Americium. A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, atomic number 95, and atomic weight 243. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.
Plutonium. A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, atomic number 94, and atomic weight 242. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.

Effect of I,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in renal osteodystrophy. (1/22)

A 23-year-old man with medullary cystic disease had been undergoing hemodialysis for 5 years and had become confined to a wheelchair because of renal osteodystrophy. He was treated with 125-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 2.0 mug (later 1.0 mug) three times a week, administered by way of the venous end of the dialysis machine. Within 1 month bone pain lessened and his ability to stand and walk improved. By 3 months he was walking short distances and by 5 months, long distances. Calcium balance was near zero before treatment and was strongly positive during treatment. Bone mineral content in the lower femur, measured by photon absorptiometry, increased at a rate of 32.2% per year. In contrast, 26 other patients on long-term hemodialysis had a mean loss of bone mineral content of 14.0% per year. Radiographs taken during treatment showed a decrease in subperiosteal bone resorption and healing of a pseudofracture. A significant decrease in the mean serum alkaline phosphatase value was noted during treatment, but no significant changes in mean serum calcium or phosphorus values were seen.  (+info)

Thenar muscle blood flow and bone mineral in the forearms of lumberjacks. (2/22)

Forty lumberjacks who had used a chain saw for 0-20 years and who had no general disease affecting the bones were studied by measuring the thenar muscle blood flow of both hands by the 133-Xe local clearance method. Bone mineral in the left forearm in the region of cancellous and cortical bone was assessed by the 241-Am gamma ray attenuation method. Virbration was found to decrease the blood flow in the saw-bearing left hand compared with the right hand of the lumberjacks. The bone mineral density (g/vm-3) was lower in the forearm bones of the lumberjacks than in controls of the same age with healthy bones. Moreover the poorer the thenar muscle blood flow, the greater was the decrease in the mineral density of the distal radius. Measurement of the mineral density of the forearm bones by the gramma ray attenuation method can be used for early detection of bone lesions in traumatic vasospastic disease.  (+info)

Bone mineral content determined by functional imaging. (3/22)

Quantitation of bone mineral by photon absorptiometry is a simple and accurate method for determining changes in bone volume and mineral content in serial studies. An extension of the scintillation camera method for studying such changes in the calcaneous is described. This technique is applicable to large areas of bone, thereby minimizing the effect of repositioning errors. Using a 40-mCi 241Am sheet source, a 2.1% reproducibility in bone phantoms and a 2.4% reproducibility in normal patients was achieved. Several case studies are presented to illustrate sensitivity and clinical application of the method. Although bone mineral determinations are now performed in a limited number of health care facilities, the scintillation camera method described in this report could increase the availability of these determinations significantly.  (+info)

Radiation hazards from 241Am sources used in thyroid studies. (4/22)

The neutron and gamma photon doses corresponding to the neck and eye level from an 241AmO2 source used in thyroid studies have been theoretically estimated. The radiation hazard to the patient is found to be not significant.  (+info)

Worldwide bioassay data resources for plutonium/americium internal dosimetry studies. (5/22)

Biokinetic models are the scientific underpinning of internal dosimetry and depend, ultimately, for their scientific validation on comparisons with human bioassay data. Three significant plutonium/americium bioassay databases, known to the authors, are described: (1) Sellafield, (2) Los Alamos and (3) the United States Transuranium Registry. A case is made for a uniform standard for database format, and the XML standard is discussed.  (+info)

A device for in vitro irradiation with alpha-particles using an alpha-emitting radioactive source. (6/22)

A device to irradiate a monolayer of cultured cells with alpha-particles using an Am-241 alpha-source (33.4 MBq) was designed to investigate RBEs of alpha-particles in cell killing, induction of chromosome aberration, mutagenic changes and transformation. This device can be used conveniently in a common laboratory by a small number of researchers without any limitation of machine time. The device performs as follows: (1) The energy of alpha-particles at the entrance of the cell layer is 3.20 MeV with a standard deviation of 0.25 MeV, (2) the incident angle to the cell layer is 82.8 degrees with a standard deviation of 3.2 degrees, (3) the fluence rate is 4.7 x 10(5) cm-2.min-1, (4) the average LET infinity for a cell layer 5 microns thick is 138 keV/micron, (5) the average dose rate for a cell layer 5 microns thick is 0.10 Gy/min., (6) a temperature and CO2 concentration conducive to cell cultivation are maintained during irradiation.  (+info)

Separation techniques for quantification of radionuclides in environmental samples. (7/22)

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Investigation of activation rate uniformity in a prompt-gamma rays IVNAA facility. (8/22)

The preliminary design studies for developing a prompt-gamma rays in vivo neutron activation analysis facility are in construction at Neutron Activation Research Centre of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. In this work, activation rate distribution is studied in different bilateral configurations in order to reduce the CV of activation rate distribution throughout the body to less than 10%. It means that the maximum RMS deviation from the mean value of distribution must be smaller than 0.5%. The best case includes two pairs of (241)Am-Be neutron sources. Each pair (with 70 cm distance between two sources) is positioned within up and down 40 x 110 cm(2) area graphite collimators. Also, four moderator/reflector objects are added to transversal body surfaces with 5 cm thick water and 3 cm thick graphite. The proper thickness of polyethylene pre-moderators is chosen 8 mm. The RMS deviation of distribution is 0.3% with the mean activation rate of 1.85 x 10(-6) cm(-3).  (+info)

Americium is a man-made, radioactive, actinide element with an atomic number of 95. It was discovered in 1945. Actinides are the 15 elements, all of whose isotopes are radioactive starting with actinium (atomic number 89), and extending to lawrencium (atomic number 103). When not combined with other elements, americium is a silvery metal. Americium has no naturally occurring or stable isotopes. There are two important isotopes of americium, americium 241 and americium 243, also written as 241Am or 243Am, and read as americium two-forty-one and americium two-forty-three. Both isotopes have the same chemical behavior in the environment and the same chemical effects on your body. However, these isotopes have different atomic weights and different radioactive properties, such as their half-life (see next paragraph) and the energy of radiation they give off. Each radioactive isotope of an element, including americium, constantly gives off radiation, and this changes it into an isotope
Radioactive plutonium and americium were detected in air samples collected on Thursday, June 8, 2017 at the Hanford nuclear reservation in Washington, US, state officials said Tuesday, August 8. According to Hanford officials, State of Washington...
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TY - JOUR. T1 - New isotope 233Am. AU - Sakama, M.. AU - Tsukada, K.. AU - Asai, M.. AU - Ichikawa, S.. AU - Haba, H.. AU - Goto, S.. AU - Oura, Y.. AU - Nishinaka, I.. AU - Nagame, Y.. AU - Shibata, M.. AU - Kojima, Y.. AU - Kawade, K.. AU - Ebihara, M.. AU - Nakahara, H.. PY - 2000/1/1. Y1 - 2000/1/1. N2 - The new neutron-deficient americium isotope 233Am produced via the 233U(6Li, 6n) reaction has been identified using the JAERI on-line isotope separator (JAERI-ISOL) coupled to a gas-jet transport system. The α-decay of 233Am and its subsequent α-decay chain have been observed in the mass-233 fraction. The half-life and α-particle energy of 233Am have been determined to be 3.2 ± 0.8 min and 6780 ± 17 keV, respectively. From these results and a deduced α-decay branching ratio, the observed α-decay is regarded as a favored transition.. AB - The new neutron-deficient americium isotope 233Am produced via the 233U(6Li, 6n) reaction has been identified using the JAERI on-line isotope ...
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The low energy gas scintillation proportional counter (LE-GSPC) is an imaging x-ray spectrometer. It is one of the narrow field instruments on board the SAX satellite and covers the lower energy range from 0.1 to 10 keV. The low energy response of the detector is achieved by using a driftless gas cell and a thin multilayer polyimide foil as entrance window. The overall design of the imaging GSPC for space application is described. Using unit level and system level calibration data, acquired at a synchrotron and a long beam x-ray source, the capabilities both in terms of energy and position resolution are discussed. The overall efficiency of the instrument which includes the mirrors effective area, the entrance windows transparencies, the detectors efficiency and electronics deadtime are reviewed. Background rejection issues and the experiments consequent sensitivity to the measurement of cosmic x- ray source spectra are addressed ...
Transuranics are radionuclides that have atomic numbers greater than 92 in the periodic table. They are produced in nuclear reactors or as a result of nuclear chemistry experiments. These elements typically have half-lives that are greater than twenty years, and can produce moderate to high amounts of alpha radiation. The PUREX reprocessing method can be modified to carry out the TRUEX process which allows for the extraction of the transuranics, which reduces the radioactivity of the resulting MOX fuel. TRUEX is nearly identical to PUREX, except that octyl(phenyl)-N, N-dibutyl carbamoylmethyl phosphine oxide and tributylphosphate are added to the solution after the uranium and plutonium have been extracted to allow for the extraction of transuranics. Some of these transuranics such as americium, have industrial uses. The SANEX (Selective Actinide EXtraction) process has been proposed to allow for the extraction of specific radionuclides. Although the SANEX process is still theoretical, ...
The agency, which expanded the investigation because it disagrees with Davis-Besse officials about the potential threat to the men, also ordered additional tests on them. We are not looking at an immediately life-threatening situation, stressed Jan Strasma, the NRCs spokesman for the Midwest region. The [laboratory] results so far are far below the point where it would be any immediate health concern, he said. We are looking at doses that have to be calculated over years. The extra lab tests are to better quantify what the doses would be. The calculations are based on the half-life, or decay rate, of the specific radioactive elements the men ingested and on the rate at which the human body typically excretes them, Strasma said. The elements, called transuranics, are products of atom splitting, or fission, that goes on in the reactor, he said. Reactors produce a number of transuranics, including plutonium and americium, the element in household smoke detectors. But the NRC said it did ...
The alpha particles generated by the americium have the following property: They ionize the oxygen and nitrogen atoms of the air in the chamber. To ionize means to knock an electron off of. When you knock an electron off of an atom, you end up with a free electron (with a negative charge) and an atom missing one electron (with a positive charge). The negative electron is attracted to the plate with a positive voltage, and the positive atom is attracted to the plate with a negative voltage (opposites attract, just like with magnets). The electronics in the smoke detector sense the small amount of electrical current that these electrons and ions moving toward the plates represent. ...
A highly sensitive extractive-photometric method for the micro determination of americium(III) from concentrated nitric acid media with Arsenazo-III as the chromogenic reagent. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles , (1), Cited by:
Makrlík Emanuel, Vaňura Petr, Selucký Pavel, Babain Vasily, Alyapyshev Mikhail, Darin Dmitriy: Highly Efficient Solvent Extraction of Americium and Europium by Using Hydrogen Dicarbollylcobaltate and N,N′-Diethyl-N,N′-bis(4-ethylphenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxamide. J Solution Chem 2017, 46, 1475. ,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-017-0651-6 ...
Preface ix. Chemicals Sorted by Chemical Groups 1. Technologies Applicable to Specific Chemicals 11. Alcohols 11. Aldehydes 12. Aldehydes and Ketones 13. Aldehydes or Ketones with Other Functional Groups 13. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 14. Aliphatic Nitriles and Cyanates 20. Aliphatic Nitrosamines 21. Aliphatic Organophosphorous Compounds 21. Alkanes and Cyclic Alkanes 21. Alkenes, Cyclic Alkenes, and Dienes 26. Alkyl Halides 27. Alkynes 28. Aluminum 28. Americium 29. Amides 30. Amines 30. Antimony 31. Aromatic Amines and Diamines 31. Aromatic Nitriles and Cyanates 34. Aromatic Nitro Compounds 34. Aromatic Nitro Compounds with Other Functional Groups 35. Aromatic Organophosphorous Compounds 35. Aromatics with Halogenated Side Chain 35. Arsenic 37. Azo Compounds 40. Azo Compounds, Hydrazine Derivatives 40. Barium 40. Benzene and Monosubstituted Benzene Hydrocarbons 42. Benzene and Substituted Benzene Hydrocarbons 67. Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) 67. Beryllium 73. Bismuth ...
A large area multi wire proportional chamber positron camera system is under evaluation for clinical Nuclear Medicine investigation using isotopes both from in house generators (68Ga) and from remote...
In our Focus Product Program we will concentrate on Polyaminocarboxylic acid chelating agents.. The removal of undesirable metal ions is often difficult and expensive and it is usually easier to inactivate them with a chelating agent.. Amino acid chelating agents securely bind these ions to form stable complexes, which remain very soluble. Thus, the metal ion can no longer exert an adverse effect on the system.. In the formulating and compounding industry the major problem is hard water, which can cause precipitation and/or separation. Even if the compounder has soft water, he may be making a concentrate and shipping it into an area with hard water.. It normally takes between .5 and 1% of a chelate to do the job.. Every compounder should be using EDTA, especially if they make disinfectants. The formulas will require EDTA as EDTA enhances the efficacy.. ...
Metal complexes of polyaminocarboxylic acids are of interest as contrast media for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Such metal complexes are stable and will therefore minimize the toxic effects of the free metal ions ...
Fibroblasts form one the most important cellular components of the skin derma. During aging, skin fibroblasts undergo substantial changes in their functional activity, morphology and proliferative potential. The number of dermal fibroblasts decreases with aging, along with their ability to synthesize active soluble factors and to maintain proteostasis of components of the intercellular dermal matrix. The skin thinning, the loss of skin flexibility and elasticity, and wrinkle formation are natural consequences of such a decline. Therefore, we suggested that evaluating the proliferative potential of dermal fibroblasts is of great significance. Measuring the ability to form colonies in vitro represents one of the gold standard methods for the assessment of the clonogenic survival of cells. The method was initially developed to evaluate the loss of reproductive capacity (reproductive death) of cells after exposure to damaging agents, particularly ionizing radiation. Later it was shown that cells ...
Initially, most common detection methods were based on the ionisation of gases, as in the Geiger-Müller counter: a sealed volume, usually a cylinder, with a polymer or thin metal window contains a gas, and a wire, and a high voltage is applied between the cylinder (cathode) and the wire (anode). When an X-ray photon enters the cylinder, it ionizes the gas. These ions accelerate toward the anode, in the process causing further ionisation along their trajectory. This process, known as an avalanche, is detected as a sudden flow of current, called a count or event.. Ultimately, the electrons form a virtual cathode around the anode wire drastically reducing the electric field in the outer portions of the tube. This halts the collisional ionizations and limits further growth of avalanches. As a result, all counts on a Geiger counter are the same size and it can give no indication as to the particle energy of the radiation, unlike the proportional counter. The intensity of the radiation is ...
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The FDA has determined that N115 has sufficient safety toxicology and clinical data to proceed with the multi-dose, extended use, clinical trials. Phase III/Phase IV studies will focus on Pulmonary Fibrosis, Unmet Needs, and COPD patients. On the basis of existing clinical data, EmphyCorp is confident that its Investigative New Drug, N115, can and will be used for maintenance or continuous treatment of patients over extended periods of time. The Company believes that N115 will set the standard in the pharmaceutical industry for the treatment of major pulmonary diseases.. EmphyCorp and EmphyCorp.com does not encourage the use of any illegal substances. Always consult your local physician before taking any medication. Medications described on our website are for informational purposes ONLY and must be prescribed by your primary physician and scheduled for pickup at your local pharmacy. We are not a pharmacy and do not sell any prescription medications through this website.. EmphyCorp Inc - ...
personalhealthcare.in is a web portal for sharing of personal healthcare information by common people including those working in the healthcare profession. It is intended to provide practical guidance born out of actual individual healthcare experience to persons having health issues. Experience is knowledge and knowledge is power. This knowledge empowers each person to seek and adopt the best course of healthcare plan and approach---in terms of preventive healthcare regimen or treatment of disease ...
Profiling Animal Toxicants by Automatically Mining Public Bioassay Data: A Big Data Approach for Computational Toxicology Jun Zhang 1,2, Jui-Hua Hsieh 3, Hao Zhu 1,2 * 1 Department of Chemistry, Rutgers
We as Radiologists and Physicians are particularly well clued to the concept of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) in terms of Radiation hazards awareness. Whilst investigating children for musculoskeletal ailments this gets translated into a very narrow range of availability of Cross-sectional modalities to arrive at a conclusive diagnosis.
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In analysis of complex nuclear forensic samples containing lanthanides, actinides and matrix elements, rapid selective extraction of Am/Cm for quantification is challenging, in particular due the difficult separation of Am/Cm from lanthanides. Here we present a separation process for Am/Cm(III) which is achieved using a combination of AG1-X8 chromatography followed by Am/Cm extraction with a triazine ligand. The ligands tested in our process were CyMe4-BTPhen, CyMe4-BTBP, CA-BTP and CA-BTPhen. Our process allows for purification and quantification of Am and Cm (recoveries 80%-100%) and other major actinides in , 2d without the use of multiple columns or thiocyanate. The process is unaffected by high level Ca(II)/Fe(III)/Al(III) (10mg mL(-1)) and thus requires little pre-treatment of samples.. ...
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is susceptible to signal artifacts caused by relative motion between NIRS optical fibers and the scalp. These artifacts can be very damaging to the utility of functional NIRS, particularly in challenging subject groups where motion can be unavoidable. A number of approaches to the removal of motion artifacts from NIRS data have been suggested. In this paper we systematically compare the utility of a variety of published NIRS motion correction techniques using a simulated functional activation signal added to 20 real NIRS datasets which contain motion artifacts. Principle component analysis, spline interpolation, wavelet analysis, and Kalman filtering approaches are compared to one another and to standard approaches using the accuracy of the recovered, simulated hemodynamic response function (HRF). Each of the four motion correction techniques we tested yields a significant reduction in the mean-squared error (MSE) and significant increase in the ...
Transuranic waste consists of waste that is contaminated with man-made radioactive elements which are heavier than uranium (meaning the elements have higher atomic numbers than uranium on the Periodic Table of the Elements) [i.e. plutonium, americium, etc.] Because they come after uranium on the periodic table, they are referred to as transuranic. The concentration of these transuranic elements in the waste determines whether it is transuranic (TRU) waste or low-level waste. [Note that it is concentration rather than how long-lived and dangerous.] More than 70,000 containers of this waste (sometimes referred to as suspect TRU waste) were stored under a layer of dirt in the in the 1970s and 1980s, in the 200 Area Low-Level Burial Grounds of the Hanford Site. The intention was to retrieve the waste (which is why sometimes…. ...
In an effort to develop chemically bonded phosphate ceramics for mixed waste stabilization, a collaborative project to develop iron-phosphate based ceramics has been initiated between Argonne National Laboratory and the V. G. Khlopin Radium Institute in St. Petersburg, Russia. The starter powders are oxides of iron that are generated as inexpensive byproduct materials in the iron and steel industry. They contain iron oxides as a mixture of magnetite (Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}) and haematite (Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}). In this initial phase of this project, both of these compounds were investigated independently. Each was reacted with phosphoric acid solution to form iron phosphate ceramics. In the case of magnetite, the reaction was rapid. Adding ash as the waste component containing hazardous contaminants resulted in a dense and hard ceramic rich in glassy phase. On the other hand, the reaction of phosphoric acid solution with a mixture of haematite and ash waste contaminated with cesium and americium was too slow.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common and associated with significant morbidity and mortality among dialysis patients.This topic reviews HCV infection among dialysis patients, including epidemiology, screening, and prevention.The treatment of H
The on- and off-axis imaging properties and effective area of the two SODART flight telescopes have been measured using the expanded beam x-ray facility at the Daresbury synchrotron. From on-axis measurements the encircled power distribution and the point spread function at three energies 6.627 keV, 8.837 keV and 11.046 keV have been measured using a one-dimensional position sensitive detector. We found that the point spread function can be presented well by a function which is a sum of a Gaussian divided by the radius and two exponential terms where the first has a 1/e value close to 2 arcmin and the other a 1/e value of ca. 15 arcmin. The data have been used to calculate the half power diameter (HPD) for three different SODART focal plane detectors, the high energy proportional counter (HEPC) with a field of view (FOV) of 65 arcmin, the low energy proportional counter (LEPC) with a FOV of 33 arcmin and the 19 element solid state detector array (SIXA) with a FOV of 18 arcmin. We found that the ...
Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center. Ultra-high field (UHF) MRI offers improved signal- and contrast-to-noise ratio (SNR/CNR), which can be leveraged towards higher-resolution images. However, acquiring higher-resolution images increases scan times, making MRI scans prone to patient motion. Motion may become a problem especially with uncooperative patients such as in paediatric imaging and patients with Parkinsons or dementia. A common solution in such cases is to use sedatives. Unfortunately, sedation makes MRI an invasive imaging modality, and may commonly have side effects. Alternatively, real-time motion correction techniques can adapt the scan parameters accordingly and freeze patient motion from a data processing perspective these techniques are not directly applicable at UHF MRI.. At higher field strengths, artificial contrast variations are imposed on the acquired images due to the shorter wavelength. To correct such effects, parallel-transmit (pTx) arrays are commonly used. However, ...
Radionuclide Contamination Treatment for internal radionuclide contamination, also referred to as decorporation, should be started as soon as possible after suspected or known exposure. The approximate upper limit of radionuclide contamination that can reasonably be ignored from a radiation safety point of view is not well defined. These are judgments that will depend on the circumstances of the event and the resources available. The Clinical Decision Guide within the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) Report 161 is a decision tool for determining need for treatment for a contaminated person. Purchase of these volumes by major triage centers may be a prudent investment that would assist workers in determining which patients should undergo decorporation.. The goal is to leave the smallest amount of radionuclide possible in the body. Treatment is given to reduce absorption and enhance elimination and excretion. Some of the decorporation agents are not U.S. Food and ...
At the completion of the research and development effort a Li-foil multi-wire proportional counter (MWPC) neutron detector with more than 625-cm2 of active area will be included in a portable radiation detection system. The system is expected to outperform the standards set by the ANSI N42.53 standards, and gamma-ray rejection ratio (GRR) of 1.0x10-8 or better. A gamma-ray spectrometer for isotope .... ...
RADIOLOGY: HEART: Case# 33669: CARDIAC VIABILITY. The patient is a 47 year old woman with a recent `Q wave myocardial infarction suggesting a transmural defect. The infarct area involved the anterior wall of the left ventricle. A recent cardiac catheterization revealed an ejection fraction (EF) of 20% and severe diffuse coronary stenosis of the proximal LAD. 18-FDG-PET was requested to evaluate for ischemic myocardium that could be salvaged with coronary bypass and subsequently improve the EF. An alternative treatment option was cardiac transplantation. A transmission CT of the chest was first obtained using revolving Ge-68 (a positron emitter) pins as transmission sources. This transmission data was used to correct for non-uniform attenuation encountered within the chest. The patient was then injected with 15 mCi of 15-NH3 IV and imaging begun 3 minutes afterward. The images depict resting perfusion in the left ventricle. The patient was given a glucose load and blood sugars were monitored ...
Primary Objectives: To determine the prevalence of HIV and other related infections such as Hepatitis C, along with associated risk behaviors, in patients with severe mental illness (SMI).. Secondary Objectives: To identify the implications for mental health and medical services and to obtain a better understanding of the contextual factors that affect the health problems associated with HIV risk behavior.. Primary Outcomes: The primary outcome variables are HIV seroprevalence, prevalence of HIV risk behaviors including injection drug use and sexual promiscuity, personal and social-contextual factors, comorbid mental disorders, and health service use among SMI persons in each group, veterans versus non-veterans.. Intervention: N/A. Study Abstract: It is suspected, but not well documented, that persons with severe mental illness represent a significant transmission source of serious infectious diseases. SMI diagnoses are defined as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or ...
Primary Objectives: To determine the prevalence of HIV and other related infections such as Hepatitis C, along with associated risk behaviors, in patients with severe mental illness (SMI).. Secondary Objectives: To identify the implications for mental health and medical services and to obtain a better understanding of the contextual factors that affect the health problems associated with HIV risk behavior.. Primary Outcomes: The primary outcome variables are HIV seroprevalence, prevalence of HIV risk behaviors including injection drug use and sexual promiscuity, personal and social-contextual factors, comorbid mental disorders, and health service use among SMI persons in each group, veterans versus non-veterans.. Intervention: N/A. Study Abstract: It is suspected, but not well documented, that persons with severe mental illness represent a significant transmission source of serious infectious diseases. SMI diagnoses are defined as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or ...
Radiation can be harmful to living creatures. Radiation can harm living things directly by damaging their cells. The cells might stop functioning, or they might be unable to reproduce. Radiation can also cause cells to reproduce in an out-of-control fashion, causing cancer.. Radiation can also interfere with the reproduction of living things. It can cause sterility, making reproduction impossible. It can also cause mutations in offspring, which are usually detrimental or even fatal.. Animals (including humans) tend to be more susceptible to the harmful effects of radiation than plants. Some types of microbes are tolerant of high doses of radiation that would easily kill multicelled organisms.. Natural sources of radiation play a role in the long-term evolution of species. Some (a very, very tiny fraction) mutations caused by radiation turn out to be beneficial. They give certain organisms a better chance to survive. Sometimes mutations caused by radiation produce a more successful and ...
As Part V in our series, this paper examines steady-state fluorescence photon diffusion in a homogenous medium that contains a homogenous distribution of fluorophores, and is enclosed by a concave circular cylindrical applicator or is enclosing a convex circular cylindrical applicator, both geometries being infinite in the longitudinal dimension. The aim is to predict by analytics and examine with the finite-element method the changing characteristics of the fluorescence-wavelength photon-fluence rate and the ratio (sometimes called the Born ratio) of it versus the excitation-wavelength photon-fluence rate, with respect to the source-detector distance. The analysis is performed for a source and a detector located on the medium-applicator interface and aligned either azimuthally or longitudinally in both concave and convex geometries. When compared to its steady-state counterparts on a semi-infinite medium-applicator interface with the same line-of-sight source-detector distance, the ...
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For some odd reason, long lived isotopes have a bad reputation. Statistically, it is the short lived ones that are nasty. The short lived are more likely to decay releasing ionizing energy. Uranium-238 has a half life of 4.5 billion years. So a few atoms of Uranium-238 are essentially stable in a biological environment. You would have to ingest a fairly large amount of Uranium-238 to have any radiation harm. It would likely be more harmful as a poisonous heavy metal than a radiation hazard. Think about it. It takes 4.5 billion years for half of the ingested amount to decay. If you ingested 4.5 billion atoms of U-238, 2.25 billion would decay in 4.5 billion years, so only 2.25 would decay per year in your body. Compare 2.25 per year to 4400 per second beta decays normal for a 160 pound (about 75 kilo)person, and that aint a lot, even if U-238 is 60 times more harmful than K-40. Plutonium-239 is only supposed to be 100 times more harmful than potassium 40, so that makes sense ...
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ABE is a small, fast and convenient program for visualizing and modeling experimental bioassay data. The data can be modeled using either polynomials or a more specific four-parameter model based upon the standard, sigmoidal dose-response curve. Find ABE at: http://bioinformatics.org/abe/. ...
Youve bought the propaganda from the nuclear industry. They say its low-level radiation. Thats absolute rubbish. If you inhale a millionth of a gram of plutonium, the surrounding cells receive a very, very high dose. Most die within that area, because its an alpha emitter. The cells on the periphery remain viable. They mutate, and the regulatory genes are damaged. Years later, that person develops cancer. Now, thats true for radioactive iodine, that goes to the thyroid; cesium-137, that goes to the brain and muscles; strontium-90 goes to bone, causing bone cancer and leukemia. Its imperative … that you understand internal emitters and radiation, and its not low level to the cells that are exposed. Radiobiology is imperative to understand these days. ...
actinides - the actinide series encompasses the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103, actinium through lawrencium. All actinides are radioactive and release energy upon radioactive decay; naturally occurring uranium and thorium, and synthetically produced plutonium are the most abundant actinides on Earth. These are used in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Uranium and thorium also have diverse current or historical uses, and americium is used in the ionization chambers of most modern smoke detectors ...
FRAM by ORTEC analyzes the gamma-ray spectrum taken with a germanium radiation detector, of plutonium-bearing, uranium-bearing, or mixed items and quantifies the distribution of plutonium or uranium isotopes, 241Americium, and other transuranic isotopes (including uranium in mixed uranium-plutonium oxides) that contribute measurable gamma rays to the spectrum.
The results of the research clearly show that plankton from the coast of Palomares, obtained from a depth of 50 metres, contains radioactive plutonium and americium with an activity up to five times higher than the average of the other samples studied. Thus, while average radioactivity in western Mediterranean plankton is around 452 units (millibequerels per kilogram of dried plankton), at Palomares this figure is 2,046 units. This is still within the safety margins recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency, but serves as a reminder that the area is not free of residual contamination arising from the accident that occurred on 17 January 1966, when two US planes, a B-52 bomber, loaded with 4 nuclear warheads, and a refuelling plane collided in mid-flight ...
What is background radiation?. Ionising radiation always present in the environment. Why does background radiation not cause harm?. The levels are constant and are too low to be harmful and are naturally occuring mostly. Main contributors to background radiation?. Cosmic rays from the sun, decay of rocks, radon gas from the ground. Small contributors to background radiation?. Man made sources like radioactive waste from nuclear power stations and hospitals, and from smoke alarms. How much does human activity contribute to background radiation?. Less than 1%. What is the most common radioisotope used in smoke alarms?. Americium 241. What type of radiation do smoke alarms give out?. Alpha. How does a smoke alarm work?. The alpha particles ionise the molecules of the air forming ions and electrons which are attracted to a pair of charged plates as shown in the picture below. When the ions and electrons hit the plates they provide a small amount of electricity (a small current). This current stays ...
in Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica (1999), 62(1), 13-15. Background : Recently, a novel blood-borne virus has been identified and named hepatitis G virus. Transfusion is the main route of transmission. It is known that patients on maintenance dialysis are more ... [more ▼]. Background : Recently, a novel blood-borne virus has been identified and named hepatitis G virus. Transfusion is the main route of transmission. It is known that patients on maintenance dialysis are more susceptible to infections with parenterally-transmitted viruses than the general population. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis G infection in a Belgian dialysis unit. Methods: The entire population of our dialysis unit (82 patients) was tested for the presence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. History of transfusion or renal transplantation coinfections with hepatitis B and C viruses, and serum aminotransferase levels were also tested. ...
Gastrointestinal mucosal abnormalities ranging from edema to ulceration occur in two thirds of patients dying of uremia. Early studies suggested that uremic patients on maintenance dialysis treatment were at increased risk of peptic ulceration but more recent data indicate that this is not so. Other gastrointestinal problems reported for uremic subjects on maintenance dialysis treatment include bleeding from telangiectatic lesions, constipation, mucosal deposition of amyloid and acute pancreatitis. Nausea and vomiting are common in the uremic patient but gastric emptying studies have yielded conflicting results. Patients undergoing renal transplantation are at increased risk of development of esophagitis, complicated peptic ulcer, intestinal ulceration, and perforation as well as acute pancreatitis ...
The advances in computational actinide chemistry made in China are reviewed. Several areas relevant to chemistry of actinides in gas, liquid, and solid phases have been explored. However, we limit the scope to selected contributions in the chemistry of molecular actinide systems in gas and liquid phases. These studies may be classified into two categories: treatment of relativistic effects, which cover the development of two- and four-component Hamiltonians and the optimization of relativistic pseudopotentials, and the applications of theoretical methods in actinide chemistry. The applications include (1) the electronic structures of actinocene, noble gas complexes, An-C multiple bonding compounds, uranyl and its isoelectronic species, fluorides and oxides, molecular systems withmetal-metal bonding in their isolated forms (U-2, Pu-2) and in fullerene ([email protected]), and the excited states of actinide complexes; (2) chemical reactions, including oxidation, hydrolysis of UF6, ligand exchange, ...
Nach der Aufnahme von Plutonium mit der Nahrung wird ein großer Teil mit dem Stuhl wieder ausgeschieden. Der Anteil von Plutonium, der aus der Nahrung im Magen-Darm-Trakt in den Körper aufgenommen (resorbiert) wird, ist im Wesentlichen abhängig von der Art der Plutoniumverbindung und dem Alter der Person. In grober Annäherung kann eine Resorptionsrate von Plutonium mit der Nahrung von 0,05 Prozent angegeben werden. Bei anorganischen Plutoniumverbindungen liegt diese etwa um den Faktor zehn niedriger. Für Kleinkinder ist eine um den Faktor zehn höhere Resorptionsrate anzunehmen. Nach der Resorption von Plutonium über den Magen-Darm-Trakt wird Plutonium im Körper verteilt und dort vorrangig in Knochen und in der Leber konzentriert.. Im Blut aufgenommenes Plutonium wird zu etwa fünfzig Prozent im Knochen, zu dreißig Prozent in der Leber und etwa zwanzig Prozent in anderen Geweben eingelagert. Die Verweilzeit von inkorporiertem Plutonium im Knochen beträgt etwa fünfzig bis hundert Jahre ...
Background: Sudden cardiac death is common and accounts largely for the excess mortality of patients on maintenance dialysis. It is unknown whether aldosterone and cortisol increase the incidence of sudden cardiac death in dialysis patients. Methods and results: We analysed data from 1255 diabetic haemodialysis patients participating in the German Diabetes and Dialysis Study (4D Study). Categories of aldosterone and cortisol were determined at baseline and patients were followed for a median of 4 years. By Cox regression analyses, hazard ratios (HRs) were determined for the effect of aldosterone, cortisol, and their combination on sudden death and other adjudicated cardiovascular outcomes. The mean age of the patients was 66 ± 8 years (54% male). Median aldosterone was ,15 pg/mL (detection limit) and cortisol 16.8 µg/dL. Patients with aldosterone levels ,200 pg/mL had a significantly higher risk of sudden death (HR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.06-2.69) compared with those with an aldosterone ,15 pg/mL. ...
We demonstrated replication of a nonpoultry avian influenza A(H9N2) virus in finches and parakeets with limited environmental shedding (water), but no transmission to cage mates. Shedding routes were more limited, virus titers lower, and clinical signs less frequent in pet birds than in chickens. Nevertheless, the potential for pet birds to act as vectors of the virus should not be underestimated. We recently showed that novel influenza A(H7N9) virus transmits between passerines, which include finches, and poultry by water despite a lack of intraspecies transmission (8); H9N2 virus has also been isolated from wild, finch-like birds in China (11).. Interspecies transmission of the Env/9306 strain remains a risk to mammals because of adaptation mutations (5,9) and is supported in this study by replication in ferrets and in human and swine tissues. Physical contact between pet birds and their owners, as well as shedding of virus into the environment (water), could be transmission sources.. Live ...
Autori: Olan A, Segall L, Stoica L, Gusbeth-Tatomir P, Cristea C, Patrulea S, Mardare N, Balasanian M, Covic A.. Editorial: Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi, Jul-Sep;110(3, p.599-63, 2006.. Rezumat:. Cuvinte cheie: by-pass ...
The programme covers a range of multidisciplinary topics relevant to Occupational Safety and Health. Subjects covered include Legislation, Occupational Health, Occupational Hygiene, Human and Organisational Behaviour at Work, Chemical Safety and Toxicology and Safety Toxicology. . - This part-time programme is designed to be completed over two full years (five semesters). September to July Year 1 and September to May Year 2.. - Assignments, project work and self-directed learning are required during the summer semester between the two academic years of study.. - Lectures will normally be held on Fridays (9 am - 5 pm) in Year 1 and on Tuesdays(9 am - 5 pm) in Year 2. - Assessment strategies include continuous assessment, assignments, projects and examinations.. ...
This course is intended for MUN employees who may occasionally be required to enter an authorized radioisotope laboratory to perform their employment function (i.e. facilities management personnel, custodians, ITS staff, administrative staff, etc.). This training will provide an overview of the laboratory environment, with special attention paid to the importance of recognizing and adhering to radiation signage, identification of the potential radiation hazards a worker may encounter, and what to do in the event that a radiation hazard is encountered. These employees will not perform their work in an area designated for nuclear substance or radiation device use without prior authorization from the RSO.. ...
Lasers can cause damage in biological tissues, both to the eye and to the skin, due to several mechanisms. Thermal damage, or burn, occurs when tissues are heated to the point where denaturation of proteins occurs. Another mechanism is photochemical damage, where light triggers chemical reactions in tissue. Photochemical damage occurs mostly with short-wavelength (blue) and ultra-violet light and can be accumulated over the course of hours. Laser pulses shorter than about 1 μs can cause a rapid rise in temperature, resulting in explosive boiling of water. The shock wave from the explosion can subsequently cause damage relatively far away from the point of impact. Ultrashort pulses can also exhibit self-focusing in the transparent parts of the eye, leading to an increase of the damage potential compared to longer pulses with the same energy.. The eye focuses visible and near-infrared light onto the retina. A laser beam can be focused to an intensity on the retina which may be up to 200,000 times ...
Part IV examines frequency-domain photon diffusion in a homogeneous medium enclosed by a concave circular cylindrical applicator or enclosing a convex circular cylindrical applicator, both geometries being infinite in the longitudinal dimension. The aim is to assess by analogical and finite-element methods the changes of AC amplitude, modulation depth, and phase with respect to the line-of-sight source-detector distance for a source and a detector located along the azimuthal or longitudinal direction on the concave or convex medium-applicator interface. By comparing to their counterparts along a straight line on a semi-infinite medium-applicator interface, for the same line-of-sight source-detector distance, it is found that: (1) the decay-rate of AC photon fluence is smaller along the azimuthal direction and greater along the longitudinal direction on the concave interface, (2) the decay-rate of AC photon fluence is greater along the azimuthal direction and smaller along the longitudinal ...
The geometries and electronic structures of molecular ions featuring He atoms complexed to actinide cations are explored computationally using density functional and coupled cluster theories. A new record coordination number is established, as AcHe173+, ThHe174+, and PaHe174+ are all found to be true geometric minima, with the He atoms clearly located in the first shell around the actinide. Analysis of AcHen3+ (n=1-17) using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) confirms these systems
Purpose: Size, shape, and the position of paired organs are different in abdomen. However, the counterpart organs are conventionally treated jointly together in internal dosimetry. This study was performed to quantify the difference of specific absor
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Approaches used in biomedical psychiatry to evaluate depressed mood provide ambiguous information about possible underlying biological or other causes. Conventionally trained psychiatrists rely on structured interviews to obtain salient information about medical, psychiatric, family and social history that may be related to a patients complaint of depressed mood. The Mini-mental state exam, Beck Depression Inventory, and Hamilton Depression Inventory are structured interview tools commonly used to assess the relative severity of symptoms as well as social and psychodynamic factors associated with depressed mood. In addition to the clinical interview, laboratory screening studies are sometimes used to assess possible endocrinological, infectious, or metabolic causes of depressed mood. Bioassays that identify underlying medical causes of depressed mood include thyroid studies (FT4 and TSH), fasting blood glucose, liver enzymes, complete blood count (CBC), serum iron levels, serum electrolytes, ...
...CLEMSON S.C. Environmental scientists at Clemson University have rec...The research has implications for nuclear cleanup efforts and could he... Plutonium contamination in soils can be transported in groundwater aw... The way to predict how much and how fast plutonium moves through the ...,Clemson,researcher,will,study,plutonium,underground,for,Energy,Department,biological,biology news articles,biology news today,latest biology news,current biology news,biology newsletters
General understanding of intramolecular interactions engaged in molecular actinide species, in other words physical chemical mechanisms that drive the affinity of chelating ligands for actinide cations still needs to be deepened. In this field, X ray Absorption Spectroscopy has been extensively used as a structural and electronic metal cation probe. Combination with more traditional spectroscopic techniques as spectrophotometry is an ideal tool for the understanding of the chelation mechanism. Metallobiomolecules are considered as elaborate inorganic complexes with well-designed metal active sites. Although the various interaction processes between essential cations to biology and proteins are widely studied, focus on the actinide family is more seldom. Actinide impact to biological cycles has been motivated by risk assessments related to the wide use of nuclear fuel sources and industrial or military applications. In particular, the interactions of these cations with the biologically active ...
Can you name the 15 elements that are considered to be actinoids or actinides? Test your knowledge on this science quiz to see how you do and compare your score to others.
Plutonium Chemistry. From: Chemistry of actinides Nuclear properties and isotope production Pu in nature Separation and Purification Atomic properties Metallic state Compounds Solution chemistry. Pu nuclear properties. Isotopes from 228≤A≤247 Important isotopes 238 Pu Slideshow 1421013 by gerd
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Washington, April 19 (ANI): Scientists have used high-energy X-rays to discover and study the structure of plutonium nanoclusters, which contaminate groundwater, thus increasing the risk of sickness in humans and animals. The finding was
There is no information from studies in humans or animals to identify the specific levels of exposures to plutonium in air, food, or water that have resulted in harmful effects. However, it is generally assumed that any amount of absorbed radiation, no matter how small, may cause some damage. When expressed as the amount of radioactivity deposited in the body per kilogram of body weight (kg bw) as a result of breathing in plutonium, studies in dogs report that 100,000 pCi plutonium/kg bw caused serious lung damage within a few months, 1,700 pCi/kg bw caused harm to the immune system, and 1,400 pCi/kg bw caused bone cancer after 4 years. In each of these cases the dogs were exposed to the plutonium in air for one day ...
Government nuclear experts worried by the destruction of Challenger are reviewing the design of two future shuttle payloads that will carry 48 pounds each of deadly plutonium.The experts at the
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الپلوتونيوم Plutonium، هو عنصر كيميائي ترابي مشع رمزه الكيميائي وعدده الذري 94. وهو فلز أكتيني ذو لون رمادي-فضي يفقد لمعانه عند التعرض للهواء، ولوناً باهتاً عن تأكسده. يتفاع مع الكربون، الهالوجينات، النيتروجين، السليكون، والهيدروجين. عند تعرضه للهواء الرطب، يشكل أكاسيد وهيدريات تتمدد لأكبر من 70% من حجمها، والتي تتحول بدورها إلى مسحوق تلقائي الاشتعال. وهو مادة مشعة ويمكن أن تتراكم في العظام، مما يجعل التعامل مع الپلوتونيوم خطراً.
94 Elements is a global filmmaking project exploring our lives through the lens of the elements. Award-winning filmmakers each take one element as the basis for a human story around its use, presented across a unique digital platform
A radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cm, and atomic number 96. Thirteen curium isotopes have been produced with mass numbers ranging from 238-250. Its valence can be +3 or +4. It is intensely radioactive and decays by alpha-emission. . ...
Tenders Electronic Daily (TED) − the European public procurement journal. 541965-2020 - Belgium-Geel: Desktop Scanning Electron Microscope Integrated in a Glovebox for the Characterization of Actinide Targets
Forward Error Correction technique: parity vectors are computed such that each parity vector spans multiple FEC frames; in a given FEC frame, a first set of syndrome bits are due to the parity vectors
The man cares more each day. Aesthetic correction techniques that were the preserve of women before are giving way to a new generation of treatments for men unapologetic who want to be better every day. The … Read More. ...
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