Amino acid transport systems basic. Medical search

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

A sodium-independent neutral amino acid transporter system with specificity for large amino acids. One of the functions of the transporter system is to supply large neutral amino acids to the brain.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting neutral amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, NEUTRAL).

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

A ubiquitous sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and CYSTEINE.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported.

A heterodimeric protein that is a cell surface antigen associated with lymphocyte activation. The initial characterization of this protein revealed one identifiable heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) and an indeterminate smaller light chain. It is now known that a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS) can dimerize with the heavy chain. Depending upon its light chain composition a diverse array of functions can be found for this protein. Functions include: type L amino acid transport, type y+L amino acid transport and regulation of cellular fusion.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

A broad category of membrane transport proteins that specifically transport FREE FATTY ACIDS across cellular membranes. They play an important role in LIPID METABOLISM in CELLS that utilize free fatty acids as an energy source.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

An enzyme that activates leucine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.4.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting acidic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, ACIDIC).

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.

A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

A family of light chains that bind to the CD98 heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) to form a heterodimer. They convey functional specificity to the protein.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.

A transmembrane glycoprotein subunit that can dimerize with a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS). This protein subunit serves a diverse array of functions including amino acid transport and cell fusion. Its function is altered depending which of the light chain subunits it interacts with.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

An autosomal recessive disorder due to defective absorption of NEUTRAL AMINO ACIDS by both the intestine and the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The abnormal urinary loss of TRYPTOPHAN, a precursor of NIACIN, leads to a NICOTINAMIDE deficiency, PELLAGRA-like light-sensitive rash, CEREBELLAR ATAXIA, emotional instability, and aminoaciduria. Mutations involve the neurotransmitter transporter gene SLC6A19.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Organic compounds that contain two nitro groups attached to a phenol.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.

A family of gram-negative bacteria usually found in soil or water and including many plant pathogens and a few animal pathogens.

Derivatives of phenylacetic acid. Included under this heading are a variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the benzeneacetic acid structure. Note that this class of compounds should not be confused with derivatives of phenyl acetate, which contain the PHENOL ester of ACETIC ACID.

A group of compounds that are methyl derivatives of the amino acid TYROSINE.

Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)

A family of POTASSIUM and SODIUM-dependent acidic amino acid transporters that demonstrate a high affinity for GLUTAMIC ACID and ASPARTIC ACID. Several variants of this system are found in neuronal tissue.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Disorders characterized by defective transport of amino acids across cell membranes. These include deficits in transport across brush-border epithelial cell membranes of the small intestine (MICROVILLI) and KIDNEY TUBULES; transport across the basolateral membrane; and transport across the membranes of intracellular organelles. (From Nippon Rinsho 1992 Jul;50(7):1587-92)

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.

A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504)

The middle portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between DUODENUM and ILEUM. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter found ubiquitously. It has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE. It may also act as an ecotropic leukemia retroviral receptor.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids.

An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

Proteins involved in the transport of organic anions. They play an important role in the elimination of a variety of endogenous substances, xenobiotics and their metabolites from the body.

2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.

The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. It is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of radionuclide into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Iodinated derivatives of acetic acid. Iodoacetates are commonly used as alkylating sulfhydryl reagents and enzyme inhibitors in biochemical research.

An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.

The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.

A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Sordariaceae, order SORDARIALES, comprising bread molds. They are capable of converting tryptophan to nicotinic acid and are used extensively in genetic and enzyme research. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

A subclass of ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS whose transport of organic anions is driven either directly or indirectly by a gradient of sodium ions.

Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.

Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Minute intercellular channels that occur between liver cells and carry bile towards interlobar bile ducts. Also called bile capillaries.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.

A family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that couple the uptake of GLUTAMATE with the import of SODIUM ions and PROTONS and the export of POTASSIUM ions. In the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM they regulate neurotransmission through synaptic reuptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Outside the central nervous system they function as signal mediators and regulators of glutamate metabolism.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Periplasmic proteins that scavenge or sense diverse nutrients. In the bacterial environment they usually couple to transporters or chemotaxis receptors on the inner bacterial membrane.

Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

Synthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This cRNA can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

A species of ascomycetous fungi of the family Sordariaceae, order SORDARIALES, much used in biochemical, genetic, and physiologic studies.

Rat liver endothelial cell glutamine transporter and glutaminase expression contrast with parenchymal cells. (1/308)

Despite the central role of the liver in glutamine homeostasis in health and disease, little is known about the mechanism by which this amino acid is transported into sinusoidal endothelial cells, the second most abundant hepatic cell type. To address this issue, the transport of L-glutamine was functionally characterized in hepatic endothelial cells isolated from male rats. On the basis of functional analyses, including kinetics, cation substitution, and amino acid inhibition, it was determined that a Na+-dependent carrier distinct from system N in parenchymal cells, with properties of system ASC or B0, mediated the majority of glutamine transport in hepatic endothelial cells. These results were supported by Northern blot analyses that showed expression of the ATB0 transporter gene in endothelial but not parenchymal cells. Concurrently, it was determined that, whereas both cell types express glutamine synthetase, hepatic endothelial cells express the kidney-type glutaminase isozyme in contrast to the liver-type isozyme in parenchymal cells. This represents the first report of ATB0 and kidney-type glutaminase isozyme expression in the liver, observations that have implications for roles of specific cell types in hepatic glutamine homeostasis in health and disease. (+info)

Conducted signals within arteriolar networks initiated by bioactive amino acids. (2/308)

Our purpose was to determine the specificity of L-arginine (L-Arg)-induced conducted signals for intra- vs. extracellular actions of L-Arg. Diameter and red blood cell velocities were measured for arterioles [18 +/- 1.6 (SE) micrometer] in the cremaster muscle of pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized (Nembutal, 70 mg/kg) hamsters (n = 53). Remote (conducted) responses were viewed approximately 1,000 micrometer upstream from the local (micropipette) application. Six amino acids were tested: L-arginine, L-cystine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-histidine, and L-aspartate (100 microM each). Only L-Arg induced a remote dilation; L-lysine and L-aspartate had no effect, and the others each induced a significant remote constriction. There is a second conducted signal initiated by L-arginine that preconditions the arteriolar network and upregulates a direct response of L-arginine to dilate the remote site. This was blocked by inhibition of L-arginine uptake at the local (preconditioning) site (100 microM L-histidine or 1 mM phenformin). Arginine-glycine-aspartate (100 microM)-induced remote dilations (+3. 2 +/- 0.3 micrometer) were not mimicked by a peptide control and were prevented by anti- integrin alphav monoclonal antibody. Remote dilations were greater in animals with a higher wall shear stress for arginine-glycine-aspartate (r2 = 0.92) but not for L-arginine (r2 = 0.12). Thus L-arginine initiates separate conducted signals related to system y+ transport, integrins, and baseline flow. (+info)

Yeast mutants affecting possible quality control of plasma membrane proteins. (3/308)

Mutations gef1, stp22, STP26, and STP27 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were identified as suppressors of the temperature-sensitive alpha-factor receptor (mutation ste2-3) and arginine permease (mutation can1(ts)). These suppressors inhibited the elimination of misfolded receptors (synthesized at 34 degrees C) as well as damaged surface receptors (shifted from 22 to 34 degrees C). The stp22 mutation (allelic to vps23 [M. Babst and S. Emr, personal communication] and the STP26 mutation also caused missorting of carboxypeptidase Y, and ste2-3 was suppressed by mutations vps1, vps8, vps10, and vps28 but not by mutation vps3. In the stp22 mutant, both the mutant and the wild-type receptors (tagged with green fluorescent protein [GFP]) accumulated within an endosome-like compartment and were excluded from the vacuole. GFP-tagged Stp22p also accumulated in this compartment. Upon reaching the vacuole, cytoplasmic domains of both mutant and wild-type receptors appeared within the vacuolar lumen. Stp22p and Gef1p are similar to tumor susceptibility protein TSG101 and voltage-gated chloride channel, respectively. These results identify potential elements of plasma membrane quality control and indicate that cytoplasmic domains of membrane proteins are translocated into the vacuolar lumen. (+info)

Large neutral amino acids block phenylalanine transport into brain tissue in patients with phenylketonuria. (4/308)

Large neutral amino acids (LNAAs), including phenylalanine (Phe), compete for transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via the L-type amino acid carrier. Accordingly, elevated plasma Phe impairs brain uptake of other LNAAs in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). Direct effects of elevated brain Phe and depleted LNAAs are probably major causes for disturbed brain development and function in PKU. Competition for the carrier might conversely be put to use to lower Phe influx when the plasma concentrations of all other LNAAs are increased. This hypothesis was tested by measuring brain Phe in patients with PKU by quantitative 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy during an oral Phe challenge with and without additional supplementation with all other LNAAs. Baseline plasma Phe was approximately 1,000 micromol/l and brain Phe was approximately 250 micromol/l in both series. Without LNAA supplementation, brain Phe increased to approximately 400 micromol/l after the oral Phe load. Electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral analysis revealed acutely disturbed brain activity. With concurrent LNAA supplementation, Phe influx was completely blocked and there was no slowing of EEG activity. These results are relevant for further characterization of the LNAA carrier and of the pathophysiology underlying brain dysfunction in PKU and for treatment of patients with PKU, as brain function might be improved by continued LNAA supplementation. (+info)

CAT2-mediated L-arginine transport and nitric oxide production in activated macrophages. (5/308)

Activated macrophages require l-arginine uptake to sustain NO synthesis. Several transport systems could mediate this l-arginine influx. Using competition analysis and gene-expression studies, amino acid transport system y+ was identified as the major carrier responsible for this activity. To identify which of the four known y+ transport-system genes is involved in macrophage-induced l-arginine uptake, we used a hybrid-depletion study in Xenopus oocytes. Cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) 2 antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides abolished the activated-macrophage-mRNA-induced l-arginine transport. Together with expression studies documenting that CAT2 mRNA and protein levels are elevated with increased l-arginine uptake, our data demonstrate that CAT2 mediates the l-arginine transport that is required for the raised NO production in activated J774 macrophages. (+info)

Cationic amino acid transporter gene expression in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells and in rats. (6/308)

Immunostimulants trigger vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to express the inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS) and increased arginine transport activity. Although arginine transport in VSMC is considered to be mediated via the y+ system, we show here that rat VSMC in culture express the cat-1 gene transcript as well as an alternatively spliced transcript of the cat-2 gene. An RT-PCR cloning sequence strategy was used to identify a 141-base nucleotide sequence encoding the low-affinity domain of alternatively spliced CAT-2A and a 138-base nucleotide sequence encoding the high-affinity domain of CAT-2B in VSMC activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in combination with interferon-gamma (IFN). With this sequence as a probe, Northern analyses showed that CAT-1 mRNA and CAT-2B mRNA are constitutively present in VSMC, and the expression of both mRNAs was rapidly stimulated by treatment with LPS-IFN, peaked within 4 h, and decayed to basal levels within 6 h after LPS-IFN. CAT-2A mRNA was not detectable in unstimulated or stimulated VSMC. Arginine transporter activity significantly increased 4-10 h after LPS-IFN. iNOS activity was reduced to almost zero in the absence of extracellular arginine uptake via system y+. Induction of arginine transport seems to be a prerequisite to the enhanced synthesis of NO in VSMC. Moreover, this work demonstrates tissue expression of CAT mRNAs with use of a model of LPS injection in rats. RT-PCR shows that the expression of CAT-1 and CAT-2B mRNA in the lung, heart, and kidney is increased by LPS administration to rats, whereas CAT-2A mRNA is abundantly expressed in the liver independent of LPS treatment. These findings suggest that together CAT-1 and CAT-2B play an important role in providing substrate for high-output NO synthesis in vitro as well as in vivo and implicate a coordinated regulation of intracellular iNOS enzyme activity with membrane arginine transport. (+info)

Receptor-mediated Moloney murine leukemia virus entry can occur independently of the clathrin-coated-pit-mediated endocytic pathway. (7/308)

To investigate receptor-mediated Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) entry, the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged ecotropic receptor designated murine cationic amino acid transporter (MCAT-1) (MCAT-1-GFP) was constructed and expressed in 293 cells (293/MCAT-1-GFP). 293/MCAT-1-GFP cells displayed green fluorescence primarily at the cell membrane and supported wild-type levels of MoMuLV vector binding and transduction. Using immunofluorescence labeling and confocal microscopy, it was demonstrated that the surface envelope protein (SU) gp70 of MoMuLV virions began to appear inside cells 5 min after virus binding and was colocalized with MCAT-1-GFP. However, clathrin was not colocalized with MCAT-1-GFP, suggesting that MoMuLV entry, mediated by MCAT-1, does not involve clathrin. Double immunofluorescence labeling of SU and clathrin in 293 cells expressing untagged receptor (293/MCAT-1) gave the same results, i.e., SU and clathrin did not colocalize. In addition, we examined the transduction ability of MoMuLV vector on HeLa cells overexpressing the dominant-negative GTPase mutant of dynamin (K44A). HeLa cells overexpressing mutant dynamin have a severe block in endocytosis by the clathrin-coated-pit pathway. No significant titer difference was observed when MoMuLV vector was tranduced into HeLa cells overexpressing either wild-type or mutant dynamin, while the transduction ability of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein pseudotyped vector into HeLa cells overexpressing mutant dynamin was decreased significantly. Taken together, these data suggest that MoMuLV entry does not occur through the clathrin-coated-pit-mediated endocytic pathway. (+info)

Modulation of ATPase activity by physical disengagement of the ATP-binding domains of an ABC transporter, the histidine permease. (8/308)

The membrane-bound complex of the prokaryotic histidine permease, a periplasmic protein-dependent ABC transporter, is composed of two hydrophobic subunits, HisQ and HisM, and two identical ATP-binding subunits, HisP, and is energized by ATP hydrolysis. The soluble periplasmic binding protein, HisJ, creates a signal that induces ATP hydrolysis by HisP. The crystal structure of HisP has been resolved and shown to have an "L" shape, with one of its arms (arm I) being involved in ATP binding and the other one (arm II) being proposed to interact with the hydrophobic subunits (Hung, L.-W., Wang, I. X., Nikaido, K., Liu, P.-Q., Ames, G. F.-L., and Kim, S.-H. (1998) Nature 396, 703-707). Here we study the basis for the defect of several HisP mutants that have an altered signaling pathway and hydrolyze ATP constitutively. We use biochemical approaches to show that they produce a loosely assembled membrane complex, in which the mutant HisP subunits are disengaged from HisQ and HisM, suggesting that the residues involved are important in the interaction between HisP and the hydrophobic subunits. In addition, the mutant HisPs are shown to have lower affinity for ADP and to display no cooperativity for ATP. All of the residues affected in these HisP mutants are located in arm II of the crystal structure of HisP, thus supporting the proposed function of arm II of HisP as interacting with HisQ and HisM. A revised model involving a cycle of disengagement and reengagement of HisP is proposed as a general mechanism of action for ABC transporters. (+info)

... various transport systems can handle unnatural amino acids with apolar side-chains. In the second case, a biosynthetic pathway ... coli strain that biosynthesizes a novel amino acid (p-aminophenylalanine) from basic carbon sources and includes it in its ... while the added amino acids are called non-standard amino acids (NSAAs), or unnatural amino acids (uAAs; term not used in ... or non-canonical amino acids. The first element of the system is the amino acid that is added to the genetic code of a certain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_genetic_code

AT heterodimer is the main apical reabsorption system for cystine in the kidney". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 283 (3): F540- ... of truncation of the COOH-terminal region of a Na+-independent neutral and basic amino acid transporter on amino acid transport ... Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC3A1 gene. Mutations in the ... amino acid transport on substrate affinity of the heteromeric b(0,+) amino acid transporter". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (19): 14331- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_and_basic_amino_acid_transport_protein_rBAT

... amino acid transport systems, basic MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.374.600 - amino acid transport system y+ MeSH D12.776.157.530. ... amino acid transport systems, acidic MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.249.500 - amino acid transport system x-ag MeSH D12.776.157.530. ... amino acid transport system a MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.500.200 - amino acid transport system asc MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.500. ... cationic amino acid transporter 2 MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.374.750 - amino acid transport system y+l MeSH D12.776.157.530. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.157)

... amino acid transport systems, basic MeSH D12.776.543.585.200.374.600 - amino acid transport system y+ MeSH D12.776.543.585. ... amino acid transport systems, acidic MeSH D12.776.543.585.200.249.500 - amino acid transport system x-ag MeSH D12.776.543.585. ... amino acid transport system a MeSH D12.776.543.585.200.500.200 - amino acid transport system asc MeSH D12.776.543.585.200.500. ... cationic amino acid transporter 2 MeSH D12.776.543.585.200.374.750 - amino acid transport system y+l MeSH D12.776.543.585. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.543)

The plants are slowly starved of these amino acids and eventually DNA synthesis stops. ESPS Inhibitors affect grasses and ... They are medically important by interfering with components of the nervous system affecting membrane transport, protein ... and synthesized from acetyl-CoA or basic intermediates of glycolysis They often end in -ol (menthol) and comprise the majority ... ALS Inhibitors affect grasses and dicots by inhibiting the first step in some amino acid synthesis, acetolactate synthesis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytotoxin

Most nuclear proteins contain short basic amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals (NLSs). KPNA3, encodes a ... The similarities among these proteins suggests that karyopherin alpha-3 may be involved in the nuclear transport system. KPNA3 ... The predicted amino acid sequence shows similarity to Xenopus importin, yeast SRP1, and human RCH1 (KPNA2), respectively. ... The transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is mediated by the nuclear pore complex ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importin_subunit_alpha-4

The amino acids or sugars released by these extracellular enzymes are then pumped into cells by active transport proteins. ... Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from four basic classes of molecules: amino acids, ... Living systems are not in equilibrium, but instead are dissipative systems that maintain their state of high complexity by ... lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts. All amino acids are synthesized from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

... part of the system of Na-K-Cl cotransporters) couple with the amino or imino acids on the molecular level and transport them ... Amino Acids". The Cell's Basic Metabolism. Botany online -The Internet Hypertextbook. "Proline P (Pro)". Biochemistry § The ... instead of the amino group found in amino acids. Proline is considered and usually referred to as an amino acid, but unlike ... The neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 (affecting glycine, proline, and other neutral amino acids like cysteine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iminoglycinuria

Proteins are synthesised in ribosomes by a process of serially adding amino acids, called translation. In SecA pathway, a ... It is also called T7b system in Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus. It is composed of two basic components: a membrane-bound ... the protein can stay in the cell or is mostly transported out of the bacteria using other secretion systems. Among Gram- ... Type IV secretion system (T4SS or TFSS) is related to bacterial conjugation system, by which different bacteria can exchange ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_secretion_system

Hormones can be amino acid complexes, steroids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, or prostaglandins. The endocrine system can be ... A hormone is any of a class of signaling molecules produced by cells in glands in multicellular organisms that are transported ... Gardner, Shoback (2017). Greenspan's Basic and Clinical Endocrinology (10th ed.). McGraw Hill / Medical. pp. 49-68. ISBN 978- ... The human endocrine system consists of several systems that operate via feedback loops. Several important feedback systems are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system

The two organ systems that help regulate the body's acid-base balance are the kidneys and lungs. Acid-base homeostasis is the ... and amino acids. Examples of substances secreted are hydrogen, ammonium, potassium and uric acid. The nephron is the structural ... which is part of the collecting duct system, and then to the ureters where it is renamed urine. In addition to transporting the ... In basic conditions, the respiratory rate will slow down so that the body holds onto more CO2 and increases the H+ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney

... for demonstration of important metabolic interrelationships of amino acids, and for measurement of the amino acid requirements ... biological control systems, immunological response, processing of genetic information, ionophore transport and the reaction of ... His group developed the basic models, mechanisms, and methods for nanocrystal synthesis, processing, and characterization that ... He has made outstanding contributions in many fields, among which are the following: the synthesis of amino acids, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Gibbs_Award

The basic unit (or monomer) of a protein is an amino acid, which has a central carbon atom that is covalently bonded to a ... and system of blood vessels that deliver it. Its principal function is to transport blood and other substances to and from ... An amino acid with a side chain that is polar and electrically charged is soluble as it is hydrophilic whereas an amino acid ... There are twenty amino acids that make up the building blocks of proteins, with each amino acid having its own unique side ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology

Smith, Quentin R. (April 2000). "Transport of glutamate and other amino acids at the blood-brain barrier". The Journal of ... and glutamic acid is responsible for umami, one of the five basic tastes of the human sense of taste. Glutamic acid often is ... is transported by a high-affinity transport system. It can also be converted into glutamine. Adenosine monophosphate Ajinomoto ... Amino acids, Proteinogenic amino acids, Glucogenic amino acids, Acidic amino acids, Dicarboxylic acids, Excitatory amino acids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid

This region, called the variable (V) domain, is composed of amino acid sequences that define each type of antibody and their ... The immune complex is then transported to cellular systems where it can be destroyed or deactivated. The first correct ... One basic application is determination of ABO blood group. It is also used as a molecular technique for infection with ... The variable region in turn has hyper-variable regions which are unique amino acid sequences in each antibody. Antigens are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen-antibody_interaction

... complex Pyruvate decarboxylase in ethanol fermentation Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Branched-chain amino acid ... It was first discovered as an essential nutrient (vitamin) in humans through its link with the peripheral nervous system ... It achieves this in four basic steps: The carbanion of the TPP ylid nucleophilically attacks the carbonyl group on the ... the human Tpc and the Drosophila melanogaster have been identified as being responsible for the mitochondrial transport of ThPP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine_pyrophosphate

Solute carrier family Amino acid transport Amino acid transport, acidic Amino acid transport, basic Amino acid transport ... System A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (VIAAT) is responsible ... An amino acid transporter is a membrane transport protein that transports amino acids. They are mainly of the solute carrier ... There are several families that function in amino acid transport, some of these include: TC# 2.A.3 - Amino Acid-Polyamine- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_transporter

... consists of 417 amino acids and weighs 47037Da. CKMT1A is rich in amino acids with hydroxyl-containing and basic side ... According to the "transport" ("shuttle") hypothesis for the CK system, after synthesis within the mitochondrial matrix, the γ- ... inhibits the processing of uMtCK to induce cell death in a cell culture model system". Bioscience Reports. 31 (5): 429-37. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKMT1A

Their function is to convert the potential energy of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in ... This causes a chronic lack of energy in the cells, which leads to cell death and in turn, affects the central nervous system ... Without ATP synthase, the electron transport chain will not produce any ATP. The most common MT-ATP6 mutation found with Leigh ... The brain stem is involved in maintaining basic life functions such as breathing, swallowing, and circulation; the basal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_syndrome

Basic amino acids important for LDL receptor binding are clustered into a surface patch on one long helix. Apolipoprotein F ( ... They transport lipids in blood, cerebrospinal fluid and lymph. The lipid components of lipoproteins are insoluble in water. ... ApoE is the major lipoprotein in the central nervous system. Recent findings with apoA1 and apoE suggest that the tertiary ... In lipid transport, apolipoproteins function as structural components of lipoprotein particles, ligands for cell-surface ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein

In cell biology, diffusion is a main form of transport for necessary materials such as amino acids within cells. Diffusion of ... Because chemical diffusion is a net transport process, the system in which it takes place is not an equilibrium system (i.e. it ... As with the basic equation of heat transfer, this indicates that the rate of force is directly proportional to the driving ... Diffusion is part of the transport phenomena. Of mass transport mechanisms, molecular diffusion is known as a slower one. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_diffusion

Inherited Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism in Adults Chapter 414: Inherited Defects of Membrane Transport Part 13: Neurologic ... Basic Biology of the Cardiovascular System Chapter 233: Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease Section 2: Diagnosis of ... The Immune System in Health and Disease Chapter 342: Introduction to the Immune System Chapter 343: The Major ... Disorders of the Testes and Male Reproductive System Chapter 385: Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Chapter 386: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison's_Principles_of_Internal_Medicine

... s carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and the immune ... Chloroplasts can pump K+ and H+ ions in and out of themselves using a poorly understood light-driven transport system. In the ... Basic Biology (18 March 2016). "Bacteria". "chloroplast". Online Etymology Dictionary. von Mohl, H. (1835/1837). Ueber die ... Chloroplasts synthesize all the fatty acids in a plant cell-linoleic acid, a fatty acid, is a precursor to jasmonate. One of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast

... amino - amino acid - amino acid receptor - amino acid sequence - amino acid sequence homology - aminobutyric acid - ammonia - ... List of chemistry topics, Chemistry basic topics List of biology topics, Biology basic topics List of molecular biology topics ... transport protein - transport vesicle - triiodothyronine - trinucleotide repeat - triose - tropomyosin - troponin - tryptophan ... systems biology T cell - T-cell antigen receptors - tachykinin - tachykinin receptor - talin protein - tandem repeat sequence ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Nutrients used in cellular respiration include carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids. These nutrients are oxidized to ... The antenna system is at the core of the chlorophyll molecule of the photosystem II reaction center. That loosened electron is ... Thus, the basic reaction by which photosynthesis is used to produce food (such as glucose) was outlined. Cornelis Van Niel made ... Linear electron transport through a photosystem will leave the reaction center of that photosystem oxidized. Elevating another ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

Drugs acting on the nervous system, Drugs in sport, Ergogenic aids, Euphoriants, Excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitors, ... Amphetamine is a weak base with a pKa of 9.9; consequently, when the pH is basic, more of the drug is in its lipid soluble free ... Although the monoamine transport cycle has been resolved in considerable detail, kinetic knowledge on the molecular actions of ... SLC1A1 is excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), a glutamate transporter located in neurons, SLC22A3 is an extraneuronal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine

Commandeur JN, Stijntjes GJ, Vermeulen NP (June 1995). "Enzymes and transport systems involved in the formation and disposition ... or glucuronic acid. Sites on drugs where conjugation reactions occur include carboxy (-COOH), hydroxy (-OH), amino (NH2), and ... During the remainder of the nineteenth century, several other basic detoxification reactions were discovered, such as ... Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system Flavin-containing monooxygenase system Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_metabolism

What is the folding code? What is the folding mechanism? Can we predict the native structure of a protein from its amino acid ... Can developing biological systems tell the time? To an extent, this appears to be the case, as shown by the CLOCK gene. Star ... In cell theory, what is the exact transport mechanism by which proteins travel through the Golgi apparatus? Mechanism of action ... International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research. 3 (1): 11-15. doi:10.4103/2229-516X.112230. PMC 3678674. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_biology

The protein is rich in basic amino acids and contains a highly basic amino terminal domain. The VSV N protein is required to ... VSIV G does not follow the same path as most vesicles because transport of the G protein from the ER to the plasma membrane is ... VSVG is also a common coat protein for lentiviral vector expression systems used to introduce genetic material into in vitro ... The VSIV M protein is encoded by an mRNA that is 831 nucleotides long and translates to a 229 amino acid-protein. The predicted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_vesiculovirus

Cats mainly smell for their food and what they taste for is amino acids instead. This may be a cause of cats being diagnosed ... Some of the most basic and familiar cat postures include the following: Relaxed posture - The cat is seen lying on the side or ... in their young which enables them to be transported by the neck without resisting. This reflex can also be exhibited by adults ... cats get has a lot of carbohydrates in it and a high sugar content cannot be efficiently processed by the digestive system of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_behavior

... were located near the rail network so that the victims could be easily transported. The system of the camps was expanded over ... Execution for help rendered to Jews, even the most basic kinds, was automatic. In any apartment block or area where Jews were ... The guerrillas were armed with only one machine gun, several dozen pistols, Molotov cocktails and bottles filled with acid. The ... Marina Sorokina; Tarik Cyril Amar (2014). Michael David-Fox; Peter Holquist; Alexander M. Martin (eds.). The Holocaust in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland

Substances reabsorbed include: water, sodium chloride, glucose, amino acids, lactate, magnesium, calcium phosphate, uric acid, ... Much of the ion transport taking place in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by the endocrine system. In the presence of ... Mescher AL (2016). Junqueira's Basic Histology (14th ed.). Lange. ISBN 978-0-07-184268-6. "The Kidney Tubule I: Urine ... primarily glucose and amino acids).: 400-401 The loop of Henle is a U-shaped tube that extends from the proximal tubule. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron

Urinary amino acid and nitrogen excretion, both indirect measures of catabolism of lean body mass, are elevated during both ... Cycle Egometer with Vibration Isolation System [CEVIS], Treadmill with Vibration Isolation System, and iRED) capable of being ... Without doubt, transport between the Earth and Mars as well as the return trip represent the greatest risks to humans ... Thus, even an approach as basic as thoughtful scheduling of daily tasks could serve to help mitigate risk. From the above ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_effects_in_space

Amino acid neurotransmitters". In G. Siegel; et al. (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry. University of Michigan: Raven Press. pp. 311- ... At a schematic level, that basic worm-shape continues to be reflected in the body and nervous system architecture of all modern ... May 2009). "Acetate transport and utilization in the rat brain". J Neurochem. 109 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 46-54. doi:10.1111/j.1471- ... caprylic and heptanoic acids), lactate, acetate, and possibly amino acids. Information from the sense organs is collected in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

Bergeron, M; Layrargues, GP; Butterworth, RF (September 1989). "Aromatic and branched-chain amino acids in autopsied brain ... The overall design varies between different BAL systems, but they largely follow the same basic structure, with patient blood ... Convection mediated transport is also supported by cryogels, enabling even distribution of nutrients and metabolite elimination ... To date, the most currently used system is the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS), which is based on the selective ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_support_system

β-Hydroxybutyric acid is able to cross the blood-brain-barrier into the central nervous system. Levels of β-hydroxybutyric acid ... "β-D-hydroxybutyric acid: Biological activity". IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... and ketogenic amino acids through a series of reactions that metabolize these compounds into acetoacetate, which is the first ... which is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane (and hence effectively out of the mitochondria) via carnitine- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Hydroxybutyric_acid

When mice were created with this single, conservative amino acid substitution in TRβ, synaptic maturation and plasticity in the ... The International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 2008-02-21. "Nuclear Receptor online journal". Home page ... Nuclear Receptors Nomenclature Committee (April 1999). "A unified nomenclature system for the nuclear receptor superfamily". ... active transport) from the cytoplasm into the cell nucleus, and binding to specific sequences of DNA known as hormone response ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_receptor

"Human neutrophils employ the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system to oxidize alpha-amino acids to a family of ... Gonick, Larry; Criddle, Craig (2005-05-03). "Chapter 9 Acid Basics". The cartoon guide to chemistry (1st ed.). HarperResource. ... One way of addressing the loss of oxygen uptake was by studying the effects of HClO on succinate-dependent electron transport. ... Hypochlorous acid reacts readily with amino acids that have amino group side-chains, with the chlorine from HClO displacing a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid

However, the basic understanding of mechanisms of plasma effects on different components of living systems is in the early ... and amino acids Plasma-assisted prodrug activation One of challenges is the application of non-thermal plasmas directly on the ... Uptake mechanisms involve both energy dependent endocytosis and energy independent transport across cell membranes. The primary ... The role of the immune system in plasma medicine has recently become very convincing. It is possible that the reactive species ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_medicine

... with essential amino acid deficiencies, are high in carbohydrates, and lack balanced essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals ... but by contrasting the monocultural system associated with HYVs with the polycultural system associated with traditional ones. ... The basic approach was the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, ... Most high intensity agricultural production is highly reliant on agricultural machinery and transport, as well as the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution

In mammals, phenethylamine is produced from the amino acid L-phenylalanine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase ... Phenethylamine is strongly basic, pKb = 4.17 (or pKa = 9.83), as measured using the HCl salt, and forms a stable crystalline ... To a lesser extent, it also acts as a neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system. ... TAAR1 activity appears to depress monoamine transport and limit dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal firing rates via ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenethylamine

Odunfa VS (1979). "Free amino acids in the seed and root exudates in relation to the nitrogen requirements of rhizosphere soil ... Through studying the transport of biogenic substances in the Tatar Strait in the Sea of Japan, a Russian team noted that ... Different system types can be used to yield different biogenic products. In the field of paleochemotaxonomy the presence of ... Marine Biotechnology: Basics and Applications. 20 (4-6): 273-80. doi:10.1016/S1389-0344(03)00070-4. PMID 12919808. Olaizola M ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenic_substance

The vertical peeler (also known as vertical basket peeler) is a centrifuge system that has the same basic operating principles ... Fine chemicals: aluminium fluoride, amino acids, bleaching agents, surfactants, pesticides, catalyst and dyestuffs. ... does get influenced by feed condition which need to be kept as constant as possible due to continuous product transport by ... The feed is fed into system and the solid cake forms along the wall. This cake ring formed is then pushed back towards ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeler_centrifuge

"Hypercholeresis induced by ursodeoxycholic acid and 7-ketolithocholic acid in the rat: possible role of bicarbonate transport ... The two basic distinctions are an obstructive type of cholestasis where there is a mechanical blockage in the duct system that ... Clinically, diagnosis generally requires a 1:40 or greater titer of anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA) against PDC-E2 and ... The primary bile acids cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) are synthesized in the liver and undergo conjugation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholestasis

... of 969-975 bp encoding a 323-325 amino acid protein. In the rat, the ORF is 981 bp in length and encodes for a 327-amino acid ... The clinical phenotype involves the bone, the central nervous system, and the immune system. The pathogenesis probably includes ... It has a molecular weight of approximately 35kDa, a basic isoelectric point (7.6-9.5), and optimal activity in acidic ... Roberts RM, Raub TJ, Bazer FW (September 1986). "Role of uteroferrin in transplacental iron transport in the pig". Federation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartrate-resistant_acid_phosphatase

"Permeability of membranes to amino acids and modified amino acids: mechanisms involved in translocation". Amino Acids. 6 (3): ... and thus inhibits their destruction by the immune system. The HIV virus evades the immune system in part by grafting these ... Exocytosis, fertilization of an egg by sperm activation, and transport of waste products to the lysozome are a few of the many ... Kim J, Mosior M, Chung LA, Wu H, McLaughlin S (July 1991). "Binding of peptides with basic residues to membranes containing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer

von Versen-Höynck, F.; Rajakumar, A.; Parrott, M.S.; Powers, R.W. (April 2009). "Leptin Affects System A Amino Acid Transport ... New York: Basic Books. Schwab G (2010). Haunting Legacies: Violent Histories and Transgenerational Trauma. Columbia University ... Amino acid transport is also regulated by DNA methylation of amino acid transporter genes, modifying their expression in the ... trigger the regulation of amino acid transporters in the placenta. Amino acid transport is necessary for fetal growth, and its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenerational_trauma

... an amino-terminus and a cytoplasmic carboxy-terminus. The loops have functional sites, including two cysteines amino acids for ... is a G protein coupled receptor found in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The endogenous ligand for ... International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Receptors,+Neurokinin-1 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical ... SP is synthesized by neurons and transported to synaptic vesicles; the release of SP is accomplished through the depolarizing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1

... amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Acute intermittent porphyria Adrenoleukodystrophy (Schilder's disease) Alkaptonuria ... Many skin conditions affect the human integumentary system-the organ system covering the entire surface of the body and ... ISBN 978-0-323-01198-3. Grant-Kels JM (2007). Color Atlas of Dermatopathology (Dermatology: Clinical & Basic Science). Informa ... may be related to loss of melanocytes or the inability of melanocytes to produce melanin or transport melanosomes correctly. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions

Wuhan was a transport hub and major rail interchange. On 10 January, the virus's genome was shared through GISAID. A ... Earth systems scientist Marshall Burke estimated that two months of pollution reduction likely saved the lives of 53,000 to ... The standard methods of testing for presence of SARS-CoV-2 are nucleic acid tests, which detects the presence of viral RNA ... Initial estimates of the basic reproduction number (R0) for COVID-19 in January 2020 were between 1.4 and 2.5, but a subsequent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic

Nitrogen is obtained by plants through roots from inorganic or organic sources, such as amino acids. In agricultural settings, ... The precise mechanism(s) by which nitrogen is taken up from the soil by the ERM, transported to the IRM, and then turned over ... necessary for the biosynthesis of many basic cellular components, such as DNA, RNA and proteins. ... Working with an in vitro system, studies have shown that as much as 29% to 50% of the root nitrogen was taken up via the fungus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_nutrition_in_the_arbuscular_mycorrhizal_system

Other formulas, based on free amino acids, are the least antigenic and provide complete nutritional support in severe forms of ... School systems have protocols about what foods can be brought into the school. Despite all these precautions, people with ... The person should then be transported to the emergency room, where additional treatment can be given. Other treatments include ... Valenta R, Hochwallner H, Linhart B, Pahr S (May 2015). "Food allergies: the basics". Gastroenterology. 148 (6): 1120-31.e4. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_allergy

Through hydrolysis the complex organic molecules are broken down into simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. Acetate and ... Low solids (wet) digesters can transport material through the system using standard pumps that require significantly lower ... Retrieved 07.12.14 "Basic Information on Biogas". www.kolumbus.fi. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Roubík, Hynek ... Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino acids into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and organic acids. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion

CLV3 shares some homology with the ESR proteins of maize, with a short 14 amino acid region being conserved between the ... Similarly, in rice, the FON1-FON2 system seems to bear a close relationship with the CLV signaling system in Arabidopsis ... These are produced in the apical meristem and transported towards the roots in the cambium. If apical dominance is complete, ... providing the basic structure of the plant body. The cells are small, with no or small vacuoles and protoplasm fills the cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristem

Sulzer, D.; Rayport, S. (2000). "Dale's principle and glutamate corelease from ventral midbrain dopamine neurons". Amino Acids ... He ran the Basic Neuroscience NIH / NIDA (T32) training program for postdoctoral research in basic neuroscience at Columbia. He ... including the dopamine system, in habit formation, planning, decision making, and diseases of the system. His lab has developed ... Sulzer, D.; Maidment, N.; Rayport, S. (1993). "Amphetamine and other weak bases act to promote reverse transport of dopamine in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sulzer

... perhaps due to an increase in amino acids. The boiling process was very time-consuming. The harvested sap was transported back ... The Vermont grading system differed from the US system in maintaining a slightly higher standard of product density (measured ... The basic ingredient in maple syrup is the sap from the xylem of sugar maple or various other species of maple trees. It ... It also contains trace amounts of amino acids which increase in content as sap flow occurs. Maple syrup contains a wide variety ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_syrup

The amino acid sequence showed a strong homology to GroEL. It was initially believed that HSP60 functioned only in the ... The immune system is "designed to ignore 'self', that is, host constituents; however, paradoxically, this is not the case with ... Researchers concluded that the heat shock signal pathway serves as "the basic mechanism of defense against neurotoxicity ... HSP60 possesses two main responsibilities with respect to mitochondrial protein transport. It functions to catalyze the folding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GroEL

... stimulate arginine transport. The effects of TNFalpha and LPS are due solely to the enhancement … ... Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic * Arginine / chemistry * Arginine / metabolism* * Biological Transport * Cationic Amino ... The effects of TNFalpha and LPS are due solely to the enhancement of system y+ activity, whereas system y+L is substantially ... The stimulation of arginine transport by TNFalpha in human endothelial cells depends on NF-kappaB activation Biochim Biophys ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15238257/?dopt=Abstract

Basic Amino Acids 100% * Amino Acid Transport Systems 98% * Cell Surface Receptors 78% ... Dive into the research topics of Cell-surface receptor for ecotropic murine retroviruses is a basic amino-acid transporter. ... Cell-surface receptor for ecotropic murine retroviruses is a basic amino-acid transporter. ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cell-surface-receptor-for-ecotropic-murine-retroviruses-is-a-basi-2/fingerprints/

... are amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH ... Charged Amino Acids ⌊. Acidic Amino Acids See Also ↔. Basic Amino Acid Transport Systems. ... Basic Amino Acids "Basic Amino Acids" Basic Amino Acid. In protein science, Basic Amino Acids, as organic compounds, are amino ... Amino acids, Peptides, and Analogues. ⌊Amino Acids and derivatives. ⌊Charged Amino Acids. ⌊Basic Amino Acids ...

https://wellnessadvantage.com/?dgl=70058

Basic Amino Acid Transport Systems Medicine & Life Sciences 26% View full fingerprint ... These results suggest that uptake of L-arginine by cationic amino acid transport systems in the renal medulla plays an ... These results suggest that uptake of L-arginine by cationic amino acid transport systems in the renal medulla plays an ... These results suggest that uptake of L-arginine by cationic amino acid transport systems in the renal medulla plays an ...

https://augusta.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cationic-amino-acid-transport-in-the-renal-medulla-and-blood-pres

Basic Amino Acid Transport Protein Basic Amino Acid Transport Proteins Basic Amino Acid Transport System Basic Amino Acid ... Basic Amino Acid Transport Protein. Basic Amino Acid Transport Proteins. Basic Amino Acid Transport System. Basic Amino Acid ... Cationic Amino Acid Transport System Cationic Amino Acid Transport Systems Cationic Amino Acid Transporter Cationic Amino Acid ... Cationic Amino Acid Transport Proteins. Cationic Amino Acid Transport System. Cationic Amino Acid Transport Systems. Cationic ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=36153

I am just identifying a general system used to internalize proteins, three basic amino acids, e.g. RRR or RKR or KKR, that is ... Another example of a couple of amino acids that provides molecular recognition is the twin arginine transport system in ... The three basic amino acids dont even end up being presented. If you check proteins, you will only find three basic amino ... I examined the enterovirus coat protein, VP1, and found the same three amino acid sequence (three basic amino acids, lysine [K ...

http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2009/03/enteroviruses-autoimmunity-diabetes.html

... and in addition serve as a transport system for vitamins and amino acids. Without sufficient ionic minerals, nutrients are ... allows the minerals to be carried through cell membranes to participate in chemical reactions that are part of the bodys basic ...

https://www.gravelproofhoof.org/salt

... the general amino acid permease (Aap) and the branched-chain amino acid permease (Bra) of Rhizobium leguminosarum and the ... However, contrary to this paradigm, we show that three solute-binding protein-dependent (SBP) ABC transporters of amino acids, ... Amino Acid Transport Systems, Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic, Amino Acids, Aminoisobutyric Acids, Bacterial Proteins, ... ABC transporters of amino acids, i.e. the general amino acid permease (Aap) and the branched-chain amino acid permease (Bra) of ...

https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/586999

Mosquito larvae cannot synthesize de novo all the basic, neutral or aromatic L-amino acids, and must rely on uptake of these ... The richer repertoire of membrane transport systems in Ae. aegypti is likely to intersect with the apparent increase in odorant ... essential amino acids. Aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tryptophan are particularly important because they are precursors ... Aedes aegypti encodes more members of 4 different types of amino acid transporters than An. gambiae and D. melanogaster. ...

https://www.patentdocs.org/2016/02/index.html

Histidine transport system permease protein HisQ, component of Histidine/Arginine/Lysine (basic amino acid) uptake porter, HisJ ... component of Amino acid transporter, PA5152-PA5155. Probably transports numerous amino acids including lysine, arginine, ... Curated sequence P0A2I9: Histidine transport system permease protein HisQ. Histidine transport system permease protein HisQ aka ... For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. For diverse ...

https://papers.genomics.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/gapView.cgi?orgs=orgsFit&set=carbon&orgId=NCBI__GCF_000009985.1&path=lysine&step=hisQ

Amino Acid Sequence; *Amino Acid Transport Systems; Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic; Cell Membrane; Cloning, Molecular; ... Amino Acid; Suppression, Genetic. Life Sciences. Medicine and Health Sciences ... Endosomes; Fungal Proteins; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Luminescent Proteins; Membrane Proteins; Membrane Transport Proteins; ...

https://repository.escholarship.umassmed.edu/handle/20.500.14038/34034

ATRC1 , ERR , System y+ basic amino acid transporter , REC1L , cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system , cationinc amino ... LAT1 transports large neutral amino acids including branched-chain and aromatic amino acids as well as miglustat, whereas LAT2 ... amino acid transporter light chain, y� system), member 7 , solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system ... amino acid transporter light chain, y� system), member 6 , solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system ...

https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=169&objId=902#902

... transport, basic amino acid permease, " YKR019C 9.282948 INESSENTIAL IRS4 "involved in rDNA silencing,molecular_function ... The Soh1 protein interacts with a DNA repair protein, Rad5p, in a two-hybrid system assay., biological_process unknown, ... "general amino acid permease, amino acid transport, general amino acid permease, integral plasma membrane protein" YNL063W ... "Amino acid transport protein for valine, leucine, isoleucine, and tyrosine, transport, amino acid permease," YOR323C -65.689677 ...

https://genomics.lbl.gov/YeastFitnessData/websitefiles/ratioresults/thrRatio_07.txt

Buffers, buffer systems of the blood. water homeostasis. The amino acids and the peptide bond. The proteins and their various ... Basic Optics. Basic electromagnetic phenomena.The water. electrolytes,. ... Hemoglobin and oxygen transport. the enzymes. Bioenergetics and oxidative phosphorylation. Structure and metabolism of ... students must possess the basic concepts of the organization of a biological system. Furthermore he/she must possess knowledge ...

https://en.uniss.it/ugov/degreecourse/68413

It is expected that extended polypeptides with lengths from 50 amino acids to 60 amino acids can span both the OMM and IMM [52 ... Basic hypothesis of PINK1 import machineries. The majority of mitochondrial proteins, including PINK1, are encoded in nuclear ... These proteins are translated in the cytosol as precursors and transported into mitochondria. Mitochondria are double-membrane ... These two amino acids seem to be evolutionarily conserved in PINK1 among vertebrates [36, 47]. Adding another small amino acid ...

https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-017-0470-7

Protein is made up of amino acids, which are required for the growth and maintenance of our body tissues. In addition to hair ... Water is a basic component of all life. Aim for eight glasses of water per day to maintain optimum overall health. You hair ... Protien also helps the body maintain a healthy immune system and can help us sustain our energy throughout the day. Our bodies ... use it to produce important hormones such as insulin and to transport nutrients in the blood stream. Some examples of strong ...

https://www.longlocks.com/salon/?num=1230559630

... as a buffering system, were confirmed to contribute to the observed enhancement of tolerance and production of d-lactic acid. ... The enhancement of acid tolerance in the mutants contributed to increased production of d-lactic acid. The observed genetic and ... Applications of lactic acid have also emerged in the plastics industry. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such as Leuconostoc and ... Mutant LMS70, isolated at 70 g/L lactic acid, increased d-lactic acid production up to 76.8 g/L, which was twice that ...

https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13068-016-0662-3

The bacterium Lactococcus lactis, which plays an important role in the dairy industry, is unable to produce the amino acid ... The global pandemic has put a focus on essential workers, those we rely on for basic services. Workers who pick crops, from ... Same genes, same conditions, different transport. ... To do this, the bacteria have two systems ... Cell & ...

https://phys.org/tags/harsh+conditions/sort/rank/all/page2.html

Multiple pathways for cationic amino acid transport in the rat thyroid epithelial cell line PC Cl3. Am. J. Physiol. Cell ... Principal investigations (basic science). Research activity is mainly centered on the examination of the transport processes/ ... the thermodynamics of non-equilibrium systems and membrane transport, with emphasis on nerve impulses, and membrane ... Part of his research has been devoted to understand how efficiently amino acids as single molecules and/or in the form of small ...

https://www.unisalento.it/scheda-utente/-/people/tiziano.verri

If you eat carbohydrate supplement, branched chain amino acids BCAA and protein supplement immediately after training, you can ... Protein is the basic building block of muscles. Besides, it is the proteins that determine the positive nitrogen balance and ... There is no need to burden the digestive system earlier, especially if you additionally provided the body with carbohydrates ... and thus nutrients can be transported faster and more efficiently to the muscles. ...

https://www.weight-loss-labs.com/the-importance-of-a-post-workout-meal/

Amino acids also participate in numerous other processes in the body, including neurotransmitter transport. Additionally, amino ... A toxin is some kind of harmful matter in the body that builds up over time and overwhelms systems, causing them to work less ... "essential amino acids" before. This refers to a list of amino acids that cannot be produced in the body and so must come from ... so they must get the other essential amino acids from food. Amino acids sourced from raw food are in their most natural, ...

https://www.stevesrealfood.com/category/raw-basics/page/2/

Membrane Transport Proteins (Biological Pump)IBA 07/2007. 1. Amino Acid Transport Systems (Amino Acid Transporter)IBA 07/2007. ... Join CureHunter, for free Research Interface BASIC access!. Take advantage of free CureHunter research engine access to explore ...

https://www.curehunter.com/public/authorSummary-Alam,%20Nur%20H.do?keywordId=D005440

Phloem vessels transport sucrose, amino acids, and nutrients between different parts of the plant. ... Basics of nutrient uptake and transport. Most nutrients that are needed by the plant are taken up via the roots from the soil. ... There are two different vessel systems that transport nutrients within the plant - the xylem vessels and the phloem vessels. ... Phloem transport in case of nutrient deficiencies. Some nutrients, such as potassium, can move easily within the plant through ...

https://www.wuxal.com/news-archive/221122-nutrient-uptake-and-transport-1

... provides fuel for the immune system and helps maintain proper intestinal function. While the body produces glutamine, there are ... Glutamine is the most common amino acid found in muscle tissue. It is involved in protein synthesis and plays a pivotal role in ... Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body, and much of it is stored in muscle tissue. Glutamine transports nitrogen ... PROVIDES FUEL FOR THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND HELPS MAINTAIN PROPER INTESTINAL FUNCTION. ENSURE OPTIMAL RECOVERY WITH BASIC TRAINING ...

https://accounts.redcon1.com/collections/dairy-free/products/glutamine

Moreover, hot spring genomes showed increased abundances of inorganic ion transport and amino acid metabolism, as well as less ... amino acid metabolism, article, bacterium isolation, bioinformatics, bioremediation, comparative genomics, crispr cas system, ... as well as shorter proteins that are more hydrophilic and basic, when compared to the non-thermal genomes. Additionally, the ... Fermentation of glucose and amino acids resulted in the production of volatile fatty acids, mainly acetate; these compounds ...

https://www.cr2.cl/eng/coastal-zone/

... and why must the system preserve that discontinuity.. The physical effect of having a particular amino acid presented at a ... Its also consistent with the basic goals of a university education, which is to encourage critical thinking and openness.. I ... that the mRNA is then matured and transported to the ribosome for translation, where it will be used to order charged tRNA in a ... UB: The physical effect of having a particular amino acid presented at a binding site at a particular point in time is not ...

https://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2014/08/who-should-speak-on-university-campus.html?showComment=1407934039722

This study aimed at identifying residues involved in the pH dependence of hMCT1 using a combination of amino acid-modifying ... the extracellular basic residues of hMCT1 were not involved in its transport activity and pH dependence. Moreover, analyses of ... RESULTS: In the brain, loss of MCT1 function is associated with pathologies of degeneration and injury of the nervous system. ... Based on the influence of the lactic acid on immune cells and tumors, we proposed that lactic acid released in the unique ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=mh:Transportadores+de+%C3%81cidos+Monocarbox%C3%ADlicos/fisiologia

Peptides: short chains of amino acids via protein synthesis. Sex hormones, largely steroids, are secreted from gonads and ... transported via the circulatory system and influence the activity of target organs. ... Sex steroids initiate the basic female and male anatomies (i.e., organizing effects in sexual differentiation cascade) but also ... The Glandular Systems[edit , edit source]. The body has two types of glandular systems, the endocrine, which generally secrete ...

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Animal_Behavior/Hormones_in_Behavior

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC). (bvsalud.org)
Probable permease of ABC transporter, component of Amino acid transporter, PA5152-PA5155. (lbl.gov)
Human monocarboxylate transporter 1 (hMCT1) and 4 (hMCT4) are involved in the proton-dependent transport of monocarboxylates such as L-lactate, which play an essential role in cellular metabolism and pH regulation. (bvsalud.org)
He also prefers to investigate new systems, which is why, just over a year ago, he set his sights on the PnuC transporter, which conveys vitamin B3 into cells. (rug.nl)
That is actually an acronym for Sugar Will Eventually Efflux Transporter, as this protein can transport sugar both ways: into or out of the cell. (rug.nl)
The current study aimed to understand the molecular mechanisms of SLC7A5 (amino acid transporter) in synoviocytes of RA patients. (biomedcentral.com)

Previous studies have indicated that NO synthesis in isolated inner medullary collecting duct cells is reduced by cationic amino acids that compete with L-arginine for cellular uptake. (elsevier.com)
These results suggest that uptake of L-arginine by cationic amino acid transport systems in the renal medulla plays an important role in the regulation of medullary NO and MAP in rats. (elsevier.com)
However, contrary to this paradigm, we show that three solute-binding protein-dependent (SBP) ABC transporters of amino acids, i.e. the general amino acid permease (Aap) and the branched-chain amino acid permease (Bra) of Rhizobium leguminosarum and the histidine permease (His) of Salmonella typhimurium, are bidirectional, being responsible for efflux in addition to the uptake of solutes. (ox.ac.uk)
Histidine transport system permease protein HisQ, component of Histidine/Arginine/Lysine (basic amino acid) uptake porter, HisJ/ArgT/HisP/HisM/HisQ [R, R, C, M, M, respectively] (Gilson et al. (lbl.gov)
The bacterium Lactococcus lactis, which plays an important role in the dairy industry, is unable to produce the amino acid methionine and has to rely on uptake from the environment. (phys.org)
These forms follow the usual mechanisms of amino acid uptake from the digestive system. (foodforthebrain.org)
However, insulin is not the only means of transporting glucose into cells, but, for example, exercise increases muscle glucose uptake into muscle cells independently of insulin ( Dube et al. (100purehealth.com)

If you check proteins, you will only find three basic amino acids in nuclear proteins (also autoantigens in lupus) and in proteins, such as heparanase or HIV TAT, that are exported and then internalized. (blogspot.com)
You can check to see if a bacterium has that transport system by the exclusion of two adjacent Rs from all of its other proteins. (blogspot.com)
Even DNA binding proteins, that frequently have adjacent basic amino acids will lack RR. (blogspot.com)
I understand that within a proteome, short peptide sequences are enough to mediate recognition, but you're saying that's also true of the immune system recognizing foreign proteins? (blogspot.com)
Cationic amino acid transporters are 14 TM proteins, which mediate pH- and sodium-independent transport of cationic amino acids (system y + ), apparently as an exchange mechanism. (guidetopharmacology.org)
2. Biological macromolecules: lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. (uniss.it)
In Biochemistry For Dummies, you'll explore the carbons, proteins, and cellular systems that make up the biochemical processes that create and sustain life of all kinds. (biggerbooks.com)
Perspectives on the flow of information from nucleic acids to proteins, the structure and functions of nucleic acids and proteins and their organisation into hierarchical, interdependent systems. (up.ac.za)
But more importantly, zinc is a key component in over 3,000 proteins and 300 enzyme systems in the body. (zinpro.com)
Great for vegans and vegetarians - Those who don't have proteins in their diet and want a basic vegetarian supplement will find this product beneficial. (naturveg.com)

In our body, the some naturally concurring Basic Amino Acids include l-arginine , asparagine (l-asparagine) , glutamine (l-glutamine) , lysine , ornithine , and histidine . (wellnessadvantage.com)
In protein science , the proteinogenic amino acid , Lysine (Lys/K) , is a classed as both a basic amino acid and a diamino amino acid , with the molecular formula (C 6 H 14 N 2 O 2 ). (wellnessadvantage.com)
In our body, Lysine an essential α-amino acid is important for proper growth and plays a fundamental role in the production of carnitine , helps inhibit the growth of viruses, well known for its use in soothing the effects of herpes, may and improve endurance to stress and battle fatigue. (wellnessadvantage.com)
I examined the enterovirus coat protein, VP1, and found the same three amino acid sequence (three basic amino acids, lysine [K] or arginine [R], highlighted) that I also found in all allergens (peanut, ragweed, dust mite, bee venom) and autoantigens of autoimmune diseases (lupus, MS), and is associated with heparan sulfate-based internalization and presentation of protein immunogens. (blogspot.com)
Histidine transport system permease protein HisQ aka STM2353, component of Histidine/arginine/lysine/ornithine porter (Heuveling et al. (lbl.gov)
Probably transports numerous amino acids including lysine, arginine, histidine, D-alanine and D-valine (Johnson et al. (lbl.gov)
Most equine nutritionists will first focus on the balance of lysine, methionine and threonine, as these amino acids are often the most limited in the equine diet. (zinpro.com)

SLC7 family members may be divided into two major groups: cationic amino acid transporters (CATs) and glycoprotein-associated amino acid transporters (gpaATs). (guidetopharmacology.org)

In protein science , Basic Amino Acids , as organic compounds , are amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH. (wellnessadvantage.com)
In protein science , L-Asparagine (Asn/N) , a basic neutral amino acid , is a non-essential amino acid, with a carboxamide (amino carbonyl) functional side-chain. (wellnessadvantage.com)
No. The three amino acid sequence merely means that the protein will be dragged into a cell for presentation to the immune system. (blogspot.com)
So if I understand correctly, that three a.a. sequence you mentioned is enough for a cell to recognize a protein as foreign and present antigens to the immune system? (blogspot.com)
Histidine transport system permease protein HisQ. (lbl.gov)
Protein is made up of amino acids, which are required for the growth and maintenance of our body tissues. (longlocks.com)
Eggs are considered to be the 'perfect protein' because they are thought to have the most balanced amino acid ratio. (longlocks.com)
If you eat carbohydrate supplement, branched chain amino acids BCAA and protein supplement immediately after training, you can eat it after about an hour. (weight-loss-labs.com)
Protein is the basic building block of muscles. (weight-loss-labs.com)
It is involved in protein synthesis and plays a pivotal role in the body's nitrogen balance, provides fuel for the immune system and helps maintain proper intestinal function. (redcon1.com)
Glutamine transports nitrogen into your muscle cells and plays a significant role in muscle protein synthesis and in preventing muscle breakdown. (redcon1.com)
Practical training will include interactive computer-guided demonstrations of protein analysis, hands-on practical sessions for nucleic acid purification and chemical structure characterisation, protein expression and purification (including SDS-PAGE), protein sequence analysis including mass spectrometry, protein structure analysis by 3D protein modelling and protein folding (Bioinformatics). (up.ac.za)
Protein is made up of amino acids. (becomeio.com)
When you consume it, your body breaks down the protein into amino acids, which are then recombined (through a process known as muscle protein synthesis) and moved through the body to where they're needed. (becomeio.com)
Muscle protein synthesis especially needs the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) - leucine, isoleucine, and valine - in combination with resistance exercise. (becomeio.com)
The vast majority of inherited metabolic diseases are caused by enzymes and transport protein abnormalities. (ersjournals.com)
When considering protein needs in a horse nutrition plan, it's important to provide an adequate supply of essential amino acids. (zinpro.com)
The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during protein folding, and the function of the protein. (lecturio.com)
Ensure you eat plenty of protein food such as meat, fish, nuts, seeds, beans/lentils and eggs to support amino acids like Glutathione that protect the mitochondria. (nutritionhouse.com)
L-BAIBA belongs to a class of molecules called myokines , non-protein amino acids that are produced by muscle tissue during exercise and have hormone-like effects in the human body. (priceplow.com)

There is no need to burden the digestive system earlier, especially if you additionally provided the body with carbohydrates for training. (weight-loss-labs.com)
Water that is added back into a cooked food or water that is drunk cannot behave in this way and goes through the digestive system in a separate process. (stevesrealfood.com)
transportation of nutrients- nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, liquids and vitamins are transported in the blood plasma from the digestive system to different body parts. (thediabeteslearningcenter.com)
Yet some promoters of colloidal silver products like to claim that silver ions are inactivated in the digestive system of the human body by hydrochloric acid (i.e., stomach acid), and thus lack any significant benefit when orally ingested. (blogspot.com)
Heavy feeding of grains and seeds is extremely acid forming and the digestive system has to work hard to break these down. (equineroyalenz.com)
The horse's digestive system is designed for approximately 18 hours per day of consumption. (equineroyalenz.com)
The primary purpose of this compendium is to mark the differences of the digestive system of horses, with respect to other animals and at the same time reinforce the importance of a balanced diet to meet all nutritional needs, this in order to obtain physically strong and healthy horses. (bestfriendequine.com)

The contour next one blood glucose smart meter and app system combines remarkable accuracy(1) with ease-of-use to benefit a broad range of people living with diabetes . (thediabeteslearningcenter.com)
Meanwhile, these quickly proliferated FLS demand high energy, which is well associated with high-level transportation and consumption of glucose and amino acids. (biomedcentral.com)
As glucose and certain amino acids rise in the blood, insulin is taken more efficiently from the blood into cells, including muscle. (100purehealth.com)
The main function of these enzymes in the brain is lipid (myelin sheath) and carbohydrate metabolism, production of amino acids, and production of glucose-derived neurotransmitters. (medscape.com)
BAT , on the other hand, is not really fuel but actually an energy-burning organ that converts glucose and fatty acid into heat . (priceplow.com)

Nucleic acid structure as observed in fibres and crystals as well as global DNA and RNA analyses (methods and bioinformatic analyses). (up.ac.za)
Cellular functions of coding and non-coding nucleic acids. (up.ac.za)
nucleic acids. (usermessage.de)
COLD SPRING HARBOR, NEW YORK -- In an important, comprehensive, and timely review, an expert team from the University of California Berkeley details the methodologies used in nucleic acid-based tests for detecting the presence of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. (cshlpress.org)
00:01:16.21 and the most important of those would be genetic molecules, 00:01:21.25 possibly RNA or DNA or maybe some related kind of nucleic acid. (ibiology.org)

Thus, pathogens must have specific mecha- clearly complex, and, in many cases, the study of these nisms for mediating colonization, avoiding the host's interactions is limited by the lack of a suitable animal immune system, and acquiring necessary nutrients. (cdc.gov)
Our bodies use it to produce important hormones such as insulin and to transport nutrients in the blood stream. (longlocks.com)
If your goal is to build muscle mass, you should not postpone it in time, and the best to eat even when your body after the workout is increased blood flow, and thus nutrients can be transported faster and more efficiently to the muscles. (weight-loss-labs.com)
There are two different vessel systems that transport nutrients within the plant - the xylem vessels and the phloem vessels. (wuxal.com)
Xylem vessels transport water and dissolved nutrients from the roots up to the leaves. (wuxal.com)
Phloem vessels transport sucrose, amino acids, and nutrients between different parts of the plant. (wuxal.com)
Other nutrients such as manganese, cannot be transported well between plant organs. (wuxal.com)
It's also needed to produce enzymes, hemoglobin, and hormones, strengthen your immune system, and help transport nutrients around your body. (becomeio.com)

Imaging of brain tumors with labeled amino acids or analogs, such as methionine, tyrosine, leucine, alanine, and isobutyric acid, has been reported ( 1 - 5 ). (snmjournals.org)
Excitotoxins are biochemical substances (usually amino acids, amino acid analogs, or amino acid derivatives) that can react with specialized neuronal receptors - GLU receptors - in the brain or spinal cord in such a way as to cause injury or death to a wide variety of neurons (1-3, 8-10). (antiaging-nutrition.com)

Comparison of the yields obtained by using nanoporous and nonporous (conventional) polarized HAp catalysts shows that both the nanoporosity and water absorption capacity of the former represent a drawback when the catalytic reaction requires auxiliary coating layers, as for example for the production of amino acids. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

In this review, we focus on the transport function, regulation, and biology of hMCT1 and hMCT4, and the effects of genetic variation in these transporters in humans. (bvsalud.org)
Facilitative hexose transporters (GLUTs), with 14 known isoforms to date, GLUT1-GLUT14, transport the oxidized form of vitamin C (dehydroascorbic acid) into the cells. (scielo.cl)
Sodium ascorbic acid co-transporters (SVCTs), SVCT1 and SVCT2 transport the reduced form of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). (scielo.cl)

42 carboxylic acids such as citrate and lactate (ATSDR 2001e). (cdc.gov)

Lactic acid has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) and is commonly used in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries. (biomedcentral.com)
Applications of lactic acid have also emerged in the plastics industry. (biomedcentral.com)
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such as Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus , are widely used as lactic acid producers for food-related and biotechnological applications. (biomedcentral.com)
Nonetheless, industrial mass production of lactic acid in LAB is a challenge mainly because of growth inhibition caused by the end product, lactic acid. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, it is important to improve acid tolerance of LAB to achieve balanced cell growth and a high titer of lactic acid. (biomedcentral.com)
Wild-type Leuconostoc mesenteroides was challenged long term with exogenously supplied lactic acid, whose concentration was increased stepwise (for enhancement of lactic acid tolerance) during 1 year. (biomedcentral.com)
In the course of the adaptive evolution at 70 g/L lactic acid, three mutants (LMS50, LMS60, and LMS70) showing high specific growth rates and lactic acid production were isolated and characterized. (biomedcentral.com)
The enhancement of acid tolerance in the mutants contributed to increased production of d -lactic acid. (biomedcentral.com)
The observed genetic and physiological changes may systemically help remove protons and retain viability at high lactic acid concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
Lactic acid, or 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, received the US FDA status Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) and is used in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries. (biomedcentral.com)
Numerous studies on lactic acid have been conducted because it is a major raw material for the production of poly-lactic acid (PLA), which is a biodegradable environmentally friendly polymer [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Lactic acid has two enantiomers ( l -lactic acid and d -lactic acid according to its structure), and there are three types of PLA: optically active l - and d -lactic acids and the racemate. (biomedcentral.com)
PLA with a high melting point and high crystallinity can be obtained from either the optically pure l - or d -lactic acid isomers, but not from a racemic mixture of the two isomers. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, the selection and characterization of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that produce large amounts of optically pure lactic acid would be worthwhile. (biomedcentral.com)
However, there are few reports about the metabolic engineering of Leuconostoc to enhance the production of d -lactic acid [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Just as in humans, when we undergo a strenuous workout, the burning of glycogen produces lactic acid which in turn introduces soreness and fatigue. (zinpro.com)
organic acids (e.g. citric acid, lactic acid) and flavour compounds (e.g. esters and aldehydes). (fao.org)

D-histidine and the histidine degradation products, histamine, urocanic acid and imidazole do not bind. (lbl.gov)

Another example of a couple of amino acids that provides molecular recognition is the twin arginine transport system in bacteria. (blogspot.com)
Benchmarks: SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules. (usermessage.de)
In today's view, this description would infinite growth of a tumour cell within one also cover cellular and molecular blood cellular system while allowing for the produc- components, including immunoglobulins. (who.int)

If the body is able to predigest the food in this manner, it will not have to use its own store of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and stomach acid levels can remain low. (stevesrealfood.com)
Without ample enzymes in the food, the pancreas and small intestine have to work overtime which in turn stresses the endocrine system and can lead to problems such as leaky gut syndrome and diabetes which of course cause a whole host of problems on their own. (stevesrealfood.com)
Many of these microbial metabolites (e.g. flavour compounds, amino acids, organic acids, enzymes, xanthan gums, alcohol etc.) are produced at the industrial level in both developed and developing countries for use in food processing applications. (fao.org)

In sickle cell anemia, the amino acid substitution valine for glutamate occurs on the beta chain at the sixth position. (medscape.com)
Specifically, exercise causes your body to convert valine , an essential amino acid (and one of the three BCAAs) into L-BAIBA. (priceplow.com)

The presence of branched amino acids BCAA facilitate the development of muscle mass, facilitate recovery and provide energy, endurance and power. (naturveg.com)

are uniquely transported through the harsh environment of the digestive tract, into the bloodstream and the directly into the cells and tissues through a complex but well-known biological transport mechanism that utilizes metalloproteins . (blogspot.com)

Energy Homeostasis also play a critical role in the immune system Immune system The body's defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. (lecturio.com)

It binds to receptors anywhere in the body and thereby coordinates disparate biochemical responses.They are released from glands, transported via the circulatory system and influence the activity of target organs. (wikibooks.org)
GLU and its biochemical "cousin," aspartic acid or aspartate (ASP), are the two most plentiful amino acids in the brain (5). (antiaging-nutrition.com)

In our body, Asparagine (L-Asparagine) , a non-essential amino acid, with derivatives involved in diamino amino acids (dibasic amino Acid) activities is made from Aspartic Acid plus adenosine triphosphate (ATP) . (wellnessadvantage.com)

Although using these technolo- acting on the pathogen in each microenvironment, what gies to analyze pathogens within a host is still in its infancy, bacterial factors are responsible for the host damage, and initial studies indicate that these technologies will be valu- able tools for understanding how the pathogen reacts to the how the immune system is evaded. (cdc.gov)
Hi Dr. Ayers, Is a 3- amino acid sequence enough to provoke an immune response? (blogspot.com)
Protien also helps the body maintain a healthy immune system and can help us sustain our energy throughout the day. (longlocks.com)
Intense exercise is one of these scenarios, as it can rapidly deplete glutamine stores, directly affecting the immune system and muscle synthesis. (redcon1.com)
Glutamine also provides support to the immune system. (redcon1.com)
Stack with Basic Training Vitamin C for robust immune support. (redcon1.com)
If a horse isn't properly conditioned, exercise can lead to increased inflammation, which redirects energy to heal damaged tissues and fuel the immune system. (zinpro.com)
So, zinc is foundational to many basic cellular functions involved in muscle production and function, immune response and especially in the recovery process. (zinpro.com)
Though no one can deny the reality of pathogens, our zeal and focus on them should never overshadow the need to maintain a healthy, vibrant immune system. (postfalls-naturopathic.com)
The strength of our immune system and the quality of our internal terrain truly is the basis by which disease is prevented or overcome. (postfalls-naturopathic.com)
The immune system is composed of lymphatic vessels and organs, white blood cells, specialized cells residing in various tissues, and specialized chemical factors all of which must be supported. (postfalls-naturopathic.com)
A new scientific frontier of affective immunology is uncovering the close interaction between our emotions and immune system. (alliancesfordiscovery.org)

This allows the minerals to be carried through cell membranes to participate in chemical reactions that are part of the body's basic metabolism. (gravelproofhoof.org)
Supplementing with Glutamine may help maintain these critical glutamine levels and support some of your body's most basic functions, especially when training and putting exercise-induced stress on the body. (redcon1.com)
The Body's Metallic Ion Transport System! (blogspot.com)
Particulate silver is completely dependent upon a passive transport system, and is totally dependent upon the process of osmosis to be absorbed into the body's cells and tissues. (blogspot.com)
Both are essential components of the body's natural stress reaction system and important in support of memory functions. (cantron.com)
We've dedicated ourselves to changing lives through whole food-based nutritional supplements that support the body's interrelated systems, rather than simply treating the symptoms. (postfalls-naturopathic.com)

It can create it's own amino acids, change sugars to fats and vice versa. (equineroyalenz.com)

Shurson points out swine nutritionists want to know digestible amino acid levels. (advancedbiofuelsusa.info)

Note that the antigenic determinants usually do not include the three basic amino acid sequence, e.g. (blogspot.com)

By binding with them, the metalloproteins are able to act as "escorts" for the metallic ions through the harsh chemistry of the digestive tract, into the circulatory system and directly into the cells and tissues of the human body. (blogspot.com)

This battery of measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain liver, heart, and kidney diseases, acid-base imbalance in the respiratory and metabolic systems, other diseases involving lipid metabolism and various endocrine disorders as well as other metabolic or nutritional disorders. (cdc.gov)

In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic renal medullary infusion of cationic amino acids on renal NO concentration and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in Sprague-Dawley rats. (elsevier.com)
The renal or urinary system includes a pair of kidneys, each kidney being connected by a ureter to the bladder, and a urethra for draining urine produced by the kidneys from the bladder. (justia.com)

L-Lys and L-Orn show weaker interactions with HisJ and methylated and acetylated Lys variants show poor binding.The carboxylate groups of these amino acids and their variants are essential. (lbl.gov)
Among their many other benefits, essential fatty acids have been shown to be a key factor in hair and nail health. (longlocks.com)
The global pandemic has put a focus on essential workers, those we rely on for basic services. (phys.org)
PABA also stimulates bio-manufacture of other essential vitamins, such as B1, K, folic acid and pantothenic acid (B5). (cantron.com)
Liposomal Vitamin C is sodium ascorbate wrapped in microscopic double-layered bubbles made of essential phospholipids that transport the vitamin into the bloodstream and the cells. (unovita.com)

Its fatty acid profile, respiratory quinones, and G+C content also support the placement of QX-1 T in the genus Halomonas . (researchsquare.com)
MS/MS technology expands the metabolic disorder screening panel (i.e., the number of disorders that can be detected) by incorporating an acylcarnitine profile, which enables detection of fatty acid oxidation disorders (e.g., medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase [MCAD] deficiency) ( 7-10 ) and other organic acid disorders. (cdc.gov)
00:03:04.12 So, the most important aspect, 00:03:08.13 and something which is quite different from modern membranes 00:03:12.21 that are based on phospholipids, is that fatty acid vesicles. (ibiology.org)
00:03:55.26 And the result is the formation of micelles, 00:03:59.14 which are very small aggregates, a few nanometers in size, 00:04:05.08 and composed of roughly 10 to 100 fatty acid molecules. (ibiology.org)
00:05:08.23 You'll notice this pKa of 8.5 is considerably higher 00:05:12.11 than the pKa of individual fatty acid molecules in solution, 00:05:17.24 which is closer to 4.5. (ibiology.org)

The Endocrine System combines neural and glandular mechanisms which control physiological functions/behavior via the secretion of hormones. (wikibooks.org)
Also e.g. a few amino acids increase insulin secretion. (100purehealth.com)

the rest is predominantly selenocysteine (SeCys or Sec) (the 21stamino acid) and methylselenocysteine (MSeC). (foodforthebrain.org)
It is important both for the prevention of selenium-related deficiency diseases and for its health promoting biological functions as part of the amino acid selenocysteine that is incorporated into the selenoproteins. (pharmanord.com)

For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. (lbl.gov)

These ionic minerals perform trillions of functions within the body, and in addition serve as a transport system for vitamins and amino acids. (gravelproofhoof.org)
So they transport beneficial minerals into the cells and tissues, and keep potentially harmful minerals out . (blogspot.com)
Essentially, they're utilizing vitamins and minerals in addition to burning energy - glycogen and fatty acids needed for muscle contraction and propulsion. (zinpro.com)
Minerals and vitamins are important for the development and maintenance of bones and tissues, the production of milk in mares, and the regulation of basic body functions. (bestfriendequine.com)

During 2022, the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia (DC) provisionally reported 8,300 TB cases to the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System. (cdc.gov)

The course aims to provide students with the tools of the scientific method, understanding and operational capabilities of the principles of classical physics.At the end of the course the student will have knowledge of basic biochemistry for a complete understanding of biochemistry, general aspects and metabolic disorders. (uniss.it)
Then he will know and understand the metabolic processes of the human body and the basic principles of metabolic and hormonal relationship , with extensive references related to pathological situations. (uniss.it)
Several inherited metabolic diseases involve nervous or neuromuscular systems, are usually progressive, and often cause chronic airway aspiration and respiratory infections. (ersjournals.com)
Together with pH determination, bicarbonate measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with acid-base imbalance in the respiratory and metabolic systems. (cdc.gov)
MS/MS technology enables improvements in and consolidation of metabolic screening methods to detect amino acid disorders (e.g. (cdc.gov)

Glutamic acid (also called "glutamate") is the chief excitatory neurotransmitter in the human and mammalian brain (1-3). (antiaging-nutrition.com)

The suppression of PKC-dependent transduction pathways, obtained with the inhibitor chelerytrhine, the inhibitor peptide of PKCzeta isoform, or chronic exposure to phorbol esters, does not prevent TNFalpha effect on arginine transport. (nih.gov)
Peritoneal stomata constitute the principal pathways for the drainage of intraperitoneal contents from the PERITONEAL CAVITY to the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. (bvsalud.org)

In human saphenous vein endothelial cells (HSVECs), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but neither interferon gamma (IFNgamma) nor interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), stimulate arginine transport. (nih.gov)
These results indicate that in human endothelial cells the activation of NF-kappaB pathway mediates the TNFalpha effects on arginine transport. (nih.gov)
The homing ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) endows them with global positioning system navigation. (frontiersin.org)
The human body has a special means for transporting metallic ions - including silver ions - through the harsh environment of the digestive tract, into the bloodstream and directly into the cells and tissues. (blogspot.com)
Sertoli cells are able to transport both forms of vitamin C. These findings are extremely relevant, because Sertoli cells may control the amount of vitamin C in the adluminal compartment, as well as regulating the availability of this metabolite throughout spermatogenesis. (scielo.cl)
The greatest province of these APCs is to mete out these peptide-MHC complexes to T-lymphocytes (T-cells), an impor- tant component of the adaptive untouched system. (daubnet.com)
Our cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. (nutritionhouse.com)
For example, we have nerve cells that help transport messages around the body. (nutritionhouse.com)
Cells provide structure to the muscular system so you can move about. (nutritionhouse.com)
Influenza viruses attach to host cells by binding their hemagglutinin (HA) to cell-surface oligosaccharides containing a terminal sialic acid. (cdc.gov)
GLU and ASP can be synthesized by cells from each other, and GLU can be made from various other amino acids, as well (5). (antiaging-nutrition.com)

Likewise, ERK, JNK, and p38 MAP kinases are not involved in the cytokine effect, since arginine transport stimulation is unaffected by their specific inhibitors. (nih.gov)

Since zinc cannot be transported within the plant, the left side of the tree is stunted, and we can expect large yield losses. (wuxal.com)
I bring up the metallothioneins because they are known to transport zinc, copper, and silver throughout the human body. (blogspot.com)
The anti-corrosion coating system based on epoxy zinc-rich or inorganic zinc-rich primer has a dry film thickness of 200-320μm according to the different corrosive environment of the storage tank. (paint-in-china.com)
Which is allowing the traditional 3 to 4 coating system to reduce to two coating system, epoxy zinc-rich primer 75μm+polysiloxane 150μm, and the total film thickness can reach 225μm. (paint-in-china.com)

mTOR activity assay and MMP expression levels were monitored in RA FLS under amino acid deprivation or nutrient-rich conditions. (biomedcentral.com)

Recently, adaptive evolution has been employed as one of the strategies to improve the fitness and to induce adaptive changes in bacteria under specific growth conditions, such as acid stress. (biomedcentral.com)
By figuring out how bacteria manage to get their dose of vitamin B3 into the cell, Dirk Slotboom stumbled upon the competitive field of sugar transport. (rug.nl)

At the same time as insulin enhances the use of carbohydrates for energy, it correspondingly prevents the breakdown ( lipolysis ) and release of fats from adipose tissue and also the oxidation or burning of fatty acids. (100purehealth.com)
Insulin also increases the conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids (de Novo lipogenesis) and the incorporation of fatty acids into glycerol, the final accumulation of stored fats. (100purehealth.com)

SeMet is transported to the liver bound as Se-albumin. (foodforthebrain.org)
Alcohol interferes with active gastrointestinal transport, and chronic liver disease leads to decreased activation of thiamine pyrophosphate from thiamine, as well as decreased capacity of the liver to store thiamine. (medscape.com)

Effective safe detoxification is a key and reduction of oxidative stress (oxidation), the ability to bind and transport heavy metals and waste, support normal oxygenation of the tissues, support normal blood flow (anti clogging), and harmonize your bioelectric field. (unovita.com)

Cell-surface receptor for ecotropic murine retroviruses is a basic amino-acid transporter - Fingerprint
- Oregon Health &... — Cell-surface receptor for ecotropic murine retroviruses is a basic amino-acid transporter - Fingerprint - Oregon Health &... (ohsu.pure.elsevier.com)

Unrefined Sea Salt (gravelproofhoof.org)

The LongLocks Salon - Message Boards for Long Hair Care, Hairstyles and Beauty (longlocks.com)

Long-term adaptive evolution of Leuconostoc mesenteroides for enhancement of lactic acid tolerance and production |... (biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com)

Tiziano VERRI - Università del Salento (unisalento.it)

Hgh for sale in china, buy sarms with paypal | Profile (eatfatness.com)

Anatomy25

Organisms12

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs134

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes57

Information Science4

Health Care1

Rat liver endothelial cell glutamine transporter and glutaminase expression contrast with parenchymal cells. (1/308)

Conducted signals within arteriolar networks initiated by bioactive amino acids. (2/308)

Yeast mutants affecting possible quality control of plasma membrane proteins. (3/308)

Large neutral amino acids block phenylalanine transport into brain tissue in patients with phenylketonuria. (4/308)

CAT2-mediated L-arginine transport and nitric oxide production in activated macrophages. (5/308)

Cationic amino acid transporter gene expression in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells and in rats. (6/308)

Receptor-mediated Moloney murine leukemia virus entry can occur independently of the clathrin-coated-pit-mediated endocytic pathway. (7/308)

Modulation of ATPase activity by physical disengagement of the ATP-binding domains of an ABC transporter, the histidine permease. (8/308)

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Amino Acid Transport System L

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Amino Acids

Biological Transport

Aminoisobutyric Acids

Amino Acid Transport System A

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral

Biological Transport, Active

Amino Acid Transport System ASC

Leucine

Amino Acid Transport System y+

beta-Alanine

Antigens, CD98

Amino Acids, Neutral

Amino Acids, Cyclic

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Carrier Proteins

Sodium

Phenylalanine

Kinetics

Alanine

Amino Acid Transport System y+L

Membrane Transport Proteins

4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate

Glutamine

Proline

Cystine

Isoleucine

Fatty Acid Transport Proteins

Valine

Amino Acid Sequence

Arginine

Lysine

Leucine-tRNA Ligase

Cloning, Molecular

Molecular Sequence Data

Mutation

Cell Membrane

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Tryptophan

Escherichia coli

Glutamates

Xenopus laevis

Substrate Specificity

Oocytes

Histidine

Base Sequence

Cell Line

Taurocholic Acid

Dicarboxylic Acids

RNA, Messenger

Rats, Inbred Strains

Bacterial Proteins

Ethylmaleimide

Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1

Amino Acids, Diamino

Cells, Cultured

Glycine

Antigens, CD98 Light Chains

Genes, Bacterial

Liver

Cystinuria

Antigens, CD98 Heavy Chain

Amino Acid Substitution

Hartnup Disease

Glucose

Dinitrophenols

Carbon Radioisotopes

Culture Media

Microvilli

Methionine

Membrane Proteins

Methylglucosides

Ileum

Pseudomonadaceae

Phenylacetates

Methyltyrosines