Amino acid transport systems. Medical search

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

A sodium-independent neutral amino acid transporter system with specificity for large amino acids. One of the functions of the transporter system is to supply large neutral amino acids to the brain.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting neutral amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, NEUTRAL).

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

A ubiquitous sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and CYSTEINE.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported.

A heterodimeric protein that is a cell surface antigen associated with lymphocyte activation. The initial characterization of this protein revealed one identifiable heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) and an indeterminate smaller light chain. It is now known that a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS) can dimerize with the heavy chain. Depending upon its light chain composition a diverse array of functions can be found for this protein. Functions include: type L amino acid transport, type y+L amino acid transport and regulation of cellular fusion.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

A broad category of membrane transport proteins that specifically transport FREE FATTY ACIDS across cellular membranes. They play an important role in LIPID METABOLISM in CELLS that utilize free fatty acids as an energy source.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

An enzyme that activates leucine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.4.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting acidic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, ACIDIC).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.

A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

A family of light chains that bind to the CD98 heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) to form a heterodimer. They convey functional specificity to the protein.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A transmembrane glycoprotein subunit that can dimerize with a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS). This protein subunit serves a diverse array of functions including amino acid transport and cell fusion. Its function is altered depending which of the light chain subunits it interacts with.

An autosomal recessive disorder due to defective absorption of NEUTRAL AMINO ACIDS by both the intestine and the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The abnormal urinary loss of TRYPTOPHAN, a precursor of NIACIN, leads to a NICOTINAMIDE deficiency, PELLAGRA-like light-sensitive rash, CEREBELLAR ATAXIA, emotional instability, and aminoaciduria. Mutations involve the neurotransmitter transporter gene SLC6A19.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Organic compounds that contain two nitro groups attached to a phenol.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A family of gram-negative bacteria usually found in soil or water and including many plant pathogens and a few animal pathogens.

Derivatives of phenylacetic acid. Included under this heading are a variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the benzeneacetic acid structure. Note that this class of compounds should not be confused with derivatives of phenyl acetate, which contain the PHENOL ester of ACETIC ACID.

A group of compounds that are methyl derivatives of the amino acid TYROSINE.

Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.

Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)

A family of POTASSIUM and SODIUM-dependent acidic amino acid transporters that demonstrate a high affinity for GLUTAMIC ACID and ASPARTIC ACID. Several variants of this system are found in neuronal tissue.

A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

Disorders characterized by defective transport of amino acids across cell membranes. These include deficits in transport across brush-border epithelial cell membranes of the small intestine (MICROVILLI) and KIDNEY TUBULES; transport across the basolateral membrane; and transport across the membranes of intracellular organelles. (From Nippon Rinsho 1992 Jul;50(7):1587-92)

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).

Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504)

The middle portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between DUODENUM and ILEUM. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter found ubiquitously. It has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE. It may also act as an ecotropic leukemia retroviral receptor.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.

A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids.

An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

Proteins involved in the transport of organic anions. They play an important role in the elimination of a variety of endogenous substances, xenobiotics and their metabolites from the body.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.

The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. It is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of radionuclide into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).

The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

Iodinated derivatives of acetic acid. Iodoacetates are commonly used as alkylating sulfhydryl reagents and enzyme inhibitors in biochemical research.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Sordariaceae, order SORDARIALES, comprising bread molds. They are capable of converting tryptophan to nicotinic acid and are used extensively in genetic and enzyme research. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A subclass of ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS whose transport of organic anions is driven either directly or indirectly by a gradient of sodium ions.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.

Minute intercellular channels that occur between liver cells and carry bile towards interlobar bile ducts. Also called bile capillaries.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

A family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that couple the uptake of GLUTAMATE with the import of SODIUM ions and PROTONS and the export of POTASSIUM ions. In the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM they regulate neurotransmission through synaptic reuptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Outside the central nervous system they function as signal mediators and regulators of glutamate metabolism.

A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

Periplasmic proteins that scavenge or sense diverse nutrients. In the bacterial environment they usually couple to transporters or chemotaxis receptors on the inner bacterial membrane.

Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.

Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Synthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This cRNA can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane.

An enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. Sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane ATPase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)

Presence of the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter in GABAergic and glycinergic synaptic terminal boutons. (1/736)

The characterization of the Caenorhabditis elegans unc-47 gene recently allowed the identification of a mammalian (gamma)-amino butyric acid (GABA) transporter, presumed to be located in the synaptic vesicle membrane. In situ hybridization data in rat brain suggested that it might also take up glycine and thus represent a general Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transporter (VIAAT). In the present study, we have investigated the localization of VIAAT in neurons by using a polyclonal antibody raised against the hydrophilic N-terminal domain of the protein. Light microscopy and immunocytochemistry in primary cultures or tissue sections of the rat spinal cord revealed that VIAAT was localized in a subset (63-65%) of synaptophysin-immunoreactive terminal boutons; among the VIAAT-positive terminals around motoneuronal somata, 32.9% of them were also immunoreactive for GAD65, a marker of GABAergic presynaptic endings. Labelling was also found apposed to clusters positive for the glycine receptor or for its associated protein gephyrin. At the ultrastructural level, VIAAT immunoreactivity was restricted to presynaptic boutons exhibiting classical inhibitory features and, within the boutons, concentrated over synaptic vesicle clusters. Pre-embedding detection of VIAAT followed by post-embedding detection of GABA or glycine on serial sections of the spinal cord or cerebellar cortex indicated that VIAAT was present in glycine-, GABA- or GABA- and glycine-containing boutons. Taken together, these data further support the view of a common vesicular transporter for these two inhibitory transmitters, which would be responsible for their costorage in the same synaptic vesicle and subsequent corelease at mixed GABA-and-glycine synapses. (+info)

Cutting edge: primary structure of the light chain of fusion regulatory protein-1/CD98/4F2 predicts a protein with multiple transmembrane domains that is almost identical to the amino acid transporter E16. (2/736)

The CD98 light chain (CD98LC) was copurified from HeLa S3 cells by an affinity chromatography using a mAb specific for the fusion regulatory protein-1 (FRP-1) which is identical to the CD98 heavy chain. On the basis of the N-terminal sequence (63 amino acids) of purified CD98LC polypeptide, we have cloned a PCR fragment (155 bp) from a HeLa S3 cDNA library and finally obtained a full cDNA clone encoding the CD98LC. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis using the cDNA assigned the CD98LC gene to the long arm of human chromosome 16 (16q24). The predicted amino acid sequence suggested that CD98LC is a protein with multiple transmembrane domains and is almost identical to the amino acid transporter E16. Resting monocytes and lymphocytes expressed CD98LC as analyzed by a newly isolated anti-CD98LC mAb, which showed cross-reactivity with insect Sf9 cells as well as with various mammalian cell lines. (+info)

NH4+-induced down-regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gap1p permease involves its ubiquitination with lysine-63-linked chains. (3/736)

Addition of ammonium ions to yeast cells growing on proline as the sole nitrogen source induces internalization of the general amino acid permease Gap1p and its subsequent degradation in the vacuole. An essential step in this down-regulation is Gap1p ubiquitination through a process requiring the Npi1p/Rsp5p ubiquitin ligase. We show in this report that NPI2, a second gene required for NH4+-induced down-regulation of Gap1p, codes for the ubiquitin hydrolase Doa4p/Ubp4p/Ssv7p and that NH4+-induced Gap1p ubiquitination is strongly reduced in npi2 cells. The npi2 mutation results in substitution of an aromatic amino acid located in a 33-residue sequence shared by some ubiquitin hydrolases of the Ubp family. In this mutant, as in doa4(delta) cells, the amount of free monomeric ubiquitin is at least four times lower than in wild-type cells. Both ubiquitination and down-regulation of the permease can be restored in npi2 cells by over-expression of ubiquitin. In proline-grown wild-type and npi2/doa4 cells overproducing ubiquitin, Gap1p appears to be mono-ubiquitinated at two lysine acceptor sites. Addition of NH4+ triggers rapid poly-ubiquitination of Gap1p, the poly-ubiquitin chains being specifically formed by linkage through the lysine 63 residue of ubiquitin. Gap1p is thus ubiquitinated differently from the proteins targeted by ubiquitination for proteolysis by the proteasome, but in the same manner as the uracil permease, also subject to ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis. When poly-ubiquitination through Lys63 is blocked, the Gap1p permease still undergoes NH4+-induced down-regulation, but to a lesser extent. (+info)

The ArgR regulatory protein, a helper to the anaerobic regulator ANR during transcriptional activation of the arcD promoter in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (4/736)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, when deprived of oxygen, generates ATP from arginine catabolism by enzymes of the arginine deiminase pathway, encoded by the arcDABC operon. Under conditions of low oxygen tension, the transcriptional activator ANR binds to a site centered 41.5 bp upstream of the arcD transcriptional start. ANR-mediated anaerobic induction was enhanced two- to threefold by extracellular arginine. This arginine effect depended, in trans, on the transcriptional regulator ArgR and, in cis, on an ArgR binding site centered at -73.5 bp in the arcD promoter. Binding of purified ArgR protein to this site was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and DNase I footprinting. This ArgR recognition site contained a sequence, 5'-TGACGC-3', which deviated in only 1 base from the common sequence motif 5'-TGTCGC-3' found in other ArgR binding sites of P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, an alignment of all known ArgR binding sites confirmed that they consist of two directly repeated half-sites. In the absence of ANR, arginine did not induce the arc operon, suggesting that ArgR alone does not activate the arcD promoter. According to a model proposed, ArgR makes physical contact with ANR and thereby facilitates initiation of arc transcription. (+info)

Yeast mutants affecting possible quality control of plasma membrane proteins. (5/736)

Mutations gef1, stp22, STP26, and STP27 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were identified as suppressors of the temperature-sensitive alpha-factor receptor (mutation ste2-3) and arginine permease (mutation can1(ts)). These suppressors inhibited the elimination of misfolded receptors (synthesized at 34 degrees C) as well as damaged surface receptors (shifted from 22 to 34 degrees C). The stp22 mutation (allelic to vps23 [M. Babst and S. Emr, personal communication] and the STP26 mutation also caused missorting of carboxypeptidase Y, and ste2-3 was suppressed by mutations vps1, vps8, vps10, and vps28 but not by mutation vps3. In the stp22 mutant, both the mutant and the wild-type receptors (tagged with green fluorescent protein [GFP]) accumulated within an endosome-like compartment and were excluded from the vacuole. GFP-tagged Stp22p also accumulated in this compartment. Upon reaching the vacuole, cytoplasmic domains of both mutant and wild-type receptors appeared within the vacuolar lumen. Stp22p and Gef1p are similar to tumor susceptibility protein TSG101 and voltage-gated chloride channel, respectively. These results identify potential elements of plasma membrane quality control and indicate that cytoplasmic domains of membrane proteins are translocated into the vacuolar lumen. (+info)

Stimulation of Na+-alanine cotransport activates a voltage-dependent conductance in single proximal tubule cells isolated from frog kidney. (6/736)

1. The swelling induced by Na+-alanine cotransport in proximal tubule cells of the frog kidney is followed by regulatory volume decrease (RVD). This RVD is inhibited by gadolinium (Gd3+), an inhibitor of stretch-activated channels, but is independent of extracellular Ca2+. 2. In this study, the whole cell patch clamp technique was utilized to examine the effect of Na+-alanine cotransport on two previously identified volume- and Gd3+-sensitive conductances. One conductance is voltage dependent and anion selective (GVD) whilst the other is voltage independent and cation selective (GVI). 3. Addition of 5 mM L-alanine to the bathing solution increased the whole cell conductance and gave a positive (depolarizing) shift in the reversal potential (Vrev, equivalent to the membrane potential in current-clamped cells) consistent with activation of Na+-alanine cotransport. Vrev shifted from -36 +/- 4.9 to +12.9 +/- 4.2 mV (n = 15). 4. In the presence of alanine, the total whole cell conductance had several components including the cotransporter conductance and GVD and GVI. These conductances were separated using Gd3+, which inhibits both GVD and GVI, and the time dependency of GVD. Of these two volume-sensitive conductances, L-alanine elicited a specific increase in GVD, whereas GVI was unaffected. 5. The L-alanine-induced activation of GVD was significantly reduced when cells were incubated in a hypertonic bathing solution. 6. In summary, in single proximal tubule cells isolated from frog kidney, on stimulation of Na+-alanine cotransport GVD is activated, while GVI is unaffected. Taken with other evidence, this suggests that GVD is activated by cell swelling, consequent upon alanine entry, and may play a role as an anion efflux pathway during alanine-induced volume regulation. (+info)

Identification and characterization of GABA, proline and quaternary ammonium compound transporters from Arabidopsis thaliana. (7/736)

Arabidopsis thaliana grows efficiently on GABA as the sole nitrogen source, thereby providing evidence for the existence of GABA transporters in plants. Heterologous complementation of a GABA uptake-deficient yeast mutant identified two previously known plant amino acid transporters, AAP3 and ProT2, as GABA transporters with Michaelis constants of 12.9 +/- 1.7 and 1.7 +/- 0.3 mM at pH 4, respectively. The simultaneous transport of [1-14C]GABA and [2,3-3H]proline by ProT2 as a function of pH, provided evidence that the zwitterionic state of GABA is an important parameter in substrate recognition. ProT2-mediated [1-14C]GABA transport was inhibited by proline and quaternary ammonium compounds. (+info)

Cloning and expression of cadD, a new cadmium resistance gene of Staphylococcus aureus. (8/736)

A cadmium resistance gene, designated cadD, has been identified in and cloned from the Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pRW001. The gene is part of a two-component operon which contains the resistance gene cadD and an inactive regulatory gene, cadX*. A high degree of sequence similarity was observed between cadD and the cadB-like gene from S. lugdunensis, but no significant similarity was found with either cadA or cadB from the S. aureus plasmids pI258 and pII147. The positive regulatory gene cadX* is identical to cadX from pLUG10 over a stretch of 78 codons beginning at the N terminus, but it is truncated at this point and inactive. Sequence analysis showed that the cadmium resistance operon resides on a 3,972-bp element that is flanked by direct repeats of IS257. The expression of cadD in S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis resulted in low-level resistance to cadmium; in contrast, cadA and cadB from S. aureus induced higher level resistance. However, when the truncated version of cadX contained in pRW001 is complemented in trans with cadX from plasmid pLUG10, resistance increased approximately 10-fold suggesting that the cadmium resistance operons from pRW001 and pLUG10 are evolutionarily related. Moreover, the truncated version of cadX contained in pRW001 is nonfunctional and may have been generated by deletion during recombination to acquire the cadmium resistance element. (+info)

Cystinuria is caused by mutations in the SLC7A9 gene, which codes for a protein involved in the transport of cystine across the brush border membrane of renal tubular cells. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that affected individuals must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop symptoms.

There is no cure for cystinuria, but various treatments can help manage its symptoms. These may include medications to reduce the acidity of the urine and prevent infection, as well as surgical procedures to remove stones or repair damaged kidneys. In some cases, a kidney transplant may be necessary.

It's important for individuals with cystinuria to drink plenty of water and maintain good hydration to help flush out the urinary tract and prevent stone formation. They should also avoid certain foods that may increase the risk of stone formation, such as oxalate-rich foods like spinach and rhubarb.

Overall, while there is no cure for cystinuria, with proper management and care, individuals with this disorder can lead relatively normal lives and minimize the complications associated with it.

Hartnup disease is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to absorb vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and other nutrients. It is caused by a mutation in the HCN1 gene, which codes for a protein involved in the transport of cobalamin into the cells.

Symptoms of Hartnup Disease:

The symptoms of Hartnup disease can vary in severity and may include:

* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Pale skin
* Shortness of breath
* Dizziness
* Headaches
* Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
* Seizures
* Poor appetite
* Diarrhea

Complications of Hartnup Disease:

If left untreated, Hartnup disease can lead to complications such as:

* Anemia (low red blood cell count)
* Nerve damage
* Skin problems
* Eye problems
* Hearing loss
* Increased risk of infections

Treatment of Hartnup Disease:

The treatment of Hartnup disease typically involves a combination of dietary changes and supplements. Patients with the condition may need to follow a strict diet that includes foods high in vitamin B12, such as meat, fish, and dairy products. They may also need to take supplements to ensure they are getting enough of this important nutrient. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms.

Prognosis of Hartnup Disease:

The prognosis for Hartnup disease is generally good if the condition is diagnosed and treated early. With proper management, most patients with Hartnup disease can lead active and healthy lives. However, if left untreated, the condition can have serious complications that can be difficult to reverse.

Inheritance Pattern of Hartnup Disease:

Hartnup disease is an autosomal recessive disorder, which means that a person must inherit two copies of the mutated HCN1 gene (one from each parent) in order to develop the condition. If a person inherits only one copy of the mutated gene, they will be a carrier of the condition but are unlikely to develop symptoms themselves. Carriers of Hartnup disease can pass the mutated gene on to their children, who have a 25% chance of inheriting two copies of the gene and developing the condition.

Prevention of Hartnup Disease:

There is no known prevention for Hartnup disease. However, if a person knows they are a carrier of the condition, they can work with their healthcare provider to ensure they are getting enough vitamin B12 and monitoring their diet to prevent any complications.

In conclusion, Hartnup disease is a rare genetic disorder that affects the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. It can cause a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fatigue. Treatment typically involves a combination of dietary changes and supplements, and early diagnosis and management can lead to a good prognosis. However, if left untreated, the condition can have serious complications. If you suspect you or someone you know may be experiencing symptoms of Hartnup disease, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Also known as: aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase deficiency, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA synthetase deficiency, and amino acid transporter defects.

The signs and symptoms of CE can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include:

* Lumps or swelling in the neck, underarm, or groin area
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Pain in the affected area

CE is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to uncontrolled cell growth and division. The exact cause of the mutation is not fully understood, but it is believed to be linked to exposure to certain viruses or chemicals.

Diagnosis of CE typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans or PET scans, and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for CE depend on the stage and location of the tumor, but may include:

* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
* Radiation therapy to shrink the tumor
* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Immunotherapy to boost the immune system's ability to fight the cancer

Overall, CE is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to improve outcomes.

There are several types of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, including:

1. Phenylketonuria (PKU): This is the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This enzyme is needed to break down the amino acid phenylalanine, which is found in many protein-containing foods. If phenylalanine is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and brain and cause serious health problems.
2. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids are important for growth and development, but if they are not properly broken down, they can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
3. Homocystinuria: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid methionine. Methionine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
4. Arginase deficiency: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid arginine. Arginine is important for the body's production of nitric oxide, a compound that helps to relax blood vessels and improve blood flow.
5. Citrullinemia: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid citrulline. Citrulline is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
6. Tyrosinemia: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
7. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids are important for growth and development, but if they are not properly broken down, they can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
8. PKU (phenylketonuria): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid phenylalanine. Phenylalanine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
9. Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) deficiency: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid methionine. Methionine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.
10. Homocystinuria: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid homocysteine. Homocysteine is important for the body's production of proteins and other compounds, but if it is not properly broken down, it can build up in the blood and cause serious health problems.

It is important to note that these disorders are rare and affect a small percentage of the population. However, they can be serious and potentially life-threatening, so it is important to be aware of them and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Examples of experimental liver neoplasms include:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and can be induced experimentally by injecting carcinogens such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) into the liver tissue of animals.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer originates in the bile ducts within the liver and can be induced experimentally by injecting chemical carcinogens such as DEN or DMBA into the bile ducts of animals.
3. Hepatoblastoma: This is a rare type of liver cancer that primarily affects children and can be induced experimentally by administering chemotherapy drugs to newborn mice or rats.
4. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that originate in other parts of the body and spread to the liver through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Experimental models of metastatic tumors can be studied by injecting cancer cells into the liver tissue of animals.

The study of experimental liver neoplasms is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms of liver cancer development and progression, as well as identifying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease. Animal models can be used to test the efficacy of new drugs or therapies before they are tested in humans, which can help to accelerate the development of new treatments for liver cancer.

Jones HN, Ashworth CJ, Page KR, McArdle HJ (2006). "Cortisol stimulates system A amino acid transport and SNAT2 expression in a ... "Transcriptional control of the human sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter system A gene by amino acid availability is ... 2006). "Amino acid starvation induces the SNAT2 neutral amino acid transporter by a mechanism that involves eukaryotic ... 2006). "Characterization of the amino acid response element within the human sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-coupled_neutral_amino_acid_transporter_2

"Molecular cloning of mouse amino acid transport system B0, a neutral amino acid transporter related to Hartnup disorder". J. ... SLC6A19 is a system B(0) transporter that mediates epithelial resorption of neutral amino acids across the apical membrane in ... Bröer S (January 2008). "Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia". Physiol. Rev. 88 (1): 249-286. ... Sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A19 gene. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-dependent_neutral_amino_acid_transporter_B(0)AT1

"Coupled and uncoupled proton movement by amino acid transport system N." EMBO Journal. 20 (24): 7041-51. doi:10.1093/emboj/ ... Since Systems A are electrogenic which Systems N are not, the amino acid:cation stoichiometries may differ. Fischer, WN; Loo, ... "Low and high affinity amino acid H+-cotransporters for cellular import of neutral and charged amino acids". Plant Journal. 29 ( ... Six AAAPs in A. thaliana are well characterized and transport neutral and charged amino acids with varying specificities and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAAP_family

Orlowski, M.; Meister, A. (1970-11-01). "The Gamma-Glutamyl Cycle: A Possible Transport System for Amino Acids". Proceedings of ... It has a relatively unusual γ-bond between the constituent amino acids, L-glutamic acid and L-cysteine and is a key ... Control experiments with combinations of the constituent amino acids that make up GGC, including L-glutamic acid and L-cysteine ... GGC is synthesized from L-glutamic acid and L-cysteine in the cytoplasm of virtually all cells in an adenosine triphosphate ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine

Kudo Y, Boyd CA (August 2002). "Changes in expression and function of syncytin and its receptor, amino acid transport system B( ... Neutral amino acid transporter B(0) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A5 gene. Glutamate transporter Solute ... "Entrez Gene: SLC1A5 solute carrier family 1 (neutral amino acid transporter), member 5". Tailor CS, Nouri A, Zhao Y, Takeuchi Y ... Uchiyama T, Matsuda Y, Wada M, Takahashi S, Fujita T (April 2005). "Functional regulation of Na+-dependent neutral amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_amino_acid_transporter_B(0)

von Versen-Höynck, F.; Rajakumar, A.; Parrott, M.S.; Powers, R.W. (April 2009). "Leptin Affects System A Amino Acid Transport ... Amino acid transport is also regulated by DNA methylation of amino acid transporter genes, modifying their expression in the ... trigger the regulation of amino acid transporters in the placenta. Amino acid transport is necessary for fetal growth, and its ... "A systems perspective on placental amino acid transport". The Journal of Physiology. 596 (23): 5511-5522. doi:10.1113/JP274883 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenerational_trauma

"Characterization of an N-system amino acid transporter expressed in retina and its involvement in glutamine transport". J. Biol ... Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC38A1 gene. Amino acid ... 2007). "Activation of a system A amino acid transporter, ATA1/SLC38A1, in human hepatocellular carcinoma and preneoplastic ... a subtype of amino acid transporter A, from human placenta". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 273 (3): 1175-9. doi:10.1006/bbrc. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC38A1

Serotonin is synthesized from an amino acid called L-tryptophan. Active transport system regulates the uptake of tryptophan ... The same motif can be found in reboxetine where it is constrained in a morpholine ring system. Some studies have been made ... Although the perception and transmission of pain stimuli in the central nervous system have not been fully elucidated, ... TCAs do not block dopamine transport directly but might facilitate dopaminergic effects indirectly by inhibiting dopamine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin–norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor

... encodes a small non-coding RNA involved in the regulation of a number of amino acid transport systems as well as amino acid ... GcvB RNA also is involved in regulating a variety of genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis such as ilvC, gdhA, thrL and ... "The gcvB gene encodes a small untranslated RNA involved in expression of the dipeptide and oligopeptide transport systems in ... "The gcvB gene encodes a small untranslated RNA involved in expression of the dipeptide and oligopeptide transport systems in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GcvB_RNA

... and l-γ-Amino-β-Hydroxybutyric Acids in GABA Receptor and Transport Test Systems". Journal of Neuroscience. 1 (2): 132-140. doi ... γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB), also known as β-hydroxy-γ-aminobutyric acid (β-hydroxy-GABA), and sold under the brand ... Amino acids, Anticonvulsants, Beta hydroxy acids, GABA analogues, GABAA receptor agonists, GABAB receptor agonists, Human ... Effect of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (GABHB) on experimentally-induced epileptic activity]" [Effect of γ-amino-β- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Amino-beta-hydroxybutyric_acid

... is a member of the system y+ family of transporters characterized by sodium-independent transport of cationic amino acids.[ ... "Entrez Gene: SLC7A3 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 3". Hosokawa H, Sawamura T, ... Cationic amino acid transporter 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A3 gene. SLC7A3 ... Vekony N, Wolf S, Boissel JP, Gnauert K, Closs EI (Oct 2001). "Human cationic amino acid transporter hCAT-3 is preferentially ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationic_amino_acid_transporter_3

Acid-Transporter+1 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Amino+Acid+Transport+System+L at the ... "Amino acid transport of y+L-type by heterodimers of 4F2hc/CD98 and members of the glycoprotein-associated amino acid ... "Entrez Gene: SLC3A2 solute carrier family 3 (activators of dibasic and neutral amino acid transport), member 2". Kucharzik T, ... Verrey F, Closs EI, Wagner CA, Palacin M, Endou H, Kanai Y (2004). "CATs and HATs: the SLC7 family of amino acid transporters ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4F2_cell-surface_antigen_heavy_chain

... amino acid transport systems, acidic MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.249.500 - amino acid transport system x-ag MeSH D12.776.157.530. ... amino acid transport system a MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.500.200 - amino acid transport system asc MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.500. ... amino acid transport systems, basic MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.374.600 - amino acid transport system y+ MeSH D12.776.157.530. ... cationic amino acid transporter 2 MeSH D12.776.157.530.200.374.750 - amino acid transport system y+l MeSH D12.776.157.530. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.157)

... encodes a small non-coding RNA involved in the regulation of a number of amino acid transport systems as well as amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorhabdus_luminescens

Acid-Transporter+1 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Amino+Acid+Transport+System+L at the ... Verrey F, Closs EI, Wagner CA, Palacin M, Endou H, Kanai Y (2004). "CATs and HATs: the SLC7 family of amino acid transporters ... CD98 is a glycoprotein that is a heterodimer composed of SLC3A2 and SLC7A5 that forms the large neutral amino acid transporter ... Boado RJ, Li JY, Nagaya M, Zhang C, Pardridge WM (1999). "Selective expression of the large neutral amino acid transporter at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD98

... amino acid transport systems, acidic MeSH D12.776.543.585.200.249.500 - amino acid transport system x-ag MeSH D12.776.543.585. ... amino acid transport system a MeSH D12.776.543.585.200.500.200 - amino acid transport system asc MeSH D12.776.543.585.200.500. ... amino acid transport systems, basic MeSH D12.776.543.585.200.374.600 - amino acid transport system y+ MeSH D12.776.543.585. ... cationic amino acid transporter 2 MeSH D12.776.543.585.200.374.750 - amino acid transport system y+l MeSH D12.776.543.585. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.543)

AT heterodimer is the main apical reabsorption system for cystine in the kidney". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 283 (3): F540- ... amino acid transport on substrate affinity of the heteromeric b(0,+) amino acid transporter". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (19): 14331- ... dibasic and neutral amino acid transporters, activator of cystine, dibasic and neutral amino acid transport), member 1". Pras E ... of truncation of the COOH-terminal region of a Na+-independent neutral and basic amino acid transporter on amino acid transport ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_and_basic_amino_acid_transport_protein_rBAT

... various transport systems can handle unnatural amino acids with apolar side-chains. In the second case, a biosynthetic pathway ... while the added amino acids are called non-standard amino acids (NSAAs), or unnatural amino acids (uAAs; term not used in ... or non-canonical amino acids. The first element of the system is the amino acid that is added to the genetic code of a certain ... An amino acid auxotrophic expression host is supplemented with an amino acid analog during target protein expression. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_genetic_code

... it was discovered that pregabalin is actively transported across the blood-brain barrier by the system L neutral amino acid ... which usually functions to transport certain amino acids, including leucine, valine and isoleucine, into the brain. This ... were found to also dramatically reduce binding to the system L transporter, and with no assisted transport into the brain, ... Amino acids, Analgesics, Calcium channel blockers, GABA analogues, Pfizer brands). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Methylpregabalin

... heptane transport by O-diazoacetyl-L-serine. An initial step in identifying the L-system amino acid transporter". The Journal ... and research indicates that it may have potential in identifying the L-leucine-favoring system transporter in human T- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azaserine

This transport system normally removes cysteine from the fluid destined to become urine and returns this essential amino acid ... This is usually to accumulate high concentrations of molecules that a cell needs, such as glucose or amino acids. If the ... Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) EAAT1 EAAT2 EAAT3 EAAT4 EAAT5 Glucose transporter Monoamine transporters, including ... Reverse transport, or transporter reversal, is a phenomenon in which the substrates of a membrane transport protein are moved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein

Sodium bicarbonate is absorbed by active transport and glucose and amino acid co-transport Fructose is absorbed by facilitated ... are an important part of the digestive tract's local immune system. They are part of the lymphatic system, and provide a site ... splits one amino acid at a time. Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase free the end amino acid products. Lipids (fats) are degraded ... The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients from the lumen of the intestine into these capillaries (amino acids and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine

... a disease that leads to cystine stones in the urinary system due to impaired transport of cystine and dibasic amino acids. ... This protein plays a role in the high-affinity and sodium-independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids ... b(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1, also known as b(0,+)AT1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC7A9 gene. This ... Heterodimeric amino acid transporter Solute carrier family GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000021488 - Ensembl, May 2017 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B(0, )-type_amino_acid_transporter_1

HPAT1 and 2 are integral to the central nervous system because they transport GABA and its analogues which can induce and ... Unlike most amino acid transporters in the exchange of Na+ with amino acid symporters, proton-coupled amino acid transporters ... "Amino acid derivatives are substrates or non-transported inhibitors of the amino acid transporter PAT2 (slc36a2)". Biochimica ... Unlike typical mammalian amino acid transporters which function in exchanging Na+/amino acid symporters, these- transporters ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_coupled_amino_acid_transporter

... across the BBB using endogenous transport systems including carrier-mediated transporters such as glucose and amino acid ... The earliest amyloid imaging probes included 2-(1-{6-[(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)(methyl)amino]-2-naphthyl}ethylidene)malononitrile ([ ... is a novel radiopharmaceutical used in PET imaging to determine the activity of the acetylcholinergic neurotransmitter system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_positron_emission_tomography

The protein encoded by this gene is a system N sodium-coupled amino acid transporter. The encoded protein transports glutamine ... but does not transport charged amino acids, imino acids, or N-alkylated amino acids. Alternative splicing results in multiple ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC38A5

This system allows the passage of some small molecules by passive diffusion, as well as the selective and active transport of ... and macromolecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function. The blood-brain barrier restricts the ... Cells of the barrier actively transport metabolic products such as glucose across the barrier using specific transport proteins ... Other methods used to get through the BBB may entail the use of endogenous transport systems, including carrier-mediated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood–brain_barrier

The plants are slowly starved of these amino acids and eventually DNA synthesis stops. ESPS Inhibitors affect grasses and ... They are medically important by interfering with components of the nervous system affecting membrane transport, protein ... ALS Inhibitors affect grasses and dicots by inhibiting the first step in some amino acid synthesis, acetolactate synthesis. ... Alkaloids are derived from amino acids, and contain nitrogen. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytotoxin

The solutes transported may be sugars, amino acids, organo cations such as choline, nucleosides, inositols, vitamins, urea or ... The mutant system thus behaves as a glucose-gated H+ channel. Proteins of the SSS vary in size from about 400 residues to about ... Quick M, Loo DD, Wright EM (January 2001). "Neutralization of a conserved amino acid residue in the human Na+/glucose ... Sodium/substrate symport (or co-transport) is a widespread mechanism of solute transport across cytoplasmic membranes of pro- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-solute_symporter

... part of the system of Na-K-Cl cotransporters) couple with the amino or imino acids on the molecular level and transport them ... instead of the amino group found in amino acids. Proline is considered and usually referred to as an amino acid, but unlike ... The neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 (affecting glycine, proline, and other neutral amino acids like cysteine and ... "Neutral amino acid transport mediated by ortholog of imino acid transporter SIT1/SLC6A20 in opossum kidney cells". American ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iminoglycinuria

... were located near the rail network so that the victims could be easily transported. The system of the camps was expanded over ... The guerrillas were armed with only one machine gun, several dozen pistols, Molotov cocktails and bottles filled with acid. The ... Marina Sorokina; Tarik Cyril Amar (2014). Michael David-Fox; Peter Holquist; Alexander M. Martin (eds.). The Holocaust in the ... Internetowy System Aktow Prawnych. "Ustawa z dnia 17 marca 1921 r. - Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej." PDF scan of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland

Amino acids are the main source of chemical energy for H. salinarum, particularly arginine and aspartate, though they are able ... H. salinarum is as easy to culture as E. coli and serves as an excellent model system. Methods for gene replacement and ... which drives proton transport. The proton gradient formed thereby can then be used to generate chemical energy via ATP synthase ... to metabolize other amino acids, as well. H. salinarum have been reported to be unable to grow on sugars, and therefore need to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium_salinarum

The amino acids or sugars released by these extracellular enzymes are then pumped into cells by active transport proteins. ... Living systems are not in equilibrium, but instead are dissipative systems that maintain their state of high complexity by ... lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts. All amino acids are synthesized from ... amino acids can be linked in varying sequences to form a huge variety of proteins. Proteins are made from amino acids that have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

... amino acids and protein sources to animal feed manufacturers; food additives and ingredients for the treatment and flavoring of ... turf and irrigation management systems, a dry bulk handling solution as well as equipment for transport, chemical, and ... rail systems, car park systems, electrification systems, and building maintenance units. In January 2020, Konecranes fully ... J-LAPP's expertise ranges from industrial connection technology, automation, fire protection system, cable management system, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebsen_&_Jessen_(SEA)

... and protein transport complexes. Two more TPR domains are found in the TTC39B protein: TPR1 which spans from amino acids 393 to ... TTC39B is well expressed in muscles, internal organs, secretory organs, reproductive organs, the immune system, and the nervous ... 34 amino acids long) and TPR2 which spans from amino acids 626 to 659 (also 34 amino acids long). TTC39B contains three ... It is located from amino acid 142 until 568 (a length of 427 amino acids). Proteins of this family also contain a TPR_2 domain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetratricopeptide_repeat_protein_39B

found 87% amino acid identity among insect sequences, which shows a high level of molecular convergence among four orders of ... Similar processes are located in the renal tubular system. Failure of the Na⁺-K⁺ pumps can result in swelling of the cell. A ... In the gut, for example, sodium is transported out of the reabsorbing cell on the blood (interstitial fluid) side via the Na⁺-K ... amino acids and other nutrients into the cell by use of the sodium ion gradient. Another important task of the Na⁺-K⁺ pump is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium–potassium_pump

On the other hand, the substitution rate of mt-proteins is very low, thus amino acid changes accumulate slowly (with ... The heavy strand is rich in guanine and encodes 12 subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation system, two ribosomal RNAs (12S ... mutant huntingtin protein causes mitochondrial dysfunction involving inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport, higher ... Allen JF (August 2015). "Why chloroplasts and mitochondria retain their own genomes and genetic systems: Colocation for redox ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

... essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. The five major minerals in the human body are calcium, phosphorus, potassium ... and glacier meltwater systems worldwide. Bacteria absorb dissolved organic matter containing minerals as they scavenge ... then transporting the acquired nutrients to local ecosystems. Food portal Food composition Mineral deficiency Micronutrient ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)

... is able to endure the rapid acidificiation in the phagosome to pH 4.0-4.5 by expressing metabolism genes mainly for amino acid ... In addition, the B. suis gene for nickel transport, nikA, is activated by metal ion deficiency and is expressed once in the ... Phagocytes are an essential component of the host's innate immune system with various antimicrobial defense mechanisms to clear ... Nicoletti, P (2016). "Brucellosis in Pigs - Reproductive System". Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 2017-04-29. Wilson, G. S ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_suis

Substances reabsorbed include: water, sodium chloride, glucose, amino acids, lactate, magnesium, calcium phosphate, uric acid, ... Much of the ion transport taking place in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by the endocrine system. In the presence of ... primarily glucose and amino acids).: 400-401 The loop of Henle is a U-shaped tube that extends from the proximal tubule. It ... by removing two amino acids: this is accomplished by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). This sequence of events is referred ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron

MerT consists of about 130 amino acids and has 3 transmembrane helical segments. Operon analyses have been reported. MerP is a ... Morby, A. P.; Hobman, J. L.; Brown, N. L. (1995-07-01). "The role of cysteine residues in the transport of mercuric ions by the ... MerF of the bacterial mercury detoxification system". Biochemistry. 44 (13): 5196-206. doi:10.1021/bi048095v. PMID 15794657. ... It is homologous to the N-terminal heavy metal binding domains of the copper-and cadmium-transporting P-type ATPases. The 3-D ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_transporter

Trp is an amino acid named tryptophan. The Trp ring obtains its name from the high levels of tryptophan found in the C-terminal ... since it transports proteins autonomously, in other words, by itself. The Sec-dependent system is divided into three pathways. ... Since it can transport things across the outer membrane without the need to generate a new form of energy, it earned the name ... Such Sec-dependent systems do not need to use energy, unlike Sec-independent machinery, which uses other forms of energy such ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimeric_autotransporter_adhesin

The addition of a nitroso group to a sulfur atom of an amino acid residue of a protein is known as S-nitrosylation or S- ... cellular formation and transport". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 38 (7): 831-838. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.12.016 ... the nitrosonium ion NO+ and of nitric oxide and thus best rationalize the chemistry of NO-based signaling in living systems, ... SNO donors target specific amino acids motifs; post-translational modification leads to changes in protein activity, protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Nitrosothiol

The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) is a mosaic protein of 839 amino acids (after removal of 21-amino acid signal ... Exon 1 contains a signal sequence that localises the receptor to the endoplasmic reticulum for transport to the cell surface. ... "BioGPS - your Gene Portal System". biogps.org. Retrieved 2016-10-10. "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985" (Press ... The cytosolic C-terminal domain contains ~50 amino acids, including a signal sequence important for localizing the receptors to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDL_receptor

It also lowers the concentration of low molecular weight molecules like sugars and amino acids and increases the concentration ... It does this via two important transport proteins called hemoglobin and myoglobin. Hemoglobin in the blood transports oxygen ... However, this led to an isolated view of each particular aspect in a biological system. This view was revised into a holistic ... Processes including oxygen transport and DNA replication are carried out using enzymes such as DNA polymerase, which in humans ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometal_(biology)

Acid mine drainage from coal refuse varies considerably but in some areas remediation of the mine sites is needed. The amount ... "Kömür yerli ama ödemesi dolarla" [The coal is local but payment is in dollars]. Sözcü. 5 February 2019. Archived from the ... Mining is documented in the "e-maden" computer system ("maden" means "mine" in Turkish). Coal miners do not have the right to ... Because Turkey's lignite-fired power stations have to be very close to their mines to avoid excessive lignite transport costs, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey

... fatty acid transport is reduced and the accumulation of cytotoxic intermediate products of fatty acid beta-oxidation in ... It is a structural analogue of γ-butyrobetaine, with an amino group replacing the C-4 methylene of γ-butyrobetaine. γ- ... The mechanisms underlying the central nervous system effects of meldonium are unclear. In a study in a transgenic mouse model ... Carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids (FA) from the cytosol of the cell into the mitochondrion and is therefore essential ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldonium

These include both sugars and amino acids, and may provide essential protein-building nutrients that are otherwise unavailable ... While the vast majority of wasps play no role in pollination, a few species can effectively transport pollen and pollinate ... Ortolani, I.; Cervo, R. (2009). "Coevolution of daily activity timing in a host-parasite system". Biological Journal of the ... However it has been shown that even without hairs, several wasp species are able to effectively transport pollen, therefore ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp

Other research in the Montclare group includes the design of protein-lipid macromolecular systems that can be used to transport ... She develops stable, activate fluorinated phosphotriesterase (PTE) variants by combining PTE with non-canonical amino acids. ... They can form complexes with nucleic acid and small hydrophobic drugs. The lipid container permits transfection past a cell ... "NYU's Jin Kim Montclare develops dual-delivery system to potentially treat multi-drug resistant cancer cells". News-Medical.net ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Kim_Montclare

All biological life is made up of lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleic acids. Whole algae could be turned into ... amount of energy required to maintain such a system, and the potential amount of energy produced by the system. This system ... Iron deposited in the North Atlantic is incorporated into North Atlantic Deep Water and is transported to the Southern Ocean ... low chlorophyll systems (the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific): Comparison with a mesotrophic system (the North Atlantic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-nutrient,_low-chlorophyll_regions

Almlöf T, Wallberg AE, Gustafsson JA, Wright AP (June 1998). "Role of important hydrophobic amino acids in the interaction ... In central nervous system structures, the glucocorticoid receptor is gaining interest as a novel representative of ... A direct mechanism of action involves homodimerization of the receptor, translocation via active transport into the nucleus, ... February 1991). "Point mutation causing a single amino acid substitution in the hormone binding domain of the glucocorticoid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor

... and dehydratases to ferment amino acids. B. longum also has bile salt hydrolases to hydrolyze bile salts into amino acids and ... "Sugar Transport Systems of Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705". Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology. 12 (1-2): 9-19 ... The function of this is not clear, although B. longum could use the amino acids products to better tolerate bile salts. A ... This adhesion is also enhanced by the fatty acids in the lipoteichoic acid of the B. longum cell wall. B. longum is considered ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_longum

"Herbicidal inhibitors of amino acid biosynthesis and herbicide-tolerant crops". Amino Acids. 30 (2): 195-204. doi:10.1007/ ... Sowa-Rogozińska N, Sominka H, Nowakowska-Gołacka J, Sandvig K, Słomińska-Wojewódzka M (June 2019). "Intracellular Transport and ... Behavior and Analysis of Rapid Equilibrium and Steady-State Enzyme Systems (New ed.). Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-30309- ... The top molecule is bound reversibly, but the lower one is bound covalently as it has reacted with an amino acid residue ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor

The α and β-tubulin subunits are ~50% identical at the amino acid level, and both have a molecular weight of approximately 50 ... are finely controlled during the development of the nervous system. The cellular cytoskeleton is a dynamic system that ... Dynein-mediated transport takes place from the (+) end towards the (-) end of the microtubule. ATP hydrolysis occurs in the ... Dynein transports vesicles and organelles throughout the cytoplasm. In order to do this, dynein molecules bind organelle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule

In 2021, food management system expert Sylvain Charlebois remarked on the industry's use of palm oil, given as palmitic acid ... it was remarked that the amino acids differ. Some studies report an increased presence in humans of rBGH and its IGF-1 product ... often affecting stressed cattle during transport and processing. BRD can lead to lung tissue damage and impair the performance ... Mixed farming systems are the largest category of livestock system in the world in terms of production. Lot feeding and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_feeding

Nitrogen sources include nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, amino acids, urea, aspartate, asparagine, alanine and thiourea, depending ... This trophic connection has been observed in mangrove systems, where Beggiatoa cover part of marine sediments. It has been ... Several species of white sulfur bacteria in the family Beggiatoaceae are able to accumulate and transport NO3−, taken from ... Sayama M, Risgaard-Petersen N, Nielsen LP, Fossing H, Christensen PB (November 2005). "Impact of bacterial NO3(-) transport on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggiatoa

... a codon for the amino acid Tyrosine tac, a Linux command that concatenates lines in reverse, named by analogy with cat TAC ( ... a Congolese airline Transport Accident Commission, an insurer in Victoria, Australia Demro TAC-1, a pistol calibre carbine/ ... software), an instant messaging and chat client program TAC-2, game controller compatible with Atari 2600 video game systems ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAC

1994). "trans-2,3-cis-3,4-Dihydroxyproline, a New Naturally Occurring Amino Acid, Is the Sixth Residue in the Tandemly Repeated ... fire protection system piping, and sprinkler system nozzles. In groundwater wells, biofouling buildup can limit recovery flow ... With fuel typically comprising up to half of marine transport costs, biofouling is estimated to cost the US Navy alone around $ ... At UV-range wavelengths, such fluorescence arises from three aromatic amino acids-tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofouling

Hong H, Zhang Y, Sun J, Cai W (June 2010). "Positron emission tomography imaging of prostate cancer". Amino Acids. 39 (1): 11- ... Transport protein ZIP1 is responsible for the transport of zinc into prostate cells. One of zinc's important roles is to change ... The most common system is the four-stage TNM system (abbreviated from tumor/nodes/metastases). Its components include the size ... Heinze VM, Actis AB (February 2012). "Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and long-chain n-3 fatty acids in mammary and prostate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer

Urinary amino acid and nitrogen excretion, both indirect measures of catabolism of lean body mass, are elevated during both ... Cycle Egometer with Vibration Isolation System [CEVIS], Treadmill with Vibration Isolation System, and iRED) capable of being ... Without doubt, transport between the Earth and Mars as well as the return trip represent the greatest risks to humans ... Modest or no power for equipment and a human life support system whose design may be marginal to support a full complement of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_effects_in_space

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a complex network that regulates blood pressure, electrolyte and fluid homeostasis, as ... Keywords: Amino acid transport; Malnutrition; Microbiota; Renin-angiotensin system; Virus receptor. Copyright © 2013 Institut ... ACE2 is the receptor for the SARS coronavirus and ACE2 is essential for expression of neutral amino acid transporters in the ... ACE2 - from the renin-angiotensin system to gut microbiota and malnutrition Microbes Infect. 2013 Nov;15(13):866-73. doi: ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962453/?dopt=Abstract

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral. 1. 2013. 40. 0.120. Why? Atrophy. 1. 2018. 1499. 0.120. Why? ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/person/125646/network/researchareas/details

... a subtype of amino acid transport system a. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Biomembr. 1467, 1-6 (2000). ... a ubiquitously expressed amino-acid transporter that is widely expressed in the central nervous system and is recruited to the ... SNAT2 silencing prevents the osmotic induction of transport system a and hinders cell recovery from hypertonic stress. FEBS ... Melone, M., Varoqui, H., Erickson, J. & Conti, F. Localization of the Na+-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 in the ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-33570-9?error=cookies_not_supported&code=63f8e3a7-bfe4-4c1e-819d-a216f140fef5

Pinto, V., Pinho, M. J., & Soares-Da-Silva, P. (2013). Renal amino acid transport systems and essential hypertension. FASEB ...

https://www.ibmc.up.pt/research/publications?s=year&%3Bf%5Bag%5D=C&%3Bf%5Bauthor%5D=1659&o=asc&f%5Bauthor%5D=1517

... anionic amino acid transport system that is highly specific for cysteine and glutamate. In this system, designated Xc(-), the ... anionic form of cysteine is transported in exchange for glutamate. This protein has been identified as the predominant mediator ...

https://www.origene.com/catalog/rnai/shrna-plasmids/tl309282/xct-slc7a11-human-shrna-plasmid-kit-locus-id-23657

Amino Acid Transport System L Entry term(s). Amino Acid Transport System L Proteins Large Amino Acid Transporter (LAT) Large ... Amino Acid Transport System L Proteins. Large Amino Acid Transporter (LAT). Large Neutral Amino Acid Transporter (LNAA). System ... Amino Acid Transport System L - Preferred Concept UI. M0151518. Scope note. A sodium-independent neutral amino acid transporter ... 2002; for LARGE NEUTRAL AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER (LNAA) use AMINO ACID TRANSPORT SYSTEMS (NM) 1999-2001. ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=36164

Amino Acid Transport System X-AG Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * Hyaluronic Acid Medicine & Life Sciences 79% ... However, the molecular targets of hyaluronan to regulate synaptic transmission in the central nervous system have not been ... However, the molecular targets of hyaluronan to regulate synaptic transmission in the central nervous system have not been ... However, the molecular targets of hyaluronan to regulate synaptic transmission in the central nervous system have not been ...

https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/hyaluronan-synthesis-supports-glutamate-transporter-activity

Amino Acid Transport System y+ D12.776.157.530.937.375 D12.776.543.585.937.375 Amino Acid Transport System y+L D12.776.157.530. ... Amino Acid Substitution G5.355.600.109 G5.558.109 Amino Acid Transport System X-AG D12.776.157.530.937.250 D12.776.543.585. ... Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1 D12.776.157.530.937.375.200 D12.776.543.585.937.375.200 Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2 ... Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1 D12.776.157.530.937.250.500.500 D12.776.543.585.937.250.500.500 Excitatory Amino Acid ...

https://decs.bvs.br/E/mnchg2017.txt

... amino acids, sugars, inositol and cobalamins. We will investigate which RNA regulatory circuits control the absorption of ... and on the other hand that the pathogen massively upregulates several transport systems for the absorption of diffusible ... Diffusible NAD precursor molecules such as nicotinamide and nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) influence cellular NAD levels and NAD ...

https://www.uni-marburg.de/en/fb20/diffusible-signals/project-areas/area-d-rna-mechanisms

Amino Acid Transport Systems 100% * Cervix Uteri 72% * Uterine Cervical Neoplasms 67% ... Up-regulation of the amino acid transporter ATB0,+ (SLC6A14) in carcinoma of the cervix. Gupta, N., Prasad, P. D., Ghamande, S. ... Transcriptomic changes induced by mycophenolic acid in gastric cancer cells. Dun, B., Sharma, A., Xu, H., Liu, H., Bai, S., ...

https://augusta.elsevierpure.com/en/organisations/obstetrics-and-gynecology/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle&ordering=type&descending=false&page=17

Branched-chain amino acid transport system / permease component [Interproscan].","protein_coding" "AGT22167","N559_0352"," ... "putative ABC transport system periplasmic binding component [Ensembl]. ABC transporter periplasmic binding domain [InterProScan ... "N-carbamoyl-L-amino acid amidohydrolase, putative [Ensembl]. Peptidase M20 [Interproscan].","protein_coding" "AKI48537","phr"," ... ABC-type glycine betaine transport system, ABC transporter type 1 [Interproscan].","protein_coding" "AKI49447","L2625_01548"," ...

https://bacteria.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/go/sequences/table/24159

ABC-type branched-chain amino acid transport systems, ATPase component. High-affinity branched-chain amino acid transport ATP- ... ABC-type branched-chain amino acid transport systems, ATPase component. High-affinity branched-chain amino acid transport ATP- ... ABC-type branched-chain amino acid transport systems, ATPase component. High-affinity branched-chain amino acid transport ATP- ... High-affinity branched-chain amino acid transport ATP-binding protein BraG, component of Branched chain amino acid uptake ...

https://papers.genomics.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/gapView.cgi?orgs=orgsFit&set=carbon&orgId=FitnessBrowser__psRCH2&path=valine&step=livF

Amino Acid Transport System X-AG Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * Excitatory Amino Acids Medicine & Life Sciences 95% ... keywords = "Amitriptyline, Excitatory amino acid, Glutamate transporter, Hyperalgesia, Pertussis toxin",. author = "Jui-An Lin ... preserves the antinociceptive effect of morphine in pertussis toxin-treated rats by lowering CSF excitatory amino acid ... implanted with an additional microdialysis probe used for CSF dialysate collection and measurement of excitatory amino acids ( ...

https://hub.tmu.edu.tw/zh/publications/amitriptyline-pretreatment-preserves-the-antinociceptive-effect-o

Amino Acid Transport System X-AG Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * Synaptic Transmission Medicine & Life Sciences 70% ...

https://ohsu.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/slow-ampar-synaptic-transmission-is-determined-by-stargazin-and-g

E] Amino acid transport and metabolism COG ID. [COG0559] Branched-chain amino acid ABC-type transport system, permease ...

https://exploration.weizmann.ac.il/perl/pandatox1_0.mperl?submit=show_genes&replicon_accession=NC_010551&locus_tag=BamMC406_2415

... neutral amino acid transporter 1 (B 0 AT1). Learn about this gene and related health conditions. ... The SLC6A19 gene provides instructions for making a protein called system B(0) ... B0AT1 transports the neutral amino acids from food into intestinal cells; from there the amino acids are released into the ... The SLC6A19 gene provides instructions for making a protein called system B(0) neutral amino acid transporter 1 (B0AT1). This ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/slc6a19/

The 70 significant CpG sites were located on 44 genes, including genes involved in amino acid transport and metabolism systems ... The goal of this review is to assess the role of the inflammatory system in PTSD across tissue and species, with a particular ... Further, we applied system biology algorithms to identify common gene networks among both clocks and performed pathways ... The activation of the HPA axis after trauma exposure and the subsequent activation of the inflammatory system mediated by ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/brasil/?lang=pt&q=au:Montalvo-Ortiz,+Janitza+L

To identify useful candidate antigens for such a vaccine, five B. bronchiseptica genes including amino acid ATP-binding ... system, which generally functions to import or export amino acids. ABC systems are versatile, ATP-dependent transport systems ... threonine transport system. This system is one of two periplasmic binding-protein-dependent transport systems used for the high ... transport of the branched-chain amino acids. Leu/ile/val-binding proteins isolated from Bordetella pertussis, Shigella flexneri ...

https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-015-0488-4

Erratum: The binding specificity of amino acid transport system y + L in human erythrocytes is altered by monovalent cations ( ...

https://investigadores.uandes.cl/en/organisations/centro-de-investigaci%C3%B3n-e-innovaci%C3%B3n-biom%C3%A9dica/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Fcomment

The system-L protein family [L-type amino acid transporters (LAT)] enables the transport of large neutral amino acids, ... Pregabalin and gabapentin are both derived from GABA, but they have no effect on the GABAergic system. Their mechanism of ... This results in dose-limited absorption, which may be due to saturation of the facilitated transport process. An additional ... Not prone to pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions and, specifically, are not substrates of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system, ...

https://pt.slideshare.net/PoorIndian/presentation-1pptx-256854222

Ca2+-mediated higher-order assembly of heterodimers in amino acid transport system b0,+ biogenesis and cystinuria. Nature ... Mukherjee, R.; Dikic, I.: Regulation of Host-Pathogen Interactions via the Ubiquitin System. Annual Review of Microbiology 76, ... Cryo-EM structures of pentameric autoinducer-2 exporter from Escherichia coli reveal its transport mechanism. The EMBO Journal ... Visualizing the disordered nuclear transport machinery in situ. Nature (2023) ...

https://www.biophys.mpg.de/1979337/instituts-publikationen

... relation to genotype and amino acid transport system L. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 2016 Nov . ...

https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/searchSummary.action?firstQuery=Pheochromocytoma+and+SDHD&Mysubmit=search

... which accumulates in prostate cancer cells due to over-expression of multiple amino acid transport systems. PET scan results ... Another method uses a synthetic, non-metabolized amino acid analog labelled with radioactive fluorine-18 (anti-18F-FACBC) ...

http://www.godandprostate.net/2015/03/

... maintenance of cell size and IL-7 induced growth were specifically dependent on amino acids. Furthermore, cellular amino acid ... Taken together, these data reveal for the first time the central importance of amino acid homeostasis for IL-7 regulated T cell ... Here, we show IL-7 dependent T cell survival does not require either exogenous glucose or amino acids. In contrast, ... Analysis of IL-7 regulated gene expression revealed that neutral and cationic amino acid transporters were specific ...

https://www.ndorms.ox.ac.uk/publications/348061

So the amino acid transport system does not even have a significant role when trying to stimulate skeletal muscle growth. ... would be to consume amino acids as dietary supplements or to use amino acids as a drug. And to make the most of it as soon as ... in the following chapters about Amino Acid Transporters.). It has been stated already (in the chapter on amino acids) that the ... But I will explain it further in the section on the amino acid transport in protein synthesis ( ...

https://forum.juridiskargumentasjon.no/groups/can-i-lose-weight-while-taking-prednisolone-prednisone-weight-gain-stories-1364452590/

... presented the studies of extraction and membrane transport of amines and amino acids in the systems containing crown ethers , ... absorption Academy of Sciences according acid activity addition analysis angles anion aqueous atoms bands bond calculated ...

https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=jSHzAAAAMAAJ&q=presented&dq=editions:UOM39015057301742&lr=&hl=vi&output=html_text&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=5

Download L-Type Amino Acid Transporters LAT1 and LAT4 in Cancer: Uptake of 3-O-Methyl-6- 18F-Fluoro-L-Dopa in Human Aden... ... we investigated both amino acid uptake transport of 18F-OMFD and expression of the amino acid transport systems in 2 different ... Amino acid transport tracers are amino acids that are transported into the cells and do not actually participate in protein ... Transport of amino acid-related compounds mediated by L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1): insights into the mechanisms of ...

https://dadospdf.com/download/l-type-amino-acid-transporters-lat1-and-lat4-in-cancer-uptake-of-3-o-methyl-6-18f-fluoro-l-dopa-in-human-adenocarcinoma-and-squamous-cell-carcinoma-in-vitro-and-in-vivo-_5a44b353b7d7bc891f79fa8b_pdf

... high-resolution view of the transcriptional responses to any common toxicant in a prokaryotic model system from exposure to ... but nearly all stress response systems were up-regulated by one or the other mercurial during recovery. Sub-acute exposure ... Amino acid transport and metabolism; (F, 107) Nucleotide transport and metabolism; (G, 381) Carbohydrate transport and ... Amino acid metabolism and transport. The two mercurials had distinct effects on expression of genes for biosynthesis of amino ...

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-017-4413-z

11 Constitutive activation of protein kinase B alpha by membrane targeting promotes glucose and system A amino acid transport, ... Cortisol suppresses the immune system, reduces wound healing,. It may not directly reduce acne, but mk 677 does greatly ... Cortisol suppresses the immune system, reduces wound healing,. Tiktok "guru" promotes mk677 as safer than ostarine ... Cortisol suppresses the immune system, reduces wound healing,. Ive read anecdotal reports online of mk677 giving people spots ...

https://www.rushcustomtshirts.com/forum/general-discussions/mk-677-acne-will-sarms-be-detected-by-the-ncaa

... which lacks active D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), the major D-serine degradative enzyme. Candidate mechanisms include SRR ... Our data suggest that D-serine transport mediated by ASCT2 contributes prominently to D-serine homeostasis when DAO activity is ... operating in alpha,beta-eliminase mode (converting D-serine to pyruvate) and regulation by serine transport, in which the ... Amino Acid Transport System ASC, Animals, Cell Line, Tumor, D-Amino-Acid Oxidase, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Gene ...

https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/60369

In addition, ACE2 has functions independent of the RAS: ACE2 is the receptor for the SARS coronavirus and ACE2 is essential for expression of neutral amino acid transporters in the gut. (nih.gov)
Amino acid transporters found in yeasts, plants and lower organisms. (nih.gov)
high confidence medium confidence low confidence transporter - transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging. (lbl.gov)
Comment: ABC transporters with 5 components: E. coli livFGHMJ and related systems (but the alternate substrate-binding protein livK does not transport valine). (lbl.gov)
Analysis of IL-7 regulated gene expression revealed that neutral and cationic amino acid transporters were specific transcriptional targets of IL-7 signalling. (ox.ac.uk)
This gene encodes a protein that belongs to a family of light subunits of amino acid transporters. (nih.gov)
Torres-Salazar D, Jiang J, Divito CB, Garcia-Olivares J and Amara SG (2015) A Mutation in Transmembrane Domain 7 (TM7) of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters Disrupts the Substrate-dependent Gating of the Intrinsic Anion Conductance and Drives the Channel into a Constitutively Open State. (nih.gov)

One of the functions of the transporter system is to supply large neutral amino acids to the brain. (bvsalud.org)
In the kidneys, B 0 AT1 reabsorbs neutral amino acids into the bloodstream so they are not released in urine. (medlineplus.gov)
The reduced B 0 AT1 activity leads to large amounts of neutral amino acids being removed from the body as waste. (medlineplus.gov)

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes. (nih.gov)
Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. (lookformedical.com)
Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins in the body. (nih.gov)
Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life. (nih.gov)
When proteins are digested or broken down, amino acids are the result. (nih.gov)
To identify useful candidate antigens for such a vaccine, five B. bronchiseptica genes including amino acid ATP-binding cassette transporter substrate-binding protein (ABC), lipoprotein (PL), outer membrane porin protein (PPP), leu/ile/val-binding protein (BPP), and conserved hypothetical protein (CHP) were cloned and the recombinant proteins were expressed. (biomedcentral.com)
Five proteins including amino acid ATP-binding cassette transporter substrate-binding protein (ABC), lipoprotein (PL), outer membrane porin protein (PPP), leu/ile/val-binding protein (BPP), and conserved hypothetical protein (CHP) were selected as targets on the basis of previous studies. (biomedcentral.com)

The researchers suggested that MHC class I molecules, which function in the immune system to transport antigenic peptides to the cell surface, might also play a role in receptor recycling. (nih.gov)

One group of these disorders is amino acid metabolism disorders. (nih.gov)
Overview of Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders (Merck & Co., Inc. (nih.gov)
Overview of Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the Merck Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. (nih.gov)
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a type of amino acid metabolism disorder. (nih.gov)
While glucose metabolism has previously been implicated in the mechanism of IL-7 induced survival and growth, the role of amino acids has not before been reported. (ox.ac.uk)

Male Wistar rats were implanted with an i.t. catheter for drug injection and some were implanted with an additional microdialysis probe used for CSF dialysate collection and measurement of excitatory amino acids (EAAs). (tmu.edu.tw)
Amphetamine also modulates extracellular glutamate concentrations and we discovered that the excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT3 is also internalized by amphetamine. (nih.gov)
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. (nih.gov)
Extracellular glutamate concentrations are highly regulated by the members of the Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter (EAAT) family. (nih.gov)

branched chain amino acid/phenylalanine ABC transporter ATP binding subunit LivF (EC 7.4.2.2). (lbl.gov)

Since SNO pathway cannot utilize free-diffusion mechanism to get through the membrane as the molecular size is significantly larger than NO molecule, it utilizes amino acid transporter to convey signals as a form of S-nitrosylated cysteine (CysNO). (nih.gov)
This gene encodes a member of a heteromeric, sodium-independent, anionic amino acid transport system that is highly specific for cysteine and glutamate. (origene.com)
In this system, designated Xc(-), the anionic form of cysteine is transported in exchange for glutamate. (origene.com)
It is the precursor to several amino acids including glycine and cysteine, and tryptophan in bacteria. (ecmdb.ca)
To do that we combine molecular biology, radiolabeled glutamate uptake, cysteine modification experiments and electrophysiological recordings in heterologous expression systems expressing the different members of the EAAT family. (nih.gov)

20. System ASC and sodium-independent neutral amino acid transport in muscle of uremic rats. (nih.gov)
A sodium-independent neutral amino acid transporter system with specificity for large amino acids. (bvsalud.org)

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. (lookformedical.com)

Extracellular l-glutamate poses a severe excitotoxic threat to neurons and glia when unregulated, therefore low synaptic levels of this neurotransmitter must be maintained via a rapid and robust transport system. (unthsc.edu)

In R. leguminosarum, the proximal braC (Q9L3M3) transports leucine ( PMC135202 ), and likely valine as well. (lbl.gov)
Q1MDE9) is a secondary SBP that transports leucine/isoleucine/valine/alanine ( PMID:19597156 ). (lbl.gov)

Involved in the high-affinity, sodium-independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids (system b(0,+)-like activity). (nih.gov)
This protein plays a role in the high-affinity and sodium-independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids, and appears to function in the reabsorption of cystine in the kidney tubule. (nih.gov)
Mutations in this gene cause non-type I cystinuria, a disease that leads to cystine stones in the urinary system due to impaired transport of cystine and dibasic amino acids. (nih.gov)

Aminoaciduria is an abnormal amount of amino acids in the urine. (nih.gov)
This test is done to measure amino acid levels in the urine. (nih.gov)
This condition is characterized by increased levels of amino acids in the urine (aminoaciduria). (medlineplus.gov)

making a protein called system B(0) neutral amino acid transporter 1 (B0AT1). (nih.gov)
Broer S. The role of the neutral amino acid transporter B0AT1 (SLC6A19) in Hartnup disorder and protein nutrition. (medlineplus.gov)

High-affinity branched-chain amino acid transport ATP-binding protein BraG, component of Branched chain amino acid uptake transporter. (lbl.gov)
Furthermore, cellular amino acid uptake was implicated in the mechanism of IL-7 induced growth. (ox.ac.uk)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)
By mutational analysis, we found a unique amino acid sequence on EAAT3 that mediates this response. (nih.gov)

Exogenous amino acids are essential for interleukin-7 induced CD8 T cell growth. (ox.ac.uk)

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain. (lookformedical.com)
Aromatic l- amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the way signals are passed between certain cells in the nervous system. (nih.gov)

17. Neutral amino acid transport in human synovial cells: substrate specificity of adaptative regulation and transinhibition. (nih.gov)

Researchers believe that many of these features are related to a deficiency of vitamin B3 (niacin) and one of its main components, the amino acid tryptophan. (medlineplus.gov)

Diffusible NAD precursor molecules such as nicotinamide and nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) influence cellular NAD levels and NAD biosynthetic pathways are therapeutic targets for human diseases. (uni-marburg.de)

The related liv system from Acidovorax, Ac3H11_1692:1695 and Ac3H11_2396, has not been shown to transport valine. (lbl.gov)

The SLC6A19 gene provides instructions for making a protein called system B(0) neutral amino acid transporter 1 (B 0 AT1). (medlineplus.gov)
Hartnup disorder is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19. (medlineplus.gov)

high-affinity branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter, ATP-binding protein LivF. (lbl.gov)

PMID- 669647 TI - System cuts red tape for patients from admission to discharge. (nih.gov)

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. (lookformedical.com)

Our Dual RNA-Seq preliminary work with K. pneumoniae shows on the one hand that macrophages react differently after contact with the pathogen than with apathogenic bacterial stimuli, and on the other hand that the pathogen massively upregulates several transport systems for the absorption of diffusible substances such as heme, sulfates, amino acids, sugars, inositol and cobalamins. (uni-marburg.de)

1. Tumor cell invasion of basement membrane in vitro is regulated by amino acids. (nih.gov)
Although numerous neurotoxicity studies have been conducted with L-BMAA in mice, rats, chickens, primates, and humans in vivo and several systems in vitro , studies to evaluate other toxicological endpoints, including reproductive, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity effects are lacking. (nih.gov)
Although numerous neurotoxicity studies have been conducted with L-BMAA in mice, rats, chickens, primates, and humans in vivo and in several systems in vitro , studies of other toxicological effects, including reproductive, developmental, and genotoxic, are lacking. (nih.gov)

Plasma amino acids is a screening test, usually done on infants that looks at the amounts of amino acids in the blood. (nih.gov)

19. Electrophysiological investigation of the amino acid carrier selectivity in epithelial cells from Xenopus embryo. (nih.gov)

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. (lookformedical.com)

Studies in rats showed that L-BMAA is rapidly taken up by central nervous system tissues and is eliminated at a much slower rate. (nih.gov)

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. (lookformedical.com)

Dairy adaptations in CJ18 are reflected by a high percentage of pseudogenes (4.9%) representing genome decay which includes the inactivation of the lactose phosphotransferase system ( lacIIABC ) by multiple transposases integration. (biomedcentral.com)
PTS system, Phosphotransferase system [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
PTS HPr component phosphorylation site, Phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)

this protein complex absorbs particular protein building blocks ( amino acids ) back into the blood. (nih.gov)

Their mechanism of action includes binding to the alpha-2/delta-1 subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channels in several areas of the central nervous system (CNS) and spinal cord in which these channels are expressed. (slideshare.net)

infantarius ( Sii ) is a lactic acid bacterium (LAB) commonly associated with the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

However, the molecular targets of hyaluronan to regulate synaptic transmission in the central nervous system have not been fully identified. (elsevier.com)

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. (lookformedical.com)

Antidepressants may have additional mechanisms of action by modulating the immune system, which is heavily involved in neuropathic pain. (slideshare.net)

2. Amino acid transport systems modulate human tumor cell growth and invasion: a working hypothesis. (nih.gov)

5. Neutral amino acid transport in embryonal carcinoma cells. (nih.gov)
11. Troglitazone increases system A amino acid transport in 3T3-L1 cells. (nih.gov)
This protein transports certain protein building blocks ( amino acids ), namely those with a neutral charge, into cells. (nih.gov)

In our laboratory, we aim to elucidate the structural components controlling anion channel permeation trough EAATs, as well as the structural coupling between the two transport mechanisms. (nih.gov)

Related systems include livJFGHM from Streptococcus pneumoniae, braCDEFG from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (braC is the SBP), and braCDEFG or braC3/braDEFG from R. leguminosarum. (lbl.gov)

Thus, multiplexed combination of these steps and the regulatory factors involved in this system conform and modify the outcome from stimulus-response coupling via the SNO pathway. (nih.gov)

L --Methylaminoalanine (L-BMAA) is a neurotoxic non-protein amino acid that is produced by cyanobacteria, a blue-green algae that is common to many lakes, oceans, and soils, and is found in Cycas circinalis seeds. (nih.gov)
L --Methylaminoalanine (L-BMAA) is a neurotoxic non-protein amino acid produced naturally by cyanobacteria found in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. (nih.gov)

Serine and derivatives are compounds containing serine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of serine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. (ecmdb.ca)

Anatomy26

Organisms12

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs135

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes57

Information Science4

Health Care1

Presence of the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter in GABAergic and glycinergic synaptic terminal boutons. (1/736)

Cutting edge: primary structure of the light chain of fusion regulatory protein-1/CD98/4F2 predicts a protein with multiple transmembrane domains that is almost identical to the amino acid transporter E16. (2/736)

NH4+-induced down-regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gap1p permease involves its ubiquitination with lysine-63-linked chains. (3/736)

The ArgR regulatory protein, a helper to the anaerobic regulator ANR during transcriptional activation of the arcD promoter in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (4/736)

Yeast mutants affecting possible quality control of plasma membrane proteins. (5/736)

Stimulation of Na+-alanine cotransport activates a voltage-dependent conductance in single proximal tubule cells isolated from frog kidney. (6/736)

Identification and characterization of GABA, proline and quaternary ammonium compound transporters from Arabidopsis thaliana. (7/736)

Cloning and expression of cadD, a new cadmium resistance gene of Staphylococcus aureus. (8/736)

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Amino Acid Transport System L

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Amino Acids

Biological Transport

Aminoisobutyric Acids

Amino Acid Transport System A

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral

Biological Transport, Active

Amino Acid Transport System ASC

Leucine

Amino Acid Transport System y+

beta-Alanine

Antigens, CD98

Amino Acids, Neutral

Amino Acids, Cyclic

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Carrier Proteins

Sodium

Phenylalanine

Alanine

Kinetics

Amino Acid Transport System y+L

Membrane Transport Proteins

4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate

Glutamine

Proline

Cystine

Isoleucine

Fatty Acid Transport Proteins

Valine

Amino Acid Sequence

Arginine

Lysine

Leucine-tRNA Ligase

Cloning, Molecular

Mutation

Cell Membrane

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic

Molecular Sequence Data

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Tryptophan

Escherichia coli

Glutamates

Xenopus laevis

Substrate Specificity

Oocytes

Histidine

Base Sequence

Cell Line

Taurocholic Acid

Dicarboxylic Acids

Rats, Inbred Strains

RNA, Messenger

Bacterial Proteins

Ethylmaleimide

Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1

Amino Acids, Diamino

Cells, Cultured

Glycine

Antigens, CD98 Light Chains

Genes, Bacterial

Cystinuria

Liver

Antigens, CD98 Heavy Chain

Hartnup Disease

Amino Acid Substitution

Glucose

Dinitrophenols

Carbon Radioisotopes

Microvilli

Culture Media

Methionine

Methylglucosides

Ileum

Membrane Proteins

Pseudomonadaceae

Phenylacetates

Methyltyrosines