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Populations68

• We identified and validated a minimum set of 192 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) for the genetic ancestry determination of Brazilian populations. (nih.gov)
• Understanding the genetic structure of a population is important for understanding its population history, as well as designing studies of complex biomedical traits, including disease susceptibility," said Stanford professor of genetics Carlos Bustamante , PhD. "As we deploy genomics technology in previously understudied populations like those of Latin America, we discover remarkable richness in the genetic diversity of these important groups and why it matters for health and disease. (stanford.edu)
• The researchers found that Mexico's indigenous populations diverge genetically along a diagonal northwest-to-southeast axis, with differences becoming more pronounced as the ethnic groups become more geographically distant from one another. (stanford.edu)
• Here, we report an analysis of admixture in thirteen Mestizo populations (i.e. in regions of mainly European and Native settlement) from seven countries in Latin America based on data for 678 autosomal and 29 X-chromosome microsatellites. (nih.gov)
• We found extensive variation in Native American and European ancestry (and generally low levels of African ancestry) among populations and individuals, and evidence that admixture across Latin America has often involved predominantly European men and both Native and African women. (nih.gov)
• This observation is consistent with the genetic structure of pre-Columbian populations and with admixture having involved Natives from the area where the Mestizo examined are located. (nih.gov)
• Approximate Geographic Location of the Mestizo Populations Examined and of the Native American Populations Considered in the Analyses. (nih.gov)
• The Native populations have been color coded based on their affiliation to one of the main Amerindian linguistic stocks according to the classification of Ruhlen. (nih.gov)
• Ancestry Proportions in 13 Mestizo Populations. (nih.gov)
• The populations have been ordered left to right based on decreasing autosomal European ancestry. (nih.gov)
• Ancestry was estimated by grouping data for populations sampled in Europe, Africa and Native Americans into three continental population samples. (nih.gov)
• Heterozygosity vs. Proportion of European Ancestry in Mestizo Populations. (nih.gov)
• Coyne has a second post on More on genes and geography: diagnosing your ancestry from your DNA , showing how easy it is to distinguish various human populations based on the frequency of alleles they contain. (blogspot.com)
• Modern Latin American populations were formed via genetic admixture among ancestral source populations from Africa, the Americas and Europe. (biomedcentral.com)
• We are interested in studying how combinations of genetic ancestry in admixed Latin American populations may impact genomic determinants of health and disease. (biomedcentral.com)
• We characterized the genetic ancestry, relatedness, and admixture patterns for each of the admixed Latin American genomes, finding a spectrum of ancestry proportions within and between populations. (biomedcentral.com)
• All four of the Latin American populations show ancestry-enrichment for a number of shared pathways, yielding evidence of similar selection pressures on these populations during their evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
• For example, all four populations show ancestry-enriched SNPs in multiple genes from immune system pathways, such as the cytokine receptor interaction, T cell receptor signaling, and antigen presentation pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
• Ancestry-enriched SNPs in Latin American populations have a substantial effect on health- and disease-related phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
• The concordant impact observed for same phenotypes across populations points to a process of adaptive introgression, whereby ancestry-enriched SNPs with specific functional utility appear to have been retained in modern populations by virtue of their effects on health and fitness. (biomedcentral.com)
• The conquest and colonization of the Americas, along with the trans-Atlantic slave trade, brought African, European, and Native American populations into close and sustained contact for the first time. (biomedcentral.com)
• We developed a panel of 446 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) optimized to estimate ancestral proportions in individuals and populations throughout Latin America. (prolekare.cz)
• We used genome-wide data from 953 individuals from diverse African, European, and Native American populations to select AIMs optimized for each of the three main continental populations that form the basis of modern Latin American populations. (prolekare.cz)
• We then validated the panel in samples from four admixed populations by comparing ancestry estimates based on the AIMs panel to estimates based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. (prolekare.cz)
• Finally, we genotyped samples from 18 populations from Latin America using the AIMs panel and estimated variability in ancestry within and between these populations. (prolekare.cz)
• Additionally, variability in these foramina between different ethnic groups has been observed, and it is sometimes possible to identify particular patterns of variability in certain populations. (bvsalud.org)
• A new effort to catalog genetic diversity among people in Mexico-who along with other Latin Americans have a unique ancestry-could shed light on diseases that affect these groups disproportionately, and on why some drugs may work more or less effectively in these populations. (technologyreview.com)
• The research will focus on the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes in Mexican and Latin American populations, as well as on the genomics of cancer worldwide. (technologyreview.com)
• Type 2 diabetes occurs at a particularly high frequency in Latin American populations, and "there's reason to think that the Native American contribution to the gene pool has some effect," he adds. (technologyreview.com)
• Beginning in the 1950s, Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza started formalizing the study of genetic differences among populations by examining distinct blood group proteins. (scientificamerican.com)
• This suggested to some researchers the hypothesis of a 'Beringian standstill', whereby the first founding population of the Americas was isolated from Eurasian populations before its radiation into a multitude of subpopulations in America [15]. (yumpu.com)
• For example, the mitochondrial DNA subtype called D4h3a is to day almost entirely restricted to Pacific coastal populations, both in North and South America. (yumpu.com)
• This observation led to the hypothesis that D4h3a was carried south of the ice sheets along a coastal route, in a migratory movement that was distinctive from the one that led to many other Native American populations [24]. (yumpu.com)
• Sources of Native American ancestry Under the hypothesis that Native American ancestry stems from a single founder population that separated earlier from Eurasian populations, differences in allele frequencies between Native American groups should have developed independently from Eurasian allele frequencies. (yumpu.com)
• This simple null hypothesis makes it possible to explicitly test hypotheses about the number of American founder populations. (yumpu.com)
• 23 ] applied this idea to the first comprehensive genome-wide data from Native American populations (52 populations, but none from the continental United States), and concluded that at least three ancestral populations were required to explain the similarities between Native Americans and East Asians. (yumpu.com)
• In addition, analysis of the Athabaskan-speaking Chipewyan revealed that they could not solely have their ancestry from the same founding population as other Northern-, Meso- and South American populations. (yumpu.com)
• And, although evidence points to the fact that the individual genetic mutations that produced the ABO genes are quite ancient (1) this is trivial importance with regard to the actual demographics of the individual ABO blood groups in ancient populations. (dadamo.com)
• Identification of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk in Ethnically and Racially Diverse Populations: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. (umassmed.edu)
• The main populations are the 'Ladinos' (~60%), a term used in Central America (deriving from 'latino'), and especially in Guatemala, to refer to a mix of Native American and Spanish (and eventually of Africans), and the Maya or 'Indígena' (~40%), that constitutes the second most important group in the country. (biomedcentral.com)
• The "(global) problem of ancestry inference" of human genetics takes as input genotype data on M markers for N subjects and produces as output some sort of clustering or assignment of the N subjects into populations. (g3journal.org)
• Admixed American populations have different global proportions of European, Sub-Saharan African, and Native-American ancestry. (nature.com)
• Furthermore, Brazilian non-inverted haplotypes were more similar to Native-American haplotypes than to European haplotypes, in contrast to what was found in other American admixed populations. (nature.com)
• However, local ancestry inference has been poorly explored in Brazilian individuals 20 , and since a specific demographic history can impact human populations differently, their study could potentially add relevant information about the distribution of local ancestry along the human genome. (nature.com)
• In a global PCA with the 1,000 Genomes Project (1 KGP) populations (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 1 ), BRS individuals were spread between Europeans, sub-Saharan Africans, and Native-Americans/East Asians, as are other admixed American populations, but were distributed mainly between Europeans and sub-Saharans rather than towards Native-Americans. (nature.com)
• Scientific analysis of human genomes from different parts of the world has shown that, on a global scale, modern humans divide genetically into seven continental populations: African, Middle Eastern, European, Central/South Asian, East Asian, Oceanian, and Native American. (fhid.com.au)
• In order to determine a new subject's genetic ancestry, Parabon Snapshot analyzes tens of thousands of SNPs from a DNA sample to determine a person's percent membership in each of these global populations. (fhid.com.au)
• Most other forensic ancestry systems use only a small number of SNPs and thus are limited to very coarse populations and cannot detect admixture between populations. (fhid.com.au)
• Parabon's scientists have collected data from many published scientific articles, totalling more than 9,000 individuals with clearly defined ancestry from more than 150 populations around the world, as shown in the map. (fhid.com.au)
• Efforts are ongoing to increase the representation of Native American populations. (fhid.com.au)
• Academic research using hundreds of thousands of SNPs from across the genome has shown that human groups generally divide into seven continental populations, which have been established over the past 50,000 years during the migration out of Africa. (fhid.com.au)
• The 150 populations collected as the ancestry background can thus be divided into these seven continental groups according to their origin. (fhid.com.au)
• Snapshot takes a similar approach to identifying within-continental (regional) ancestry, although the local populations were identified through empirical analysis performed by our bioinformatics team. (fhid.com.au)
• In an ancestry analysis, Snapshot will determine an individual's precise genetic origins, as well as whether there is any evidence of admixture (contribution from multiple populations). (fhid.com.au)
• Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is at least twice as prevalent in Native American populations as in populations of European ancestry, so admixture mapping is well suited to study the genetic basis of this complex disease. (elsevier.com)
• The effective number of generations back to unadmixed ancestors was 6.7 (95% CI 5.7-8.0), from which we can estimate that genome-wide admixture mapping will require typing about 1,400 evenly distributed AIMs to localize genes underlying disease risk between populations of European and Native American ancestry. (elsevier.com)
• Four continental populations were used as ancestral references: European, West African, East Asian and Native American. (ucsd.edu)
• Our work focuses on two neighboring populations with distinct ancestry profiles: Antioquia and Chocó. (frontiersin.org)
• A number of these pharmacogenomic variants also show anomalous effect allele frequencies within and between the two Colombian populations, and these differences were found to be associated with their distinct genetic ancestry profiles. (frontiersin.org)
• In addition to pharmacogenomic alleles related to increased toxicity risk, we also have evidence that alleles related to dosage and metabolism have large frequency differences between the two populations, which are associated with their specific ancestries. (frontiersin.org)
• Hispanic/Latino populations possess a complex genetic structure that reflects recent admixture among and potentially ancient substructure within Native American, European, and West African source populations. (nap.edu)
• Intersecting these data with previously collected high-density SNP data from 4,305 individuals, we use principal component analysis and clustering methods FRAPPE and STRUCTURE to investigate genome-wide patterns of African, European, and Native American population structure within and among Hispanic/Latino populations. (nap.edu)
• Comparing autosomal, X and Y chromosome, and mtDNA variation, we find evidence of a significant sex bias in admixture proportions consistent with disproportionate contribution of European male and Native American female ancestry to present-day populations. (nap.edu)
• libria in admixed Hispanic/Latino populations are largely affected by the admixture dynamics of the populations, with faster decay of LD in populations of higher African ancestry. (nap.edu)
• We document moderate power to differentiate among potential subcontinental source populations within the Native American, European, and African segments of the admixed Hispanic/Latino genomes. (nap.edu)
• Our results suggest future genome-wide association scans in Hispanic/Latino populations may require correction for local genomic ancestry at a subcontinental scale when associating differences in the genome with disease risk, progression, and drug efficacy, as well as for admixture mapping. (nap.edu)
• This dataset was chosen since it comprises several genetically diverse worldwide populations whom ancestries have evolved in different environments and thus lived following various nutritional habits and lifestyles. (biomedcentral.com)
• Twenty-four SNPs distributed across 14 CT genes separated populations into continental and intra-continental groups such as African hunter-gatherers and farmers, and between Native American sub-populations. (biomedcentral.com)

South America10

• Central and South America have a double bottleneck/founder effect. (blogspot.com)
• There is the historically distant Beringian founder bottleneck, but there is also the founder effects associated with rapid population growth during the pre-Columbian adoption of agriculture (Olmec/Mayan/Aztec in Central America, Inca in South America). (blogspot.com)
• So it makes sense that Central/South/West Asia is next and South America is the highest. (blogspot.com)
• But why is Oceania high and EXACTLY the same as South America? (blogspot.com)
• From their bivouac on the Asian continent in what is now Yemen, they appear to have set out on a decamillennial journey that spanned continents and land bridges and reached all the way to Tierra del Fuego, at the bottom of South America. (scientificamerican.com)
• and SOUTH AMERICA unspecified or combined. (bireme.br)
• According to the initial study [23 ], all Native American groups from Central and South America fit a model of a single founder population. (yumpu.com)
• Sequencing of entire Guatemalan mitogenomes has led to improved Native American phylogeny via the addition of new haplogroups that are mainly observed in Mesoamerica and/or the North of South America. (biomedcentral.com)
• The data reveal the existence of a fluid gene flow in the Mesoamerican area and a predominant unidirectional flow towards South America, most likely occurring during the Pre-Classic (1800 BC-200 AD) and the Classic (200-1000 AD) Eras of the Mesoamerican chronology, coinciding with development of the most distinctive and advanced Mesoamerican civilization, the Maya. (biomedcentral.com)
• Genomic insights into the ancestry and demographic history of South America. (nature.com)

Central America1

• Guatemala is a multiethnic and multilingual country located in Central America. (biomedcentral.com)

Proportions6

• Complex historical factors have resulted in varying proportions of ancestral contributions between individuals within and among ethnic groups. (prolekare.cz)
• Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) are commonly used to estimate overall admixture proportions efficiently and inexpensively [4] . (prolekare.cz)
• We used 370,539 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) to examine the association between individual proportions of African, European and Native American genomic ancestry with T. cruzi infection and related outcomes in 1,341 participants (aged ≥ 60 years) of the Bambui (Brazil) population-based cohort study of aging. (cdc.gov)
• Discover what proportions of your ancestry come from the seven continental level groups, including African, Asian, European or Native American descent. (csa.us)
• Admixture proportions were estimated using 69 autosomal ancestry-informative markers (AIMs). (elsevier.com)
• The metrics for summarizing genetic ancestry in each ancestral component were standardized as proportions ranging from 0 to 100 percent. (ucsd.edu)

Genomic ancestry1

• The aims of this study were to provide a resource for determining and quantifying individual continental ancestry using the smallest number of SNPs possible, thus allowing for a cost- and time-efficient strategy for genomic ancestry determination. (nih.gov)

Africans5

• We analyzed a total of 347 admixed Latin American genomes along with 1102 putative ancestral source genomes from Africans, Europeans, and Native Americans. (biomedcentral.com)
• A comparison among, say, East Africans and Native Americans can yield vital clues to human ancestry and to the inexorable progression of colonizations from continent to continent. (scientificamerican.com)
• West African" is not just a social construct, because West Africans are not an ethnic group. (gnxp.com)
• If the subjects' ancestors came from all over the inhabited world, the clusters that first emerge will identify the five major races: Asians, Caucasians, sub-Saharan Africans, Native Americans and the original inhabitants of Australia and Papua New Guinea. (blogspot.com)
• In Wade's telling, the Caucasian and East Asian races comprise the richest and most powerful nations in the world because they are genetically better adapted to success in modern capitalist systems than are Africans and the other racial groups, who remain steeped in tribalism, the "default" human condition. (bostonreview.net)

Latino7

• In conclusion, these markers can be used to identify and accurately quantify ancestry of Latin Americans or US Hispanics/Latino individuals, in particular in the context of fine-mapping strategies that require the quantification of continental ancestry in thousands of individuals. (nih.gov)
• There is not a single biological element unique to any of the groups we call white, black, Asian, Latino, etc. (psychologytoday.com)
• For example, in a study of five Hispanic/Latino ethnic groups, Puerto Ricans and Dominicans showed the largest proportion of African ancestry, while Mexicans had a significantly larger proportion of Native American ancestry than the other groups [2] . (prolekare.cz)
• Childhood asthma prevalence and morbidity varies among Latinos in the United States, with Puerto Ricans having the highest and Mexicans the lowest.To determine whether genetic ancestry is associated with the odds of asthma among Latinos, and secondarily whether genetic ancestry is associated with lung function among Latino children.We analyzed 5493 Latinos with and without asthma from 3 independent studies. (nih.gov)
• For example, the admixed East Asian and Latino example from the global map above was determined to have specifically Japanses, Central American, and Southwest European ancestry, as shown in the map below. (fhid.com.au)
• Latino ancestry is a mixture of European and Native American ancestry, so these groups are shown as well. (fhid.com.au)
• For the white Latino population of the United States, see White Hispanic and Latino Americans . (wikipedia.org)

SNPs10

• Estimates of individual admixture using this 192 AIM panels were highly correlated with estimates using ~370 000 genome-wide SNPs: 91%, 92%, and 74% of, respectively, African, European, and Native American ancestry components. (nih.gov)
• We also observed that genetic ancestry inferred by AIMs provides similar association results to the one obtained using ancestry inferred by genomic data (370 K SNPs) in a simple regression model with rs1426654, related to skin pigmentation, genotypes as dependent variable. (nih.gov)
• We then identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with anomalous ancestry-enrichment patterns, i.e. (biomedcentral.com)
• SNPs that exist in any given Latin American population at a higher frequency than expected based on the population's genetic ancestry profile. (biomedcentral.com)
• For this set of ancestry-enriched SNPs, we inspected their phenotypic impact on disease, metabolism, and the immune system. (biomedcentral.com)
• We also found SNPs with excess African or European ancestry that are associated with ancestry-specific gene expression patterns and play crucial roles in the immune system and infectious disease responses. (biomedcentral.com)
• Genes from both the innate and adaptive immune system were found to be regulated by ancestry-enriched SNPs with population-specific regulatory effects. (biomedcentral.com)
• We observed a significant excess in the directional consistency of T2D risk alleles across ancestry groups, even at SNPs demonstrating only weak evidence of association. (escholarship.org)
• Snapshot uses tens of thousands of SNPs across the genome to obtain very precise estimates of ancestry, even for admixed individuals. (fhid.com.au)
• The phasing process relies on the comparison of your genotype with those of people with known haplotypes (haplotypes are just strings of markers (SNPs) shared by groups of people, ACGT's, the building blocks of DNA). (blogspot.com)

Racial16

• There are no genes that make blacks in the USA more susceptible to high blood pressure, just as there are no genes for particular kinds of cancers that can be assigned to only one racial grouping. (psychologytoday.com)
• A manager who makes it clear that he or she believes in racial stereotypes by admitting that he or she refuses to promote a certain minority group because "all [members of that group] are lazy. (encyclopedia.com)
• What we ought to ask on medical questionnaires is not racial identification, but ancestry. (gnxp.com)
• So note the following "ancestry" categories (just don't call em' "racial" categories! (gnxp.com)
• The prevalence of infertility in American Indian/Alaska Natives and other racial/ethnic groups: National Survey of Family Growth. (ouhsc.edu)
• Nothing in American police work is more controversial than racial profiling. (popsci.com)
• helped to inform us about how remarkably similar all human beings are- 99.9% at the DNA level.Those who wish to draw precise racial boundaries around certain groups will not be able to use science as a legitimate justification" ( Collins and Mansoura, 2001:221) . (racismreview.com)
• As geneticists Collins and Mansoura point out in their article, quoted above, that those who wish to draw "precise boundaries" around certain racial groups will not be able to use science as a legitimate justification. (racismreview.com)
• It appears that the most natural of all ways to classify humans genetically is by the racial and ethnic groups that humans have identified from time out of mind. (blogspot.com)
• You often hear that between-group racial differences only account for 15% of genetic variation. (blogspot.com)
• This number comes from a 1972 study by Richard Lewontin of 17 blood types, comparing variation between continental-scale races and between national-scale racial groups (e.g. (blogspot.com)
• In many parts of Latin America being white is more a matter of socio-economic status than specific phenotypic traits, and it is often said that in Latin America "money whitens" [32] Within Latin America there are variations in how racial boundaries have been defined. (wikipedia.org)
• Alternately, in countries like Mexico and Brazil mixture has been emphasized as fundamental for nation-building, resulting in a large group of bi-racial mestizos , in Mexico, or tri-racial pardos , in Brazil, [33] [34] who are considered neither fully white nor fully non-white. (wikipedia.org)
• In Latin America, a person's ancestry may not be decisive in racial classification. (wikipedia.org)
• Key Topics: The authors attempt to capture and describe some of the similarities and differences experienced by faculty among each of the above mentioned racial/ethnic groups. (sicktatts.com)
• These names are always changing and contested in political struggle because racial groups themselves are the products of political struggle, so this lecture involves bits of history we will return to more in a later lecture. (wisc.edu)

Africa6

• A genetic family tree that begins with the San people of Africa at its root ends with South American Indians and with Pacific Islanders on its youngest-growing branches. (scientificamerican.com)
• An African American is a person in the United States whose ancestors , usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan Africa . (statemaster.com)
• The indigenous peoples of Africa are those peoples from the African region whose way of life, attachment or claims to particular lands, and social and political standing in relation to other more dominant groups have resulted in their substantial marginalisation within modern African states. (statemaster.com)
• We looked to see how well we could predict how much genetic ancestry they had from Africa, Europe and so forth," said study co-author Terry Jernigan, PhD, professor of cognitive science, psychiatry and radiology, adding that cortex differences between various lineages were focused in certain areas. (ucsd.edu)
• I understand what's really going on, meaning that ethnicity is a great feel-good sales tool (queue up the music), but does not have the ability to predict ethnicity accurately beyond the continental level (Europe, Africa, Asia), plus Native American and Jewish. (dna-explained.com)
• Watch out that AncestryDNA only ship to half of European countries (excluding notably France, Germany and Spain), and is not available in Asia (except Turkey, Georgia and Armenia), Africa, Latin America or Oceania. (eupedia.com)

Autosomal2

• When a group of predominantly male migrants enters a region and mates with local females, their autosomal signature can disappear very quickly in their descendants. (eupedia.com)
• You can read about how I did that in conjunction with my search for my Native American heritage in the article Revealing American Indian and Minority Heritage Using Y-line, Mitochondrial, Autosomal and X Chromosomal Testing Data Combined with Pedigree Analysis . (dna-explained.com)

MtDNA3

• Also the mtDNA in pretty much every ethnic group is so diverse that I struggle to understand how you could attribute a certain haplogroup to a certain ethnicity or a group of ethnicities. (eupedia.com)
• MtDNA lineages can be grouped together in a large mtDNA tree. (csa.us)
• Phylogenetic features of mtDNA data also suggest a demographic scenario that is compatible with moderate local endogamy and isolation in the Maya combined with episodes of gene exchange between ethnic groups, suggesting an ethno-genesis in the Guatemalan Maya that is recent and supported on a cultural rather than a biological basis. (biomedcentral.com)

Person's ancestry1

• Burchard noted that in lung diseases, such as asthma or emphysema, a person's ancestry at specific locations on their genes matters. (stanford.edu)

Europeans4

• Some of Mexico's indigenous groups are as genetically different from one another as Europeans from Chinese. (stanford.edu)
• Some groups are as genetically different from one another as Europeans are from East Asians. (stanford.edu)
• But missions to the Indians played important roles in social, cultural, and political changes for Indians, Europeans, and Americans from the very beginning of contact in the 1500s to the present. (oxfordre.com)
• The Filipinos came into touch with Europeans, Criollo, Mestizo and Portugese, as well as from France and Mexico, mostly from Latin America. (myanmar-image.com)

Genetically4

• We found they share very little genetically with other neighboring groups. (stanford.edu)
• I understand that when two human groups live isolated for a long time in which they become genetically homogeneous, and then mingle with each other, a mixture of genes appears. (eupedia.com)
• I'm not clear either if for example when you say the 'Caucasian admixture', it is with reference to the genetically homogeneous group from Caucasus or its combination with another different group? (eupedia.com)
• The founder effect occurs when a small group of migrants that is not genetically representative of the population from which they came establish in a new area. (worldebookfair.com)

Population Groups4

• The old descriptor ANIMALS will be changed to ANIMAL POPULATION GROUPS. (nih.gov)
• Distinct continental population groups - African, Asian, and European in particular - are the most obvious examples of this evolutionary process. (biomedcentral.com)
• The main population groups separate 'Ladinos' (mixed Native American-African-Spanish), and Native indigenous people of Maya descent. (biomedcentral.com)
• These prevalence rates are average figures based on the total population and it is well established that prevalence of diabetes varies by population groups. (springer.com)

Ethnicity6

• During his debate with Wade, anthropologist Agustín Fuentes pointed out that "Wade uses cluster, population, group, race, sub-race, ethnicity in a range of ways with few concrete definitions, and occasionally interchangeably throughout the book. (andrewsullivan.com)
• A computer given a random sampling of bits of DNA that are known to vary among humans-from among the millions of them-will cluster them into groups that correspond to the self-identified race or ethnicity of the subjects. (blogspot.com)
• In the last few days, Ancestry completed a rollout of an ethnicity update. (dna-explained.com)
• I was seriously upset when Ancestry posted my first ethnicity results in 2012 stating that I had 12% Scandinavian, when I don't have any. (dna-explained.com)
• That said, here is the graphic of my new Ancestry ethnicity results. (dna-explained.com)
• It would be no exaggeration, then, to say that the Mexican American second generation is on its way to becoming the single largest segment of California's population, when it is broken down along the three dimensions of ethnicity, generation and class. (ucdavis.edu)

Asian Continental Ancestry Group3

• Asian Continental Ancestry Group" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ouhsc.edu)
• This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Asian Continental Ancestry Group" by people in this website by year, and whether "Asian Continental Ancestry Group" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ouhsc.edu)
• Below are the most recent publications written about "Asian Continental Ancestry Group" by people in Profiles. (ouhsc.edu)

Indians4

• In response, tribal leaders from throughout Indian Country formed the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) in 1944 to litigate and lobby for the collective well-being of Native peoples. (oxfordre.com)
• As American Indian activism grew increasingly militant in the late 1960s and 1970s, civil disobedience, demonstrations, and takeovers became the preferred tactics of "Red Power" organizations such as the National Indian Youth Council (NIYC), the Indians of All Tribes, and the American Indian Movement (AIM). (oxfordre.com)
• It means comparing many religious groups, at least five governments, and hundreds of groups of Indians. (oxfordre.com)
• In that census, nearly half of American Indians and Alaska Natives identified as being of mixed race. (wikipedia.org)

Mitochondrial4

• 28 Genetics of human origin The greatest contribution of mitochondrial DNA studies to the understanding of Native American prehistory has been in the area of reconstruction of population size history. (yumpu.com)
• Mitochondrial DNA analyses were the first to document that the ancestry of most Native Americans derives from a population that experienced a profound founder event [10], with a relatively small number of individuals giving rise to a large number of descendants to day . (yumpu.com)
• The evidence for this is that all Native American mitochondrial DNA lineages to day descend from just five founding maternal lines [11-13] that each had a common ancestor around 18,000 to 15,000 years ago, implying a population size bottleneck around this time [14-18]. (yumpu.com)
• A second finding about Native American population history based on mitochondrial DNA data is that the founder event may have been preceeded by an extended period (many thousands of years) of little or no shared ancestry with non-Native American mitochondrial DNA lineages. (yumpu.com)

Genes3

• To examine whether inherited differences in the IGFBP1 and IGFBP3 genes influence prostate and breast cancer susceptibility, we conducted two large population-based association studies of African Americans, Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and Whites. (cdc.gov)
• In essence if you start off with a small number of a particular gene in a larger gene pool (such as the gene for blood group B in the gene pool for ABO blood type) and nothing other than random mating occurred, at the end of a period of time, you would still have a small number of B genes in the ABO gene pool. (dadamo.com)
• The answer lies not in the ancient nature of the mutations that produced the A and B genes, but rather in the discreet interactions that occurred between early man and his environment that were under the influence of his ABO blood group. (dadamo.com)

Lineages2

• The contributions of Native American ancestors to maternal and paternal lineages were estimated as 90 and 40%, respectively. (elsevier.com)
• The endemic Hawaiian mints represent a major island radiation that likely originated from hybridization between two North American polyploid lineages. (biomedcentral.com)

Mexicans3

• The study, published June 13 in Science , soundly refutes the current practice of lumping together Mexicans or Latinos as a homogenous group for genetic, clinical or population studies. (stanford.edu)
• In particular, the researchers found that variations in Native American ancestry among Mexicans and Mexican Americans significantly affect biomedical traits, such as lung function, emphasizing the importance of incorporating fine-scale ethnic information into clinical practice. (stanford.edu)
• Here, we quantify genome-wide patterns of SNP and haplotype variation among 100 individuals with ancestry from Ecuador, Colombia, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic genotyped on the Illumina 610-Quad arrays and 112 Mexicans genotyped on Affymetrix 500K platform. (nap.edu)

Markers6

• There are three genetic markers on your DNA that can provide clues to your ancestry: one from your father, another from your mother and a third from both sides of the family (from familysearch ). (csa.us)
• Only in the last century have scientists and anthropologists begun using biological markers such as the blood groups in the search for humanity's imprint on our distant past. (dadamo.com)
• Thus today's standard American DNA fingerprint, with its battery of 15 gene markers (two were recently added to the standard 13), is a sort of bar code identifier that is fine for matching two DNA samples but offers no hints about the human package from which a crime-scene DNA sample is derived. (popsci.com)
• Because geneticists have largely kept mum about ethnic markers, it proved something of a shock when DNAPrint Genomics concluded last March that a Louisiana serial killer's "biogeographical ancestry" was 85 percent sub-Saharan African and 15 percent Native American. (popsci.com)
• The principal aim of this study is to explore the genetic variability of the Maya and 'Ladinos' from Guatemala by means of uniparental and ancestry informative markers (AIMs). (biomedcentral.com)
• Widely-used methods for ancestry prediction assume that most markers are genotyped in all subjects, but this assumption is unrealistic if one wants to combine studies that used different genotyping platforms. (g3journal.org)

Inference4

• To provide ancestry inference and visualization across studies, we developed a new method, GRAF-pop, of ancestry prediction that is robust to missing genotypes and allows researchers to visualize predicted population structure in color and in three dimensions. (g3journal.org)
• When genotypes are dense, GRAF-pop is comparable in quality and running time to existing ancestry inference methods EIGENSTRAT, FastPCA, and FlashPCA2, all of which rely on principal components analysis (PCA). (g3journal.org)
• Inference of individual ancestry from genetic data arises in genome wide association studies (GWAS), personalized medicine, and human migration studies. (g3journal.org)
• Finally, using the locus-specific ancestry inference method LAMP, we reconstruct fine-scale chromosomal patterns of admixture. (nap.edu)

Differences8

• Once that myth was shattered, they fell back on the position that there are differences if you pick the right groups (e.g. comparing the average native citizen of Lanzhou and Uppsala) but this is unfair. (blogspot.com)
• Significant differences were present in soft and hard tissue norms of Iranian's in comparison to American Caucasions. (bvsalud.org)
• It is no surprise, then, that many of the distinctions between the blood groups involve basic functions of our digestive and immune systems.Evolution is usually considered in the context of millions of years, which is the time frame needed to explain the many differences between animals or other species. (dadamo.com)
• If Lewontin wants to argue that Japanese, West-African, and Amerindian "ancestry" is informative about genetic differences (with varying levels of resolution) then there isn't much of substance to argue about, though we can quibble about whether we want a trendy euphemism to describe this differentiation that exists below the species level. (gnxp.com)
• As we all know, there are morphologically different groups of people who live in different areas, though those differences are blurring due to recent innovations in transportation that have led to more admixture between human groups. (andrewsullivan.com)
• However, individuals who display the same global ancestry could exhibit remarkable differences in the distribution of local ancestry blocks. (nature.com)
• Admixture mapping is a recently developed method for identifying genetic risk factors involved in complex traits or diseases showing prevalence differences between major continental groups. (elsevier.com)
• Geographic differences in infectious disease mortality rates have been observed among American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons in the United States (1), and aggregate analyses of data from selected U.S. states indicate that COVID-19 incidence and mortality are higher among AI/AN persons than they are among White persons (2,3). (cdc.gov)

Subpopulations3

• Methods: With data from vital statistics and the national census, we calculate lung cancer death rates in 2000 for four US subpopulations: foreign-born, native-born, Hispanic and non-Hispanic White. (elsevier.com)
• So when Wade states in chapter 5 of his book, "It might be reasonable to elevate the Indian and Middle Eastern groups to the level of major races, making seven in all," he notices a problem: "But then, many more subpopulations could be declared races. (andrewsullivan.com)
• After global ancestry is determined, Snapshot's ancestry algorithm investigates which subpopulations (e.g. (fhid.com.au)

Ancestral3

• For example, if a certain disease is much more common in one ancestral group, scientists need only screen the DNA inherited from that group in a person of mixed ancestry. (technologyreview.com)
• Individual members of North American ethnic groups with ancient historic ancestral origins in Asia. (bireme.br)
• The researchers reported that the cortical patterns accounted for 47 to 66 percent of the variation among individuals in their genetic ancestry, depending on the ancestral lineage. (ucsd.edu)

Informative1

• Ethnic ancestry is one of the most informative traits that can be predicted from DNA. (fhid.com.au)

Distinct3

• In the 1982 Constitution Act, "Aboriginal" is used to refer to three distinct groups: the First Nations people, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. (ubc.ca)
• We identify 127 distinct association signals with homogeneous effects on eGFR across ancestries and enrichment in genomic annotations including kidney-specific histone modifications. (escholarship.org)
• These groups have long traditions and cultures that are quite distinct from one another. (racismreview.com)

Latin Americans3

• A new effort to study genetic diversity in Latin Americans, specifically in Mexico, could shed light on diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, that strike this group disproportionately. (technologyreview.com)
• White Latin Americans , or European Latin Americans , are Latin Americans who are considered white , typically due to European , or in some cases Levantine , descent. (wikipedia.org)
• White is the self-identification of many Latin Americans in some national censuses. (wikipedia.org)

Proportion1

• We found a decreased proportion of European ancestry together with an excess of Native-American ancestry on chromosome 8p23.1 and showed that this is due to haplotypes created by chromosomal inversion events. (nature.com)

Genome10

• Geographic patterns of genome admixture in Latin American Mestizos. (nih.gov)
• However, no genome-wide characterization of admixture across Latin America has yet been attempted. (nih.gov)
• Researchers are now using the map to analyze Mexican ancestry-the country is home to 65 indigenous groups-and to run genome-wide association studies of cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and age-related macular degeneration. (technologyreview.com)
• We assemble genome-wide association studies of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a measure of kidney function that defines CKD, in 312,468 individuals of diverse ancestry. (escholarship.org)
• Genome-wide trans-ancestry meta-analysis provides insight into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes susceptibility. (escholarship.org)
• To further understanding of the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) susceptibility, we aggregated published meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), including 26,488 cases and 83,964 controls of European, east Asian, south Asian and Mexican and Mexican American ancestry. (escholarship.org)
• The remainder of this article focuses on insights from whole genome studies of Native American population history. (yumpu.com)
• We studied for the first time the distribution of local ancestry across the genome of 264 Brazilian admixed individuals, ascertained within the scope of the Brazilian Initiative on Precision Medicine. (nature.com)
• Therefore, our primary goals are to describe the distribution and to search for possible deviations of local ancestry blocks across the genome of Brazilian admixed individuals. (nature.com)
• Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in ∼ 700000 individuals of European ancestry. (nature.com)

Traits1

• The large and diverse population of Latin America is potentially a powerful resource for elucidating the genetic basis of complex traits through admixture mapping. (nih.gov)

African12

• Most individuals throughout the Americas are admixed descendants of Native American, European, and African ancestors. (prolekare.cz)
• Hispanics are a relatively young-about 500-year-old-amalgam of three major continental groups-European, Native American, and African-and make up about 15 percent of the world's population. (technologyreview.com)
• Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 â October 24, 2005) was an African American civil rights activist and seamstress whom the U.S. Congress dubbed the Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement. (statemaster.com)
• In the United States the term is generally used for Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry. (statemaster.com)
• Baseline T. cruzi infection was correlated with higher levels of African and Native American ancestry, which in turn were strongly associated with poor socioeconomic circumstances. (cdc.gov)
• Although she had assumed she was Hispanic, the reports of her DNA testing showed she is part Irish, part Scandinavian and part African, with some Native American ancestry as well. (csa.us)
• That's like going to a casino that has American Indian and African American croupiers, and 85% of the time the roulette spins are random, but 15% of the time the ball always comes up red for Indian croupiers and black for the black croupiers -- pretty useful information, huh? (blogspot.com)
• In Post Black: How a New Generation Is Redefining African American Identity, Womack takes a fresh look at the dynamics shaping the lives of contemporary African Americans. (sicktatts.com)
• Patterns of SNP may denote how much of ancestry can be denoted to African, European, Asian descent or unknown regions. (healthresource4u.com)
• The easiest way to avoid serious offense is to stick with the continent names (European, African, Asian, American) although these are not always preferred. (wisc.edu)
• Antioquia has primarily European genetic ancestry followed by Native American and African components, whereas Chocó shows mainly African ancestry with lower levels of Native American and European admixture. (frontiersin.org)
• Mexican American youth are also much more likely to be in blue collar/working poor families than whites, Asians or even African Americans. (ucdavis.edu)

Alaska Native3

• OBJECTIVE: To examine healthcare coverage and access disparities for American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) veterans compared with non-Hispanic white veterans. (elsevier.com)
• The Yupiit are the most numerous of the various Alaska Native groups and speak the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language, a member of the Eskimo-Aleut family of languages. (wikipedia.org)
• As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the Yup'ik at 34,000 people is the largest Alaska Native tribal grouping, either alone or in combination, closely followed by the Inupiat (33,000). (wikipedia.org)

Clues1

• Less known but more controversial is that DNA traces also leave clues about ancestry and appearance, clues that, as genetic science matures, might be used to generate a sort of police sketch. (popsci.com)

Caucasian2

• The mean for each landmark was compared to American Caucasian norms in the databank by Paired t test. (bvsalud.org)
• In particular, the synonyms for White-European American and Caucasian-are both capitalized. (wisc.edu)

Latinos2

• Genetic ancestry influences asthma susceptibility and lung function among Latinos. (nih.gov)
• Mexican Americans and other Latinos today constitute the single largest ethnic group among California's school children, and four out of five are the children of immigrants. (ucdavis.edu)

Demographic1

• Our findings agree with available information on the demographic history of Latin America and have a number of implications for the design of association studies in population from the region. (nih.gov)

Variations1

• The variations, strengths and weaknesses of each blood group can be seen as part of humanity's continual process of acclimating to different environmental challenges. (dadamo.com)

Regions1

• Native Americans are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska. (statemaster.com)

Homogeneous1

• But I think it's most likely about the homogeneous genetic group from the Caucasus. (eupedia.com)

Humans2

• In humans today there are not multiple biological groups called "races. (psychologytoday.com)
• The originators of the computer program most often used to support the argument that humans divide into the continental genetic clusters (which Wade says are "races") comment that their model (called structure) is not well-suited to data shaped by restricted gene flow with isolation by distance (as human genetic variation data on large scales are). (andrewsullivan.com)

Phenotypic1

• Admixture in Latin America: geographic structure, phenotypic diversity and self-perception of ancestry based on 7,342 individuals. (nature.com)

Susceptibility2

• By following up the strongest signals of association from the trans-ethnic meta-analysis in an additional 21,491 cases and 55,647 controls of European ancestry, we identified seven new T2D susceptibility loci. (escholarship.org)
• Different foods metabolized in a unique manner by each ABO blood group probably resulted in that blood group achieving a certain level of susceptibility (good or bad) to the endemic bacteria, viruses and parasites of the area. (dadamo.com)

Indigenous2

• A pre-defined group of global Indigenous websites will be reviewed for relevant gray literature. (biomedcentral.com)
• However, the original HapMap almost entirely excluded Native Americans, largely due to political opposition from indigenous groups. (technologyreview.com)

People18

• Much of Mexico, however, is populated by people of mixed ancestry, primarily as a result of European colonization. (stanford.edu)
• Do admixtures have a better correlation with phenotypes or with actual genetic make-up of a group of people? (eupedia.com)
• Written during a tumultuous period in American history when many people expected the federal government to right social wrongs, the law was a monumental piece of legislation that changed the American employment landscape. (encyclopedia.com)
• In an effort to scientifically determine their ancestry, millions of people around the world have taken a genetic DNA test. (csa.us)
• This ethos manifested itself in the disastrous federal policies of termination and relocation, which sought to end federal services to recognized Indian tribes and encourage Native people to leave reservations for cities. (oxfordre.com)
• People descended from European settlers who arrived in the Americas during the colonial and post-independence periods can be found throughout Latin America. (wikipedia.org)
• According to a survey conducted by Cohesión Social in Latin America, conducted on a sample of 10,000 people from seven countries of the region, 34% of those interviewed identified themselves as white. (wikipedia.org)
• PREE works to advance policies that enable people of color to participate fully in the American economy and benefit equitably from gains in prosperity. (sicktatts.com)
• Also known as genetic ancestry testing or genetic genealogy, it makes a way for people to move past family anecdotes or historical documents to actually unearth what is hardwired in their DNA and live longer. (healthresource4u.com)
• That is, the people in the group disagree about what names they prefer. (wisc.edu)
• In all cases, when I am talking about whether a race name is "preferred," the people whose preferences matter are the members of the group being named. (wisc.edu)
• My sources are people who are in the group being discussed, or reports or research about the preferences of people in the group being named. (wisc.edu)
• White and Black are color names that some people in the group prefer. (wisc.edu)
• Many Black people capitalize Black but not white and will explain that this is because Black Americans have a common history as a people, while white Americans are a hodgepodge of the dominant group. (wisc.edu)
• In choosing to capitalize, I am essentially asserting in English that both Black and White people are named groups. (wisc.edu)
• Most Yup'ik people still speak the native language and bilingual education has been in force since the 1970s. (wikipedia.org)
• The Yup'ik had the greatest number of people who identified with one tribal grouping and no other race (29,000). (wikipedia.org)
• Coast people] Dena'ina Athabaskan: Dutna Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskan: Dodina sg Dodinayu pl The common ancestors of the Eskimo and the Aleut (as well as various Paleo-Siberian groups) are believed by archaeologists to have their origin in eastern Siberia. (wikipedia.org)

Caucasians3

• We genotyped the IL6 (-174) G/C polymorphism using pyrosequencing in 463 Native Americans and by PCR-RFLP in 329 Spanish Caucasians. (nih.gov)
• These findings are consistent with a role for genetic determinants of inflammation in the development of T2DM in both Native Americans and Caucasians. (nih.gov)
• The purpose of this study was to establish soft and hard tissue data base for 9 to 11 years Iranian children and to compare it with Legan and Ricketts dentofacial planner plus norms for American Caucasians. (bvsalud.org)

Ancient3

• You take one ancient genetic sample and compare them to other groups? (eupedia.com)
• It can help scientists understand ancient human population migrations as well as how human groups are biologically related to one another. (wikipedia.org)
• The three principal DNA tests for ancient ancestry are Living DNA , Geno 2.0 (by National Geographic) and 23andMe . (eupedia.com)

20191

• Here's the chart I created showing various Ancestry updates beginning in 2012 through the current 2019 update, today. (dna-explained.com)

Genotype3

• When this sample population was stratified according to ethnic heritage, all 211 subjects who were of full Pima Indian heritage had the GG genotype, whereas in the 77 American Indian subjects with non-Pima admixture, T2DM was associated with IL6 genotype (P=0.001). (nih.gov)
• This panel and its reference genotype information will be useful resources to explore population history of admixture in Latin America and to correct for the potential effects of population stratification in admixed samples in the region. (prolekare.cz)
• It has become more challenging to infer subject ancestry quickly and accurately since large amounts of genotype data, collected from millions of subjects by thousands of studies using different methods, are accessible to researchers from repositories such as the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP) at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). (g3journal.org)

Mestizos1

• An admixture analysis allowing for Native American population subdivision revealed a differentiation of the Native American ancestry amongst Mestizos. (nih.gov)

Fingerprint1

• By now most Americans know that when criminals leave traces of themselves--blood, semen, hair, a scrape of skin under a victim's fingernails--at crime scenes, they leave a unique genetic fingerprint that can establish their presence at the scene with great certainty. (popsci.com)

Burchard1

• And most Hispanics are part Native American-a recent study in Mexico City found that 70 percent of participants' ancestry was Native American, says Burchard. (technologyreview.com)

Ethnic group2

• But in California and the Southwest, Mexican Americans are not "just another" immigrant-origin ethnic group. (ucdavis.edu)
• They are instead by far the largest "minority" and are rapidly becoming the single largest ethnic group, destined to outnumber whites sometime in the next century. (ucdavis.edu)

Gene2

• This can be observed in the limited gene pools of Icelanders , Ashkenazi Jews , Faroe Islanders , Easter Islanders , Filipinos , and those native to Pitcairn Island . (worldebookfair.com)
• Here we show that Native American ancestry is associated with reduced height in an ethnically diverse group of Peruvian individuals, and identify a population-specific, missense variant in the FBN1 gene (E1297G) that is significantly associated with lower height. (nature.com)

Mexican American7

• The Mexican-American Second Generation: Yesterday, Today. (ucdavis.edu)
• The Mexican American "new" second generation shares many points in common with the other cases included in this volume. (ucdavis.edu)
• But in other ways the Mexican-American case stands apart. (ucdavis.edu)
• If Mexican American youth were just another in the vast array of new second generation groups, there would be only modest cause for concern regarding their below average achievement and future prospects. (ucdavis.edu)
• In this chapter we tell the story of the "new" Mexican American second generation, drawing from Census data and other research as well as from the CILS surveys of Mexican American youth in San Diego. (ucdavis.edu)
• Our focus is on California, since the Mexican American CILS sample comes from San Diego, and because immigration and the children that are its result are more immediately consequential for California than for the Southwest or the rest of the United States. (ucdavis.edu)
• We then provide a description of the San Diego Mexican-American community and the sample of Mexican American school children in San Diego that provides much of our data. (ucdavis.edu)