Amino acid transport system y l. Medical search

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

A sodium-independent neutral amino acid transporter system with specificity for large amino acids. One of the functions of the transporter system is to supply large neutral amino acids to the brain.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting neutral amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, NEUTRAL).

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

A ubiquitous sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and CYSTEINE.

A heterodimeric protein that is a cell surface antigen associated with lymphocyte activation. The initial characterization of this protein revealed one identifiable heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) and an indeterminate smaller light chain. It is now known that a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS) can dimerize with the heavy chain. Depending upon its light chain composition a diverse array of functions can be found for this protein. Functions include: type L amino acid transport, type y+L amino acid transport and regulation of cellular fusion.

An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.

A family of light chains that bind to the CD98 heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) to form a heterodimer. They convey functional specificity to the protein.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

A broad category of membrane transport proteins that specifically transport FREE FATTY ACIDS across cellular membranes. They play an important role in LIPID METABOLISM in CELLS that utilize free fatty acids as an energy source.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

An enzyme that activates leucine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.4.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting acidic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, ACIDIC).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter found ubiquitously. It has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE. It may also act as an ecotropic leukemia retroviral receptor.

A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter with strong similarity to CATIONIC AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 1. The two isoforms of the protein, CAT-2A and CAT-2B, exist due to alternative mRNA splicing. The transporter has specificity for the transport of ARGININE; LYSINE; and ORNITHINE.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

A group of inherited kidney disorders characterized by the abnormally elevated levels of AMINO ACIDS in URINE. Genetic mutations of transport proteins result in the defective reabsorption of free amino acids at the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. Renal aminoaciduria are classified by the specific amino acid or acids involved.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A transmembrane glycoprotein subunit that can dimerize with a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS). This protein subunit serves a diverse array of functions including amino acid transport and cell fusion. Its function is altered depending which of the light chain subunits it interacts with.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The hallmark symptom of RA is an inability to reabsorb these amino acids, leading to their excessive excretion in the urine. This can cause a range of health problems, including:

1. Cystinuria: excessive excretion of cystine in the urine, which can form stones and damage the kidneys.
2. Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1): excessive excretion of glutaric acid and other branched-chain amino acids in the urine, which can lead to developmental delays, intellectual disability, and seizures.
3. Aminoaciduria: excessive excretion of various amino acids in the urine, including alanine, glycine, and proline.
4. Kidney damage: chronic exposure to high levels of certain amino acids in the urine can cause damage to the kidneys, leading to chronic kidney disease and potentially end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
5. Other complications: RA can also lead to other health problems, such as electrolyte imbalances, bone disease, and metabolic acidosis.

RA is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment typically involves a combination of dietary restrictions, medications, and kidney transplantation in severe cases.

Cystinuria is caused by mutations in the SLC7A9 gene, which codes for a protein involved in the transport of cystine across the brush border membrane of renal tubular cells. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that affected individuals must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop symptoms.

There is no cure for cystinuria, but various treatments can help manage its symptoms. These may include medications to reduce the acidity of the urine and prevent infection, as well as surgical procedures to remove stones or repair damaged kidneys. In some cases, a kidney transplant may be necessary.

It's important for individuals with cystinuria to drink plenty of water and maintain good hydration to help flush out the urinary tract and prevent stone formation. They should also avoid certain foods that may increase the risk of stone formation, such as oxalate-rich foods like spinach and rhubarb.

Overall, while there is no cure for cystinuria, with proper management and care, individuals with this disorder can lead relatively normal lives and minimize the complications associated with it.

Jones HN, Ashworth CJ, Page KR, McArdle HJ (2006). "Cortisol stimulates system A amino acid transport and SNAT2 expression in a ... "Transcriptional control of the human sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter system A gene by amino acid availability is ... 2006). "Amino acid starvation induces the SNAT2 neutral amino acid transporter by a mechanism that involves eukaryotic ... 2006). "Characterization of the amino acid response element within the human sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-coupled_neutral_amino_acid_transporter_2

"Molecular cloning of mouse amino acid transport system B0, a neutral amino acid transporter related to Hartnup disorder". J. ... SLC6A19 is a system B(0) transporter that mediates epithelial resorption of neutral amino acids across the apical membrane in ... Bröer S (January 2008). "Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia". Physiol. Rev. 88 (1): 249-286. ... Sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A19 gene. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-dependent_neutral_amino_acid_transporter_B(0)AT1

... is a member of the system y+ family of transporters characterized by sodium-independent transport of cationic amino acids.[ ... "Entrez Gene: SLC7A3 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 3". Hosokawa H, Sawamura T, ... Cationic amino acid transporter 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A3 gene. SLC7A3 ... Vekony N, Wolf S, Boissel JP, Gnauert K, Closs EI (Oct 2001). "Human cationic amino acid transporter hCAT-3 is preferentially ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationic_amino_acid_transporter_3

Peptide and amino acid uptake. Peptidases in the glycocalyx cleave proteins to amino acids or small peptides. Enteropeptidase ( ... Galactose uses the same transport system. Fructose, on the other hand, crosses the apical membrane of the enterocyte, using ... This facilitates transport of numerous small molecules into the enterocyte from the intestinal lumen. These include broken down ... Smaller lipids are transported into intestinal capillaries, while larger lipids are processed by the Golgi and smooth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterocyte

... and l-γ-Amino-β-Hydroxybutyric Acids in GABA Receptor and Transport Test Systems". Journal of Neuroscience. 1 (2): 132-140. doi ... γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB), also known as β-hydroxy-γ-aminobutyric acid (β-hydroxy-GABA), and sold under the brand ... Amino acids, Anticonvulsants, Beta hydroxy acids, GABA analogues, GABAA receptor agonists, GABAB receptor agonists, Human ... Effect of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (GABHB) on experimentally-induced epileptic activity]" [Effect of γ-amino-β- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Amino-beta-hydroxybutyric_acid

The plants are slowly starved of these amino acids and eventually DNA synthesis stops. ESPS Inhibitors affect grasses and ... They are medically important by interfering with components of the nervous system affecting membrane transport, protein ... ALS Inhibitors affect grasses and dicots by inhibiting the first step in some amino acid synthesis, acetolactate synthesis. ... Alkaloids are derived from amino acids, and contain nitrogen. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytotoxin

Kudo Y, Boyd CA (August 2002). "Changes in expression and function of syncytin and its receptor, amino acid transport system B( ... Neutral amino acid transporter B(0) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A5 gene. Glutamate transporter Solute ... "Entrez Gene: SLC1A5 solute carrier family 1 (neutral amino acid transporter), member 5". Tailor CS, Nouri A, Zhao Y, Takeuchi Y ... Uchiyama T, Matsuda Y, Wada M, Takahashi S, Fujita T (April 2005). "Functional regulation of Na+-dependent neutral amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_amino_acid_transporter_B(0)

Serotonin is synthesized from an amino acid called L-tryptophan. Active transport system regulates the uptake of tryptophan ... The same motif can be found in reboxetine where it is constrained in a morpholine ring system. Some studies have been made ... Although the perception and transmission of pain stimuli in the central nervous system have not been fully elucidated, ... TCAs do not block dopamine transport directly but might facilitate dopaminergic effects indirectly by inhibiting dopamine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin–norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor

Orlowski, M.; Meister, A. (1970-11-01). "The Gamma-Glutamyl Cycle: A Possible Transport System for Amino Acids". Proceedings of ... It has a relatively unusual γ-bond between the constituent amino acids, L-glutamic acid and L-cysteine and is a key ... Control experiments with combinations of the constituent amino acids that make up GGC, including L-glutamic acid and L-cysteine ... GGC is synthesized from L-glutamic acid and L-cysteine in the cytoplasm of virtually all cells in an adenosine triphosphate ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine

Cysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid, hence the name "-thionein". However, the participation of inorganic sulfide and ... Metallothioneins likely participate in the uptake, transport, and regulation of zinc in biological systems. Mammalian MT binds ... In this way thionein and metallothionein becomes a key component of the zinc signaling system in cells. This system is ... of its constituent amino acid residues. MT was discovered in 1957 by Vallee and Margoshe from purification of a Cd-binding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallothionein

It synthesises amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous bases and haem for the protozoan. Haem is necessary for the growth and ... While the protozoan has its separate mitochondria that provide electron transport system for the production of cellular energy ... In return the protozoan offers its enzymes for the complete metabolic pathways for the biosynthesis of amino acids, lipids and ... and that it helps the host in synthesising the amino acid arginine from ornithine. As more structural and molecular details ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angomonas_deanei

HPAT1 and 2 are integral to the central nervous system because they transport GABA and its analogues which can induce and ... Unlike most amino acid transporters in the exchange of Na+ with amino acid symporters, proton-coupled amino acid transporters ... "Amino acid derivatives are substrates or non-transported inhibitors of the amino acid transporter PAT2 (slc36a2)". Biochimica ... Unlike typical mammalian amino acid transporters which function in exchanging Na+/amino acid symporters, these- transporters ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_coupled_amino_acid_transporter

"Coupled and uncoupled proton movement by amino acid transport system N." EMBO Journal. 20 (24): 7041-51. doi:10.1093/emboj/ ... Since Systems A are electrogenic which Systems N are not, the amino acid:cation stoichiometries may differ. Fischer, WN; Loo, ... "Low and high affinity amino acid H+-cotransporters for cellular import of neutral and charged amino acids". Plant Journal. 29 ( ... Six AAAPs in A. thaliana are well characterized and transport neutral and charged amino acids with varying specificities and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAAP_family

P. aeruginosa contain 13 RND transport systems, including one HME-RND and the remaining HAE-RNDs. Among the best identified are ... RND proteins are large and can include more than 1000 amino acid residues. They are generally composed of two homologous ... Most of the RND superfamily transport systems are made of large polypeptide chains. RND proteins exist primarily in gram- ... The RND protein dictates the substrate for the completed transport systems including: metal ions, xenobiotics or drugs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance-nodulation-cell_division_superfamily

... and two carboxylic acid groups. As for other amino acids, the amine and carboxylic acid groups exist is rapid equilibrium with ... In this system, the anionic form of cystine is transported in exchange for glutamate. Cystine is quickly reduced to cysteine.[ ... Sulfur amino acids, Non-proteinogenic amino acids). ... This transport system, which is highly specific for cystine and ... Cystine is the oxidized derivative of the amino acid cysteine and has the formula (SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H)2. It is a white solid that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystine

... a disease that leads to cystine stones in the urinary system due to impaired transport of cystine and dibasic amino acids. ... This protein plays a role in the high-affinity and sodium-independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids ... b(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1, also known as b(0,+)AT1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC7A9 gene. This ... Heterodimeric amino acid transporter Solute carrier family GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000021488 - Ensembl, May 2017 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B(0, )-type_amino_acid_transporter_1

Ackers GK (1969). "Molecular sieve studies of interacting protein systems. IV. Molecular size of the D-amino acid oxidase ... Ackers GK (1967). "Molecular sieve studies of interacting protein systems. I. Equations for transport of associating systems". ... thermodynamics of protein-protein interactions including important changes due to single amino acid substitutions. "Obituary - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ackers

AT heterodimer is the main apical reabsorption system for cystine in the kidney". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 283 (3): F540- ... amino acid transport on substrate affinity of the heteromeric b(0,+) amino acid transporter". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (19): 14331- ... dibasic and neutral amino acid transporters, activator of cystine, dibasic and neutral amino acid transport), member 1". Pras E ... of truncation of the COOH-terminal region of a Na+-independent neutral and basic amino acid transporter on amino acid transport ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_and_basic_amino_acid_transport_protein_rBAT

This inorganic phosphate is then transfered via a four amino acid phosphorelay to ArcA. Phosphorylated ArcA is then able to ... The Arc system connects the electron transport chain to regulation of certain genes, allowing aerobic respiration to occur in ... The Arc system is a two-component system found in some bacteria that regulates gene expression in faculatative anaerobes such ... Arc is an abbreviateion for Anoxic Redox Control system. Arc systems are instrumental in maintaining energy metabolism during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_system

von Versen-Höynck, F.; Rajakumar, A.; Parrott, M.S.; Powers, R.W. (April 2009). "Leptin Affects System A Amino Acid Transport ... Amino acid transport is also regulated by DNA methylation of amino acid transporter genes, modifying their expression in the ... trigger the regulation of amino acid transporters in the placenta. Amino acid transport is necessary for fetal growth, and its ... "A systems perspective on placental amino acid transport". The Journal of Physiology. 596 (23): 5511-5522. doi:10.1113/JP274883 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenerational_trauma

... encodes a protein similar to certain nuclear transport proteins of Xenopus and human. The predicted amino acid sequence shows ... The similarities among these proteins suggests that karyopherin alpha-3 may be involved in the nuclear transport system. KPNA3 ... Most nuclear proteins contain short basic amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals (NLSs). KPNA3, ... The transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is mediated by the nuclear pore complex ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importin_subunit_alpha-4

Various mechanisms are used to transport molecules across the BBB. Small polar molecules such as glucose, amino acids, and ... The BBB normally blocks nearly 98% of drugs from accessing the central nervous system, so FUS has the potential to address a ... Large molecules such as proteins and peptides use receptor-mediated or absorption-mediated endocytic transport to access the ... Transiently disrupting the BBB allows for paracellular transport of molecules, and there is evidence that the physical stress ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focused_ultrasound_for_intracranial_drug_delivery

"Characterization of an N-system amino acid transporter expressed in retina and its involvement in glutamine transport". J. Biol ... Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC38A1 gene. Amino acid ... 2007). "Activation of a system A amino acid transporter, ATA1/SLC38A1, in human hepatocellular carcinoma and preneoplastic ... a subtype of amino acid transporter A, from human placenta". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 273 (3): 1175-9. doi:10.1006/bbrc. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC38A1

The transport mechanism for tryptophan is shared with the branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), leucine, isoleucine, and valine. ... amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation on the exercise-induced change in plasma and muscle concentration of amino acids in ... Branch-chained amino acid supplementation has proven to have little to no effect on performance. There has been little success ... Amino acids, brain neurotransmitters and a functional link between muscle and brain that is important in sustained exercise. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system_fatigue

The amino-acid sequence identity can go down to 15% between ParM and other actin-like ATPase. The mechanism of partition ... The net result being transport of partition complex to the cell pole. The partition system of the plasmid R388 has been found ... Amino-acid sequence identity can go down to 21% for TubZ proteins. The mechanism is similar to a treadmill mechanism: Multiple ... This system has been proposed to be the type IV partition system. It is thought to be a derivative of the type I partition ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid_partition_system

... heptane transport by O-diazoacetyl-L-serine. An initial step in identifying the L-system amino acid transporter". The Journal ... and research indicates that it may have potential in identifying the L-leucine-favoring system transporter in human T- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azaserine

Hormones can be amino acid complexes, steroids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, or prostaglandins. The endocrine system can be ... A hormone is any of a class of signaling molecules produced by cells in glands in multicellular organisms that are transported ... The human endocrine system consists of several systems that operate via feedback loops. Several important feedback systems are ... The endocrine system has three sets of endocrine outputs which include the magnocellular system, the parvocellular system, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system

Glutamate (the conjugate base of glutamic acid) is abundant in the human body, but particularly in the nervous system and ... However, there is a possibility that two human-specific "fixed" amino acid substitutions, D71G in GRIN3A and R727H in GRIN3B, ... Weaver CD, Gundersen V, Verdoorn TA (January 1998). "A high affinity glutamate/aspartate transport system in pancreatic islets ... Meldrum B (1993). "Amino acids as dietary excitotoxins: a contribution to understanding neurodegenerative disorders". Brain Res ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_receptor

Sodium bicarbonate is absorbed by active transport and glucose and amino acid co-transport Fructose is absorbed by facilitated ... are an important part of the digestive tract's local immune system. They are part of the lymphatic system, and provide a site ... splits one amino acid at a time. Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase free the end amino acid products. Lipids (fats) are degraded ... The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients from the lumen of the intestine into these capillaries (amino acids and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine

This transport system normally removes cysteine from the fluid destined to become urine and returns this essential amino acid ... This is usually to accumulate high concentrations of molecules that a cell needs, such as glucose or amino acids. If the ... Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) EAAT1 EAAT2 EAAT3 EAAT4 EAAT5 Glucose transporter Monoamine transporters, including ... Reverse transport, or transporter reversal, is a phenomenon in which the substrates of a membrane transport protein are moved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein

... were located near the rail network so that the victims could be easily transported. The system of the camps was expanded over ... The guerrillas were armed with only one machine gun, several dozen pistols, Molotov cocktails and bottles filled with acid. The ... Marina Sorokina; Tarik Cyril Amar (2014). Michael David-Fox; Peter Holquist; Alexander M. Martin (eds.). The Holocaust in the ... Internetowy System Aktow Prawnych. "Ustawa z dnia 17 marca 1921 r. - Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej." PDF scan of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland

Amino acids are the main source of chemical energy for H. salinarum, particularly arginine and aspartate, though they are able ... H. salinarum is as easy to culture as E. coli and serves as an excellent model system. Methods for gene replacement and ... which drives proton transport. The proton gradient formed thereby can then be used to generate chemical energy via ATP synthase ... to metabolize other amino acids, as well. H. salinarum have been reported to be unable to grow on sugars, and therefore need to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium_salinarum

The amino acids or sugars released by these extracellular enzymes are then pumped into cells by active transport proteins. ... Living systems are not in equilibrium, but instead are dissipative systems that maintain their state of high complexity by ... lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts. All amino acids are synthesized from ... amino acids can be linked in varying sequences to form a huge variety of proteins. Proteins are made from amino acids that have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

... amino acids and protein sources to animal feed manufacturers; food additives and ingredients for the treatment and flavoring of ... turf and irrigation management systems, a dry bulk handling solution as well as equipment for transport, chemical, and ... rail systems, car park systems, electrification systems, and building maintenance units. In January 2020, Konecranes fully ... J-LAPP's expertise ranges from industrial connection technology, automation, fire protection system, cable management system, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebsen_&_Jessen_(SEA)

... and protein transport complexes. Two more TPR domains are found in the TTC39B protein: TPR1 which spans from amino acids 393 to ... TTC39B is well expressed in muscles, internal organs, secretory organs, reproductive organs, the immune system, and the nervous ... 34 amino acids long) and TPR2 which spans from amino acids 626 to 659 (also 34 amino acids long). TTC39B contains three ... It is located from amino acid 142 until 568 (a length of 427 amino acids). Proteins of this family also contain a TPR_2 domain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetratricopeptide_repeat_protein_39B

found 87% amino acid identity among insect sequences, which shows a high level of molecular convergence among four orders of ... Similar processes are located in the renal tubular system. Failure of the Na⁺-K⁺ pumps can result in swelling of the cell. A ... In the gut, for example, sodium is transported out of the reabsorbing cell on the blood (interstitial fluid) side via the Na⁺-K ... amino acids and other nutrients into the cell by use of the sodium ion gradient. Another important task of the Na⁺-K⁺ pump is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium–potassium_pump

On the other hand, the substitution rate of mt-proteins is very low, thus amino acid changes accumulate slowly (with ... The heavy strand is rich in guanine and encodes 12 subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation system, two ribosomal RNAs (12S ... mutant huntingtin protein causes mitochondrial dysfunction involving inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport, higher ... Allen JF (August 2015). "Why chloroplasts and mitochondria retain their own genomes and genetic systems: Colocation for redox ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

... essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. The five major minerals in the human body are calcium, phosphorus, potassium ... and glacier meltwater systems worldwide. Bacteria absorb dissolved organic matter containing minerals as they scavenge ... then transporting the acquired nutrients to local ecosystems. Food portal Food composition Mineral deficiency Micronutrient ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)

... is able to endure the rapid acidificiation in the phagosome to pH 4.0-4.5 by expressing metabolism genes mainly for amino acid ... In addition, the B. suis gene for nickel transport, nikA, is activated by metal ion deficiency and is expressed once in the ... Phagocytes are an essential component of the host's innate immune system with various antimicrobial defense mechanisms to clear ... Nicoletti, P (2016). "Brucellosis in Pigs - Reproductive System". Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 2017-04-29. Wilson, G. S ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_suis

Substances reabsorbed include: water, sodium chloride, glucose, amino acids, lactate, magnesium, calcium phosphate, uric acid, ... Much of the ion transport taking place in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by the endocrine system. In the presence of ... primarily glucose and amino acids).: 400-401 The loop of Henle is a U-shaped tube that extends from the proximal tubule. It ... by removing two amino acids: this is accomplished by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). This sequence of events is referred ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron

MerT consists of about 130 amino acids and has 3 transmembrane helical segments. Operon analyses have been reported. MerP is a ... Morby, A. P.; Hobman, J. L.; Brown, N. L. (1995-07-01). "The role of cysteine residues in the transport of mercuric ions by the ... MerF of the bacterial mercury detoxification system". Biochemistry. 44 (13): 5196-206. doi:10.1021/bi048095v. PMID 15794657. ... It is homologous to the N-terminal heavy metal binding domains of the copper-and cadmium-transporting P-type ATPases. The 3-D ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_transporter

Trp is an amino acid named tryptophan. The Trp ring obtains its name from the high levels of tryptophan found in the C-terminal ... since it transports proteins autonomously, in other words, by itself. The Sec-dependent system is divided into three pathways. ... Since it can transport things across the outer membrane without the need to generate a new form of energy, it earned the name ... Such Sec-dependent systems do not need to use energy, unlike Sec-independent machinery, which uses other forms of energy such ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimeric_autotransporter_adhesin

The addition of a nitroso group to a sulfur atom of an amino acid residue of a protein is known as S-nitrosylation or S- ... cellular formation and transport". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 38 (7): 831-838. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.12.016 ... the nitrosonium ion NO+ and of nitric oxide and thus best rationalize the chemistry of NO-based signaling in living systems, ... SNO donors target specific amino acids motifs; post-translational modification leads to changes in protein activity, protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Nitrosothiol

The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) is a mosaic protein of 839 amino acids (after removal of 21-amino acid signal ... Exon 1 contains a signal sequence that localises the receptor to the endoplasmic reticulum for transport to the cell surface. ... "BioGPS - your Gene Portal System". biogps.org. Retrieved 2016-10-10. "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985" (Press ... The cytosolic C-terminal domain contains ~50 amino acids, including a signal sequence important for localizing the receptors to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDL_receptor

It also lowers the concentration of low molecular weight molecules like sugars and amino acids and increases the concentration ... It does this via two important transport proteins called hemoglobin and myoglobin. Hemoglobin in the blood transports oxygen ... However, this led to an isolated view of each particular aspect in a biological system. This view was revised into a holistic ... Processes including oxygen transport and DNA replication are carried out using enzymes such as DNA polymerase, which in humans ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometal_(biology)

Acid mine drainage from coal refuse varies considerably but in some areas remediation of the mine sites is needed. The amount ... "Kömür yerli ama ödemesi dolarla" [The coal is local but payment is in dollars]. Sözcü. 5 February 2019. Archived from the ... Mining is documented in the "e-maden" computer system ("maden" means "mine" in Turkish). Coal miners do not have the right to ... Because Turkey's lignite-fired power stations have to be very close to their mines to avoid excessive lignite transport costs, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey

... fatty acid transport is reduced and the accumulation of cytotoxic intermediate products of fatty acid beta-oxidation in ... It is a structural analogue of γ-butyrobetaine, with an amino group replacing the C-4 methylene of γ-butyrobetaine. γ- ... The mechanisms underlying the central nervous system effects of meldonium are unclear. In a study in a transgenic mouse model ... Carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids (FA) from the cytosol of the cell into the mitochondrion and is therefore essential ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldonium

These include both sugars and amino acids, and may provide essential protein-building nutrients that are otherwise unavailable ... While the vast majority of wasps play no role in pollination, a few species can effectively transport pollen and pollinate ... Ortolani, I.; Cervo, R. (2009). "Coevolution of daily activity timing in a host-parasite system". Biological Journal of the ... However it has been shown that even without hairs, several wasp species are able to effectively transport pollen, therefore ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp

Other research in the Montclare group includes the design of protein-lipid macromolecular systems that can be used to transport ... She develops stable, activate fluorinated phosphotriesterase (PTE) variants by combining PTE with non-canonical amino acids. ... They can form complexes with nucleic acid and small hydrophobic drugs. The lipid container permits transfection past a cell ... "NYU's Jin Kim Montclare develops dual-delivery system to potentially treat multi-drug resistant cancer cells". News-Medical.net ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Kim_Montclare

All biological life is made up of lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleic acids. Whole algae could be turned into ... amount of energy required to maintain such a system, and the potential amount of energy produced by the system. This system ... Iron deposited in the North Atlantic is incorporated into North Atlantic Deep Water and is transported to the Southern Ocean ... low chlorophyll systems (the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific): Comparison with a mesotrophic system (the North Atlantic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-nutrient,_low-chlorophyll_regions

Almlöf T, Wallberg AE, Gustafsson JA, Wright AP (June 1998). "Role of important hydrophobic amino acids in the interaction ... In central nervous system structures, the glucocorticoid receptor is gaining interest as a novel representative of ... A direct mechanism of action involves homodimerization of the receptor, translocation via active transport into the nucleus, ... February 1991). "Point mutation causing a single amino acid substitution in the hormone binding domain of the glucocorticoid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor

... and dehydratases to ferment amino acids. B. longum also has bile salt hydrolases to hydrolyze bile salts into amino acids and ... "Sugar Transport Systems of Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705". Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology. 12 (1-2): 9-19 ... The function of this is not clear, although B. longum could use the amino acids products to better tolerate bile salts. A ... This adhesion is also enhanced by the fatty acids in the lipoteichoic acid of the B. longum cell wall. B. longum is considered ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_longum

"Herbicidal inhibitors of amino acid biosynthesis and herbicide-tolerant crops". Amino Acids. 30 (2): 195-204. doi:10.1007/ ... Sowa-Rogozińska N, Sominka H, Nowakowska-Gołacka J, Sandvig K, Słomińska-Wojewódzka M (June 2019). "Intracellular Transport and ... Behavior and Analysis of Rapid Equilibrium and Steady-State Enzyme Systems (New ed.). Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-30309- ... The top molecule is bound reversibly, but the lower one is bound covalently as it has reacted with an amino acid residue ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor

The α and β-tubulin subunits are ~50% identical at the amino acid level, and both have a molecular weight of approximately 50 ... are finely controlled during the development of the nervous system. The cellular cytoskeleton is a dynamic system that ... Dynein-mediated transport takes place from the (+) end towards the (-) end of the microtubule. ATP hydrolysis occurs in the ... Dynein transports vesicles and organelles throughout the cytoplasm. In order to do this, dynein molecules bind organelle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule

In 2021, food management system expert Sylvain Charlebois remarked on the industry's use of palm oil, given as palmitic acid ... it was remarked that the amino acids differ. Some studies report an increased presence in humans of rBGH and its IGF-1 product ... often affecting stressed cattle during transport and processing. BRD can lead to lung tissue damage and impair the performance ... Mixed farming systems are the largest category of livestock system in the world in terms of production. Lot feeding and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_feeding

Nitrogen sources include nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, amino acids, urea, aspartate, asparagine, alanine and thiourea, depending ... This trophic connection has been observed in mangrove systems, where Beggiatoa cover part of marine sediments. It has been ... Several species of white sulfur bacteria in the family Beggiatoaceae are able to accumulate and transport NO3−, taken from ... Sayama M, Risgaard-Petersen N, Nielsen LP, Fossing H, Christensen PB (November 2005). "Impact of bacterial NO3(-) transport on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggiatoa

... a codon for the amino acid Tyrosine tac, a Linux command that concatenates lines in reverse, named by analogy with cat TAC ( ... a Congolese airline Transport Accident Commission, an insurer in Victoria, Australia Demro TAC-1, a pistol calibre carbine/ ... software), an instant messaging and chat client program TAC-2, game controller compatible with Atari 2600 video game systems ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAC

1994). "trans-2,3-cis-3,4-Dihydroxyproline, a New Naturally Occurring Amino Acid, Is the Sixth Residue in the Tandemly Repeated ... fire protection system piping, and sprinkler system nozzles. In groundwater wells, biofouling buildup can limit recovery flow ... With fuel typically comprising up to half of marine transport costs, biofouling is estimated to cost the US Navy alone around $ ... At UV-range wavelengths, such fluorescence arises from three aromatic amino acids-tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofouling

Hong H, Zhang Y, Sun J, Cai W (June 2010). "Positron emission tomography imaging of prostate cancer". Amino Acids. 39 (1): 11- ... Transport protein ZIP1 is responsible for the transport of zinc into prostate cells. One of zinc's important roles is to change ... The most common system is the four-stage TNM system (abbreviated from tumor/nodes/metastases). Its components include the size ... Heinze VM, Actis AB (February 2012). "Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and long-chain n-3 fatty acids in mammary and prostate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer

Urinary amino acid and nitrogen excretion, both indirect measures of catabolism of lean body mass, are elevated during both ... Cycle Egometer with Vibration Isolation System [CEVIS], Treadmill with Vibration Isolation System, and iRED) capable of being ... Without doubt, transport between the Earth and Mars as well as the return trip represent the greatest risks to humans ... Modest or no power for equipment and a human life support system whose design may be marginal to support a full complement of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_effects_in_space

In order to target tumor cells, we took into account their increased metabolism and amino acid nutrients or pseudo-nutrients, ... Magnetic resonance imaging of tumor cells by targeting the amino acid transport system Luciano Lattuada 1 , Silvia Demattio, ... Magnetic resonance imaging of tumor cells by targeting the amino acid transport system Luciano Lattuada et al. Bioorg Med Chem ... we took into account their increased metabolism and amino acid nutrients or pseudo-nutrients, which are actively transported ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709455

Lipid requirement of the branched-chain amino acid transport system of Streptococcus cremoris.. Driessen, A J; Zheng, T; Int ... The role of the membrane lipid composition on the transport protein of branched-chain amino acids of the homofermentative ... These results demonstrate that both aminophospholipids and glycolipids can be activators of the leucine transport system from S ... High transport activities were observed with natural S. cremoris and Escherichia coli lipids, as well as with mixtures of ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/odontologia/resource/pt/mdl-3284574

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a complex network that regulates blood pressure, electrolyte and fluid homeostasis, as ... Keywords: Amino acid transport; Malnutrition; Microbiota; Renin-angiotensin system; Virus receptor. Copyright © 2013 Institut ... ACE2 is the receptor for the SARS coronavirus and ACE2 is essential for expression of neutral amino acid transporters in the ... ACE2 - from the renin-angiotensin system to gut microbiota and malnutrition Microbes Infect. 2013 Nov;15(13):866-73. doi: ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962453/?dopt=Abstract

Neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT3: Emerging functions in health and disease ... Amino Acid Transport System X-AG / metabolism Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH ... Enhancement of Phosphorylation and Transport Activity of the Neuronal Glutamate Transporter Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3 ... Neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT3: Emerging functions in health and disease Suzanne M Underhill 1 , Susan L ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29800605

MeSH Terms: Amino Acid Transport System y+*; Amino Acids/metabolism; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biological Transport; Cell ... MeHg is transported across cell membranes and indicate that metal complexes may form a novel class of substrates for amino acid ... indicating that it may be a better substrate than the endogenous amino acid. Uptake and efflux of [(3)H]methionine and [(14)C] ... and possibly as an L-cysteine complex on the ubiquitous L-type large neutral amino acid transporters (LATs). To test this ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.publicationDetail&id=244246

The polyamine transport system as a target for anticancer drug development.. Palmer AJ; Wallace HM. Amino Acids; 2010 Feb; 38(2 ... Nanoparticle and targeted systems for cancer therapy.. Brannon-Peppas L; Blanchette JO. Adv Drug Deliv Rev; 2004 Sep; 56(11): ... 3. Role of nanocarrier systems in cancer nanotherapy.. Mozafari MR; Pardakhty A; Azarmi S; Jazayeri JA; Nokhodchi A; Omri A. J ... 8. [Progress in the study of drug delivery system based on nanoparticles to overcome multi-drug resistance].. Chen JN; Shen Q; ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=19327045&mod=related&page=1&outid=&proj=

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral. 1. 2013. 40. 0.120. Why? Atrophy. 1. 2018. 1499. 0.120. Why? ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/person/125646/network/researchareas/details

... a subtype of amino acid transport system a. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Biomembr. 1467, 1-6 (2000). ... a ubiquitously expressed amino-acid transporter that is widely expressed in the central nervous system and is recruited to the ... SNAT2 silencing prevents the osmotic induction of transport system a and hinders cell recovery from hypertonic stress. FEBS ... Melone, M., Varoqui, H., Erickson, J. & Conti, F. Localization of the Na+-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 in the ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-33570-9?error=cookies_not_supported&code=63f8e3a7-bfe4-4c1e-819d-a216f140fef5

... the use of endogenous transport systems, including carrier-mediated transporters such as glucose and amino acid carriers; ... o Comparison of transport systems in brain endothelia with choroids plexus epithelium as well as systemic epithelial cells. o ... For example, such projects could assess the feasibility of a novel area of investigation or a new experimental system that has ... 5/2001). Applications must have a Dun and Bradstreet (D&B) Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number as the Universal ...

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAS-03-165.html

... also known as the circulatory system, includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and blood. The heart functions as the ... For example, the sugar glucose is the bodys primary fuel to generate energy, and amino acids enable the body to manufacture ... Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport Supplying oxygen to the body is the most essential function of the cardiovascular system. ... Nutrient and Waste Product Transport Delivering nutrients to the body is another critical function of the cardiovascular system ...

https://www.livestrong.com/article/164894-5-major-functions-of-the-cardiovascular-system/

Amino Acid Transport System X-AG 48% * Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 39% ... Generating new models to study propagation and pathology of alpha-synuclein in Parkinsons disease and multiple system atrophy ... Parkinsons disease and multiple system atrophy patient iPSC-derived oligodendrocytes exhibit alpha-synuclein-induced changes ...

https://portal.research.lu.se/sv/organisations/ipsc-laboratory-for-cns-disease-modeling/publications/

able to characterize the cysteine specific and the cysteine general amino acid transport systems. Those were the names that we ... evidence that there appeared to be two different transport systems for this amino acid cysteine. By using inhibitors that block ... involving direct coupling to the electron transport system as the driving force for the transport system he was looking at. I ... that question for the cysteine transport systems, then other transport systems that I was looking at.". I developed a novel ...

https://history.nih.gov/spaces/flyingpdf/pdfpageexport.action?pageId=14843932

Pinto, V., Pinho, M. J., & Soares-Da-Silva, P. (2013). Renal amino acid transport systems and essential hypertension. FASEB ...

https://www.ibmc.up.pt/research/publications?s=year&%3Bf%5Bag%5D=C&%3Bf%5Bauthor%5D=1659&o=asc&f%5Bauthor%5D=1517

Pregabalin is a substrate for system L transporter which is responsible for the transport of large amino acids across the blood ... System Organ Class. Preferred Term. Single-Blind Phase. Double-Blind Phase. Pregabalin Extended-Release Tablets. [N=801]. n (%) ... Pregabalin was not mutagenic in bacteria or in mammalian cells in vitro, was not clastogenic in mammalian systems in vitro and ... Pregabalin is described chemically as (S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid. The molecular formula is C8H17NO2 and the ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a647c048-14a4-372e-d8ce-4957e0d18341&audience=consumer

... for AMINO ACID PERMEASE use AMINO ACID TRANSPORT SYSTEMS (NM) 1981-2001; for AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER use AMINO ACID TRANSPORT ... Amino Acid Transport Systems [D12.776.157.530.200] * Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic [D12.776.157.530.200.249] ... Amino Acid Transport Systems [D12.776.543.585.200] * Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic [D12.776.543.585.200.249] ... Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic [D12.776.157.530.200.374] * Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral [D12.776.157.530.200.500] ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D026905

The amino acid transport systems operative at very low exogenous amino acid concentrations were shown to be strongly ... Also very specific amino acid transport systems were demonstrated within the aromatic and basic amino acid families. The ... The amino acid transport systems operative at very low exogenous amino acid concentrations were shown to be strongly ... Also very specific amino acid transport systems were demonstrated within the aromatic and basic amino acid families. The ...

https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0093634

Amino acids can only be absorbed through the small intestine via a sodium dependent transport system. Without sodium binding to ... Consider the relationship sodium has with amino acids and the importance becomes quite clear. ... The sodium found in Capra Mineral Whey™ will assist proper amino acid absorption. ... certain amino acids will not be absorbed. Capra Mineral Whey™ is comprised of what is known as bio-organic sodium meaning that ...

https://mtcapra.com/product/capra-mineral-whey-goat-milk-minerals/

The vitamin acts as a co-factor for multiple carboxylases that play critical roles in fatty acid, glucose and amino acid ... the transport system involved, i.e., the Sodium-dependent Multi- Vitamin Transporter (SMVT), and how the absorption process is ... toward intestinal carrier-mediated biotin absorption and obtained evidence that this system is the only biotin uptake system ... our working hypotheses in this proposal are that the SMVT system is important for the maintenance of normal intestinal immunity ...

https://ods.od.nih.gov/Funding/abstract.aspx?g=2R01DK058057-16

Pietz J, Kreis R, Rupp A, Mayatepek E, Rating D, Boesch C, et al.Large neutral amino acids block phenylalanine transport into ... ratio in plasma and differing affinity to the carrier system.Carrier saturation and inhibition of blood-brain barrier transport ... the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine (VIL), and a mixture of all large neutral amino acids (LNAA), ... LNAAs, including Phe, compete for transport across the blood-brain barrier via the L-type amino acid carrier.Net uptake through ...

https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/pku/Pages/sub25.aspx

The researchers suggested that MHC class I molecules, which function in the immune system to transport antigenic peptides to ... Amino Acid Sequence, Protein Conformation, Histocompatibility, and Peptides Format:. Text Extent:. 5 pages Language:. English ... Amino Acid Residues Essential for Biological Activity of a Peptide Derived From a Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I ... Amino Acid Residues Essential for Biological Activity of a Peptide Derived From a Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I ...

https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/kk/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584571X159-doc

... anionic amino acid transport system that is highly specific for cysteine and glutamate. In this system, designated Xc(-), the ... anionic form of cysteine is transported in exchange for glutamate. This protein has been identified as the predominant mediator ...

https://www.origene.com/catalog/rnai/shrna-plasmids/tl309282/xct-slc7a11-human-shrna-plasmid-kit-locus-id-23657

... amino acids, sugars, inositol and cobalamins. We will investigate which RNA regulatory circuits control the absorption of ... and on the other hand that the pathogen massively upregulates several transport systems for the absorption of diffusible ... Diffusible NAD precursor molecules such as nicotinamide and nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) influence cellular NAD levels and NAD ...

https://www.uni-marburg.de/en/fb20/diffusible-signals/project-areas/area-d-rna-mechanisms

... a transport protein synthesized in the liver and choroid plexus. TTR is a tetramer of 4 identical subunits of 127 amino acids ... Classification Systems. Historical classification systems for amyloidosis were clinically based. Modern classification systems ... All the amyloid precursor proteins are relatively small (ie, molecular weights 4000-25,000) and do not share any amino acid ... Proteins that form amyloid fibrils differ in size, function, amino acid sequence, and native structure but become insoluble ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/335414-overview

... acids substituted. Takayama-Ito et al. (2006) showed the RC-HL strain with mutations on the three amino acids to be non-lethal ... chain and subsequently transport to the central nervous system (CNS) (Poisson et al. 2001). MOKV isolates in this study were ... in two of the amino acids (Ala 242 and Asp 255) important in the pathogenicity of the Nishigahara strain whilst the third amino ... For example, the amino acids Phe 273 and Tyr 394 on the N protein of a pathogenic RABV strain have been shown to play a role in ...

http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0030-24652013000100005&lng=es&nrm=iso

... triacetic acid (DO3A), abbreviated as ,sup,68,/sup,Ga-23 and ,sup,68,/sup,Ga-24, respectively, were synthesized by Shetty et al ... These amino acids are primarily the substrates of system A transporters. The second group is alicyclic amino acids, which are á ... Radiolabeled amino acids represent a diverse class of tracers that target the increased amino acid transport in cancer cells (2 ... and the process of amino acid transport is relatively fast (2, 6, 7). These features make tumor imaging with amino acid tracers ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22013603

... high-resolution view of the transcriptional responses to any common toxicant in a prokaryotic model system from exposure to ... but nearly all stress response systems were up-regulated by one or the other mercurial during recovery. Sub-acute exposure ... Amino acid transport and metabolism; (F, 107) Nucleotide transport and metabolism; (G, 381) Carbohydrate transport and ... Amino acid metabolism and transport. The two mercurials had distinct effects on expression of genes for biosynthesis of amino ...

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-017-4413-z

The effects of transport systems on LPS-induced NO production were examined using Gly-Sar, L-Lys, 4-AMBA and LPC as transport ... which shares a common cationic amino acid transporter with L-Arg. At concentration of 200 uM, the Arg-containing peptides were ... To investigate the transport system for small peptide uptake and the utilization of arginine-containing peptides for nitric ... The uptake of these peptides by AMs may be mediated through an active peptide transport system similar to that of the pepT1 ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=nitric+acid&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&D1=10&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&PageNo=5&RecNo=46&View=f&

Amino Acid Transport System y+ D12.776.157.530.937.375 D12.776.543.585.937.375 Amino Acid Transport System y+L D12.776.157.530. ... Amino Acid Substitution G5.355.600.109 G5.558.109 Amino Acid Transport System X-AG D12.776.157.530.937.250 D12.776.543.585. ... Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1 D12.776.157.530.937.375.200 D12.776.543.585.937.375.200 Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2 ... Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1 D12.776.157.530.937.250.500.500 D12.776.543.585.937.250.500.500 Excitatory Amino Acid ...

https://decs.bvs.br/E/mnchg2017.txt

The circulatory system serves as the highway for disease-fighting cells and proteins, and messengers of the immune system. (livestrong.com)
Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes. (nih.gov)
Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins in the body. (nih.gov)
Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life. (nih.gov)
When proteins are digested or broken down, amino acids are the result. (nih.gov)
Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. (lookformedical.com)
Messenger RNA ( mRNA ) copies portions of genetic code, a process called transcription , and transports these copies to ribosomes, which are the cellular factories that facilitate the production of proteins from this code. (technologynetworks.com)
Finally, we show that the apparent existence of a stationary neurofilament network in mouse optic nerve is most likely an experimental artifact due to contamination of the neurofilament transport kinetics with cytosolic proteins that move at faster rates. (jneurosci.org)
These proteins are the sensors of the alarm system and find intruders by binding to various peptides-chains of amino acids that make up parts of the coronavirus-that are foreign to the body," the researchers wrote. (nationalinterest.org)
The mechanisms by which intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) engage in rapid and highly selective binding is a subject of considerable interest and represents a central paradigm to nuclear pore complex (NPC) function, where nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) move through the NPC by binding disordered phenylalanine-glycine-rich nucleoporins (FG-Nups). (gbm-online.de)

In addition, ACE2 has functions independent of the RAS: ACE2 is the receptor for the SARS coronavirus and ACE2 is essential for expression of neutral amino acid transporters in the gut. (nih.gov)
Although it is generally assumed that this rapid transport is due to simple diffusion, recent studies have demonstrated that MeHg is transported as a hydrophilic complex, and possibly as an L-cysteine complex on the ubiquitous L-type large neutral amino acid transporters (LATs). (nih.gov)
Amino acid transporters found in yeasts, plants and lower organisms. (nih.gov)
20 distinct amino acid transporters have been identified in mammalian cells, and these transporters differ in terms of substrate specificity, tissue expression patterns, sodium and other ion dependence, pH sensitivity, and transport mechanism (4, 5). (nih.gov)
Because of increased demand for amino acids in malignant cells, some transporters have been shown to be overexpressed in different types of tumors, and the process of amino acid transport is relatively fast (2, 6, 7). (nih.gov)

In order to target tumor cells, we took into account their increased metabolism and amino acid nutrients or pseudo-nutrients, which are actively transported through the cell membrane, have been chosen as vectors for new MRI contrast agents. (nih.gov)
Some amino acids or their degradation products were shown to be compartmentalized or made unavailable for metabolism. (ubc.ca)
The vitamin acts as a co-factor for multiple carboxylases that play critical roles in fatty acid, glucose and amino acid metabolism. (nih.gov)
One group of these disorders is amino acid metabolism disorders. (nih.gov)
Overview of Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders (Merck & Co., Inc. (nih.gov)
Overview of Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the Merck Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. (nih.gov)
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a type of amino acid metabolism disorder. (nih.gov)
It does not cross the blood-brain barrier and does not affect the metabolism of levodopa within the central nervous system. (nih.gov)

Also very specific amino acid transport systems were demonstrated within the aromatic and basic amino acid families. (ubc.ca)
Aromatic l- amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the way signals are passed between certain cells in the nervous system. (nih.gov)
Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain. (lookformedical.com)
Carbidopa, USP an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid decarboxylation, is a white, crystalline compound, slightly soluble in water, with a molecular weight of 244.24. (nih.gov)

Male Wistar rats were implanted with an i.t. catheter for drug injection and some were implanted with an additional microdialysis probe used for CSF dialysate collection and measurement of excitatory amino acids (EAAs). (tmu.edu.tw)

High transport activities were also observed with mixtures of PC with monogalactosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, or a neutral glycolipid fraction isolated from S. cremoris. (bvsalud.org)
Transport of a neurotoxicant by molecular mimicry: the methylmercury-L-cysteine complex is a substrate for human L-type large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT) 1 and LAT2. (nih.gov)
A ubiquitous sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. (bvsalud.org)
making a protein called system B(0) neutral amino acid transporter 1 (B0AT1). (nih.gov)
This protein transports certain protein building blocks ( amino acids ), namely those with a neutral charge, into cells. (nih.gov)

This mutation replaces the protein building block (amino acid) isoleucine with the amino acid methionine at position 33 in the protein (written as Ile33Met or I33M). (medlineplus.gov)

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. (lookformedical.com)
Before we delve into the differences, we take a look at these two nucleic acids side-by-side. (technologynetworks.com)

Kinetic analysis of transport indicated that the apparent affinities ( K (m)) of MeHg-L-cysteine uptake by LAT1 and LAT2 (98+/-8 and 64+/-8 microM respectively) were comparable with those for methionine (99+/-9 and 161+/-11 microM), whereas the V (max) values were higher for MeHg-L-cysteine, indicating that it may be a better substrate than the endogenous amino acid. (nih.gov)
In studies performed during the current funding period, we have generated a conditional (intestine-specific) SMVT- knockout (KO) mouse model to establish the relative contribution of SMVT toward intestinal carrier-mediated biotin absorption and obtained evidence that this system is the only biotin uptake system that operates in the gut. (nih.gov)
Based on our recently published observations and our new preliminary findings, our working hypotheses in this proposal are that the SMVT system is important for the maintenance of normal intestinal immunity and integrity, and that Salmonella infection, as well as exposure of the gut to pro-inflammatory cytokines or to bacterial LPS lead to a significant inhibition in intestinal biotin uptake. (nih.gov)
Relative expression of energy production and most metabolite uptake pathways declined with both compounds, but nearly all stress response systems were up-regulated by one or the other mercurial during recovery. (biomedcentral.com)
To investigate the transport system for small peptide uptake and the utilization of arginine-containing peptides for nitric oxide synthesis by Iypopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated alveolar macrophages. (cdc.gov)
The uptake of Arg-Lys* and Beta-Ala-Lys* at concentration of 10 uM was blocked (70 - 80%) by Gly-Sar (200 uM) through competitive inhibition, but not by L-Lys, which shares a common cationic amino acid transporter with L-Arg. (cdc.gov)
The uptake of these peptides by AMs may be mediated through an active peptide transport system similar to that of the pepT1 transporter. (cdc.gov)

The researchers suggested that MHC class I molecules, which function in the immune system to transport antigenic peptides to the cell surface, might also play a role in receptor recycling. (nih.gov)
Transport and utilization of arginine-containing peptides in alveolar macrophages. (cdc.gov)
Our studies also showed that LPC is a potent inhibitor for the transport of small peptides in AMs. (cdc.gov)

Delivering nutrients to the body is another critical function of the cardiovascular system. (livestrong.com)
These nutrients include sugars, fats, vitamins, minerals and protein building blocks called amino acids. (livestrong.com)
Thus, pathogens must have specific mecha- clearly complex, and, in many cases, the study of these nisms for mediating colonization, avoiding the host's interactions is limited by the lack of a suitable animal immune system, and acquiring necessary nutrients. (cdc.gov)
Induced transport levels were not markedly influenced by the presence of these nutrients. (ubc.ca)
Gap junctions allow for the transport of nutrients, charged particles (ions), and small molecules between cells. (medlineplus.gov)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)

this protein complex absorbs particular protein building blocks ( amino acids ) back into the blood. (nih.gov)

Supplying oxygen to the body is the most essential function of the cardiovascular system. (livestrong.com)
The common metallic element mercury (Hg) has no beneficial biological function and its chemical similarities to essential transition metals such as zinc, copper, and iron make it highly toxic to all living systems. (biomedcentral.com)

Diffusible NAD precursor molecules such as nicotinamide and nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) influence cellular NAD levels and NAD biosynthetic pathways are therapeutic targets for human diseases. (uni-marburg.de)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are perhaps the most important molecules in cell biology, responsible for the storage and reading of genetic information that underpins all life. (technologynetworks.com)

Abstract: The long-term objectives of this renewal application continue to focus on investigating the molecular physiology of the intestinal absorption process of the water- soluble vitamin biotin, the transport system involved, i.e., the Sodium-dependent Multi- Vitamin Transporter (SMVT), and how the absorption process is affected by external/environmental factors and pathophysiological conditions. (nih.gov)

Our Dual RNA-Seq preliminary work with K. pneumoniae shows on the one hand that macrophages react differently after contact with the pathogen than with apathogenic bacterial stimuli, and on the other hand that the pathogen massively upregulates several transport systems for the absorption of diffusible substances such as heme, sulfates, amino acids, sugars, inositol and cobalamins. (uni-marburg.de)

Low affinity amino acid permeases or carriers were shown to operate at high amino acid concentrations for most of the amino acids tested. (ubc.ca)

Amino acids can only be absorbed through the small intestine via a sodium dependent transport system. (mtcapra.com)

Aminoaciduria is an abnormal amount of amino acids in the urine. (nih.gov)
This test is done to measure amino acid levels in the urine. (nih.gov)

that is the systems are energy dependent, temperature sensitive, are saturated at high amino acid concentrations and are lost by mutation. (ubc.ca)
The amino acid transport systems operative at very low exogenous amino acid concentrations were shown to be strongly stereospecific. (ubc.ca)

These features make tumor imaging with amino acid tracers possible within 20 min. (nih.gov)

This gene encodes a member of a heteromeric, sodium-independent, anionic amino acid transport system that is highly specific for cysteine and glutamate. (origene.com)
In this system, designated Xc(-), the anionic form of cysteine is transported in exchange for glutamate. (origene.com)

Immune system cells called white blood cells patrol the body in search of invading germs. (livestrong.com)
Although using these technolo- acting on the pathogen in each microenvironment, what gies to analyze pathogens within a host is still in its infancy, bacterial factors are responsible for the host damage, and initial studies indicate that these technologies will be valu- able tools for understanding how the pathogen reacts to the how the immune system is evaded. (cdc.gov)
It builds and supports an active, healthy immune system. (mtcapra.com)
The lymphatic system produces and transports lymph fluid and immune cells throughout the body. (medlineplus.gov)
According to scientists at Oregon Health & Science University, genes can also influence how immune systems differentiate between friendly cells and dangerous pathogens. (nationalinterest.org)
If the individual's immune system isn't tuned to identifying and destroying the foreign invader, the higher the risk for more severe symptoms. (nationalinterest.org)
The viral attackers are then identified and the immune system deploys a type of white blood cell to destroy the infected cells. (nationalinterest.org)
This 'marks' the cell as infected and from there the immune system will kill the cell. (nationalinterest.org)

The multiplicity of amino acid carrier functions was confirmed by pool displacement studies and by the selection of appropriate transport negative (Tr¯ ) mutants. (ubc.ca)
Without sodium binding to a carrier, certain amino acids will not be absorbed. (mtcapra.com)

The wall of the small intestine is composed of the same four layers typically present in the alimentary system. (coursehero.com)

Since levodopa competes with certain amino acids for transport across the gut wall, the absorption of levodopa may be impaired in some patients on a high protein diet. (nih.gov)

Plasma amino acids is a screening test, usually done on infants that looks at the amounts of amino acids in the blood. (nih.gov)
Carbidopa reduces the amount of levodopa required to produce a given response by about 75% and, when administered with levodopa, increases both plasma levels and the plasma half-life of levodopa, and decreases plasma and urinary dopamine and homovanillic acid. (nih.gov)

We have used computational modeling to address this issue, taking advantage of the wealth of published kinetic and morphometric data available for neurofilaments in the mouse visual system. (jneurosci.org)
Our modeling approach takes advantage of the wealth of published kinetic and morphometric data on neurofilaments in the mouse optic system, which has allowed us to gain new insight into the transport behavior. (jneurosci.org)

We show that the transport kinetics and distribution of neurofilaments in mouse optic nerve can all be explained fully by a "stop-and-go" model of neurofilament transport, in which axons contain a single population of neurofilaments that all move stochastically in a rapid, intermittent, and bidirectional manner. (jneurosci.org)
Importantly, we find that the transport kinetics are not consistent with deposition of neurofilaments into a persistently stationary phase, and that deposition models cannot account for the observed distribution of neurofilaments along mouse optic nerve axons. (jneurosci.org)

Connexin-47 is produced in the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system), specifically in cells called oligodendrocytes, which help coat nerve cells with a protective layer called myelin. (medlineplus.gov)
Connexin-47 forms gap junctions that facilitate communication between oligodendrocytes or between oligodendrocytes and another type of nervous system cell called astrocytes. (medlineplus.gov)
These changes lead to nerve damage that impairs nervous system function, resulting in the signs and symptoms of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease type 1. (medlineplus.gov)
Studies in rats showed that L-BMAA is rapidly taken up by central nervous system tissues and is eliminated at a much slower rate. (nih.gov)
Parkinson's disease is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder of the extrapyramidal nervous system affecting the mobility and control of the skeletal muscular system. (nih.gov)
When levodopa is administered orally, it is rapidly decarboxylated to dopamine in extracerebral tissues so that only a small portion of a given dose is transported unchanged to the central nervous system. (nih.gov)
However, the molecular targets of hyaluronan to regulate synaptic transmission in the central nervous system have not been fully identified. (elsevier.com)
BACKGROUND: Spasticity is a frequent complication of diseases of and injuries to the central nervous system. (bvsalud.org)

Unchanged GlyT1 suggests that glycine transport is not markedly affected in schizophrenia, and therefore that increased synaptic removal is not the basis for the putative deficit in glycine modulation of NMDA receptors in the disorder. (ox.ac.uk)

The circulatory system also carries chemical messengers that attract cells to heal tissues that have been damaged due to injury or disease. (livestrong.com)
The cardiovascular system serves as the transportation connection between the endocrine glands and the organs or tissues they control via hormones. (livestrong.com)
Since its decarboxylase inhibiting activity is limited to extracerebral tissues, administration of carbidopa with levodopa makes more levodopa available for transport to the brain. (nih.gov)

The cardiovascular system works in concert with the body's sweating mechanism as the primary regulators of body temperature. (livestrong.com)
This mechanism provides for the accumulation of high and low intracellular amino acid pools by an energy dependent mechanism. (ubc.ca)
Here, we use computational modeling to reexamine the data of Nixon and colleagues on the mechanism neurofilament transport in mouse optic nerve. (jneurosci.org)

During growth on a synthetic, amino acid free medium this microorganism maintained a low, but significantly concentrated heterogeneous pool of amino acids for syntheses and this pool (native pool) was found to be in equilibrium with low levels of exogenous amino acids with at least one exception. (ubc.ca)
With the exception of arginine, constitutive deaminases were inhibited by inorganic ammonia, whereas for the most part the constitutive transport functions were not changed. (ubc.ca)
In addition, called the small and large bowel, or colloquially the "guts," they constitute the greatest mass and length of the alimentary canal and, with the exception of ingestion, perform all digestive system functions. (coursehero.com)

In addition to carbon dioxide, the circulatory system picks up metabolic waste products and toxins and transports them to the liver, kidneys and lungs for eventual elimination from the body. (livestrong.com)
And thyroid hormones affect the metabolic rate of virtually every body organ and tissue, thanks to their body-wide delivery via the circulatory system. (livestrong.com)

Capra Mineral Whey contains a number of naturally occurring macro and trace minerals in a bio-organic form that is easily assimilated by our digestive system. (mtcapra.com)

At the same time, carbon dioxide -- a waste product produced by cells -- is absorbed into the blood and transported to the lungs through the venous circulation. (livestrong.com)
For example, the sugar glucose is the body's primary fuel to generate energy, and amino acids enable the body to manufacture new cells. (livestrong.com)
If an infection occurs, these cells send chemical alarm signals that travel through the bloodstream, which subsequently transports infection-fighting cells to the site of the infection. (livestrong.com)
Radiolabeled amino acids represent a diverse class of tracers that target the increased amino acid transport in cancer cells (2, 3). (nih.gov)
When a virus infects cells, the body, in turn, "reacts by turning on what are essentially antivirus alarm systems," the researchers wrote in The Conversation . (nationalinterest.org)

Although numerous neurotoxicity studies have been conducted with L-BMAA in mice, rats, chickens, primates, and humans in vivo and several systems in vitro , studies to evaluate other toxicological endpoints, including reproductive, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity effects are lacking. (nih.gov)
Although numerous neurotoxicity studies have been conducted with L-BMAA in mice, rats, chickens, primates, and humans in vivo and in several systems in vitro , studies of other toxicological effects, including reproductive, developmental, and genotoxic, are lacking. (nih.gov)

Intercellular imaging by a polyarginine derived cell penetrating peptide labeled magnetic resonance contrast agent, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid gadolinium. (nih.gov)
L-Lys, at 10 mM, also showed a partial inhibitory effect on the Arg peptide system. (cdc.gov)
LPC at 1 mM, completely blocked the LPS-induced NO synthesis by AMs in either the L-Arg or the Arg peptide system. (cdc.gov)

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. (lookformedical.com)

Impaired transport of lymph fluid resulting in its accumulation can cause swelling (lymphedema). (medlineplus.gov)

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. (lookformedical.com)
The part of the "alarm system" that the researchers focused on was the human leukocyte antigen system, or HLA. (nationalinterest.org)

This study is the first global, high-resolution view of the transcriptional responses to any common toxicant in a prokaryotic model system from exposure to recovery of active growth. (biomedcentral.com)
L --Methylaminoalanine (L-BMAA) is a neurotoxic non-protein amino acid that is produced by cyanobacteria, a blue-green algae that is common to many lakes, oceans, and soils, and is found in Cycas circinalis seeds. (nih.gov)

The LPS-induced NO production was significantly attenuated by inhibitors of the transport systems. (cdc.gov)

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. (lookformedical.com)
L --Methylaminoalanine (L-BMAA) is a neurotoxic non-protein amino acid produced naturally by cyanobacteria found in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. (nih.gov)

Potassium helps to regulate acid-base balance as well as water hydration levels. (mtcapra.com)

It is proposed that aminophospholipids in Gram-negative bacteria and glycolipids in Gram-positive bacteria have similar functions with respect to solute transport. (bvsalud.org)
The cardiovascular system serves several major functions that are necessary for life. (livestrong.com)

Proline did not form large pools under physiological conditions due to an imbalance between the rate of transport and the rate of protein synthesis. (ubc.ca)

Hereditary lymphedema caused by GJC2 gene mutations is a condition that affects the normal function of the lymphatic system. (medlineplus.gov)
Hereditary lymphedema is caused by mutations in one copy of the GJC2 gene, but it is unclear what role the GJC2 gene plays in the lymphatic system and how mutations cause this condition. (medlineplus.gov)

Studies on mouse optic nerve have led to the controversial proposal that only a small proportion of neurofilaments are transported in axons and that the majority are deposited into a persistently stationary and extensively cross-linked cytoskeletal network that remains fixed in place for months without movement. (jneurosci.org)

Several transport systems were elucidated by competitive inhibition studies and were found to recognize amino acids with similar chemical properties. (ubc.ca)

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a complex network that regulates blood pressure, electrolyte and fluid homeostasis, as well as the function of several organs. (nih.gov)
Body temperature regulation is an often overlooked but important function of the cardiovascular system. (livestrong.com)
Sodium is a crucial mineral for healthy cell performance, proper neurological function, and a host of other systems and processes. (mtcapra.com)

Anatomy5

Organisms3

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs49

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes10

Information Science3

Amino Acid Transport System y+L

Amino Acid Transport System y+

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Amino Acid Transport System L

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Amino Acids

Biological Transport

Aminoisobutyric Acids

Amino Acid Transport System A

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral

Biological Transport, Active

Arginine

Leucine

Amino Acid Transport System ASC

Antigens, CD98

beta-Alanine

Carrier Proteins

Amino Acids, Neutral

Amino Acids, Cyclic

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Sodium

Kinetics

Phenylalanine

Alanine

4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate

Antigens, CD98 Light Chains

Membrane Transport Proteins

Glutamine

Proline

Lysine

Cystine

Isoleucine

Fatty Acid Transport Proteins

Valine

Amino Acid Sequence

Amino Acids, Diamino

Leucine-tRNA Ligase

Cloning, Molecular

Mutation

Cell Membrane

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic

Molecular Sequence Data

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Ethylmaleimide

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Xenopus laevis

Tryptophan

Escherichia coli

Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1

Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2

Oocytes

Glutamates

Substrate Specificity

Histidine

Base Sequence

RNA, Messenger

Cell Line

Cells, Cultured

Taurocholic Acid

Dicarboxylic Acids

Rats, Inbred Strains

Renal Aminoacidurias

Bacterial Proteins

Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1

Glycine

p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid

Genes, Bacterial

Cystinuria

Liver

Antigens, CD98 Heavy Chain

Membrane Proteins

Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2

Sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1

Cationic amino acid transporter 3

Enterocyte

Gamma-Amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid

Phytotoxin

Neutral amino acid transporter B(0)

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine