Amino acid transport system l. Medical search

A sodium-independent neutral amino acid transporter system with specificity for large amino acids. One of the functions of the transporter system is to supply large neutral amino acids to the brain.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting neutral amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, NEUTRAL).

A ubiquitous sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and CYSTEINE.

A heterodimeric protein that is a cell surface antigen associated with lymphocyte activation. The initial characterization of this protein revealed one identifiable heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) and an indeterminate smaller light chain. It is now known that a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS) can dimerize with the heavy chain. Depending upon its light chain composition a diverse array of functions can be found for this protein. Functions include: type L amino acid transport, type y+L amino acid transport and regulation of cellular fusion.

An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

Amino acids with uncharged R groups or side chains.

A CD98 antigen light chain that when heterodimerized with CD98 antigen heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) forms a protein that mediates sodium-independent L-type amino acid transport.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A family of light chains that bind to the CD98 heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) to form a heterodimer. They convey functional specificity to the protein.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

An enzyme that activates leucine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.4.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

A transmembrane glycoprotein subunit that can dimerize with a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS). This protein subunit serves a diverse array of functions including amino acid transport and cell fusion. Its function is altered depending which of the light chain subunits it interacts with.

L-type amino acid transporters in two intestinal epithelial cell lines function as exchangers with neutral amino acids. (1/28)

The present study examined the functional characteristics of the inward [(14)C]-L-leucine transporter in two intestinal epithelial cell lines (human Caco-2 and rat IEC-6). The uptake of [(14)C]-L-leucine was largely promoted through an energy-dependent and sodium-insensitive transporter, although a minor component of [(14)C]-L-leucine uptake ( approximately 15%) required extracellular sodium. [(14)C] -L-leucine uptake was insensitive to N-(methylamino)-isobutyric acid, but competitively inhibited by 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH). Both L- and D-neutral amino acids, but not acidic and basic amino acids, markedly inhibited [(14)C]-L-leucine accumulation. The efflux of [(14)C]-L-leucine was markedly increased (P < 0.05) by L-leucine and BCH, but not by L-arginine. In IEC-6 cells, but not in Caco-2 cells, the uptake of [(14)C]-L-leucine at acidic pH (5.0 and 5.4) was greater (P < 0.05) than at pH 7.4. In conclusion, it is likely that system B(0) might be responsible for the sodium-dependent uptake of L-leucine in Caco-2 and IEC-6 cells, whereas sodium-independent uptake of L-leucine may include system LAT1, whose activation results in transstimulation of L-leucine outward transfer. (+info)

Functional and molecular characteristics of system L in human breast cancer cells. (2/28)

The functional and molecular properties of system L in human mammary cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) have been examined. All transport experiments were conducted under Na(+)-free conditions. alpha-Aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) uptake by MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells was almost abolished by BCH (2-amino-2-norbornane-carboxylic acid). AIB uptake by MDA-MB-231 cells was also inhibited by L-alanine (83.6%), L-lysine (75.6%) but not by L-proline. Similarly, L-lysine and L-alanine, respectively, reduced AIB influx into MCF-7 cells by 45.3% and 63.7%. The K(m) of AIB uptake into MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells was, respectively, 1.6 and 8.8 mM, whereas the V(max) was, respectively, 9.7 and 110.0 nmol/mg protein/10 min. AIB efflux from MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells was trans-stimulated by BCH, L-glutamine, L-alanine, L-leucine, L-lysine and AIB (all at 2 mM). In contrast, L-glutamate, L-proline, L-arginine and MeAIB had no effect. The interaction between L-lysine and AIB efflux was one of low affinity. The fractional release of AIB from MDA-MB-231 cells was trans-accelerated by D-leucine and D-tryptophan but not by D-alanine. MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells expressed LAT1 and CD98 mRNA. MCF-7 cells also expressed LAT2 mRNA. The results suggest that AIB transport in mammary cancer cells under Na(+)-free conditions is predominantly via system L which acts as an exchange mechanism. The differences in the kinetics of AIB transport between MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells may be due to the differential expression of LAT2. (+info)

Basolateral LAT-2 has a major role in the transepithelial flux of L-cystine in the renal proximal tubule cell line OK. (3/28)

During renal reabsorption, the amino acid transporters b(o,+) and y(+)L have a major role in the apical uptake of cystine and dibasic amino acids and in the basolateral efflux of dibasic amino acids, respectively. In contrast, the transporters responsible for the basolateral efflux of the apically transported cystine are unknown. This study shows the expression of system L and y(+)L transport activities in the basolateral domain of the proximal tubule-derived cell line OK and the cloning of the corresponding LAT-2 and y(+)LAT-1 cDNAs. Stable transfection with a LAT-2 antisense sequence demonstrated the specific role of LAT-2 in the basolateral system L amino acid exchange activity in OK cells. This partial reduction of LAT-2 expression decreased apical-to-basolateral trans-epithelial flux of cystine and resulted in a twofold to threefold increase in the intracellular content of cysteine. In contrast, the content of serine, threonine, and alanine showed a tendency to decrease, whereas other LAT-2 substrates were not affected. This demonstrates that LAT-2 plays a major specific role in the net basolateral efflux of cysteine and points to LAT-2 as a candidate gene to modulate cystine reabsorption. (+info)

Functional properties of multispecific amino acid transporters and their implications to transporter-mediated toxicity. (4/28)

The absorption, distribution and excretion of most of xenobiotics, drugs, environmental toxins and their metabolites are mediated by membrane transporters. Recent advances in the transporter molecular biology have made it possible to investigate the mechanisms of transport of those exogenous compounds and their transporter-mediated toxicity at the molecular level. Exogenous compounds including drugs and toxic substances occurring in the environment pass through the transporters with broad substrate selectivity, namely "multispecific" transporters, taking advantage of the multispecific nature to exert their toxic effects. The remarkable examples of such transporter-mediated toxicity are 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium (MPP+)-neurotoxicity mediated by dopamine transporters, cephaloridine-nephrotoxicity mediated by organic anion transporters and methylmercury-toxicity mediated by system L amino acid transporters. The molecular identification of system L transporter LAT1 (L-type amino acid transporter 1) has lead to the understanding of the mechanisms of their multispecific substrate recognition and revealed their localization at the blood-brain barrier and placental barrier. LAT1 relies on the hydrophobic interaction between substrate amino acid side chains and the substrate binding site, so that many variations are possible for the substrate amino acid side chains, which is the basis of the broad substrate selectivity. System L transporters, thus, function as a path for the membrane permeation of drugs and toxic compounds occurring in the environment with amino acid-related structures. Beside methylmercury-cysteine conjugate, amino acid-related neurotoxins such as beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine, S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine and 3-hydroxykynurenine are proposed to pass through system L transporters to exert their toxicity. Because the presence of such transporters is crucial for the manifestation of the organ toxicity, the inhibition of the transporters would be expected to be beneficial to prevent the disorders caused by the transporter-mediated toxicity. (+info)

Identification of a novel system L amino acid transporter structurally distinct from heterodimeric amino acid transporters. (5/28)

A cDNA that encodes a novel Na+-independent neutral amino acid transporter was isolated from FLC4 human hepatocarcinoma cells by expression cloning. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, the encoded protein designated LAT3 (L-type amino acid transporter 3) transported neutral amino acids such as l-leucine, l-isoleucine, l-valine, and l-phenylalanine. The LAT3-mediated transport was Na+-independent and inhibited by 2-aminobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid, consistent with the properties of system L. Distinct from already known system L transporters LAT1 and LAT2, which form heterodimeric complex with 4F2 heavy chain, LAT3 was functional by itself in Xenopus oocytes. The deduced amino acid sequence of LAT3 was identical to the gene product of POV1 reported as a prostate cancer-up-regulated gene whose function was not determined, whereas it did not exhibit significant similarity to already identified transporters. The Eadie-Hofstee plots of LAT3-mediated transport were curvilinear, whereas the low affinity component is predominant at physiological plasma amino acid concentration. In addition to amino acid substrates, LAT3 recognized amino acid alcohols. The transport of l-leucine was electroneutral and mediated by a facilitated diffusion. In contrast, l-leucinol, l-valinol, and l-phenylalaninol, which have a net positive charge induced inward currents under voltage clamp, suggesting these compounds are transported by LAT3. LAT3-mediated transport was inhibited by the pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide, consistent with the property of system L2 originally characterized in hepatocyte primary culture. Based on the substrate selectivity, affinity, and N-ethylmaleimide sensitivity, LAT3 is proposed to be a transporter subserving system L2. LAT3 should denote a new family of organic solute transporters. (+info)

Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates LAT1 gene expression in vascular smooth muscle: role in cell growth. (6/28)

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) contributes to vascular disease by stimulating the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Since amino acids are required for cell growth, the present study examined the effect of PDGF on system L amino acid transport, which is the predominant cellular pathway for the uptake of essential amino acids. System L amino acid transport was monitored by measuring the uptake of L-leucine. Treatment of SMCs with PDGF stimulated L-leucine transport in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and this was associated with a selective increase in LAT1 mRNA and protein. PDGF failed to induce the expression of the other system L transport proteins, LAT2 and the heavy chain of the 4F2 cell surface antigen. The induction of LAT1 by PDGF was dependent on de novo RNA and protein synthesis and on mTOR activity. Serum, thrombin, and angiotensin II likewise stimulated L-leucine transport by inducing LAT1 expression. Inhibition of system L amino acid transport by the model substrate 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid blocked growth factor-mediated SMC proliferation and induced SMC apoptosis, whereas it had no effect on quiescent cells. These results demonstrate that growth factors stimulate system L amino acid transport by inducing LAT1 gene expression and that system L amino acid transport is essential for SMC proliferation and survival. The capacity of vascular mitogens to induce LAT1 expression may represent a basic mechanism by which tho acid transport * apoptosis (+info)

Identification of LAT4, a novel amino acid transporter with system L activity. (7/28)

System L amino acid transporters mediate the movement of bulky neutral amino acids across cell membranes. Until now three proteins that induce system L activity have been identified: LAT1, LAT2, and LAT3. The former two proteins belong to the solute carrier family 7 (SLC7), whereas the latter belongs to SLC43. In the present study we present a new cDNA, designated LAT4, which also mediates system L activity when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Human LAT4 exhibits 57% identity to human LAT3. Like LAT3, the amino acid transport activity induced by LAT4 is sodium-, chloride- and pH-independent, is not trans-stimulated, and shows two kinetic components. The low affinity component of LAT4 induced activity is sensitive to the sulfhydryl-specific reagent N-ethylmaleimide but not that with high affinity. Mutation in LAT4 of the SLC43 conserved serine 297 to alanine abolishes sensitivity to N-ethylmaleimide. LAT4 activity is detected at the basolateral membrane of PCT kidney cells. In situ hybridization experiments show that LAT4 mRNA is restricted to the epithelial cells of the distal tubule and the collecting duct in the kidney. In the intestine, LAT4 is mainly present in the cells of the crypt. (+info)

Homocysteine transport by human aortic endothelial cells: identification and properties of import systems. (8/28)

Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Transport of L-homocysteine into and out of the human vascular endothelium is poorly understood. We hypothesized that cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) would import L-homocysteine on one or more of the L-cysteine transport systems. Inhibitors of the transporters were used to characterize the uptake of [35S]L-homocysteine, [35S]L-homocystine, and [35S]L-cysteine. We found that L-homocysteine uptake is mediated by the sodium-dependent cysteine transport systems X(AG), ASC, and A, and the sodium-independent transport system L. Thus, HAEC utilize multiple cysteine transporters (X(AG) > or = L > ASC > A) to import L-homocysteine. Kinetic analysis supported the uptake results. Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) for the four systems yielded values of 19.0, 27.1, 112, and 1000 microM for systems L, X(AG), ASC, and A, respectively. The binding and uptake of [35S]L-homocystine, the disulfide homodimer of L-homocysteine, was mediated by systems X(AG), L, and ASC but not by system A. In contrast to [35S]L-homocysteine, system x(c) was active for [35S]L-homocystine uptake. A similar pattern was observed for [35S]L-cysteine. Thus, L-homocysteine and L-homocystine found in hyperhomocysteinemic subjects can gain entry into the vascular endothelium by way of multiple L-cysteine transporters. (+info)

Peptide and amino acid uptake. Peptidases in the glycocalyx cleave proteins to amino acids or small peptides. Enteropeptidase ( ... Galactose uses the same transport system. Fructose, on the other hand, crosses the apical membrane of the enterocyte, using ... This facilitates transport of numerous small molecules into the enterocyte from the intestinal lumen. These include broken down ... Smaller lipids are transported into intestinal capillaries, while larger lipids are processed by the Golgi and smooth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterocyte

Jones HN, Ashworth CJ, Page KR, McArdle HJ (2006). "Cortisol stimulates system A amino acid transport and SNAT2 expression in a ... "Transcriptional control of the human sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter system A gene by amino acid availability is ... 2006). "Amino acid starvation induces the SNAT2 neutral amino acid transporter by a mechanism that involves eukaryotic ... 2006). "Characterization of the amino acid response element within the human sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-coupled_neutral_amino_acid_transporter_2

"Molecular cloning of mouse amino acid transport system B0, a neutral amino acid transporter related to Hartnup disorder". J. ... SLC6A19 is a system B(0) transporter that mediates epithelial resorption of neutral amino acids across the apical membrane in ... Bröer S (January 2008). "Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia". Physiol. Rev. 88 (1): 249-286. ... Sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A19 gene. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-dependent_neutral_amino_acid_transporter_B(0)AT1

... is a member of the system y+ family of transporters characterized by sodium-independent transport of cationic amino acids.[ ... "Entrez Gene: SLC7A3 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 3". Hosokawa H, Sawamura T, ... Cationic amino acid transporter 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A3 gene. SLC7A3 ... Vekony N, Wolf S, Boissel JP, Gnauert K, Closs EI (Oct 2001). "Human cationic amino acid transporter hCAT-3 is preferentially ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationic_amino_acid_transporter_3

... and l-γ-Amino-β-Hydroxybutyric Acids in GABA Receptor and Transport Test Systems". Journal of Neuroscience. 1 (2): 132-140. doi ... γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB), also known as β-hydroxy-γ-aminobutyric acid (β-hydroxy-GABA), and sold under the brand ... Amino acids, Anticonvulsants, Beta hydroxy acids, GABA analogues, GABAA receptor agonists, GABAB receptor agonists, Human ... Effect of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (GABHB) on experimentally-induced epileptic activity]" [Effect of γ-amino-β- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Amino-beta-hydroxybutyric_acid

Serotonin is synthesized from an amino acid called L-tryptophan. Active transport system regulates the uptake of tryptophan ... The same motif can be found in reboxetine where it is constrained in a morpholine ring system. Some studies have been made ... Although the perception and transmission of pain stimuli in the central nervous system have not been fully elucidated, ... TCAs do not block dopamine transport directly but might facilitate dopaminergic effects indirectly by inhibiting dopamine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin–norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor

Cysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid, hence the name "-thionein". However, the participation of inorganic sulfide and ... Metallothioneins likely participate in the uptake, transport, and regulation of zinc in biological systems. Mammalian MT binds ... In this way thionein and metallothionein becomes a key component of the zinc signaling system in cells. This system is ... of its constituent amino acid residues. MT was discovered in 1957 by Vallee and Margoshe from purification of a Cd-binding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallothionein

The plants are slowly starved of these amino acids and eventually DNA synthesis stops. ESPS Inhibitors affect grasses and ... They are medically important by interfering with components of the nervous system affecting membrane transport, protein ... ALS Inhibitors affect grasses and dicots by inhibiting the first step in some amino acid synthesis, acetolactate synthesis. ... Alkaloids are derived from amino acids, and contain nitrogen. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytotoxin

"Coupled and uncoupled proton movement by amino acid transport system N." EMBO Journal. 20 (24): 7041-51. doi:10.1093/emboj/ ... Since Systems A are electrogenic which Systems N are not, the amino acid:cation stoichiometries may differ. Fischer, WN; Loo, ... "Low and high affinity amino acid H+-cotransporters for cellular import of neutral and charged amino acids". Plant Journal. 29 ( ... Six AAAPs in A. thaliana are well characterized and transport neutral and charged amino acids with varying specificities and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAAP_family

P. aeruginosa contain 13 RND transport systems, including one HME-RND and the remaining HAE-RNDs. Among the best identified are ... RND proteins are large and can include more than 1000 amino acid residues. They are generally composed of two homologous ... Most of the RND superfamily transport systems are made of large polypeptide chains. RND proteins exist primarily in gram- ... The RND protein dictates the substrate for the completed transport systems including: metal ions, xenobiotics or drugs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance-nodulation-cell_division_superfamily

Kudo Y, Boyd CA (August 2002). "Changes in expression and function of syncytin and its receptor, amino acid transport system B( ... Neutral amino acid transporter B(0) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A5 gene. Glutamate transporter Solute ... "Entrez Gene: SLC1A5 solute carrier family 1 (neutral amino acid transporter), member 5". Tailor CS, Nouri A, Zhao Y, Takeuchi Y ... Uchiyama T, Matsuda Y, Wada M, Takahashi S, Fujita T (April 2005). "Functional regulation of Na+-dependent neutral amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_amino_acid_transporter_B(0)

... and two carboxylic acid groups. As for other amino acids, the amine and carboxylic acid groups exist is rapid equilibrium with ... In this system, the anionic form of cystine is transported in exchange for glutamate. Cystine is quickly reduced to cysteine.[ ... Sulfur amino acids, Non-proteinogenic amino acids). ... This transport system, which is highly specific for cystine and ... Cystine is the oxidized derivative of the amino acid cysteine and has the formula (SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H)2. It is a white solid that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystine

Orlowski, M.; Meister, A. (1970-11-01). "The Gamma-Glutamyl Cycle: A Possible Transport System for Amino Acids". Proceedings of ... It has a relatively unusual γ-bond between the constituent amino acids, L-glutamic acid and L-cysteine and is a key ... Control experiments with combinations of the constituent amino acids that make up GGC, including L-glutamic acid and L-cysteine ... GGC is synthesized from L-glutamic acid and L-cysteine in the cytoplasm of virtually all cells in an adenosine triphosphate ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine

Ackers GK (1969). "Molecular sieve studies of interacting protein systems. IV. Molecular size of the D-amino acid oxidase ... Ackers GK (1967). "Molecular sieve studies of interacting protein systems. I. Equations for transport of associating systems". ... thermodynamics of protein-protein interactions including important changes due to single amino acid substitutions. "Obituary - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ackers

It synthesises amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous bases and haem for the protozoan. Haem is necessary for the growth and ... While the protozoan has its separate mitochondria that provide electron transport system for the production of cellular energy ... In return the protozoan offers its enzymes for the complete metabolic pathways for the biosynthesis of amino acids, lipids and ... and that it helps the host in synthesising the amino acid arginine from ornithine. As more structural and molecular details ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angomonas_deanei

HPAT1 and 2 are integral to the central nervous system because they transport GABA and its analogues which can induce and ... Unlike most amino acid transporters in the exchange of Na+ with amino acid symporters, proton-coupled amino acid transporters ... "Amino acid derivatives are substrates or non-transported inhibitors of the amino acid transporter PAT2 (slc36a2)". Biochimica ... Unlike typical mammalian amino acid transporters which function in exchanging Na+/amino acid symporters, these- transporters ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_coupled_amino_acid_transporter

von Versen-Höynck, F.; Rajakumar, A.; Parrott, M.S.; Powers, R.W. (April 2009). "Leptin Affects System A Amino Acid Transport ... Amino acid transport is also regulated by DNA methylation of amino acid transporter genes, modifying their expression in the ... trigger the regulation of amino acid transporters in the placenta. Amino acid transport is necessary for fetal growth, and its ... "A systems perspective on placental amino acid transport". The Journal of Physiology. 596 (23): 5511-5522. doi:10.1113/JP274883 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenerational_trauma

... encodes a protein similar to certain nuclear transport proteins of Xenopus and human. The predicted amino acid sequence shows ... The similarities among these proteins suggests that karyopherin alpha-3 may be involved in the nuclear transport system. KPNA3 ... Most nuclear proteins contain short basic amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals (NLSs). KPNA3, ... The transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is mediated by the nuclear pore complex ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importin_subunit_alpha-4

"Characterization of an N-system amino acid transporter expressed in retina and its involvement in glutamine transport". J. Biol ... Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC38A1 gene. Amino acid ... 2007). "Activation of a system A amino acid transporter, ATA1/SLC38A1, in human hepatocellular carcinoma and preneoplastic ... a subtype of amino acid transporter A, from human placenta". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 273 (3): 1175-9. doi:10.1006/bbrc. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC38A1

This inorganic phosphate is then transfered via a four amino acid phosphorelay to ArcA. Phosphorylated ArcA is then able to ... The Arc system connects the electron transport chain to regulation of certain genes, allowing aerobic respiration to occur in ... The Arc system is a two-component system found in some bacteria that regulates gene expression in faculatative anaerobes such ... Arc is an abbreviateion for Anoxic Redox Control system. Arc systems are instrumental in maintaining energy metabolism during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_system

... a disease that leads to cystine stones in the urinary system due to impaired transport of cystine and dibasic amino acids. ... This protein plays a role in the high-affinity and sodium-independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids ... b(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1, also known as b(0,+)AT1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC7A9 gene. This ... Heterodimeric amino acid transporter Solute carrier family GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000021488 - Ensembl, May 2017 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B(0, )-type_amino_acid_transporter_1

AT heterodimer is the main apical reabsorption system for cystine in the kidney". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 283 (3): F540- ... amino acid transport on substrate affinity of the heteromeric b(0,+) amino acid transporter". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (19): 14331- ... dibasic and neutral amino acid transporters, activator of cystine, dibasic and neutral amino acid transport), member 1". Pras E ... of truncation of the COOH-terminal region of a Na+-independent neutral and basic amino acid transporter on amino acid transport ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_and_basic_amino_acid_transport_protein_rBAT

The amino-acid sequence identity can go down to 15% between ParM and other actin-like ATPase. The mechanism of partition ... The net result being transport of partition complex to the cell pole. The partition system of the plasmid R388 has been found ... Amino-acid sequence identity can go down to 21% for TubZ proteins. The mechanism is similar to a treadmill mechanism: Multiple ... This system has been proposed to be the type IV partition system. It is thought to be a derivative of the type I partition ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid_partition_system

Various mechanisms are used to transport molecules across the BBB. Small polar molecules such as glucose, amino acids, and ... The BBB normally blocks nearly 98% of drugs from accessing the central nervous system, so FUS has the potential to address a ... Large molecules such as proteins and peptides use receptor-mediated or absorption-mediated endocytic transport to access the ... Transiently disrupting the BBB allows for paracellular transport of molecules, and there is evidence that the physical stress ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focused_ultrasound_for_intracranial_drug_delivery

The transport mechanism for tryptophan is shared with the branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), leucine, isoleucine, and valine. ... amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation on the exercise-induced change in plasma and muscle concentration of amino acids in ... Branch-chained amino acid supplementation has proven to have little to no effect on performance. There has been little success ... Amino acids, brain neurotransmitters and a functional link between muscle and brain that is important in sustained exercise. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system_fatigue

Glutamate (the conjugate base of glutamic acid) is abundant in the human body, but particularly in the nervous system and ... However, there is a possibility that two human-specific "fixed" amino acid substitutions, D71G in GRIN3A and R727H in GRIN3B, ... Weaver CD, Gundersen V, Verdoorn TA (January 1998). "A high affinity glutamate/aspartate transport system in pancreatic islets ... Meldrum B (1993). "Amino acids as dietary excitotoxins: a contribution to understanding neurodegenerative disorders". Brain Res ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_receptor

This transport system normally removes cysteine from the fluid destined to become urine and returns this essential amino acid ... This is usually to accumulate high concentrations of molecules that a cell needs, such as glucose or amino acids. If the ... Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) EAAT1 EAAT2 EAAT3 EAAT4 EAAT5 Glucose transporter Monoamine transporters, including ... Reverse transport, or transporter reversal, is a phenomenon in which the substrates of a membrane transport protein are moved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein

Hormones can be amino acid complexes, steroids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, or prostaglandins. The endocrine system can be ... A hormone is any of a class of signaling molecules produced by cells in glands in multicellular organisms that are transported ... The human endocrine system consists of several systems that operate via feedback loops. Several important feedback systems are ... The endocrine system has three sets of endocrine outputs which include the magnocellular system, the parvocellular system, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system

... heptane transport by O-diazoacetyl-L-serine. An initial step in identifying the L-system amino acid transporter". The Journal ... and research indicates that it may have potential in identifying the L-leucine-favoring system transporter in human T- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azaserine

... various transport systems can handle unnatural amino acids with apolar side-chains. In the second case, a biosynthetic pathway ... while the added amino acids are called non-standard amino acids (NSAAs), or unnatural amino acids (uAAs; term not used in ... or non-canonical amino acids. The first element of the system is the amino acid that is added to the genetic code of a certain ... An amino acid auxotrophic expression host is supplemented with an amino acid analog during target protein expression. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_genetic_code

... were located near the rail network so that the victims could be easily transported. The system of the camps was expanded over ... The guerrillas were armed with only one machine gun, several dozen pistols, Molotov cocktails and bottles filled with acid. The ... Marina Sorokina; Tarik Cyril Amar (2014). Michael David-Fox; Peter Holquist; Alexander M. Martin (eds.). The Holocaust in the ... Internetowy System Aktow Prawnych. "Ustawa z dnia 17 marca 1921 r. - Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej." PDF scan of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland

Amino acids are the main source of chemical energy for H. salinarum, particularly arginine and aspartate, though they are able ... H. salinarum is as easy to culture as E. coli and serves as an excellent model system. Methods for gene replacement and ... which drives proton transport. The proton gradient formed thereby can then be used to generate chemical energy via ATP synthase ... to metabolize other amino acids, as well. H. salinarum have been reported to be unable to grow on sugars, and therefore need to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium_salinarum

The amino acids or sugars released by these extracellular enzymes are then pumped into cells by active transport proteins. ... Living systems are not in equilibrium, but instead are dissipative systems that maintain their state of high complexity by ... lack all amino acid synthesis and take their amino acids directly from their hosts. All amino acids are synthesized from ... amino acids can be linked in varying sequences to form a huge variety of proteins. Proteins are made from amino acids that have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

... amino acids and protein sources to animal feed manufacturers; food additives and ingredients for the treatment and flavoring of ... turf and irrigation management systems, a dry bulk handling solution as well as equipment for transport, chemical, and ... rail systems, car park systems, electrification systems, and building maintenance units. In January 2020, Konecranes fully ... J-LAPP's expertise ranges from industrial connection technology, automation, fire protection system, cable management system, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebsen_&_Jessen_(SEA)

... and protein transport complexes. Two more TPR domains are found in the TTC39B protein: TPR1 which spans from amino acids 393 to ... TTC39B is well expressed in muscles, internal organs, secretory organs, reproductive organs, the immune system, and the nervous ... 34 amino acids long) and TPR2 which spans from amino acids 626 to 659 (also 34 amino acids long). TTC39B contains three ... It is located from amino acid 142 until 568 (a length of 427 amino acids). Proteins of this family also contain a TPR_2 domain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetratricopeptide_repeat_protein_39B

found 87% amino acid identity among insect sequences, which shows a high level of molecular convergence among four orders of ... Similar processes are located in the renal tubular system. Failure of the Na⁺-K⁺ pumps can result in swelling of the cell. A ... In the gut, for example, sodium is transported out of the reabsorbing cell on the blood (interstitial fluid) side via the Na⁺-K ... amino acids and other nutrients into the cell by use of the sodium ion gradient. Another important task of the Na⁺-K⁺ pump is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium–potassium_pump

On the other hand, the substitution rate of mt-proteins is very low, thus amino acid changes accumulate slowly (with ... The heavy strand is rich in guanine and encodes 12 subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation system, two ribosomal RNAs (12S ... mutant huntingtin protein causes mitochondrial dysfunction involving inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport, higher ... Allen JF (August 2015). "Why chloroplasts and mitochondria retain their own genomes and genetic systems: Colocation for redox ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

... essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. The five major minerals in the human body are calcium, phosphorus, potassium ... and glacier meltwater systems worldwide. Bacteria absorb dissolved organic matter containing minerals as they scavenge ... then transporting the acquired nutrients to local ecosystems. Food portal Food composition Mineral deficiency Micronutrient ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)

... is able to endure the rapid acidificiation in the phagosome to pH 4.0-4.5 by expressing metabolism genes mainly for amino acid ... In addition, the B. suis gene for nickel transport, nikA, is activated by metal ion deficiency and is expressed once in the ... Phagocytes are an essential component of the host's innate immune system with various antimicrobial defense mechanisms to clear ... Nicoletti, P (2016). "Brucellosis in Pigs - Reproductive System". Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 2017-04-29. Wilson, G. S ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_suis

Substances reabsorbed include: water, sodium chloride, glucose, amino acids, lactate, magnesium, calcium phosphate, uric acid, ... Much of the ion transport taking place in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by the endocrine system. In the presence of ... primarily glucose and amino acids).: 400-401 The loop of Henle is a U-shaped tube that extends from the proximal tubule. It ... by removing two amino acids: this is accomplished by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). This sequence of events is referred ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron

MerT consists of about 130 amino acids and has 3 transmembrane helical segments. Operon analyses have been reported. MerP is a ... Morby, A. P.; Hobman, J. L.; Brown, N. L. (1995-07-01). "The role of cysteine residues in the transport of mercuric ions by the ... MerF of the bacterial mercury detoxification system". Biochemistry. 44 (13): 5196-206. doi:10.1021/bi048095v. PMID 15794657. ... It is homologous to the N-terminal heavy metal binding domains of the copper-and cadmium-transporting P-type ATPases. The 3-D ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_transporter

Trp is an amino acid named tryptophan. The Trp ring obtains its name from the high levels of tryptophan found in the C-terminal ... since it transports proteins autonomously, in other words, by itself. The Sec-dependent system is divided into three pathways. ... Since it can transport things across the outer membrane without the need to generate a new form of energy, it earned the name ... Such Sec-dependent systems do not need to use energy, unlike Sec-independent machinery, which uses other forms of energy such ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimeric_autotransporter_adhesin

The addition of a nitroso group to a sulfur atom of an amino acid residue of a protein is known as S-nitrosylation or S- ... cellular formation and transport". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 38 (7): 831-838. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.12.016 ... the nitrosonium ion NO+ and of nitric oxide and thus best rationalize the chemistry of NO-based signaling in living systems, ... SNO donors target specific amino acids motifs; post-translational modification leads to changes in protein activity, protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Nitrosothiol

The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) is a mosaic protein of 839 amino acids (after removal of 21-amino acid signal ... Exon 1 contains a signal sequence that localises the receptor to the endoplasmic reticulum for transport to the cell surface. ... "BioGPS - your Gene Portal System". biogps.org. Retrieved 2016-10-10. "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985" (Press ... The cytosolic C-terminal domain contains ~50 amino acids, including a signal sequence important for localizing the receptors to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDL_receptor

It also lowers the concentration of low molecular weight molecules like sugars and amino acids and increases the concentration ... It does this via two important transport proteins called hemoglobin and myoglobin. Hemoglobin in the blood transports oxygen ... However, this led to an isolated view of each particular aspect in a biological system. This view was revised into a holistic ... Processes including oxygen transport and DNA replication are carried out using enzymes such as DNA polymerase, which in humans ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometal_(biology)

Acid mine drainage from coal refuse varies considerably but in some areas remediation of the mine sites is needed. The amount ... "Kömür yerli ama ödemesi dolarla" [The coal is local but payment is in dollars]. Sözcü. 5 February 2019. Archived from the ... Mining is documented in the "e-maden" computer system ("maden" means "mine" in Turkish). Coal miners do not have the right to ... Because Turkey's lignite-fired power stations have to be very close to their mines to avoid excessive lignite transport costs, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey

... fatty acid transport is reduced and the accumulation of cytotoxic intermediate products of fatty acid beta-oxidation in ... It is a structural analogue of γ-butyrobetaine, with an amino group replacing the C-4 methylene of γ-butyrobetaine. γ- ... The mechanisms underlying the central nervous system effects of meldonium are unclear. In a study in a transgenic mouse model ... Carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids (FA) from the cytosol of the cell into the mitochondrion and is therefore essential ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldonium

These include both sugars and amino acids, and may provide essential protein-building nutrients that are otherwise unavailable ... While the vast majority of wasps play no role in pollination, a few species can effectively transport pollen and pollinate ... Ortolani, I.; Cervo, R. (2009). "Coevolution of daily activity timing in a host-parasite system". Biological Journal of the ... However it has been shown that even without hairs, several wasp species are able to effectively transport pollen, therefore ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp

Other research in the Montclare group includes the design of protein-lipid macromolecular systems that can be used to transport ... She develops stable, activate fluorinated phosphotriesterase (PTE) variants by combining PTE with non-canonical amino acids. ... They can form complexes with nucleic acid and small hydrophobic drugs. The lipid container permits transfection past a cell ... "NYU's Jin Kim Montclare develops dual-delivery system to potentially treat multi-drug resistant cancer cells". News-Medical.net ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Kim_Montclare

All biological life is made up of lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleic acids. Whole algae could be turned into ... amount of energy required to maintain such a system, and the potential amount of energy produced by the system. This system ... Iron deposited in the North Atlantic is incorporated into North Atlantic Deep Water and is transported to the Southern Ocean ... low chlorophyll systems (the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific): Comparison with a mesotrophic system (the North Atlantic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-nutrient,_low-chlorophyll_regions

Almlöf T, Wallberg AE, Gustafsson JA, Wright AP (June 1998). "Role of important hydrophobic amino acids in the interaction ... In central nervous system structures, the glucocorticoid receptor is gaining interest as a novel representative of ... A direct mechanism of action involves homodimerization of the receptor, translocation via active transport into the nucleus, ... February 1991). "Point mutation causing a single amino acid substitution in the hormone binding domain of the glucocorticoid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor

... and dehydratases to ferment amino acids. B. longum also has bile salt hydrolases to hydrolyze bile salts into amino acids and ... "Sugar Transport Systems of Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705". Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology. 12 (1-2): 9-19 ... The function of this is not clear, although B. longum could use the amino acids products to better tolerate bile salts. A ... This adhesion is also enhanced by the fatty acids in the lipoteichoic acid of the B. longum cell wall. B. longum is considered ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_longum

"Herbicidal inhibitors of amino acid biosynthesis and herbicide-tolerant crops". Amino Acids. 30 (2): 195-204. doi:10.1007/ ... Sowa-Rogozińska N, Sominka H, Nowakowska-Gołacka J, Sandvig K, Słomińska-Wojewódzka M (June 2019). "Intracellular Transport and ... Behavior and Analysis of Rapid Equilibrium and Steady-State Enzyme Systems (New ed.). Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-30309- ... The top molecule is bound reversibly, but the lower one is bound covalently as it has reacted with an amino acid residue ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor

The α and β-tubulin subunits are ~50% identical at the amino acid level, and both have a molecular weight of approximately 50 ... are finely controlled during the development of the nervous system. The cellular cytoskeleton is a dynamic system that ... Dynein-mediated transport takes place from the (+) end towards the (-) end of the microtubule. ATP hydrolysis occurs in the ... Dynein transports vesicles and organelles throughout the cytoplasm. In order to do this, dynein molecules bind organelle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule

In 2021, food management system expert Sylvain Charlebois remarked on the industry's use of palm oil, given as palmitic acid ... it was remarked that the amino acids differ. Some studies report an increased presence in humans of rBGH and its IGF-1 product ... often affecting stressed cattle during transport and processing. BRD can lead to lung tissue damage and impair the performance ... Mixed farming systems are the largest category of livestock system in the world in terms of production. Lot feeding and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_feeding

Nitrogen sources include nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, amino acids, urea, aspartate, asparagine, alanine and thiourea, depending ... This trophic connection has been observed in mangrove systems, where Beggiatoa cover part of marine sediments. It has been ... Several species of white sulfur bacteria in the family Beggiatoaceae are able to accumulate and transport NO3−, taken from ... Sayama M, Risgaard-Petersen N, Nielsen LP, Fossing H, Christensen PB (November 2005). "Impact of bacterial NO3(-) transport on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggiatoa

... a codon for the amino acid Tyrosine tac, a Linux command that concatenates lines in reverse, named by analogy with cat TAC ( ... a Congolese airline Transport Accident Commission, an insurer in Victoria, Australia Demro TAC-1, a pistol calibre carbine/ ... software), an instant messaging and chat client program TAC-2, game controller compatible with Atari 2600 video game systems ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAC

1994). "trans-2,3-cis-3,4-Dihydroxyproline, a New Naturally Occurring Amino Acid, Is the Sixth Residue in the Tandemly Repeated ... fire protection system piping, and sprinkler system nozzles. In groundwater wells, biofouling buildup can limit recovery flow ... With fuel typically comprising up to half of marine transport costs, biofouling is estimated to cost the US Navy alone around $ ... At UV-range wavelengths, such fluorescence arises from three aromatic amino acids-tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofouling

Hong H, Zhang Y, Sun J, Cai W (June 2010). "Positron emission tomography imaging of prostate cancer". Amino Acids. 39 (1): 11- ... Transport protein ZIP1 is responsible for the transport of zinc into prostate cells. One of zinc's important roles is to change ... The most common system is the four-stage TNM system (abbreviated from tumor/nodes/metastases). Its components include the size ... Heinze VM, Actis AB (February 2012). "Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and long-chain n-3 fatty acids in mammary and prostate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer

Urinary amino acid and nitrogen excretion, both indirect measures of catabolism of lean body mass, are elevated during both ... Cycle Egometer with Vibration Isolation System [CEVIS], Treadmill with Vibration Isolation System, and iRED) capable of being ... Without doubt, transport between the Earth and Mars as well as the return trip represent the greatest risks to humans ... Modest or no power for equipment and a human life support system whose design may be marginal to support a full complement of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_effects_in_space

Hence, the ,i,de novo,/i, synthesis reactions, metabolic conversions, and transport of amino acids are tightly regulat … ... Amino acid homeostasis is essential for cell growth and survival. ... We review the mechanisms responsible for amino acid homeostasis in ,i,Saccharomyces cerevisiae,/i, and other fungi. ... Amino Acid Sequence * Amino Acid Transport Systems / genetics * Amino Acid Transport Systems / metabolism* ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31619504/

Amino acids are required for cell survival and growth. However, the different requirements of amino acid metabolic pathways in ... focus on the transporter of neutral amino acids and show that malignant blood cells rely more on ASCT2-mediated amino acid ... Here, we report that knockout of solute carrier family 1 member 5 (Slc1a5/ASCT2), a transporter of neutral amino acids, ... Given the substantial difference in reliance on ASCT2-mediated amino acid metabolism between normal and malignant blood cells, ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-019-0039-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=a8188f00-ead1-434c-81b4-0e7a9e48bab8

... there was no evidence for the heterogeneity of anionic amino acid transport system. The XAG- system was inhibited by sulfhydryl ... Kansal VK, Sharma R, Rehan G. Characterization of anionic amino acid transport systems in mouse mammary gland. Indian Journal ... L-glutamate was transported into mammary tissue via Na(+)-dependent system XAG- that strongly interacted with both D- and L- ... Although neutral amino acids weakly inhibited the uptake of L-glutamate, ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/58071

Effect of cholesterol on the branched-chain amino acid transport system of Streptococcus cremoris.. Zheng, T; Driessen, A J; ... The effect of cholesterol on the activity of the branched-chain amino acid transport system of Streptococcus cremoris was ... suggesting that the membrane fluidity controls the activity of the branched-chain amino acid carrier. ... The leucine transport activity decreased with the membrane fluidity, as determined by steady-state fluorescence polarization of ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/odontologia/resource/pt/mdl-3384806

The EGF receptor promotes the malignant potential of glioma by regulating amino acid transport system xc(-)」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらが ... The EGF receptor promotes the malignant potential of glioma by regulating amino acid transport system xc(-). Cancer Research. ... The EGF receptor promotes the malignant potential of glioma by regulating amino acid transport system xc(-). In: Cancer ... The EGF receptor promotes the malignant potential of glioma by regulating amino acid transport system xc(-). / Tsuchihashi, ...

https://pure.fujita-hu.ac.jp/ja/publications/the-egf-receptor-promotes-the-malignant-potential-of-glioma-by-re

... antiporter AdiC is a vital transport protein of the arginine-dependent extreme acid resistance system of enteric bacteria. ... antiporter AdiC is a vital transport protein of the arginine-dependent extreme acid resistance system of enteric bacteria. ... Substrate recognition and transport behavior analyses of amino acid antiporter with coarse-grained models S. Chang, J. Hu, P. ... Substrate recognition and transport behavior analyses of amino acid antiporter with coarse-grained models† ...

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/MB/c005266c

Sigma-Aldrich offers many products related to excitatory amino acid transporters for your research needs. ... sodium-dependent glutamate transport in the central nervous system., Curr. Pharm. Des.,5, 363-379 (1999).. ... In addition to the transport of L-glutamate, a number of other naturally occurring excitatory amino acids, including L- ... Excitatory amino acid transporters as emerging targets for central nervous system therapeutics. Emerging Therapeutic Targets. 3 ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/BR/en/technical-documents/technical-article/protein-biology/enzyme-activity-assays/excitatory-amino-acid-transporters

This enzyme is essential in amino acid or protein synthesis. Without proteins, plants starve to death. Enzyme blockers kill a ... Electron Inhibitors: Are pesticides that stop the transport of electrons with in a plant. ... 2022 by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. All rights reserved.. www.aces.edu. This content printed from the website ... Systemic Mode of Action: The pesticide penetrating the plant or animal and translocating within its systems with the intent to ...

https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/worker-protection-pesticides/mode-of-action-video-glossary/

GPS-decorated liposomes containing EGF significantly increased amino acid transporter activity in healthy control explants, but ... Undecorated and GPS-decorated liposomes containing PBS did not affect the basal rate of amino acid transport, human chorionic ... Figure 5. Targeted delivery of EGF increases System A amino acid transport activity in human placental explants. Third- ... Figure 5. Targeted delivery of EGF increases System A amino acid transport activity in human placental explants. Third- ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/11/1778

... neutral amino acid absorbed in the proximal small intestine by the saturable carrier-mediated transport system. Absorption is ... neutral amino acids (although only patients with meaningful motor fluctuations need to consider a low-protein or protein- ... By binding to specific receptor sites, these agents appear to potentiate the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and to ... which may increase concentrations of ACh available for synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS). ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1135041-98992/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-cholinesterase-inhibitors-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-lewy-body-dementia

Hesse, H.: Systems biology of inter- and intracellular metabolite transport in plants. In Amino Acids, 37, S. 46 - 46. (2009) ... Cuong, N. H.; Hesse, H.; Hoefgen, R.: Improvement of amino acid content in rice (O-sativa). In Amino Acids, 33 (3), S. Xxxv - ... van der Merwe, M. J.; Osorio, S.; Moritz, T.; Nunes-Nesi, A.; Fernie, A. R.: The role and regulation of the tricarboxylic acid ... Willmitzer, L.; Degenkolbe, T.; Caldana, C.; Hannah, M.: Systems response to environmental conditions as studied by metabolome ...

https://www.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/1745515/all_publications?page=92

Membrane Transport Proteins (Biological Pump)IBA 07/2007. 1. Amino Acid Transport Systems (Amino Acid Transporter)IBA 07/2007. ...

https://www.curehunter.com/public/authorSummary-Alam,%20Nur%20H.do?keywordId=D005440

Plants have two transport systems - xylem and phloem . Xylem transports water and minerals. Phloem transports sugars and amino ... Xylem transports water and minerals. Phloem transports sugars and amino acids dissolved in water. ... What transports tissue in plants?. Plant transport tissues - xylem and phloem. Plants have two transport systems - xylem and ... Does the phloem transport water?. Plants have tissues to transport water, nutrients and minerals. Xylem transports water and ...

https://erasingdavid.com/essays/what-type-of-tissue-transports-water-within-a-plant/

Amino acids valine, isoleucine and leucine are known as BCAA (Branched Chain Amino Acids), and they compete with each other for ... All three are structurally similar, with branched chain and having the same transport systems, through cellular membranes, as ... Isoleucine is an essential amino acid of the family of aliphatic hydrophobic amino acids mainly found mainly in proteins and ... and the demand for protein and amino acids for its composition is high, i.e., the lack of protein or amino acids would result ...

https://www.scielo.br/j/asas/a/xKGTp6Jnc7FBLgxwZZWJYSw/?lang=en

These forms follow the usual mechanisms of amino acid uptake from the digestive system. SeMet is transported to the liver bound ... The main transport of Se around the body occurs in the blood in the form of selenoprotein P (SELENOP). Selenium also binds to α ... Although SELENOP is the main selenoprotein and is important for transporting Se around the human body, it is not the only ... The perturbation of Se biochemistry and subsequent decrease in the supply of Se to the central nervous system may partly ...

https://foodforthebrain.org/selenium/

Biodistribution of 11C-methylaminoisobutyric acid, a tracer for PET studies on system A amino acid transport in vivo. Eur J ... reflecting the metabolic rate and the amino-acid tracer 11C-MeAIB reflecting the rate of the system A amino-acid transport-were ... a metabolically stable alanine analog targeting the system A amino-acid transport system, has a very low uptake in normal brain ... Human radiation dosimetry of 11C-MeAIB, a new tracer for imaging of system A amino acid transport. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. ...

https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/56/10/1562

... amino acid transport in the apical brush border membrane of the small intestine and the proximal tubule of the kidney. Patients ... Molecular cloning of mouse amino acid transport system B0, a neutral amino acid transporter related to Hartnup disorder. J Biol ... neutral amino acid transporter, causes a failure of the transport of neutral (ie, monoaminomonocarboxylic) amino acids in the ... 2, 4, 18] The B0 AT1 transporter is a sodium-dependent, chloride-independent system and transports all neutral amino acids in ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1115549-overview

Adaptive regulation of amino acid transport system A in BeWo cells. Thomas, H. N., Ashworth, C., Page, K. R. & McArdle, H. J., ... Ammonium N-(6-amino-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-5-nitroso-4-oxopyrimidin-2-yl)glycinate monohydrate forms hydrogen-bonded bilayers. ... Clift, P. D., Schouten, H. & Draut, A. E., 2003, Intra-Oceanic Subduction Systems: Tectonic and Magmatic Processes (eds. Larter ... Activation of retinoic acid signalling after sciatic nerve injury: up-regulation of cellular retinoid binding proteins. ...

https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/?ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=true&showAdvanced=false&allConcepts=true&inferConcepts=true&originalSearch=&improvedLayoutOrganisationUuid=&format=&page=1179

It is a heterotropth that uses various types of amino acids and sugars. It uses aerobic degradation of complex porteinaceous ... The ligopeptide transport systems, such as the dependent ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, help these nutrients to ... It was thought that this enzyme was specific for hydrophobic amino acids and the S1 subsite, but further experiments showed ...

https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Aeropyrum_pernix&diff=prev&oldid=17172

Amino Acid Transport Systems 100% * Embryonic Structures 60% * Metabolic 59% * Morphogenesis 55% ... Wnt regulates amino-acid transporter Slc7a5 and so constrains the integrated stress response in mouse embryos. Poncet, N., ... Liu, D., Albergante, L. & Newman, T. J., 7 Jul 2017, In: Nucleic Acids Research. 45, 12, p. 7078-7093 16 p.. Research output: ... Russell, R. B., Copley, R. R. & Barton, G. J., 1995, Proceedings of the 28th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System ...

https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/organisations/computational-biology/publications/?page=4&ordering=type&descending=false

Thus, the preference for the use of some less energy costly amino acids in C. felis may lead to a more harmonious parasite-host ... and alternative electron transport systems and several invasion-related proteins. ... Thus, C. felis has a different codon usage, which increases the use of less energy costly amino acids (Gly and Ala) encoded by ... systems, 78.4% (40/51) of respondents rated TIM more favorably than their previous monitoring system, 19.6% (10/51) said there ...

https://www.cdc.gov/library/sciclips/issues/v13issue48.html

... such as the simple amino acid glycine. Over the course of the evolution of a planetary system, organic molecules can be ... transported to planetary surfaces by meteorites and early comets.. How those molecules can form in the first place, in the ... Molecules, including the organic molecules necessary to form amino acids, or our own DNA, can form in the interstellar medium. ...

http://www.mpia.de/5110326/news_publication_14867959_transferred?print=yes

... neutral or aromatic L-amino acids, and must rely on uptake of these essential amino acids. Aromatic amino acids phenylalanine ... The richer repertoire of membrane transport systems in Ae. aegypti is likely to intersect with the apparent increase in odorant ... Aedes aegypti encodes more members of 4 different types of amino acid transporters than An. gambiae and D. melanogaster. ... gambiae and 58% having an ortholog in D. melanogaster, with an average amino acid identity of 74% between the mosquito ...

https://www.patentdocs.org/2016/02/index.html

Basic Amino Acids 100% * Amino Acid Transport Systems 98% * Cell Surface Receptors 78% ... Dive into the research topics of Cell-surface receptor for ecotropic murine retroviruses is a basic amino-acid transporter. ... Cell-surface receptor for ecotropic murine retroviruses is a basic amino-acid transporter. ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cell-surface-receptor-for-ecotropic-murine-retroviruses-is-a-basi-2/fingerprints/

... and involvement of amino acid transport system A was proposed. Here, we aimed to identify the subtype(s) of system A that ... and involvement of amino acid transport system A was proposed. Here, we aimed to identify the subtype(s) of system A that ... and involvement of amino acid transport system A was proposed. Here, we aimed to identify the subtype(s) of system A that ... and involvement of amino acid transport system A was proposed. Here, we aimed to identify the subtype(s) of system A that ...

https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/ja/publications/system-a-amino-acid-transporter-snat2-shows-subtype-specific-affi

... leucine-induced up-regulation of system A amino acid transport. Biochem J 350 Pt 2 361-368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar ... Effects of crude protein intake from forage-only diets on muscle amino acids and glycogen levels in horses in training. Equine ... A dipeptide and an amino acid present in whey protein hydrolysate increase translocation of GLUT-4 to the plasma membrane in ... Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Containing Dipeptides, Identified from Whey Protein Hydrolysates, Stimulate Glucose Uptake Rate in L6 ...

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/dietary-whey-protein-increases-liver-and-skeletal-muscle-glycogen-levels-in-exercisetrained-rats/6B571B0049D01140F4E6427630DC401C

... abundance of sulphur containing amino acids and other compounds that seem to initiate increased activity in the immune system. ... as a contributor of power to the immune system] is that it picks up toxic materials and transports them out of the body."23 The ... Brain and Nervous System DMAE, Ginkgo, Carnosine, Bilberry, CoQ10, Grapeseed, Lipoic Acid, Vit B-2, Lutein Liver Lipoic Acid, N ... The immune system is unlike other body systems in that it is not a group of physical structures but a system of complex ...

https://vitanetonline.com/forums/search/enormous/1

Amino Acid Transport System X-AG Medicine & Life Sciences 33% * Migraine with Aura Medicine & Life Sciences 16% ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/defective-glutamate-and-ksupsup-clearance-by-cortical-astrocytes--3

M. Orlowski and A. Meister, "The gamma-glutamyl cycle: a possible transport system for amino acids," Proceedings of the ... proposed that the gamma-glutamyl cycle plays a role in active transport of several amino acids including glutamate, cysteine, ... However, its amino acid sequence and gene locus were unknown for many years [1-3]. Recently, Oakley et al. cloned cDNA encoding ... They found that the region consisting of 61-120 amino acids is required for the full-length GGCT to anchor in the cytoplasm and ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/345219/

In yeast, the majority of the amino acid transporters belong to the APC ( a mino acid- p olyamine-organo c ation) superfamily, and the proteins couple the uphill transport of amino acids to the electrochemical proton gradient. (nih.gov)
Although high-resolution structures of yeast amino acid transporters are not available, homology models have been successfully exploited to determine and engineer the catalytic and regulatory functions of the proteins. (nih.gov)
These simple coarse-grained analyses can be used as a general and quick method for the mechanism studies of transport proteins. (rsc.org)
In addition to the transport of L-glutamate, a number of other naturally occurring excitatory amino acids, including L-aspartate, L-cysteine sulfinate and L-cysteate, are known substrates of these transporter proteins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Dietary supplements can be macronutrient (amino acids, proteins, essential fatty acids), micronutrient (vitamins and minerals that promote healthy body functions), probiotic (beneficial bacteria such as the kind found in the intestines), and herbally ( often target a specific body part, such as bones) based. (bccampus.ca)
Proteins are made of small units called amino acids. (self.com)
The other 11 are nonessential because the body is able to synthesize them out of the essential amino acids or the normal process of breaking down proteins, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine . (self.com)
The good news for vegetarians, vegans, and lovers of plant foods in general is that you can still easily get all the essential amino acids from eating a wide variety of incomplete proteins. (self.com)
As the FDA explains, incomplete proteins are often just lacking in one or two amino acids, so they can often make up for whatever the other one is lacking. (self.com)
Your stomach begins to digest the proteins with hydrochloric acid that breaks them down into simpler forms (Di and Tri-Peptides) making them easier to be absorbed. (seacoast.com)
When proteins get absorbed into the bloodstream, they are sent to various parts of your body to perform various functions, including repairing and building muscle tissues, supporting your immune system, and transporting oxygen in your red blood cells. (seacoast.com)
In Biochemistry For Dummies, you'll explore the carbons, proteins, and cellular systems that make up the biochemical processes that create and sustain life of all kinds. (biggerbooks.com)
As the food travels down the gut, the smaller molecules are absorbed through the lining of the intestine and into the circulatory system (for carbohydrates and proteins) or into the lymphatic system (for fats). (easynotecards.com)

Transport and utilization of arginine-containing peptides in alveolar macrophages. (cdc.gov)
To investigate the transport system for small peptide uptake and the utilization of arginine-containing peptides for nitric oxide synthesis by Iypopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated alveolar macrophages. (cdc.gov)
The uptake of these peptides by AMs may be mediated through an active peptide transport system similar to that of the pepT1 transporter. (cdc.gov)
Our studies also showed that LPC is a potent inhibitor for the transport of small peptides in AMs. (cdc.gov)
The relative rates of amino acid absorption from the protein hydrolysate and amino acid mixture varied markedly with concentration, demonstrating that the global hypothesis that peptides confer an advantage in amino acid absorption in vivo is too simple. (bmj.com)
We added Digest-ALL® AP, our custom blend of 4 protein digesting enzymes, to help breakdown the protein into short chain peptides and amino acids for absorption and retention. (fullscript.com)
The characterization of its function has shown that (1) it transports dipeptides, tripeptides, and β-lactam antibiotics but not free amino acids or peptides with more than four amino acid residues, and (2) its driving force for uphill transport requires proton binding. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)

Regulation varies from nitrogen pool sensing to control by individual amino acids and takes place at the gene (transcription), protein (posttranslational modification and allostery), and vesicle (trafficking and endocytosis) levels. (nih.gov)
The L -arginine (Arg)/agmatine (Agm) antiporter AdiC is a vital transport protein of the arginine-dependent extreme acid resistance system of enteric bacteria. (rsc.org)
This enzyme is essential in amino acid or protein synthesis. (aces.edu)
Moreover, the simple reduction of protein levels in feed without the correct supplementation of essential amino acids causes a reduction in feed intake and egg production, as well as altering the social behavior of the birds, resulting in cannibalism ( Peganova & Eder, 2003 Peganova, S., & Eder, K. (2003) Interactions of various supplies of isoleucine, valine, leucine and tryptophan on the performance of laying hens. (scielo.br)
Certain amino acid supplements, which are often taken by bodybuilders among others, can increase the risk of consuming too much protein. (bccampus.ca)
Most Americans receive two to three times the amount of protein required on a daily basis from their existing diets-taking amino acid supplements just adds to the excess. (bccampus.ca)
The SLC6A19 gene provides instructions for making a protein called system B(0) neutral amino acid transporter 1 (B 0 AT1). (medlineplus.gov)
This protein transports certain protein building blocks (amino acids), namely those with a neutral charge, into cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Most of the mutations that cause Hartnup disease change single amino acids in the B 0 AT1 protein, reducing its activity. (medlineplus.gov)
A mutation that has been identified in multiple affected families replaces the amino acid aspartic acid with the amino acid asparagine at position 173 in the protein (written as Asp173Asn or D173N). (medlineplus.gov)
Broer S. The role of the neutral amino acid transporter B0AT1 (SLC6A19) in Hartnup disorder and protein nutrition. (medlineplus.gov)
GSH is a simple molecule, composed of 3 common amino acids: glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, which are also found in protein throughout the body. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
The amino acids are connected in a unique way so that GSH can be made and broken down independently of the body's protein. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
In protein science , Basic Amino Acids , as organic compounds , are amino acids with side chains that are positively charged at physiological pH. (wellnessadvantage.com)
In protein science , the proteinogenic amino acid , Lysine (Lys/K) , is a classed as both a basic amino acid and a diamino amino acid , with the molecular formula (C 6 H 14 N 2 O 2 ). (wellnessadvantage.com)
In protein science , L-Asparagine (Asn/N) , a basic neutral amino acid , is a non-essential amino acid, with a carboxamide (amino carbonyl) functional side-chain. (wellnessadvantage.com)
Now when a protein is a good source of all nine of the essential amino acids, we call it a complete protein, according to the FDA . (self.com)
When a protein is missing or pretty low in any of those essential amino acids, it's considered incomplete. (self.com)
Protein is made up of amino acids. (seacoast.com)
Consuming protein each meal throughout the day will ensure you have an adequate supply of amino acids without consuming a surplus of calories. (seacoast.com)
4F2 has also been identified as a fusion regulatory protein FRP-1, since anti-FRP-1 antibodies can induce HIV-mediated cell fusion via an integrin system. (bdbiosciences.com)
Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid which is not utilized for protein synthesis, but is mainly found free in most tissues, especially throughout the nervous system. (supplementwarehouse.com)
Amino acid absorption from a peptide-containing protein hydrolysate and an equivalent amino acid mixture over a range of concentrations of the two--such as is thought to be found in the normal intestine after a meal--has been studied using a jejunal perfusion technique in man. (bmj.com)
There is a highly significant correlation between amino acid absorption and the concentrations of amino acid in the perfusate, whether this contained amino acid or protein hydrolysate, suggesting that, under these experimental conditions at least, the presence of distinct amino acid and peptide transport systems is relatively unimportant. (bmj.com)
Further studies using the yeast two-hybrid system revealed that the NS5 region (residues 320-368) immediately adjacent to the NLS contained an importin - binding site that abuts or overlaps the binding site for the NS3 protein (protease/helicase). (who.int)
High-affinity branched-chain amino acid transport ATP-binding protein BraF, component of Branched chain amino acid uptake transporter. (lbl.gov)
2000. Assessing the role of ortho -substitution on polychlorinated biphenyl binding to transthyretin, a thyroxine transport protein. (cdc.gov)
The first 29 amino acids of GHRH were changed to retain all protein characteristics. (pharmalabglobal.com)
The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during protein folding, and the function of the protein. (lecturio.com)
Ensure you eat plenty of protein food such as meat, fish, nuts, seeds, beans/lentils and eggs to support amino acids like Glutathione that protect the mitochondria. (nutritionhouse.com)
Molecular cloning of the gene encoding rat PepT 1 has predicted a 78,710 -kilodalton protein consisting of 710 amino acid residues and processing 12 putative membrane-spanning domains. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)

Advances in optical microscopy have revealed a new level of regulation of yeast amino acid transporters, which involves membrane domain partitioning. (nih.gov)
Hence, they have been termed excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). (sigmaaldrich.com)
These transporters, responsible for packaging glutamate into synaptic vesicles for neurotransmitter release, utilize a proton electrochemical gradient to drive glutamate transport into the vesicle and exhibit a very distinct pharmacology and substrate specificity from the plasma membrane localized EAATs. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Measurement of [ 14 C]betaine uptake by HEK293 cells transiently transfected with human or rat sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (SNATs), SNAT1, SNAT2 and SNAT4 revealed that only human and rat SNAT2 have betaine uptake activity. (elsevier.com)
We describe these amino acid transporters (AATs). (lshtm.ac.uk)
Thus, 4F2 hc may participate in intracellular trafficking and activation of amino acid transporters, as well as in the regulation of integrin signaling. (bdbiosciences.com)
Quiñones, H , Collazo, R & Moe, OW 2004, ' The dopamine precursor L-dihydroxyphenylalanine is transported by the amino acid transporters rBAT and LAT2 in renal cortex ', American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology , vol. 287, no. 1 56-1, pp. (elsevier.com)
high confidence medium confidence low confidence transporter - transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging. (lbl.gov)

On the few occasions that probes have managed to analyze cosmic dust directly, namely the Stardust and Rosetta missions, the analysis found complex molecules, such as the simple amino acid glycine. (mpia.de)
proposed that the gamma-glutamyl cycle plays a role in active transport of several amino acids including glutamate, cysteine, and glycine [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
it is also used by the body in visual pathways, as well as in the brain and nervous system, where it works together with glycine and GABA as a neurotransmitter. (supplementwarehouse.com)

Although neutral amino acids weakly inhibited the uptake of L-glutamate, there was no evidence for the heterogeneity of anionic amino acid transport system. (who.int)
System xc(-) is composed of xCT and CD98hc subunits and functions as a plasma membrane antiporter for the uptake of extracellular cystine in exchange for intracellular glutamate. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
These forms follow the usual mechanisms of amino acid uptake from the digestive system. (foodforthebrain.org)
[ 10 , 11 ] In an animal model of Hartnup disorder, mice lacking SLC6A19 (B 0 AT1) transporter general neutral aminoaciduria were observed, as well as the decreased body weight, demonstrating the essential role of epithelial amino acid uptake in optimal growth and bodyweight regulation. (medscape.com)
Betaine uptake is induced by hypertonic stress in a placental trophoblast cell line, and involvement of amino acid transport system A was proposed. (elsevier.com)
Here, we aimed to identify the subtype(s) of system A that mediates hypertonicity-induced betaine uptake. (elsevier.com)
Betaine exclusively inhibited the uptake activity of SNAT2 among the rat system A subtypes. (elsevier.com)
The uptake of Arg-Lys* and Beta-Ala-Lys* at concentration of 10 uM was blocked (70 - 80%) by Gly-Sar (200 uM) through competitive inhibition, but not by L-Lys, which shares a common cationic amino acid transporter with L-Arg. (cdc.gov)
Human excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (hEAAT3) mediates glutamate uptake in neurons, intestine, and kidney. (nanion.de)

Extracellular free amino acids contribute to the interaction between a tumor and its microenvironment through effects on cellular metabolism and malignant behavior. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
GGCT catalyzes the reaction producing 5-oxoproline and free amino acids from gamma-glutamyl peptide taken into the cell. (hindawi.com)

Given the substantial difference in reliance on ASCT2-mediated amino acid metabolism between normal and malignant blood cells, this in vivo study suggests ASCT2 as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of leukaemia. (nature.com)
Transcripts involved in metabolism, especially in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and cellular transport were differentially expressed. (biomedcentral.com)
This battery of measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain liver, heart, and kidney diseases, acid-base imbalance in the respiratory and metabolic systems, other diseases involving lipid metabolism and various endocrine disorders as well as other metabolic or nutritional disorders. (cdc.gov)

It is well established that L-glutamate acts as the major fast-acting excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The subtypes EAAT1, EAAT2 and EAAT3 are the human homologs of the transporter clones initially isolated from non-human species designated as GLAST (GLutamate/ASpartate Transporter), GLT-1 (GLutamate Transporter) and EAAC1 (Excitatory Amino Acid Carrier), respectively. (sigmaaldrich.com)
1980. Selective depression of excitatory amino-acid induced depolarizations by magnesium ions in isolated spinal cord preparations. (cdc.gov)
1984. The reversal potential of excitatory amino acid action on granule cells of the rat dentate gyrus. (cdc.gov)

In our body, Asparagine (L-Asparagine) , a non-essential amino acid, with derivatives involved in diamino amino acids (dibasic amino Acid) activities is made from Aspartic Acid plus adenosine triphosphate (ATP) . (wellnessadvantage.com)

C-terminal, AAA lid domain, Clp amino terminal domain, AAA domain (Cdc48 subfamily), ATPase family associated with various cellular activities (AAA) [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
It is not known if glucose transport and Na+-K+ ATPase activity are affected during the purging process. (bvsalud.org)
Glucose transport reduction was linked to the effect of the extract on the Na+-k+-ATPase system. (bvsalud.org)

We also add 1 gram of fermented L-Glutamine, which along with naturally occurring glutamic acid has been shown to stimulate the release of growth hormones and act as a building block for glutathione, one of the body's most important antioxidants. (fullscript.com)

abstract = "The intrarenal autocrine-paracrine dopamine (DA) system is critical for Na+ homeostasis. (elsevier.com)

Per serving (40 g): 100 kcal energy Creatine complex 7.7 g multi-phase creatine matrix - contains 6.8 g pure creatine buffered creatine monohydrate creatine citrate micronized creatine monohydrate 24 g carbohydrate Amino Acid complex 3 g BCAA 1 g L-citrulline 1 g L-arginine HCl VitaMineral complex 12 vitamins Who is CreaTrans recommended to? (ventrian.com)
The presence of branched amino acids BCAA facilitate the development of muscle mass, facilitate recovery and provide energy, endurance and power. (naturveg.com)

Hemp contains excellent nutritional value, providing essential nutritional components called Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) that the human body does not product naturally, and must be consumed through the diet. (vitanetonline.com)
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and links glycolysis to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid synthesis. (nih.gov)
MRM Natural Gainer not only provides all the essential amino acids required for lean muscle gains, it also provides a unique blend of carbohydrates and essential fatty acids for optimal insulin balance and healthy muscle gains. (seacoast.com)
Additionally, weighted gene correlation network analysis confirmed the positively or negatively correlated pairs of bacterial taxa (family Veillonellaceae ) and metabolomic features (i.e., amino acids and short-chain fatty acids) responsible for FMT success. (biomedcentral.com)
It also provide phyto-Lipids, omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids, phyto Sterols beta sitosterol, gamma oryzanol etc. (jiji.ng)
Algal DHA is one of the most important Omega 3 Fatty Acids present in the algal oil which is obtained from certain marine algae. (healthgeekz.net)
Omega-3 and -6, fatty acids commonly found in fish, are often assumed to be responsible, and are commonly marketed in this fashion. (neurosciencenews.com)

In our body, the some naturally concurring Basic Amino Acids include l-arginine , asparagine (l-asparagine) , glutamine (l-glutamine) , lysine , ornithine , and histidine . (wellnessadvantage.com)

Some boosters use L-Citrulline which is transported more easily into the system where it's converted to L-Arginine. (fmsguru.com)
Sequence-specific antisense oligonucleotides to rBAT or LAT2 (AS) caused inhibition of rBAT and LAT2 cRNA-induced L-DOPA transport and cortical poly-A + -induced arginine and phenylalanine transport. (elsevier.com)

L-glutamate was transported into mammary tissue via Na(+)-dependent system XAG- that strongly interacted with both D- and L-isomers of aspartate but only with L-isomer of glutamate. (who.int)
Mice deficient in GLT-1 lose 80-90% of the glutamate transport capacity measured in forebrain preparations, and exhibit increased vulnerability to convulsants and to acute cortical injury, when compared with wild type animals. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Similar to the EAATs, vesicular glutamate transport was initially described in synaptic vesicle preparations isolated from rat and bovine brain. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The cloned VGLUTs remained elusive for a number of years before two groups simultaneously discovered that a transporter initially described as an inorganic phosphate transporter (BNPI) exhibited robust glutamate transport capacity and termed this VGLUT1. (sigmaaldrich.com)

As a result, affected individuals are lacking (deficient) in certain amino acids and vitamins. (medlineplus.gov)

Although using these technolo- acting on the pathogen in each microenvironment, what gies to analyze pathogens within a host is still in its infancy, bacterial factors are responsible for the host damage, and initial studies indicate that these technologies will be valu- able tools for understanding how the pathogen reacts to the how the immune system is evaded. (cdc.gov)
Thus, pathogens must have specific mecha- clearly complex, and, in many cases, the study of these nisms for mediating colonization, avoiding the host's interactions is limited by the lack of a suitable animal immune system, and acquiring necessary nutrients. (cdc.gov)
Under chronic conditions, variations in GSH levels occur due to nutrition, environmental exposures, and activation of the immune system. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
1. Helps to boost your immune system. (jiji.ng)
The health benefits of spirulina include strengthening the immune system, relieving inflammation, fighting chronic diseases, and prevent nutritional disorders. (jiji.ng)
Biomarkers of organ damage or dysfunction for the renal, hepatobiliary, and immune systems. (cdc.gov)
Thus, the aim of this work is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, its mechanism of action, and to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in endotoxin's recognition by the immune system and cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, the objective of this study is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, as well as to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in its recognition by the immune system and in cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
Much of the current medical research has focused on either inhibiting the production or the clustering of these plaques by employing the body's immune system against them. (assistedlivingeducation.com)
In addition, blood sugar control and the immune system may also benefit from it. (pharmalabglobal.com)
It also improves the immune system and regulates blood sugar levels. (pharmalabglobal.com)
Energy Homeostasis also play a critical role in the immune system Immune system The body's defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. (lecturio.com)
It also boosts your immune system. (mesopuncture.com)
Ginsenosides affect the central nervous, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems, improving immune function and stress responses. (murainbow.com)
Gynostemma can boost the functioning of the immune system and is good for the digestive and cardiovascular systems. (murainbow.com)
Protects and stimulates the skin's own defence and immune system. (lanserhof.com)

However, its amino acid sequence and gene locus were unknown for many years [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
A 37 amino acid sequence of NS5 (residues 369-405) was shown to contain a functional nuclear localization signal (NLS) that interacted with the cellular nuclear transport factor, importin / heterodimer. (who.int)
What sequence of amino acids results after translation occurs? (studyinnovations.com)

In a heterologous expression system, TbAAT10-1 is selective for ornithine, whereas TbAAT2-4 transports both ornithine and histidine. (lshtm.ac.uk)
Consistent with competition for histidine, high extracellular concentrations of this amino acid phenocopied a TbAAT2-4 genetic defect. (lshtm.ac.uk)

Hartnup disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by impaired neutral (ie, monoaminomonocarboxylic) amino acid transport in the apical brush border membrane of the small intestine and the proximal tubule of the kidney. (medscape.com)
Mutations in the SLC6A19 gene, which encodes the SLC6A19 (B 0 AT1) neutral amino acid transporter, causes a failure of the transport of neutral (ie, monoaminomonocarboxylic) amino acids in the small intestine and the renal tubules. (medscape.com)
Once glucose is broken down in your small intestine, it will be transported to your bloodstream, where it will be converted into energy. (mesopuncture.com)
its main function within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. (easynotecards.com)

Hence, the de novo synthesis reactions, metabolic conversions, and transport of amino acids are tightly regulated. (nih.gov)
LPC at 1 mM, completely blocked the LPS-induced NO synthesis by AMs in either the L-Arg or the Arg peptide system. (cdc.gov)
Methotrexate (Amethopterin) is a folic acid antagonist that binds to dihydrofolate reductase, thus interfering with the synthesis of the active cofactor tetrahydrofolic acid, which is necessary for the synthesis of thymidylate, purine nucleotides, and the amino acids serine and methionine. (medicinalplants.us)
Fluorouracil and fluorodeoxyuridine (floxuridine) inhibit pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis and interfere with the synthesis and actions of nucleic acids. (medicinalplants.us)
The first clinical evaluation of daily and attract acid molecules, aiding in the breakdown and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of the steroid hormones. (topsidepress.com)
Albumin synthesis begins in the nucleus, where genes are transcribed into messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). (medscape.com)

therefore, a concentrated excess of one amino acid obtained from a supplement may increase the probability of decreased absorption of another amino acid that uses the same transport system. (bccampus.ca)
Comparison of the yields obtained by using nanoporous and nonporous (conventional) polarized HAp catalysts shows that both the nanoporosity and water absorption capacity of the former represent a drawback when the catalytic reaction requires auxiliary coating layers, as for example for the production of amino acids. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
5.) Absorption: is the passage of digested end products from the lumen of the GI tract through the mucosal cells by active or passive transport into the blood or lymph. (easynotecards.com)

SLC6A19 is a sodium-dependent and chloride-independent neutral amino acid transporter, expressed predominately in the kidneys and intestine. (medscape.com)
Hartnup disorder is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19. (medlineplus.gov)
A ubiquitous sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. (bvsalud.org)

For more information, see the paper from 2019 on GapMind for amino acid biosynthesis, the paper from 2022 on GapMind for carbon sources, or view the source code . (lbl.gov)

L-Lys, at 10 mM, also showed a partial inhibitory effect on the Arg peptide system. (cdc.gov)
Doubt is thus cast upon suggestions derived from previous intestinal perfusion experiments that intact peptide transport may be nutritionally significant in man. (bmj.com)

Nucleic Acids Research. (dundee.ac.uk)
COLD SPRING HARBOR, NEW YORK -- In an important, comprehensive, and timely review, an expert team from the University of California Berkeley details the methodologies used in nucleic acid-based tests for detecting the presence of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. (cshlpress.org)

The effect of cholesterol on the activity of the branched-chain amino acid transport system of Streptococcus cremoris was studied in membrane vesicles of S. cremoris fused with liposomes made of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine , soybean phosphatidylethanolamine, and various amounts of cholesterol . (bvsalud.org)
The leucine transport activity decreased with the membrane fluidity , as determined by steady- state fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene incorporated into the fused membranes , suggesting that the membrane fluidity controls the activity of the branched-chain amino acid carrier. (bvsalud.org)
The amino acid extension signals insertion of preproalbumin into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. (medscape.com)

This amino-acid-like molecule is a critical component of the complex transporting system that brings fat into the mitochondria, where it is finally burned away for good. (bodybuildingfocus.com)
Preproalbumin is an albumin molecule with a 24 amino acid extension at the N terminus. (medscape.com)

All things considered, Biotox Gold could produce a cleansing effect to ensure that the PFTE-related toxic substances are eliminated from one's system. (4nutritionalsupplements.com)
All points taken into consideration, Biotox Gold might create a detoxing impact so that the PFTE-related toxins are eliminated from one's system. (upruralhealth.org)

they are the vascular tissues that transport substances throughout the plant. (erasingdavid.com)

Systems' biology of inter- and intracellular metabolite transport in plants. (mpg.de)

The role and regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in Solanum lycopersicum roots. (mpg.de)
Our results indicate that SNAT2 transports betaine, and that tonicity-sensitive SNAT2 expression may be involved in regulation of betaine concentration in placental trophoblasts. (elsevier.com)

Cloning and expression of the mouse SLC6A19 gene demonstrated that this transporter has all the properties of the amino acid transport system B 0 AT1. (medscape.com)
As a metabolic network consists of associations between genes and metabolic reactions, it can be used to study the cellular properties of the organism by integrating functional genomics data, such as gene expression and proteomics (the goal of systems biology). (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to the specific set of gene functions overexpressed in early and mature oral biofilms, as detected through the short-reads dataset, the long-reads approach detected specific changes when comparing the metatranscriptome of the same individual before and after a meal, which can narrow down the list of organisms responsible for acid production and therefore potentially involved in dental caries. (biomedcentral.com)
These studies suggest that amino acids directly stimulate the promoter activity of the PepT 1 gene. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)

Donepezil noncompetitively inhibits centrally active acetylcholinesterase, which may increase concentrations of ACh available for synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS). (medscape.com)
GenFX incorporates excessive concentrations of amino acids, plant primarily based and animal based totally elements which are made in a excessive excellent FDA permitted laboratory. (bfastcharters.com)

All points taken into consideration, Biotox Gold may create a detoxing effect to ensure that the PFTE-related toxins are removed from one's system. (centralvalleyz.org)
All things considered, Biotox Gold could create a purifying result to make sure that the PFTE-related toxins are removed from one's system. (capellania.org)
All things considered, Biotox Gold may create a detoxing impact to make sure that the PFTE-related contaminants are gotten rid of from one's system. (keighleybluesclub.net)

Because horses' feeding habits and digestive systems are different, feeding practices common to other farm species can cause severe digestive disorders and even death in some cases. (bestfriendequine.com)
The primary purpose of this compendium is to mark the differences of the digestive system of horses, with respect to other animals and at the same time reinforce the importance of a balanced diet to meet all nutritional needs, this in order to obtain physically strong and healthy horses. (bestfriendequine.com)
The organs of the digestive system can be grouped into: 1. (easynotecards.com)
which components of the cheeseburger are digested in which regions of the digestive systems? (easynotecards.com)

4F2 hc is 30% homologous with the amino acid transport activator D2/rBAT and expression of 4F2 hc in Xenopus oocytes induces system y+L amino acid transport. (bdbiosciences.com)

Amino acid homeostasis is essential for cell growth and survival. (nih.gov)
2 Interorgan transport of GSH is part of a homeostatic control system 3 that maintains a "redox" environment essential for life. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
In our body, Lysine an essential α-amino acid is important for proper growth and plays a fundamental role in the production of carnitine , helps inhibit the growth of viruses, well known for its use in soothing the effects of herpes, may and improve endurance to stress and battle fatigue. (wellnessadvantage.com)
Nine of the 20 are what are referred to as essential amino acids, meaning that the body is unable to produce them itself and so we must get them from food. (self.com)
Watermelon rind is one of the rare natural sources and the namesake of citrulline, an amino acid essential for skin moisture retention and reducing fine lines. (lanserhof.com)

Cholesterol reduced both counterflow and proton motive force -driven leucine transport. (bvsalud.org)

We review the mechanisms responsible for amino acid homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other fungi. (nih.gov)
This has led to a further understanding of the underlying mechanisms of amino acid sensing and subsequent downregulation of transport. (nih.gov)
Additional L-DOPA transport mechanisms exist in the renal cortex that remain to be identified. (elsevier.com)
36 with the thyroid hormone system: Mechanisms and possible consequences for animal and human health. (cdc.gov)

In addition, these analogues inhibit the de novo biosynthesis of purine and block the conversion of inosinic acid to adenylic acid or guanylic acid. (medicinalplants.us)

For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. (lbl.gov)

The effect of BaCl2 on intestinal sugar transport in the rat in vitro . (cdc.gov)
In a separate but related system, exocrine tissues secrete their products into ducts and then to the outside of the body or to the intestinal tract. (topsidepress.com)

Caution: Sodium azide yields highly toxic hydrazoic acid under acidic conditions. (bdbiosciences.com)

How many ribosomes are needed for the production of one polypeptide containing 30 amino acids? (studyinnovations.com)

Molecules, including the organic molecules necessary to form amino acids, or our own DNA, can form in the interstellar medium. (mpia.de)
Over the course of the evolution of a planetary system, organic molecules can be transported to planetary surfaces by meteorites and early comets. (mpia.de)

[ 14 ] The most common mutation in Hartnup disorder is c.517G→A, resulting in the amino acid substitution p.D173N, and it can be found in 43% of patients. (medscape.com)

The high creatine content increases physical performance during high-intensity training High functional amino acid content Only contains complex carbs Without added sugar With vitamins B6 and B12 to enhance metabolic processes and reduce fatigue Do you like thinking in a system? (ventrian.com)
Together with pH determination, bicarbonate measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with acid-base imbalance in the respiratory and metabolic systems. (cdc.gov)

Phloem is the vascular tissue in charge of transport and distribution of the organic nutrients. (erasingdavid.com)
Below is a breakdown of the known Minerals, Amino Acids and other Organic ingredients contained in Mountain Blood shilajit. (natureprovides.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Characterization of anionic amino acid transport systems in mouse mammary gland. (who.int)
Characterization of Short-Term Stress Applied to the Root System by Electrical Impedance Measurement in the First Leaf of Corn (Zea mays L.) and Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L. (scirp.org)
Laarabi, S. (2014) Characterization of Short-Term Stress Applied to the Root System by Electrical Impedance Measurement in the First Leaf of Corn ( Zea mays L.) and Pumpkin ( Cucurbita maxima L.). American Journal of Plant Sciences , 5 , 1285-1295. (scirp.org)

Xylem transports water and minerals. (erasingdavid.com)
Plants have tissues to transport water, nutrients and minerals. (erasingdavid.com)
What is the transport of water and minerals in plants? (erasingdavid.com)

from there the amino acids are released into the bloodstream to be used by the body. (medlineplus.gov)
In the kidneys, B 0 AT1 reabsorbs neutral amino acids into the bloodstream so they are not released in urine. (medlineplus.gov)
Transport of drugs from through the use through the skin into the bloodstream. (topsidepress.com)

Amino acids are part of the building block of our bodies and they also work as neurotransmitters. (happydieter.net)

Some amino acids can protect mammalian sperm cells against oxidation during thermal stress caused by freezing/thawing. (bvsalud.org)

Researchers believe that many of these features are related to a deficiency of vitamin B3 (niacin) and one of its main components, the amino acid tryptophan. (medlineplus.gov)
You get it after serotonin has been converted in your body from eating foods which contain the amino acid tryptophan. (happydieter.net)

Chemicals and Drugs30

Phenomena and Processes3

L-type amino acid transporters in two intestinal epithelial cell lines function as exchangers with neutral amino acids. (1/28)

Functional and molecular characteristics of system L in human breast cancer cells. (2/28)

Basolateral LAT-2 has a major role in the transepithelial flux of L-cystine in the renal proximal tubule cell line OK. (3/28)

Functional properties of multispecific amino acid transporters and their implications to transporter-mediated toxicity. (4/28)

Identification of a novel system L amino acid transporter structurally distinct from heterodimeric amino acid transporters. (5/28)

Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates LAT1 gene expression in vascular smooth muscle: role in cell growth. (6/28)

Identification of LAT4, a novel amino acid transporter with system L activity. (7/28)

Homocysteine transport by human aortic endothelial cells: identification and properties of import systems. (8/28)

Amino Acid Transport System L

Amino Acids, Cyclic

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Biological Transport

Amino Acids

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic

Leucine

Aminoisobutyric Acids

Amino Acid Transport System A

Amino Acid Transport System y+

Biological Transport, Active

Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral

Amino Acid Transport System ASC

Antigens, CD98

beta-Alanine

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Amino Acids, Neutral

Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1

Carrier Proteins

Amino Acid Transport System y+L

Sodium

Phenylalanine

Kinetics

Antigens, CD98 Light Chains

Alanine

4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate

Glutamine

Leucine-tRNA Ligase

Membrane Transport Proteins

Proline

Cystine

Isoleucine

Antigens, CD98 Heavy Chain

L-type amino acid transporters in two intestinal epithelial cell lines function as exchangers with neutral amino acids. (1/28)

Functional and molecular characteristics of system L in human breast cancer cells. (2/28)

Basolateral LAT-2 has a major role in the transepithelial flux of L-cystine in the renal proximal tubule cell line OK. (3/28)

Functional properties of multispecific amino acid transporters and their implications to transporter-mediated toxicity. (4/28)

Identification of a novel system L amino acid transporter structurally distinct from heterodimeric amino acid transporters. (5/28)

Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates LAT1 gene expression in vascular smooth muscle: role in cell growth. (6/28)

Identification of LAT4, a novel amino acid transporter with system L activity. (7/28)

Homocysteine transport by human aortic endothelial cells: identification and properties of import systems. (8/28)

Switch in conformation from D amino acid to L amino acid - CHARMM forums

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L amino acid

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L-Leucine

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Membrane chaperone Shr3 assists in folding amino acid permeases preventing precocious ERAD.

rel-(1R,4R)-5-aminobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid,rel-(1R,4R,5S)-tert-Butyl 5-amino-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2...

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diexo-3-Amino-7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid amide - Alfa Chemistry

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The rBAT gene is responsible for L-cystine uptake via the b0,(+)-like amino acid transport system in a renal proximal tubular...