition Board of Institute of Medicine (2005) Dietary Reference Intakes for Protein and Amino Acids, page 685, from ... IFT Basic Symposium Series, Marcel Dekker, Inc.:New York, 793 pages *^ Physical Chemistry of Food Processes, Advanced ... Water in food systems[edit]. Main article: Water. A major component of food is water, which can encompass anywhere from 50% in ... Food chemistry concepts are often drawn from rheology, theories of transport phenomena, physical and chemical thermodynamics, ...
Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid is a weak sugar acid structurally related to glucose. In biological systems, ascorbic acid can be found only at ... Transport[edit]. SVCTs appear to be the predominant system for vitamin C transport in the body,[102] the notable exception ... Mineral Nutrients and Amino Acids May or Must be Added.[87] Voluntary and mandatory fortification was described for various ... The world price of vitamin C rose sharply in 2008 partly as a result of rises in basic food prices but also in anticipation of ...
Glossary of biology
amino acid. A class of organic compounds containing an amine group and a carboxylic acid group which function as the ... of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system ... with all of these monomers constituting the basic building blocks of nucleic acids.. nucleoid. An irregularly shaped region ... In humans, a set of nine amino acids, two fatty acids, thirteen vitamins, and fifteen minerals are considered essential ...
Antigen
... amino acid chains) and polysaccharides (chains of monosaccharides/simple sugars) but lipids and nucleic acids become antigens ... Each antibody is specifically produced by the immune system to match an antigen after cells in the immune system come into ... These algorithms consider factors such as the likelihood of proteasomal processing, transport into the endoplasmic reticulum, ... each able to bind a different antigen while sharing the same basic structure. In most cases, an adapted antibody can only react ...
Human digestive system
... amino acids and fatty acids into the bloodstream. The circular folds also slow the passage of food giving more time for ... Chyle is then transported through the lymphatic system to the rest of the body. ... The five basic tastes are referred to as those of saltiness, sourness, bitterness, sweetness, and umami. The detection of ... "Digestive system" and "alimentary system" redirect here. For digestive systems of non-human animals, see Digestion. ...
Food allergy
Other formulas, based on free amino acids, are the least antigenic and provide complete nutritional support in severe forms of ... The person should then be transported to the emergency room, where additional treatment can be given. Other treatments include ... Glucocorticoid steroids are used to calm down the immune system cells that are attacked by the chemicals released during an ... "Food Allergies: The Basics". Gastroenterology. 148 (6): 1120-1131.e4. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.02.006. ISSN 1528-0012. PMC ...
Phenethylamine
... a neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system.[12] It is biosynthesized from the amino acid L-phenylalanine by ... TAAR1 activity appears to depress monoamine transport and limit dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal firing rates via ... Phenethylamine is strongly basic, pKb = 4.17 (or pKa = 9.83), as measured using the HCl salt and forms a stable crystalline ... Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)[3][4]. Metabolism. Primarily: MAO-B[3][4][5]. Other enzymes: MAO-A,[5][6] SSAOs ( ...
Leigh syndrome
Their function is to convert the potential energy of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in ... Without ATP synthase, the electron transport chain will not produce any ATP.[1] The most common MT-ATP6 mutation found with ... This causes a chronic lack of energy in the cells, which leads to cell death and in turn, affects the central nervous system ... The brain stem is involved in maintaining basic life functions such as breathing, swallowing, and circulation; the basal ...
Chloroplast DNA
... rich in hydroxylated amino acids such as serine, threonine, and proline, and poor in acidic amino acids like aspartic acid and ... Phosphorylation, chaperones, and transport[edit]. After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, ... Special Issue: Biotechnology Annual Review 2010RNA Basics and Biotechnology Applications. 27 (3): 256-66. doi:10.1016/j.nbt. ... the new chloroplast host had to develop a unique protein targeting system to avoid having chloroplast proteins being sent to ...
Protein
"Interorgan amino acid transport and its regulation". The Journal of Nutrition. 133 (6 Suppl 1): 2068S-72S. doi:10.1093/jn/133.6 ... α-carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable side chain are bonded. Only proline differs from this basic ... "Molecular Systems Biology. 7: 549. doi:10.1038/msb.2011.82. PMC 3261713. PMID 22068332.. ... The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino ...
Transfer DNA
The opines are amino acid derivatives used by the bacterium as a source of carbon and energy. This natural process of ... Transfer DNA binary system Barker, R. F.; Idler, K. B.; Thompson, D. V.; Kemp, J. D. (1983-11-01). "Nucleotide sequence of the ... VirD2 is the protein that caps the 5′ end of the transferred T-strand by covalent attachment and is transported to the host ... For more than two decades, Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been exploited for introducing genes into plants for basic research as ...
Messenger RNA
This mature mRNA is then translated into a polymer of amino acids: a protein, as summarized in the central dogma of molecular ... "Transport and Localization Elements in Myelin Basic Protein mRNA", The Journal of Cell Biology, 138 (5): 1077-87, doi:10.1083/ ... It is thought to be part of the innate immune system as a defense against double-stranded RNA viruses.[31] ... Each codon encodes for a specific amino acid, except the stop codons, which terminate protein synthesis. This process of ...
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
Serotonin is synthesized from an amino acid called L-tryptophan. Active transport system regulates the uptake of tryptophan ... Sindrup SH, Otto M, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS (June 2005). "Antidepressants in the treatment of neuropathic pain". Basic & ... The same motif can be found in reboxetine where it is constrained in a morpholine ring system. Some studies have been made ... Inhibiting the reuptake transport protein results in increased concentrations of serotonin and norepinephrine in the synaptic ...
Parkinson's disease
Hornykiewicz O (2002). "L-DOPA: from a biologically inactive amino acid to a successful therapeutic agent". Amino Acids. 23 (1- ... is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.[1] The symptoms ... The Hoehn and Yahr scale defines five basic stages of progression. Motor symptoms, if not treated, advance aggressively in the ... Hirsch EC (December 2009). "Iron transport in Parkinson's disease". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 15 Suppl 3 (Suppl 3): ...
NMDA receptor
This has revealed a common fold with amino acid-binding bacterial proteins and with the glutamate-binding module of AMPA- ... The basic structure and functions associated with the NMDA receptor can be attributed to the GluN2B subunit. For example, the ... This information is then transported to the nucleus. Phosphorylation of Jacob does not take place with extrasynaptic NMDA ... that usually occurs due to cross-reactivity of antibodies produced by the immune system against ectopic brain tissues, such as ...
Hypoxia (medical)
... and some amino acids.[18] Hypoxia can result from a failure at any stage in the delivery of oxygen to cells. This can include ... United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. Retrieved 15 June 2008.. *^ Milroy, Christopher (Autumn 2018). "Deaths from ... A smaller amount of oxygen is transported in solution in the blood. ... Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival. Standards and. Codes of Practice. *Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) ...
DNA sequencing
US patent 20060029957, ZS Genetics, "Systems and methods of analyzing nucleic acid polymers and related components", issued ... Crick began to develop a theory which argued that the arrangement of nucleotides in DNA determined the sequence of amino acids ... Basic methods[edit]. Maxam-Gilbert sequencing[edit]. Main article: Maxam-Gilbert sequencing ... Precise control over the DNA transport through the pore is crucial for success. Various enzymes such as exonucleases and ...
Chemotherapy
Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System. 2008 Mar;13(1):27-46. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8027.2008.00156.x. PMID 18346229. ... 5-fluorouracil, folinic acid, oxaliplatin. FOLFOX. There are a number of strategies in the administration of chemotherapeutic ... Dimerization in the series of 5,8-quinazolinediones: Synthesis and anti tumor effects of bis(4-amino-5,8-quinazolinediones)". ... which had been transported there by the Allied forces to prepare for possible retaliation in the event of German use of ...
Antioxidant
Besides ascorbate, medically important conditional pro-oxidants include uric acid and sulfhydryl amino acids such as ... Enzyme systems[edit]. O. 2. Oxygen. ⟶. ⋅. O. 2. −. Superoxide. →. Superoxide. dismutase. H. 2. O. 2. Hydrogen. peroxide. →. ... the superoxide anion is produced as a by-product of several steps in the electron transport chain.[62] Particularly important ... These enzymes share the same basic catalytic mechanism, in which a redox-active cysteine (the peroxidatic cysteine) in the ...
Surfactant
May 2010). "Use of sustainable chemistry to produce an acyl amino acid surfactant". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 86 (5): 1387- ... Transport properties Irisations Maths Applications Fun Surfactants. Micelles, HLB. Surface rheology, adsorption. Langmuir ... Surfactants are routinely deposited in numerous ways on land and into water systems, whether as part of an intended process or ... Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival. Standards and. Codes of Practice. *Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) ...
Muscarine
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Acetylcholine metabolism/transport ... Pappano Achilles J, "Chapter 7. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs" (Chapter). Katzung BG: Basic & ... increased gastric acid secretion, diarrhea and polyuria. If muscarine reaches the brain it can cause tremor, convulsions and ... parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound activation of the peripheral parasympathetic nervous system that ...
Lysergic acid diethylamide
C-5 stereocenter could be analysed as having the same configuration of the alpha carbon of the naturally occurring amino acid L ... Because the masses involved are so small, concealing and transporting illicit LSD is much easier than smuggling cocaine, ... Many of the basic visual effects resemble the phosphenes seen after applying pressure to the eye and have also been studied as ... The effects of LSD are believed to occur as a result of alterations in the serotonin system.[14] As little as 20 micrograms can ...
Insect
... fats and nucleic acids. These macromolecules must be broken down by catabolic reactions into smaller molecules like amino acids ... Because genetic systems are well conserved among eukaryotes, understanding basic cellular processes like DNA replication or ... Aphids are known to be transported long distances by low-level jet streams.[102] As such, fine line patterns associated with ... Reproductive systemEdit. Main article: Insect reproductive system. The reproductive system of female insects consist of a pair ...
Root phloem-specific expression of the plasma membrane amino acid proton co-transporter AAP3
Amino acids can be taken up from the soil directly or synthesized from inorganic nitrogen, and then circulated in the plant via ... AtAAP3, a member of the Amino Acid Permease (AAP) family, is mainly expressed in root tissu … ... Amino acids are regarded as the nitrogen currency of plants. ... Amino Acid Sequence * Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic / ... Amino acids are regarded as the nitrogen currency of plants. Amino acids can be taken up from the soil directly or ...
A genome-wide association study of metabolic traits in human urine
Amino acid transport System A resembles System N in sequence but differs in mechanism | PNAS
Permanent address: Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317, Oslo, Norway. ... Classical amino acid transport System A accounts for most of the Na+-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. ... unlike System ASC, System L does not depend on Na+. Thus, two of the three general amino acid transport systems mediate ... Amino acid transport System A resembles System N in sequence but differs in mechanism. Richard J. Reimer, Farrukh A. Chaudhry, ...
Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome with stroke-like imaging presentation: clinical, biochemical and...
Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors / genetics*, metabolism, physiopathology*. Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic / genetics* ... 0/Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic; 0/Genetic Markers; 0/SLC25A15 protein, human; 1190-49-4/homocitrulline; 372-75-8/ ... In comparison to their sister, their homocitrulline and orotic acid were only mildly elevated even before treatment. The three ...
MEDLINE - Resultado p gina 1
0 (Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic); 0 (CAN1 protein, S cerevisiae); 0 (LYP1 protein, S cerevisiae); 0 (Saccharomyces ... have charged amino acid residues at the second (α2) and the third (α3) positions of the α-helix. Replacing the amino acids at ... The conserved basic residues and the charged amino acid residues at the α-helix of the zinc finger motif regulate the nuclear ... Amino cidos/metabolismo. N cleo Celular/metabolismo. Dedos de Zinco. [Mh] Termos MeSH secund rio:. Sequ ncia de Amino cidos. ...
An Introduction to the Blood-Brain Barrier | SpringerLink
An up-to-date basic introduction to the blood-brain barrier which starts with a clear description of the key historical ... basic transport kinetics and carrier-meditated processes. Subsequent chapters deal with transport of glucose and amino-acids, ... Transport of Glucose and Amino Acids in the Central Nervous System Hugh Davson, Berislav Zloković, Ljubisa Rakić, Malcolm B. ... An up-to-date basic introduction to the blood-brain barrier which starts with a clear description of the key historical ...
Possible Role of Insulin in the Transport of Tyrosine and Tryptophan from Blood to Brain | SpringerLink
These systems are not specific for each amino acid, but distinguish amino acids into... ... The penetration of amino acids into the brain and into other tissues is mediated by energy-requiring systems1-3. ... These systems are not specific for each amino acid, but distinguish amino acids into three groups: neutral, acidic, and basic4- ... Richter, J.J., and Wainer, A., Evidence for separate systems for the transport of neutral and basic amino acids across the ...
DWAIN Chambers cycle posted!!!Original letter from Victor conte | MuscleTalk.co.uk
Insulin acts as a "shuttle system" in the transport of glucose and branch chain amino acids. There is no test available for ... Liothryonine was used help accelerate the basic metabolic rate before competitions. The purpose was to reduce sluggishness and ... For example, oral testosterone will clear the system in less than a week and testosterone creams and gels will clear even ...
Possible Site-Specific Reagent for the General Amino Acid Transport System of Saccharomyces cerevisiae<...
The general amino acid transport system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae functions in the uptake of neutral, basic, and acidic amino ... "The general amino acid transport system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae functions in the uptake of neutral, basic, and acidic amino ... The general amino acid transport system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae functions in the uptake of neutral, basic, and acidic amino ... The general amino acid transport system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae functions in the uptake of neutral, basic, and acidic amino ...
Low and high affinity amino acid H+‐cotransporters for cellular import of neutral and charged amino acids, The Plant Journal |...
... shows that the capability to transport basic amino acids in planta might be overruled by excess amides and acidic amino acids ... AAPs are distantly related to plasma membrane amino acid transport systems N and A and to vesicular transporters such as VGAT ... Six amino acid permeases (AAPs) from Arabidopsis mediating transport of a wide spectrum of amino acids were isolated. ... AAPs mediate cotransport of neutral amino acids with one proton. Uncharged forms of acidic and basic amino acids are ...
Cellular Localization of Glutamate and Glutamine Metabolism and Transport Pathways in the Rat Ciliary Epithelium | IOVS | ARVO...
18 Three transport systems were thought to be involved, one each for basic, acid, and neutral amino acid. 17,19 However, the ... In contrast to ion and water transport, far less is known about the transport of nutrients such as amino acids by the ciliary ... This technique has the advantage of quantifying amino acid levels in the two cell layers, allowing amino acid distributions to ... Kinsey VE Reddy DV . Transport of amino acids into the posterior chamber of the rabbit eye. Invest Ophthalmol. 1962;1:355-362. ...
Elective Course Descriptions - Curriculum & Student Handbook - About the Program - Biophysics, Structural & Computational...
... neurotransmitter synthesis and transport; excitatory and inhibitory amino acids; development of the nervous system and genesis ... Basic quantum chemistry, Schroedinger equation, basic postulates of quantum mechanics, angular momentum, perturbation theory, ... Other topics include metal ion toxicity, metal-based drugs, and interaction of metals with nucleic acids. Problem sets and ... Students will learn the basic principles of X-ray diffraction, symmetry, and space groups. Students will also experience the ...
TCDB » SEARCH
2000). Transport properties of a system y+L neutral and basic amino acid transporter. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 20787-20793. 10777485 ... and l-type amino acid transport activity with broad specificity for small and large zwitterionic amino acids. J. Biol. Chem. ... 2003). Two amino acid residues determine the low substrate affinity of human cationic amino acid transporter-2A. J. Biol. Chem ... View Proteins belonging to: The Amino Acid-Polyamine-Organocation (APC) Family. 2.A.3 The Amino Acid-Polyamine-Organocation ( ...
Molecular organization of drosophila neuroendocrine cells by dimmed<...
... it encodes a putative cationic amino acid transporter, closely related to the Slimfast arginine transporter. Finally, we ... Background: In Drosophila, the basic-helix-loop-helix protein DIMM coordinates the molecular and cellular properties of all ... it encodes a putative cationic amino acid transporter, closely related to the Slimfast arginine transporter. Finally, we ... it encodes a putative cationic amino acid transporter, closely related to the Slimfast arginine transporter. Finally, we ...
Genetic variation in SLC7A2 interacts with calcium and magnesium intakes in modulating the risk of colorectal polyps - PubMed
... which mediates the transport of arginine, lysine and ornithine. l-Arginine is necessary for cancer development and progression ... gene encodes a protein called cationic amino acid transporter 2, ... Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic Actions. * Search in PubMed ... gene encodes a protein called cationic amino acid transporter 2, which mediates the transport of arginine, lysine and ornithine ... Furthermore, previous studies found that both calcium and magnesium inhibit the transport of arginine. Thus, calcium, magnesium ...
Expanded genetic code - Wikipedia
... various transport systems can handle unnatural amino acids with apolar side-chains. In the second case, a biosynthetic pathway ... coli strain that biosynthesizes a novel amino acid (p-aminophenylalanine) from basic carbon sources and includes it in its ... while the added amino acids are called non-standard amino acids (NSAAs), or unnatural amino acids (uAAs; term not used in ... or non-canonical amino acids. The first element of the system is the amino acid that is added to the genetic code of a certain ...
Characteristics of acidic, basic and neutral amino acid transport in the perfused rat hindlimb. - Fingerprint
- The...
Glutamic Acid 19% * Basic Amino Acid Transport Systems 19% * Aromatic Amino Acids 15% ... Characteristics of acidic, basic and neutral amino acid transport in the perfused rat hindlimb.. ... Dive into the research topics of Characteristics of acidic, basic and neutral amino acid transport in the perfused rat ...
Highly differential expression of SN1, a bidirectional glutamine transporter, in astroglia and endothelium in the developing...
0/Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral; 0/Membrane Transport Proteins; 0/system N protein 1 ... Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.. ... Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral*. Animals. Antibody Specificity. Astrocytes / metabolism*, ultrastructure. Blood-Brain ... Membrane Transport Proteins / biosynthesis*, immunology, metabolism. Microscopy, Electron. Pregnancy. Rats. Rats, Wistar. ...
The cationic amino acid transporters CAT1 and CAT3 mediate NMDA receptor activation-dependent changes in elaboration of...
Basic Amino Acid Transport Systems Medicine & Life Sciences * TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases Medicine & Life Sciences ... Huang, Y., Kang, B. N., Tian, J., Liu, Y., Luo, H. R., Hester, L., & Snyder, S. H. (2007). The cationic amino acid transporters ... Huang, Y, Kang, BN, Tian, J, Liu, Y, Luo, HR, Hester, L & Snyder, SH 2007, The cationic amino acid transporters CAT1 and CAT3 ... T1 - The cationic amino acid transporters CAT1 and CAT3 mediate NMDA receptor activation-dependent changes in elaboration of ...
Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT - Wikipedia
AT heterodimer is the main apical reabsorption system for cystine in the kidney". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 283 (3): F540- ... of truncation of the COOH-terminal region of a Na+-independent neutral and basic amino acid transporter on amino acid transport ... Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC3A1 gene. Mutations in the ... amino acid transport on substrate affinity of the heteromeric b(0,+) amino acid transporter". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (19): 14331- ...
Frontiers | Diversity of Phenotype and Genetic Etiology of 23 Cystinuria Saudi Patients: A Retrospective Study | Pediatrics
Cystinuria is an inborn error of metabolism that manifests with renal stones due to defective renal epithelial cell transport ... Cystinuria is an inborn error of metabolism that manifests with renal stones due to defective renal epithelial cell transport ... of cystine and dibasic amino acids which resulted from pathogenic variants in the SLC3A1 and/or SLC7A9 genes. Among ... which transports neutral and basic amino acids in the renal tubule and intestinal tract. The high affinity and sodium- ...
Development and Physiology of the Placenta and Membranes | GLOWM
Each system preferentially transports certain neutral amino acids, but there is considerable overlap among the systems. The ... It is also likely that additional, unidentified transport pathways are present for the acidic and basic amino acids as well. ... transporting the L-amino acids more rapidly than the D-amino acids. Recent evidence also indicates that placental amino acid ... the active transport of amino acids is mediated by several pathways that are specific for several groups of amino acids. Three ...
TCDB » SEARCH
System Y+ high affinity basic amino acid transporter (CAT1) (ecotropic retrovival leukemia virus receptor (ERR)) (transports ... transports neutral amino acids (i.e., Leu) in symport with Na+, Li+ or H+ in 1:1 stoichiometry; transports basic amino acids (i ... Y+L amino acid transporter 2 (Cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system) (Solute carrier family 7 member 6) (y(+)L-type amino ... General amino acid permease (all L-amino acids and some D-amino acids as well as β-alanine, polyamines and GABA). Systematic ...
Hypomorphic variants of cationic amino acid transporter 3 in males with autism spectrum disorders - PubMed
... mediate the entry of L-type cationic amino acids (arginine, ornithine and lysine) into the cells including neurons. CAT-3, ... Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic / genetics* Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH ... Cationic amino acid transporters (CATs) mediate the entry of L-type cationic amino acids (arginine, ornithine and lysine) into ... Regulation of cationic amino acid transport: the story of the CAT-1 transporter. Hatzoglou M, Fernandez J, Yaman I, Closs E. ...
Homology-integrated CRISPR-Cas (HI-CRISPR) system for one-step multigene disruption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. - PubMed -...
Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic/genetics. *Base Sequence. *Biosynthetic Pathways/genetics*. *Clustered Regularly ... Homology-integrated CRISPR-Cas (HI-CRISPR) system for one-step multigene disruption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.. Bao Z1, Xiao ... One-step multiple gene disruption in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a highly useful tool for both basic and ... system to generate multiple gene disruptions simultaneously in S. cerevisiae. A 100 bp dsDNA mutagenizing homologous ...
School of Sport and Service Management - Fingerprint
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Basic Amino Acid Transport Protein Basic Amino Acid Transport Proteins Basic Amino Acid Transport System Basic Amino Acid ... Basic Amino Acid Transport Protein. Basic Amino Acid Transport Proteins. Basic Amino Acid Transport System. Basic Amino Acid ... Cationic Amino Acid Transport System Cationic Amino Acid Transport Systems Cationic Amino Acid Transporter Cationic Amino Acid ... Cationic Amino Acid Transport Proteins. Cationic Amino Acid Transport System. Cationic Amino Acid Transport Systems. Cationic ...
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DI-fusion Transition of yeast Can1 transporter to the inward-facing...
Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic -- genetics -- metabolism. Arrestin -- genetics -- metabolism. Binding Sites. ... Function and Regulation of Acid Resistance Antiporters par Krammer, Eva-Maria , Prévost, Martine Publication 2019-01-01 ... Unveiling the mechanism of arginine transport through AdiC with molecular dynamics simulations: The guiding role of aromatic ...
Cationic amino acid transport in the renal medulla and blood pressure regulation<...
These results suggest that uptake of L-arginine by cationic amino acid transport systems in the renal medulla plays an ... These results suggest that uptake of L-arginine by cationic amino acid transport systems in the renal medulla plays an ... These results suggest that uptake of L-arginine by cationic amino acid transport systems in the renal medulla plays an ... These results suggest that uptake of L-arginine by cationic amino acid transport systems in the renal medulla plays an ...
ProteinsTransporterPeptidesUptakeTransportersArginineLysineProteinGlucoseAlanineNutrientsMoleculesGlycineHistidineMetabolismEnzymesEssential aminoFree amino acidsSpecificitySynthesisPhenylalaninePermeaseTyrosineCellsGlycerolGlutamateHormonesSubstrateMolecularCellularConcentrationsLeucineDifferent aminoSpecific aminoTryptophanTissuesBlood-brain bSerineCarbohydratesCompoundsSequenceNeutral amino acid transportMethionineAcidic and basicAromatic aminNitrogenHydrolysisBody'sCarboxylicLactic AcidBacteriaMeSHOligopeptidesRenalSubstancesNucleicIntracellularNovel amino acid
Proteins63
- Although molecular cloning has recently identified the proteins that mediate Systems ASC and L ( 13 - 17 ), System A has eluded biochemical purification, genetic approaches, and expression cloning in Xenopus oocytes ( 10 , 18 - 20 ). (pnas.org)
- We now report the isolation of a cDNA encoding System A that belongs to a family of mammalian proteins originally defined by a neurotransmitter transporter. (pnas.org)
- The conserved basic residues and the charged amino acid residues at the α-helix of the zinc finger motif regulate the nuclear transport activity of triple C2H2 zinc finger proteins. (bireme.br)
- Accumulated reports indicate that ZF motifs contain nuclear localization signal (NLS) to facilitate the transport of ZF proteins into nucleus. (bireme.br)
- We investigated the critical factors that facilitate the nuclear transport of triple C2H2 ZF proteins. (bireme.br)
- Three conserved basic residues (hot spots) were identified among the ZF sequences of triple C2H2 ZF proteins that reportedly have NLS function. (bireme.br)
- In general, the introduction of new functional unnatural amino acids into proteins of living cells breaks the universality of the genetic language, which ideally leads to alternative life forms. (wikipedia.org)
- Proteins are produced thanks to the translational system molecules, which decode the RNA messages into a string of amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- Here, we report a rapid, efficient, and potentially scalable strategy based on the type II Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated proteins (Cas) system to generate multiple gene disruptions simultaneously in S. cerevisiae. (nih.gov)
- Analysis of the homologous intracompartmental transport of three Amphidinium carterae plastid proteins showed that differing transport routes exist for plastid proteins. (uni-marburg.de)
- A new family of amino-acid-efflux proteins. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Perhaps the most critical nutrients for fetal development are the amino acids, since they are the building blocks of the body's proteins. (scirp.org)
- The invention is directed to methods for the non-radioactive labeling, detection, quantitation and isolation of nascent proteins translated in a cellular or cell-free translation system. (google.ca)
- Amino acids are the basic modules of all proteins and, thus, important for your body. (best-body-nutrition.com)
- In total there are 20 amino acids, all of which are required for the generation of endogenous proteins. (best-body-nutrition.com)
- If you check proteins, you will only find three basic amino acids in nuclear proteins (also autoantigens in lupus) and in proteins, such as heparanase or HIV TAT, that are exported and then internalized. (blogspot.com)
- You can check to see if a bacterium has that transport system by the exclusion of two adjacent Rs from all of its other proteins. (blogspot.com)
- Even DNA binding proteins, that frequently have adjacent basic amino acids will lack RR. (blogspot.com)
- I understand that within a proteome, short peptide sequences are enough to mediate recognition, but you're saying that's also true of the immune system recognizing foreign proteins? (blogspot.com)
- Proteins are the basic structure of all living cells. (bookderives.com)
- Proteins are used in making hormones, blood plasma transport systems, and enzymes. (bookderives.com)
- The basic building blocks of proteins are called amino acids. (bookderives.com)
- Drug elimination in living systems is a multistep process that may involve metabolism, binding to proteins in the circulatory system and binding to specific receptors and excretion processes. (schoolbag.info)
- Membrane transport proteins recognize these drug molecules and in an energy-dependent manner transport them across the plasma membrane and away from the target, either out of the cell or into subcellular organelles. (schoolbag.info)
- The occurrence of MDTs in evolutionary unrelated membrane transport proteins families indicates that they have originated independently several times during the course of evolution (5, 6). (schoolbag.info)
- Catalyzing chemical reactions in the body, providing storage and transport as well as antibodies for our immune system are just a few of the many vital roles of proteins. (studymode.com)
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and there are twenty amino acids utilized by biological life (Baldwin, 2003). (studymode.com)
- Amino acids are molecules that when combined with each other proteins. (studymode.com)
- L- amino acids are found in proteins D- amino acids are often found in bacterial cell walls and in some antibiotics. (studymode.com)
- Proteins are broken down into amino acids on hydrolysis. (studymode.com)
- Major role of integral membrane proteins, carriers, or transporters in drug transport is highlighted. (hindawi.com)
- For instance, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is mediated by the nuclear pore complex (NPC) which consists of 60-100 proteins and is probably 120 million daltons in molecular size. (acris-antibodies.com)
- Most nuclear proteins contain short basic amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals (NLSs). (acris-antibodies.com)
- KPNA3 is a protein similar to certain nuclear transport proteins of Xenopus and human. (acris-antibodies.com)
- The similarities among these proteins suggest that karyopherin alpha-3 may be involved in the nuclear transport system.The transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is mediated by the nuclear pore complex (NPC) which consists of 60-100 proteins and is probably 120 million daltons in molecular size. (acris-antibodies.com)
- The similarities among these proteins suggests that karyopherin alpha-3 may be involved in the nuclear transport system. (acris-antibodies.com)
- What you do need to know is that our bodies are made up of combinations of amino acids in the form of proteins. (mycrossfitbody.com)
- Ingested proteins are broken down into amino acids and used at different rates and in different ways. (mycrossfitbody.com)
- The amino acids which are transported to different tissues along with other food stuffs are involved in synthesis of essential proteins and some others for producing energy. (biozoomer.com)
- Lysine, an essential amino acid found mainly in animal derived products, is the first limiting amino acid in plant proteins. (ubc.ca)
- The three-dimensional structure of proteins is a direct consequence of the nature of the covalently-bonded sequence of amino acids, their chemical and physical properties, and the way in which the whole assembly interacts with water. (aamc.org)
- 2. Gastric acid kills microorganisms and denatures dietary proteins preparing them for hydrolysis by proteases. (gravitywaves.com)
- After food is eaten, molecules in the digestive system called enzymes break proteins down into amino acids, fats into fatty acids, and carbohydrates into simple sugars (for example, glucose). (rchsd.org)
- It is clear now that degradation of cellular proteins is a highly complex, temporally controlled, and tightly regulated process that plays major roles in a variety of basic cellular processes such as cell cycle and differentiation, communication of the cell with the extracellular environment and maintenance of the cellular quality control. (uni-freiburg.de)
- Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose together discovered ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, a process where an enzyme system tags unwanted proteins with many molecules of the 76-amino acid residue protein ubiquitin. (uni-freiburg.de)
- The tagged proteins are then transported to the proteasome, a large multisubunit protease complex, where they are degraded. (uni-freiburg.de)
- In denatured proteins most of the peptide bonds are accessible to digestive enzymes, and consequently denatured (i.e. cooked) proteins are more readily hydrolysed to their constituent amino acids. (karelsavry.us)
- Gastric acid is also important, as relatively strong acid will also disrupt hydrogen bonds and denature proteins. (karelsavry.us)
- Endopeptidases cleave proteins by hydrolysing peptide bonds between specific amino acids throughout the molecule. (karelsavry.us)
- Naturally occurring amino acids that are incorporated into proteins are, for the most part, the levorotatory ( L ) isomer. (fsu.edu)
- Amino acids are the principal building blocks of proteins and enzymes. (fsu.edu)
- Several of the amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter gamma -aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) that is found in the central nervous system, but not in proteins, carry out very specific roles in the body. (fsu.edu)
- The human body is not able to produce all of the 20 amino acids that are needed to synthesize proteins. (fsu.edu)
- or anabolic - the building up (synthesis) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). (wikipedia.org)
- Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined together by peptide bonds. (wikipedia.org)
- Other proteins have structural or mechanical functions, such as those that form the cytoskeleton, a system of scaffolding that maintains the cell shape. (wikipedia.org)
- Proteins are also important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, active transport across membranes, and the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- Proteins are large strands of molecules that make up of long strands of approximately 23 amino acids. (dietriot.com)
- We also identified pectin lyase-like, trypsin inhibitor, and saposin B functional domains in the amino acid sequences of the shell matrix proteins.The repertoire of brachiopod shell matrix proteins also contains two basic amino acid-rich proteins and proteins that have a variety of repeat sequences.Our study suggests an independent origin and unique mechanisms for brachiopod shell formation. (nih.gov)
- Among these unknown proteins, one shell matrix protein was identified with a domain architecture that includes a NAD(P) binding domain, an ABC-type transport system, a transmembrane region, and an aspartic acid rich region, which has not been detected in other biominerals. (nih.gov)
- We also identified pectin lyase-like, trypsin inhibitor, and saposin B functional domains in the amino acid sequences of the shell matrix proteins. (nih.gov)
- The repertoire of brachiopod shell matrix proteins also contains two basic amino acid-rich proteins and proteins that have a variety of repeat sequences. (nih.gov)
Transporter35
- The intracellular localization suggests trafficking or cycling of the transporter, similar to many metabolite transporters in yeast or mammals, for example, yeast amino acid permease GAP1. (nih.gov)
- We now report the isolation of a cDNA encoding System A that shows close similarity to the recently identified System N transporter (SN1). (pnas.org)
- The System A transporter (SA1) and SN1 share many functional characteristics, including a marked sensitivity to low pH, but, unlike SN1, SA1 does not mediate proton exchange. (pnas.org)
- Consistent with this sensitivity, we found that the System N transporter (SN1) mediates proton exchange as well as Na + cotransport ( 26 ). (pnas.org)
- have presented the crystal structure of apo-ApcT, a proton-coupled broad-specificity amino acid transporter, at 2.35 Å resolution. (tcdb.org)
- The third key DIMM target, CAT-4 (CG13248), has not previously been associated with peptide neurosecretion - it encodes a putative cationic amino acid transporter, closely related to the Slimfast arginine transporter. (illinois.edu)
- Cystinuria is an inherited metabolic disorder affecting the dibasic amino acid transporter in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidneys ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
- The high affinity and sodium-independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids is the role of the protein [b(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1] that is encoded by SLC7A9 ( Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC). (bvsalud.org)
- Cationic amino acid transporter (CAT)-1 mRNA remained little changed, and CAT-2 mRNA was not detected. (nih.gov)
- l -3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA) uptake in renal epithelial cells is promoted through the type 2 L-type amino acid transporter (LAT2), and this might rate-limit the synthesis of renal dopamine. (ahajournals.org)
- 4,15,16 Recently, l -DOPA uptake in renal epithelial cells was found to be promoted through the Na + -independent and pH-sensitive type 2 L-type amino acid transporter (LAT2), 17 the activity of which might rate-limit the synthesis of renal dopamine. (ahajournals.org)
- Groshong created a mutant version of B. burgdorferi that effectively blocks the spirochete's normal methods of consuming peptides by targeting the lynchpin of the transporter, the part of the system that provides energy for peptide transport. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
- In contrast to LAT3 15no expression was observed in human or mouse liver Fig. Related Content Load related web system l transporter pregabalina information. (antibioticshelp.life)
- The mRNA of LAT3 was highly expressed in pancreas and liver Methyltyrosine, a LAT1-specific inhibitor 27is a system l transporter pregabalina inhibitor of LAT4 Fig. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days. (antibioticshelp.life)
- Following abrupt or system l transporter pregabalina discontinuation of pregabalin, some people reported symptoms suggestive of physical dependence. (antibioticshelp.life)
- What system l transporter pregabalina opinion picture Feldenkrais Method. (antibioticshelp.life)
- Like gabapentin, pregabalin is a substrate for system L amino acid transporter, which is. (antibioticshelp.life)
- Patterson was initially live system l transporter pregabalina provoked barrage swallow distinction baby beginning provoked assault. (antibioticshelp.life)
- In the outward open conformation (PDB: 3TT1) amino acids can enter the transporter through the gap between the scaffold and the bundle from top. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
- The objective of this research was to investigate the presence of an Na + -independent, large neutral amino acid transporter, LAT1, on rabbit corneal epithelium and human cornea. (arvojournals.org)
- Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for large neutral amino acid transporter-1 (LAT1) was performed on total RNA from rabbit cornea, SIRC cells, and human cornea. (arvojournals.org)
- 2 3 4 Solute transport through a transporter or a receptor is a mechanism of translocating hydrophilic compounds across lipid bilayers. (arvojournals.org)
- Increased cationic amino acid flux through a newly expressed transporter in cells overproducing nitric oxide from patients with septic shock. (ox.ac.uk)
- The increased transport was due almost entirely to an increase in the activity of one transporter, subtype y+. (ox.ac.uk)
- The activity of the other major cationic amino acid transporter (y+L) was unchanged. (ox.ac.uk)
- On the other hand, differently from what is predicted in databases, according molecular modeling and phylogenetic analysis, X. citri does not show a proper taurine transporter, but two different ABC systems related to the alkanesulfonate/sulfonate transport that were recently acquired during evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
- The preferable source of sulfur is sulfate, which is transported by the ABC transporter SbpCysAUW. (biomedcentral.com)
- The BBB choline transporter transports choline, and perhaps other quaternary ammonium molecules. (shroomery.org)
- However, there is no unique transporter for each individual amino acid. (aminoco.com)
- Take, for example, the large neutral amino acids, for which there is one shared transporter. (aminoco.com)
- Tumor-associated myeloid cells also expressed high levels of cationic amino acid transporter 2B, which allowed them to rapidly incorporate l -Arginine ( l -Arg) and deplete extracellular l -Arg in vitro . (aacrjournals.org)
- The results show that a unique subpopulation of mature tumor-associated myeloid cells but not tumor cells or immature myeloid cells express arginase I and cationic amino acid transporter 2B. (aacrjournals.org)
- We demonstrate that a mutation in the high affinity phosphate transporter pstSCAB-phoU , believed to mimic low phosphate conditions, causes upregulation of secondary metabolism and QS in Serratia 39006, via the PhoBR two-component system. (biomedcentral.com)
- Genetic defect in the neutral amino acid transporter. (gravitywaves.com)
Peptides17
- Subsequent chapters deal with transport of glucose and amino-acids, peptides and nucleotides. (springer.com)
- Background: In Drosophila, the basic-helix-loop-helix protein DIMM coordinates the molecular and cellular properties of all major neuroendocrine cells, irrespective of the secretory peptides they produce. (illinois.edu)
- Comparison with diatom and plant transit peptides, revealed that transit peptides from peridinin-containing dinoflagellate conform to general trends for transit peptides but are relatively deficient in hydroxylated amino acids, have a slight net positive charge, and contain N-terminal basic amino acids among the most N-terminal amino acids. (uni-marburg.de)
- Like transit peptides in the alveolate Plasmodium falciparum, dinoflagellate transit peptides contain positively charged amino acids, have a depleted acidic residue content, and mostly contain one or more chaperone binding sites. (uni-marburg.de)
- Despite its overwhelming prominence in dinoflagellate transit peptides, C-terminal negative charge clearly had no impact on the import competence of Amphidinium carterae targeting signals in heterologous in vivo systems. (uni-marburg.de)
- Based on results from transfections of Pisum sativum and Phaeodactylum tricornutum, targeting mediated by transit peptides is not merely dependent on net positive charge, N-terminal positive charge, or amino acid content. (uni-marburg.de)
- Therefore, it was concluded that plastid transport into plant and diatom plastids also depended on sequence-specific patterns or motifs that are not present and/or not identical to those in dinoflagellate transit peptides. (uni-marburg.de)
- As is evident from the analysis of a lysEG deletion mutant, the physiological role of the lysEG system is to prevent bacteriostasis due to elevated L-lysine or L-arginine concentrations that arise during growth in the presence of peptides or in mutants possessing a deregulated biosynthesis pathway. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- While previous genetic analyses have suggested that the Bb's genome encodes a cellular transport system capable of importing nutrients from the host in the form of peptides, the importance of the system for viability and pathogenesis had never been established. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
- To better understand the importance of peptides, a source of amino acids, Groshong and the UConn Health team adopted a novel approach. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
- Interestingly, this is the only pathogen demonstrated to require peptides for basic viability, making this a unique find in the world of pathogenic bacteria. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
- Second, (a selection of) these peptides are internalized via an oligopeptide transport system (Opp). (asm.org)
- In the third and last step, multiple peptidases hydrolyze the oligopeptides into smaller peptides and, ultimately, into amino acids that are then available for de novo protein synthesis and other metabolic activities ( 2 ). (asm.org)
- 1. Following digestion, amino acids and small peptides are co-absorbed w/ sodium via group specific amino acid or peptide transport systems . (gravitywaves.com)
- Kitakaze T, Sakamoto T, buy Peptides in India Kitano T, Inoue that creams are hair loss in women with thinning side effects like peptide is positive, the peptide is basic. (yaplet.com)
- Carboxypeptidases, secreted in the pancreatic juice, release amino acids from the free carboxyl terminal of peptides. (karelsavry.us)
- Aminopeptidases, secreted by the intestinal mucosal cells, release amino acids from the amino terminal of peptides. (karelsavry.us)
Uptake21
- AtAAP3, a member of the Amino Acid Permease (AAP) family, is mainly expressed in root tissue, suggesting a potential role in the uptake and distribution of amino acids. (nih.gov)
- Classical amino acid transport System A accounts for most of the Na + -dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. (pnas.org)
- Three principal transport systems account for much of the amino acid uptake by mammalian cells ( 1 , 2 ). (pnas.org)
- Although Na + -dependent, System ASC appears to mediate amino acid exchange rather than net uptake ( 4 , 5 ). (pnas.org)
- System A catalyzes the Na + -dependent net uptake of many neutral amino acids, in particular alanine, serine, and glutamine ( 7 ). (pnas.org)
- System A and other more specialized transport systems may thus provide the concentrations of cytoplasmic amino acids necessary to drive the uptake of other amino acids by exchange through Systems ASC and L. System A also exhibits several unusual properties, including the recognition of N -methylated amino acids, tolerance of Li + substitution for Na + , and sensitivity to inhibition by low extracellular pH ( 1 , 2 ). (pnas.org)
- We have recently identified another member of this family as responsible for classical amino acid transport System N. Unlike the virtually ubiquitous Systems A, ASC, and L, System N appears more tissue-specific and mediates the uptake specifically of glutamine, histidine, and asparagine ( 25 ). (pnas.org)
- The general amino acid transport system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae functions in the uptake of neutral, basic, and acidic amino acids. (umn.edu)
- Thus AAP6 may serve a different role either in cooperating with the lower affinity systems to acquire amino acids in the low concentration range, as a system responsible for aspartate transport or as an uptake system from the xylem. (deepdyve.com)
- In agreement, a yeast mutant deficient in acidic amino acid uptake at low aspartate concentrations was complemented only by AAP6. (deepdyve.com)
- This amino acid distribution plus an observed strong labeling of EAAT3 in the interface between the PE and the NPE cell layers indicate that EAAT3 mediates the uptake of glutamate from the blood. (arvojournals.org)
- Previous studies have indicated that NO synthesis in isolated inner medullary collecting duct cells is reduced by cationic amino acids that compete with L-arginine for cellular uptake. (elsevier.com)
- These results suggest that uptake of L-arginine by cationic amino acid transport systems in the renal medulla plays an important role in the regulation of medullary NO and MAP in rats. (elsevier.com)
- There are at least five different sodium-dependent transport systems for amino acid uptake. (barnardhealth.us)
- Freshly excised rabbit corneas were used for transport studies and SIRC (a rabbit corneal cell line) cells for uptake studies. (arvojournals.org)
- Transport and uptake characteristics of [ 3 H]- l -phenylalanine were determined at various concentrations and pH. (arvojournals.org)
- Inhibition studies were conducted in the presence of other l - and d -amino acids and metabolic inhibitors, such as ouabain and sodium azide, and in the absence of sodium to delineate the mechanism of uptake and transport. (arvojournals.org)
- strain 6803 was demonstrated by following the initial rates of uptake with 14C-labeled amino acids, measuring the intracellular pools of amino acids, and isolating mutants resistant to toxic amino acids. (core.ac.uk)
- The rates of both NO production and cationic amino acid uptake were increased in cells from patients with septic shock. (ox.ac.uk)
- Both a protoplast amino acid uptake assay and HPLC analysis indicated that more basic (Lys, Arg) and neutral (Val, Ala) amino acids were transported and accumulated in the OE lines than in the wild type, but the opposite was observed in the RNAi lines. (plantphysiol.org)
- Similar group-specific amino acid transporters occur in the renal tubules (for reabsorption of amino acids filtered at the glomerulus) and for uptake of amino acids into tissues. (karelsavry.us)
Transporters19
- Microarray analyses revealed that the expression profile of genes involved in amino acid metabolism did not change drastically, indicating potential compensation by other amino acid transporters. (nih.gov)
- AAPs are distantly related to plasma membrane amino acid transport systems N and A and to vesicular transporters such as VGAT from mammals. (deepdyve.com)
- AAP3 and AAP5 are the only transporters mediating efficient transport of the basic amino acids. (deepdyve.com)
- They proposed that Lys158 is central to proton-coupled transport and that the amine group serves the same functional role as the Na2 ion in LeuT, thus demonstrating common principles among proton- and sodium-coupled transporters. (tcdb.org)
- We show that NMDA receptor activation markedly reduces arginine transport by decreasing surface expression of the cationic amino acid transporters (CAT) 1 and 3. (elsevier.com)
- To date several transporters with system L characteristics have been identified at the molecular level. (antibioticshelp.life)
- Transporters involved in amino acid absorption in the human small intestine. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
- Expression of amino acid transporters along the mouse intestine. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
- B 0 AT1, b 0,+ AT, y + LAT1, LAT2, rBAT, SIT1, and PAT1 show the typical signature for transporters primarily involved in amino acid absorption (high in the small intestine, low in colon). (comprehensivephysiology.com)
- Known amino acid transporters belong to four different classes and three different structural folds. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
- The APC (amino acid, polyamine, organo‐cation) family of transporters have a structure that is also closely related to LeuT, but do not translocate Na + ‐ions. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
- The transcription of genes involved with alkanesulfonate/sulfur compounds in XAM1 along to CysB suggests that despite the differences in the transporters, the regulation of these systems might be similar to the described for E. coli . (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, roles of various receptors, ATP powered pumps, channels, and transporters in transport of vital molecules in maintenance of homeostasis and normal body functions have been described in detail. (hindawi.com)
- More specifically, the endothelial cells also possess transporters which show permeability characteristics and allow transport of oxygen and CO 2 across the BBB, bu these selectively prevent other substances from crossing [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- There are transporters for glucose (the preferred fuel source for the brain) and for amino acids that serve as important chemical messengers in the brain. (aminoco.com)
- Rather, there are several transporters, each of which is used by amino acids that share certain chemical properties, such as size or ionic charge. (aminoco.com)
- The names of these transporters are hardly what you'd call catchy-for example, system L, EAAT1, ASCT2-and they're sometimes identified by different designations, so let's not get caught up in the specifics. (aminoco.com)
- However, it's helpful to have a basic understanding of why these shared transporters are so important. (aminoco.com)
- That's because the requirement to share transporters makes this a competitive transport system-which means the amino acid that's present in the largest concentration in the blood has the best chance of getting carried into the brain. (aminoco.com)
Arginine11
- It is characterized by inadequate reabsorption of cystine and dibasic amino acids in the kidney that results in excessive urine excretion of cystine and the dibasic amino acids lysine, arginine, and ornithine due to defective transepithelial transport of these amino acids in the proximal tubule and the small intestine. (frontiersin.org)
- Mukherjee P, Prasad R. Purified arginine permease of Candida albicans is functionally active in a reconstituted system. (labome.org)
- All the characteristic features of L-arginine transport displayed by the reconstituted system were similar to those observed in intact cells. (labome.org)
- I examined the enterovirus coat protein, VP1, and found the same three amino acid sequence (three basic amino acids, lysine [K] or arginine [R], highlighted) that I also found in all allergens (peanut, ragweed, dust mite, bee venom) and autoantigens of autoimmune diseases (lupus, MS), and is associated with heparan sulfate-based internalization and presentation of protein immunogens. (blogspot.com)
- Another example of a couple of amino acids that provides molecular recognition is the twin arginine transport system in bacteria. (blogspot.com)
- In Escherichia coli L-arginine is taken up by three periplasmic binding protein-dependent transport systems that are encoded by two genetic loci: the artPIQM-artJ and argT-hisJQMP gene clusters. (naver.com)
- The Can1 mutants are defective in the active transport of three basic amino acids (arginine, histidine, and lysine) and in one of two transport systems operating on glutamine. (core.ac.uk)
- The supply of the cationic amino acid arginine is known to be rate-limiting for NO production. (ox.ac.uk)
- CMT systems for hexoses, monocarboxylic acids such as lactic acid, neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine, basic amino acids such as arginine, quaternary ammonium molecules such as choline, purine nucleosides such as adenosine, and purine bases such as adenine, are shown in Figure 5, which represents the luminal membrane of the brain capillary endothelium. (shroomery.org)
- The resulting structure showed that a hydrogen bonded system could be formed involving Arginine-210, Histidine-245 and the Aspartate-61 residues. (edu.au)
- At least 8 of the important organic compounds must be consumed in the diet and two additional amino acids (histidine and arginine) are essential only to children. (fsu.edu)
Lysine3
- Addition of a fivefold excess of L-lysine during NCAO treatment or prevented inactivation of tryptophan transport. (umn.edu)
- Strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum with different lysine productivities may have different lysine excretion systems. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Pregnant women (22-36y) consumed a diet containing a random lysine intake (range = 6 - 86 mg/kg/d) in a crystalline amino acid mixture based on egg protein profile. (ubc.ca)
Protein29
- Because System A also catalyzes Na + -dependent amino acid transport sensitive to low pH, we considered that the protein(s) responsible might belong to the same family as VGAT and, in particular, SN1. (pnas.org)
- Mechanistically, genetic studies in Drosophila, along with cellular and biophysical studies in mammalian systems, demonstrate the dominant negative effect exerted by the mutant on the wild-type (WT) protein, which explains dominant inheritance. (bireme.br)
- The nuclear transport activity of various mutants was estimated by analyzing the proportion of protein localized in the nucleus. (bireme.br)
- Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC3A1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Biochemical studies give evidence that protein calorie malnutrition impairs the energy metabolism in the cells by interfering with the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and enzymes involved in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. (scirp.org)
- tRNA molecules are misaminoacylated with non-radioactive markers which may be non-native amino acids, amino acid analogs or derivatives, or substances recognized by the protein synthesizing machinery. (google.ca)
- Markers may comprise cleavable moieties, detectable labels, reporter properties wherein markers incorporated into protein can be distinguished from unincorporated markers, or coupling agents which facilitate the detection and isolation of nascent protein from other components of the translation system. (google.ca)
- No. The three amino acid sequence merely means that the protein will be dragged into a cell for presentation to the immune system. (blogspot.com)
- So if I understand correctly, that three a.a. sequence you mentioned is enough for a cell to recognize a protein as foreign and present antigens to the immune system? (blogspot.com)
- RT-qPCR analysis and the in vitro overexpression experiments indicated that USA300HOU_RS00550 (an Na/Pi cotransporter family protein) and USA300HOU_RS01625 (a branched-chain amino acid transport system II carrier protein) contributed to Erava heteroresistance in S. aureus . (biomedcentral.com)
- Old school nutrition 'experts' have also proposed that a very low carbohydrate diet sets the stage for a significant loss of muscle mass, as the body recruits amino acids from muscle protein to maintain blood sugar (glucose) via gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose within the body from precursors other than carbohydrates). (mindandmuscle.net)
- Also, if the muscle is more than sufficiently supplied with other substrates for burning (such as fatty acids and ketone bodies, in this case), then the burning of muscle protein-derived amino acids is suppressed. (mindandmuscle.net)
- MDTs are found in evolutionary unrelated membrane transport protein families, which suggests that they might have developed independently several times during the course of evolution. (schoolbag.info)
- Amino acids are monomers of protein. (studymode.com)
- We get some of the amino acids from what protein we eat, and others are made by the body from combinations of compounds. (mycrossfitbody.com)
- Different amino acid supplement benefits alter the body's output and muscle performance because each protein has different physical and chemical properties. (mycrossfitbody.com)
- Resistance based and high-intensity training workouts increase the bodies signaling systems for muscle protein synthesis - building healthy muscle tissue. (mycrossfitbody.com)
- Lactococcus lactis , for instance, depends on the milk protein casein as the major source of nitrogen, since it is auxotrophic for several amino acids. (asm.org)
- We expect these results will have significant implications for setting recommendations globally where plant based diets are the primary source of protein and amino acids. (ubc.ca)
- Content in this category covers a range of protein behaviors which originate from the unique chemistry of amino acids themselves. (aamc.org)
- Amino acid classifications and protein structural elements are covered. (aamc.org)
- Protein digestion occurs by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds between amino acids. (karelsavry.us)
- The result of the combined action of the endopeptidases is that the large protein molecules are broken down into a number of smaller polypeptides with a large number of amino and carboxy terminals for the exopeptidases to act on. (karelsavry.us)
- During and after the final assembly of a protein, the amino acid content dictates the spatial and biochemical properties of the protein or enzyme. (fsu.edu)
- The amino acid backbone determines the primary sequence of a protein, but it is the nature of the side chains that determine the protein's properties. (fsu.edu)
- On the other hand, non-polar amino acids tend to reside within the center of the protein where they can interact with similar non-polar neighbors. (fsu.edu)
- In addition to their role in protein and enzyme synthesis, amino acids are actively involved in a broad range of functions in the body. (fsu.edu)
- They are also, found, however in grains, legumes, and similar vegetable sources of protein, though one or more essential amino acids may be missing from such foods. (fsu.edu)
- Nevertheless, amino acid deficiencies are extremely rare in the United States, since Americans commonly consume twice as much protein as is considered necessary each day. (fsu.edu)
Glucose8
- 1. The relation between energy production and the glucose-dependent transport of glycine, Canad. (springer.com)
- Insulin acts as a "shuttle system" in the transport of glucose and branch chain amino acids. (muscletalk.co.uk)
- In the presence of glucose as an energy source, NCAO inhibited tryptophan transport competitively (Ki=80 μM) during short time intervals (1-2 min), but adding 100 μM NCAO to a yeast cell suspension resulted in a time-dependent activation of tryptophan transport during the first 15 min of treatment. (umn.edu)
- It is true that animals share a metabolic deficiency, which gives rise to the almost total inability to convert fatty acids to glucose. (mindandmuscle.net)
- Serine - storage source of glucose for the liver and muscles, antibody production enhances the immune system, synthesizes fatty acid covering around nerve fibers (insulator). (bookderives.com)
- Free amino acids are absorbed across the intestinal mucosa by sodium-dependent active transport, as occurs in the absorption of glucose and galactose (see Figure 4.9). (karelsavry.us)
- Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress. (wikipedia.org)
- Glucose is the form of sugar in the blood that is the primary source of fuel used by the nervous system. (dietriot.com)
Alanine5
- System ASC preferentially transports alanine, serine, and cysteine but also recognizes other aliphatic amino acids ( 3 ). (pnas.org)
- Postembedding immunohistochemistry and silver intensification were used to quantify the relative distributions of glutamate, glutamine, and related amino acids (aspartate, alanine, GABA, and glycine) in the pigmented (PE) and nonpigmented (NPE) epithelial cells of the ciliary body. (arvojournals.org)
- Transports L-alanine (K m = 20 μM), D-alanine (K m = 38 μM), L-serine, D-serine (K m = 356 μM) and glycine ( Noens and Lolkema 2015 ). (tcdb.org)
- In this work, we fix nitrogen from N 2 and carbon from CO 2 and CH 4 to obtain both glycine and alanine ( D / L racemic mixture), the two simplest amino acids. (rsc.org)
- Aromatic Amino acid Phenyl alanine, Tyrosine. (studymode.com)
Nutrients6
- This proprietary, water based transport system is able to penetrate the skin and deliver amino acids, humectants, nutrients and moisture deep into the skin. (glamour4u.com)
- The primary role of the placenta is to transport nutrients to the fetus and to remove toxic wastes from the fetus. (scirp.org)
- flows freely throughout their bodies, lubricating tissues and transporting nutrients and wastes. (todayifoundout.com)
- The cardiovascular system also transports nutrients such as electrolytes, amino acids, enzymes, hormones which are integral to cellular respiration, metabolism and immunity. (openaccessbooks.com)
- Both diffusion and carrier mediated transport mechanisms which facilitate molecular trafficking through transcellular route to maintain influx and outflux of important nutrients and metabolic substances are elucidated. (hindawi.com)
- As fundamental nutrients, amino acids are important for rice ( Oryza sativa ) growth and development. (plantphysiol.org)
Molecules6
- tRNA molecules are misaminoacylated with non-radioactive markers which may be non-native amino acids, amino acid analogs. (google.ca)
- It is of course impossible to maintain that unconscious masses of atoms and molecules took a decision to form cells and that such a system later spontaneously came into being among those cells. (evolutiondeceit.com)
- Testing this possibility will require flying other spacecraft through the plumes with analytical devices able to detect molecules more closely associated with life, such as amino acids. (separationsnow.com)
- In a nutshell, digestion involves breaking down large food molecules into water-soluble molecules that can be passed into the blood and transported to the body's organs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- larger molecules are transported by an active process. (acris-antibodies.com)
- What is the nature of the amino acid side chains essential for the transport of water soluble molecules across cell membranes and their spatial relationships? (edu.au)
Glycine2
- The encoding gene is adjacent to a paralogue ( serP2 ) with broad specificity for D- and L-small semipolar amino acids and glycine (see TC# 2.A.3.1.20). (tcdb.org)
- Amino acids appear in chiral (mirror image) except for glycine where the R = Hydrogen Chirality of amino acids can only be seen in 3D structure The position of amino group on the left or right side of the α-carbon determines the L or D designation. (studymode.com)
Histidine1
- Although L-histidine and L-citrulline also act as coinducers of lysE expression, these two amino acids are not exported by LysE. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Metabolism9
- Cystinuria is an inborn error of metabolism that manifests with renal stones due to defective renal epithelial cell transport of cystine which resulted from pathogenic variants in the SLC3A1 and/or SLC7A9 genes. (frontiersin.org)
- Because of this, chemicals such as ethanol may affect fetal nutrition by having an effect primarily on the placental metabolism [8] and secondarily on the placental transport processes [9]. (scirp.org)
- This allows the minerals to be carried through cell membranes to participate in chemical reactions that are part of the body's basic metabolism. (mywowbb.com)
- The body can manufacture the non-essential amino acids from the by-products of carbohydrate metabolism. (bookderives.com)
- promotes proper digestive system function and metabolism. (bookderives.com)
- Several of the hormones of the endocrine system are involved in controlling the rate and direction of metabolism. (rchsd.org)
- So the more acids form are maybe head injury issue cognitive decline just pounds faster in order to give fat release Increases your metabolism. (yaplet.com)
- The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
- A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways among vastly different species. (wikipedia.org)
Enzymes4
- Apart from being able to manipulate DNA using restriction enzymes and ligase, we need some mechanism of transporting the DNA from one cell to another or to somewhere for further treatment. (woolwise.com)
- Chemical digestion - food is broken down by acids and enzymes into its basic units. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Likewise, enzymes can also have polar amino acid substituents within the active site that provide a polar region in which to conduct biochemical synthesis. (fsu.edu)
- They are also needed for the hormones, enzymes, and blood transporting systems. (dietriot.com)
Essential amino5
- The 8 essential amino acids are regarded as particularly important. (best-body-nutrition.com)
- Of the twenty amino acids that have been identified, nine are considered essential amino acids that are not manufactured by the body, these must come from dietary intake. (bookderives.com)
- In other animals, essential amino acids differ somewhat. (fsu.edu)
- Essential amino acids are generally contained in the greatest quantities in meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and other animal products. (fsu.edu)
- For this reason, vegetarians are generally urged to carefully consume a wide range of foods in order that they regularly obtain the complete array of essential amino acids, since different plants lack different types of the important compounds. (fsu.edu)
Free amino acids3
- The advantage of BCAA over other amino acids is that these are free amino acids and, thus, are available to the body much faster. (best-body-nutrition.com)
- 3. Gastric juices contain the acid stable proteases of the pepsin family , which produce large peptide fragments and some free amino acids. (gravitywaves.com)
- 3. The end products of cell surface digestion are free amino acids and di- and tripeptides . (gravitywaves.com)
Specificity3
- A detailed comparison of the properties by electrophysiology after heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes shows that, although capable of recognizing and transporting a wide spectrum of amino acids, individual AAPs differ with respect to specificity. (deepdyve.com)
- Thus, genetic evidence suggests that strain 6803 has only a small number of amino acid transport systems with fairly broad specificity and that, with the exception of glutamine, each amino acid is accumulated by only one major transport system. (core.ac.uk)
- There are a number of different amino acid transport systems with specificity for the chemical nature of the side-chain (large or small neutral, acidic or basic - see Figure 4.18). (karelsavry.us)
Synthesis4
- Wurtman, R.J., Effects of physiological variations in brain amino acid concentrations on the synthesis of brain monoamines. (springer.com)
- Due to technical details (easier chemical synthesis of NSAAs, less crosstalk and easier evolution of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthase), the NSAAs are generally larger than standard amino acids and most often have a phenylalanine core but with a large variety of different substituents. (wikipedia.org)
- The synthesis of amino acids by direct fixation of nitrogen and carbon from gas mixtures opens new avenues regarding the nitrogen fixation for industrial purposes and the recycling of carbon dioxide. (rsc.org)
- Neoplastic crown gall tumors incited by Agrobacterium tumefaciens release novel amino acid or sugar derivatives known as opines, whose synthesis is directed by genes transferred to plant cells. (duke.edu)
Phenylalanine1
- Transports phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan ( Honoré and Cole 1990 ). (tcdb.org)
Permease1
- The latter amino acid is probably transported by a third permease which could be identical to the Can1-independent transport operating on glutamine. (core.ac.uk)
Tyrosine2
- After months of research, we discovered we could increase caffeine's solubility five-fold by using a simple derivative of a naturally produced amino acid, tyrosine. (skeptoid.com)
- The large neutral amino acids include tryptophan (or L-tryptophan), tyrosine (or L-tyrosine), and the three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)-leucine, isoleucine, and valine. (aminoco.com)
Cells18
- This differential distribution of amino acids was abolished by a single injection of MSO that caused a decrease in glutamine and an increase in glutamate levels in NPE compared with PE cells. (arvojournals.org)
- Most cells have a different synthetase for each amino acid (20 or more synthetases). (wikipedia.org)
- Pubmed ID: 11390805 Endothelial cells exposed to inductive central nervous system factors differentiate into a blood-brain barrier phenotype. (jove.com)
- Lipids in Blood-brain Barrier Models in Vitro II: Influence of Glial Cells on Lipid Classes and Lipid Fatty Acids In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. (jove.com)
- Pubmed ID: 12762838 Lipids of brain tissue and brain microvascular endothelial cells contain high proportions of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (long PUFAs). (jove.com)
- 14 The proximal tubules, but not distal segments of the nephron, are endowed with high aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) activity, and epithelial cells of proximal tubules have been demonstrated to synthesize dopamine from circulating or filtered l -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA). (ahajournals.org)
- 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the cellular translation system is selected from the group consisting of tissue culture cells, isolated primary cells, isolated immortalized cells, isolated human cells and combinations thereof. (google.ca)
- This is particularly useful for the cells of the immune system. (best-body-nutrition.com)
- Were there no such flawlessly operating systems among the cells, it would be impossible for any living thing to maintain vital functions. (evolutiondeceit.com)
- Groshong plans to build on this research through a project that will explore possible ways to target this system for the development of therapeutics and to evaluate if a limited peptide environment, such as the mammal, promotes the formation of antibiotic-tolerant persister cells. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
- Pregabalin (PGB) is a novel drug under development for the GBP enters cells predominantly by the l -amino acid transport system (Su et al. (antibioticshelp.life)
- We hypothesized that cationic amino acid transport might be increased in cells producing excess NO from patients with septic shock. (ox.ac.uk)
- Blood brain barrier (BBB) is a vasculature of the central nervous system (CNS) that is formed by capillary endothelial cells. (hindawi.com)
- These are quite different from other capillaries found in the body as their endothelial wall possesses tight junctions which obstruct transport between cells. (hindawi.com)
- In vertebrates, a functional but anatomically closed connection exists between the extracellular spaces (between the cells) and the blood vascular system in the form of lymph channels. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Macromolecules formed from amino acids adopt well-defined, three-dimensional structures with chemical properties that are responsible for their participation in virtually every process occurring within and between cells. (aamc.org)
- These compounds are absorbed into the blood, which transports them to the cells. (rchsd.org)
- Agrobacterium cells can transport and catabolize these compounds as sources of carbon and nitrogen. (duke.edu)
Glycerol1
- a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acid esters is called a triacylglyceride. (wikipedia.org)
Glutamate4
- Taken together, the AAPs transport neutral, acidic and cationic amino acids, including the major transport forms, i.e. glutamine, asparagine and glutamate. (deepdyve.com)
- Thus the actual apoplasmic concentration of amino acids and the pH will determine what is transported in vivo, i.e. major amino acids such as glutamine, asparagine, and glutamate will be mobilized preferentially. (deepdyve.com)
- The Aza1 mutants are not affected in the transport of the basic amino acids but have lost the capacity to transport all other amino acids except glutamate. (core.ac.uk)
- Some amino acids, like glutamate, act directly as neurotransmitters, while others serve as precursors, or "building blocks," of neurotransmitters that are assembled in the brain. (aminoco.com)
Hormones1
- Multiple hormones increase System A function acutely through changes in the driving force for transport as well as through longer-term changes in gene expression. (pnas.org)
Substrate4
- l-Tryptophan, which is transported exclusively by the general transport system, was used as a substrate. (umn.edu)
- L-serine is the highest affinity substrate (K m = 18 μM), but SerP1 also transports L-threonine and L-cysteine (K m values = 20 - 40 μM). (tcdb.org)
- Hence, the primary source for a substrate for gluconeogenesis is amino acids. (mindandmuscle.net)
- The phenomenon of multidrug transport is an intriguing one because it seems to challenge the basic model of an enzyme binding specifically to a single substrate in an optimized set of interactions as a prerequisite to efficient catalysis. (schoolbag.info)
Molecular5
- Emphasis will be given to mammalian systems and molecular mechanisms of human diseases. (rochester.edu)
- A basic understanding of the principles of molecular biology is necessary to fully appreciate the mechanisms of follicle function. (woolwise.com)
- To understand many aspects of wool biology and how wool biology may impact on wool production, a basic understanding of molecular biology is required. (woolwise.com)
- To be to APA principles molecular systems locate blocked on the mill and transported in incorporated analysis with the individual fastener of the diploid and all mutant introductory pages propelled The subject download submission developers in this aspect do the third-party careful product and access but differ personal against the certain type update and JavaScript Who received existing Whom Third-level APA data Need webserver servers. (voxxseattle.com)
- Amino acids are very small biomolecules with an average molecular weight of about 135 Daltons (or atomic mass units, abbreviated AMU ). (fsu.edu)
Cellular6
- Low and high affinity amino acid H+‐cotransporters for cellular import of neutral and charged. (deepdyve.com)
- Course content will particularly focus on basic cellular physiology, including excitable cell physiology, and will emphasize intercellular interactions and responses to their tissue and organ environment. (rochester.edu)
- These basic building blocks are essential for normal cellular function. (glamour4u.com)
- 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the translation system comprises a cellular or cell-free translation system. (google.ca)
- In order to derive better insight into the biological mechanisms related to the differentially expressed genes, the lists of significant genes were subjected to pathway analysis and target prioritization indicating various processes such as calcium ion homeostasis, positive regulation of apoptotic process and cellular response to retinoic acid. (omicsonline.org)
- In Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae, the cellular response to P i availability is mediated via the PhoBR two-component system. (biomedcentral.com)
Concentrations5
- Increasing proton concentrations strongly activate transport of amino acids. (deepdyve.com)
- Experimental determinations of AIB transport at AIB concentrations of 5 - 100 mg/l, measured radioactively using (1 −14 C-) AIB, were compared with a dual-active transport model. (scirp.org)
- The ratio of the fetal to maternal perfusate concentrations in the absence of ethanol (1.44) was statistically significant (P = 0.016) from the ratio in the presence of ethanol (1.20), which may indicate that active transport in the human placenta is inhibited by the presence of ethanol. (scirp.org)
- They injected 10 different amino acids at set concentrations into samples of silica gel and then tried washing them out with a selection of different solvents, including aqueous solvents such as water and sodium hydroxide and the organic solvents methanol and acetonitrile. (separationsnow.com)
- Whether an amino acid acts as a neurotransmitter on its own or is used to create other brain chemicals, it's important that concentrations of these building blocks are closely regulated to ensure brain balance, as maintaining appropriate levels of neurotransmitters is vital to well-being and good mental health. (aminoco.com)
Leucine1
- Clark, A.J., Yamada, C., and Swendseid, M.E., Effect of L- leucine on amino acid levels in plasma and tissue of normal and diabetic rats. (springer.com)
Different amino1
- Not reaching new PRs or hitting plateaus in your workouts is a sign your body isn't getting enough of the different amino acid building blocks needed to keep up with your demanding schedule. (mycrossfitbody.com)
Specific amino1
- In the ribosome, the information in mRNA is translated into a specific amino acid when the mRNA codon matches with the complementary anticodon of a tRNA, and the attached amino acid is added onto a growing polypeptide chain. (wikipedia.org)
Tryptophan3
- Following the activation a time-dependent decay of tryptophan transport activity occurred. (umn.edu)
- When a yeast cell suspension was treated with NCAO in the absence of an energy source, an 80% inactivation of tryptophan transport occurred in 90 min. (umn.edu)
- If blood levels of tryptophan are increased, then a greater amount of this amino acid enters the brain. (aminoco.com)
Tissues3
- The penetration of amino acids into the brain and into other tissues is mediated by energy-requiring systems 1-3 . (springer.com)
- Since all AAPs are differentially expressed, different tissues may be supplied with a different spectrum of amino acids. (deepdyve.com)
- The cardiovascular (or circulatory) system supplies oxygen from inspired air, via the lungs to the tissues around the body. (openaccessbooks.com)
Blood-brain b4
- An up-to-date basic introduction to the blood-brain barrier which starts with a clear description of the key historical experiments which have led to the concept of this multi-faceted barrier mechanism. (springer.com)
- Tissue culture systems have been developed to reproduce key properties of the intact blood-brain barrier and to allow for testing of mechanisms of transendothelial drug permeation. (jove.com)
- This review also suggests requirement of new well-designed therapeutic strategies mainly potential techniques, appropriate drug formulations, and new transport systems for quick, easy, and safe delivery of drugs across blood brain barrier to save the life of tumor and virus infected patients. (hindawi.com)
- In this article, we're going to look at the complex interplay between amino acids and the blood-brain barrier and the steps you can take to balance your brain. (aminoco.com)
Serine3
- In May 2019, researchers, in a milestone effort, reported the creation of a new synthetic (possibly artificial) form of viable life, a variant of the bacteria Escherichia coli, by reducing the natural number of 64 codons in the bacterial genome to 61 codons (eliminating two out of the six codons coding for serine and one out of three stop codons) - of which 59 used to encode 20 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- Does not transport D-serine ( Noens and Lolkema 2015 ). (tcdb.org)
- Hydroxy Amino Acid Serine, Threonine. (studymode.com)
Carbohydrates1
- Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from four basic classes of molecule: amino acids, carbohydrates , nucleic acid and lipids (often called fats). (wikipedia.org)
Compounds4
- Catabolism of amino acids and related compounds. (naver.com)
- The presence of at least three distinct systems for sulfate and sulfonates assimilation in X. citri evidenced the importance of these compounds for the bacterium. (biomedcentral.com)
- Amino acids are group of organic compounds which contain two functional groups. (studymode.com)
- Human symptoms of an amino acid can be similarly serious, although the precise effects are dependent upon which of the compounds the body is lacking. (fsu.edu)
Sequence3
- Note that the antigenic determinants usually do not include the three basic amino acid sequence, e.g. (blogspot.com)
- Hi Dr. Ayers, Is a 3- amino acid sequence enough to provoke an immune response? (blogspot.com)
- The predicted amino acid sequence shows similarity to Xenopus importin, yeast SRP1, and human RCH1 (KPNA2), respectively. (acris-antibodies.com)
Neutral amino acid transport2
- Characteristics of acidic, basic and neutral amino acid transport in the perfused rat hindlimb. (brighton.ac.uk)
- Dive into the research topics of 'Characteristics of acidic, basic and neutral amino acid transport in the perfused rat hindlimb. (brighton.ac.uk)
Methionine1
- Sulphur containing Amino Acid Cysteine, Methionine. (studymode.com)
Acidic and basic4
- These systems are not specific for each amino acid, but distinguish amino acids into three groups: neutral, acidic, and basic 4-6 . (springer.com)
- Uncharged forms of acidic and basic amino acids are cotransported with one proton. (deepdyve.com)
- A molecule that displays both acidic and basic properties is called a zwitterion (Clark, 2004). (studymode.com)
- There are also acidic and basic side chains as well as thiol chains that can be oxidized to dithiol linkages between two similar amino acids. (fsu.edu)
Aromatic amin1
- Aromatic amino acid:H + symporter, AroP of 457 aas and 12 TMSs ( Cosgriff and Pittard 1997 ). (tcdb.org)
Nitrogen5
- Amino acids are regarded as the nitrogen 'currency' of plants. (nih.gov)
- Amino acids can be taken up from the soil directly or synthesized from inorganic nitrogen, and then circulated in the plant via phloem and xylem. (nih.gov)
- Frommer, Wolf B. 2002-03-01 00:00:00 Amides and acidic amino acids represent the major long distance transport forms of organic nitrogen. (deepdyve.com)
- Furthermore, it is the most important transport form of nitrogen. (best-body-nutrition.com)
- However, to our knowledge, the nitrogen fixation into amino acids (AAs) using hydroxyapatite (HAp) has not been reported yet. (rsc.org)
Hydrolysis1
- Exopeptidases remove amino acids one at a time from either the amino or carboxyl end of the molecule, again by the hydrolysis of the peptide bond. (karelsavry.us)
Body's3
- In this life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, ketones are produced rapidly, which overwhelm the body's acid-base buffering system. (mindandmuscle.net)
- CrossFit training demands are so intense, sustained and so high that your body's requirements for amino acids are extreme. (mycrossfitbody.com)
- Other examples of such amino acids include carnitine, which is concerned in fatty acid transport within a cell, as well as ornithine and citrulline, both of which are key components in the body's urea cycle. (fsu.edu)
Carboxylic5
- inhibited by d -Leu, d -Phe, and an L-system-specific inhibitor 2-aminobicyclo [2,2,1] heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), but not inhibited by l -Ala and charged amino acids. (arvojournals.org)
- Each amino acid also have a side chain denoted by R. CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID 1) Based on structure ) Neutral amino Acid - These are mono amino and mono carboxylic acid . (studymode.com)
- These organic acids exist naturally in a zwitterion state where the carboxylic acid moiety is ionized and the basic amino group is protonated. (fsu.edu)
- The entire class of amino acids has a common backbone consisting of an organic carboxylic acid group and an amino group attached to a saturated carbon atom. (fsu.edu)
- For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. (wikipedia.org)
Lactic Acid2
- IMPORTANCE Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are very important for the production of safe and healthy human and animal fermented foods and feed and, increasingly more, in the functional food industry. (asm.org)
- Members of the diverse group of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been associated with food fermentations since ancient times. (asm.org)
Bacteria7
- On the other hand, some bacteria have fewer than 20 aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, and introduce the "missing" amino acid(s) by modification of a structurally related amino acid by an aminotransferase enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
- The peptide transport system is quite complex, preventing previous evaluation of its role in the bacteria. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
- In other words, Groshong and the UConn Health team have shown that if Bb's transport system is inhibited, it would be possible to block the proliferation of the bacteria in an infected mammal, such as a human or rodent. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
- In this review, we discuss some basic concepts regarding drug transport from bacteria to humans. (schoolbag.info)
- We will only discuss some major systems involved in transport of so-called drugs across biologic membranes in organisms from bacteria to humans. (schoolbag.info)
- The study of the relevance of these systems in these phytopathogenic bacteria that have distinct mechanisms of infection is one essential step toward understanding their physiology. (biomedcentral.com)
- Aside from the solid and hollow organs, the nervous and circulatory systems are also important in digestion, as are the bacteria that live in the gut. (medicalnewstoday.com)
MeSH1
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (wakehealth.edu)
Oligopeptides1
- Eight SLC gene families are involved in the transport of amino acids and oligopeptides. (reactome.org)
Renal2
- SLC3A1 encodes the type II membrane glycoprotein (rBAT), which transports neutral and basic amino acids in the renal tubule and intestinal tract. (frontiersin.org)
- In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic renal medullary infusion of cationic amino acids on renal NO concentration and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in Sprague-Dawley rats. (elsevier.com)
Substances3
- Separation of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography Chromatography is a common technique for separating chemical substances. (studymode.com)
- Present review paper highlights role of BBB in endothelial transport of various substances into the brain. (hindawi.com)
- The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleic1
- Nucleic Acids Res. (labome.org)
Intracellular1
- The model shows high reproducibility, high tightness, and is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking in drug discovery. (jove.com)
Novel amino acid3
- In order to incorporate a novel amino acid into the genetic code several changes are required. (wikipedia.org)
- First, for successful translation of a novel amino acid, the codon to which the novel amino acid is assigned cannot already code for one of the 20 natural amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- The active site of the synthetase is modified to accept only the novel amino acid. (wikipedia.org)