Amanitins
Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.
Onset of nucleolar and extranucleolar transcription and expression of fibrillarin in macaque embryos developing in vitro. (1/436)
Specific aims were to characterize the onset of nucleolar and extranucleolar transcription and expression of the nucleolar protein fibrillarin during preimplantation development in vitro in macaque embryos using autoradiographic and immunocytochemical techniques. Autoradiography was performed on whole embryos cultured with [3H]uridine for assessment of nucleolar (rRNA) and extranucleolar (mRNA) transcription. Expression of fibrillarin was immunocytochemically assessed in whole embryos using a primary antibody against fibrillarin and a fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated secondary antibody. Extranucleolar incorporation of [3H]uridine was first detected in 2-cell embryos cultured 6-10 h with [3H]uridine. Culture with alpha-amanitin prevented incorporation of label in 2-cell embryos, and treatment with ribonuclease reduced the signal to background levels, indicating that [3H]uridine was incorporated into mRNA and not rRNA or DNA. Nucleolar incorporation of [3H]uridine was not evident in pronucleate-stage or 2- to 5-cell embryos, but it was detected in one 6-cell embryo and in all 8-cell to blastocyst-stage embryos. Fibrillarin was first expressed in some 6- to 7-cell embryos, but it was consistently expressed in all 8-cell embryos. Fibrillarin was localized to the perimeter of the nucleolar precursor bodies, forming a ring that completely encapsulated these structures. Fibrillarin was not expressed in 8- to 16-cell embryos cultured with alpha-amanitin, indicating that it is transcribed, rather than recruited, at the 8-cell stage. In conclusion, in in vitro-fertilized macaque embryos developing in vitro, extranucleolar synthesis of mRNA is initiated at the 2-cell stage while the onset of nucleolar transcription occurs at the 6- to 8-cell stage, coincident with expression of fibrillarin. (+info)Bone marrow ribonucleic acid polymerase. Effect of testosterone on nucleotide incorporation into nuclear RNA. (2/436)
The incorporation of 3H-UTP into RNA by isolated rat bone marrow nuclei is stimulated by testosterone. This effect is hormone and tissue specific. Using alpha-amanitine and different ionic strength conditions it was found that testosterone enhances preferentially RNA polymerase I activity. The sedimentation pattern of RNA isolated from bone marrow nuclei shows that the synthesis of RNA species within the 14-30 S range is mainly stimulated by the hormone. (+info)Stochastic and nonstochastic post-transcriptional silencing of chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase genes involves increased RNA turnover-possible role for ribosome-independent RNA degradation. (3/436)
Stochastic and nonstochastic post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in Nicotiana sylvestris plants carrying tobacco class I chitinase (CHN) and beta-1,3-glucanase transgenes differs in incidence, stability, and pattern of expression. Measurements with inhibitors of RNA synthesis (cordycepin, actinomycin D, and alpha-amanitin) showed that both forms of PTGS are associated with increased sequence-specific degradation of transcripts, suggesting that increased RNA turnover may be a general feature of PTGS. The protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide and verrucarin A did not inhibit degradation of CHN RNA targeted for PTGS, confirming that PTGS-related RNA degradation does not depend on ongoing protein synthesis. Because verrucarin A, unlike cycloheximide, dissociates mRNA from ribosomes, our results also suggest that ribosome-associated RNA degradation pathways may not be involved in CHN PTGS. (+info)Isolation and characterization of RNA polymerase B from the larval fat body of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. (4/436)
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase B has been extensively purified from the larval fat body of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) by employing chromatography on ion-exchange columns of DEAE-Sephadex, DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose and centrifugation on glycerol gradients. The isolated enzyme after electrophoresis on acrylamide gels shows one main band and one minor band, both having enzyme activity sensitive to alpha-amanitin. The catalytic and physicochemical properties of the enzyme are similar to those of other eucaryotic B-type RNA polymerases. The enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 530000, is inhibited 50% by alpha-amanitin at 0.04 microgram/ml and shows maximum activity on denatured DNA at 5 mM Mn2+ and 100 mM ammonium sulfate. An antibody was obtained that cross-reacts with the pure enzyme and forms a precipitin line. This antibody does not cross react with either Escherichia coli RNA polymerase or with wheat germ RNA polymerase but does react with one of the B polymerases isolated from wing tissue of the silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi. (+info)Inefficient processing impairs release of RNA from the site of transcription. (5/436)
We describe here for the first time the site of retention within the nucleus of pre-mRNA processing mutants unable to be exported to the cytoplasm. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to detect transcripts from human beta-globin genes that are either normal or defective in splicing or 3' end formation. Nuclear transcripts of both wild-type and mutant RNAs are detected only as intranuclear foci that colocalize with the template gene locus. The kinetics of transcript release from the site of transcription was assessed by treatment of cells with the transcriptional inhibitors actinomycin D, alpha-amanitin and DRB. These drugs induce the rapid disappearance of nuclear foci corresponding to wild-type human beta-globin RNA. In contrast, pre-mRNA mutants defective in either splicing or 3' end formation and which fail to be transported to the cytoplasm, are retained at the site of transcription. Therefore, 3' end processing and splicing appear to be rate limiting for release of mRNA from the site of transcription. (+info)Ubiquitination of RNA polymerase II large subunit signaled by phosphorylation of carboxyl-terminal domain. (6/436)
A sensitive assay using biotinylated ubiquitin revealed extensive ubiquitination of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II during incubations of transcription reactions in vitro. Phosphorylation of the repetitive carboxyl-terminal domain of the large subunit was a signal for ubiquitination. Specific inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)-type kinases suppress the ubiquitination reaction. These kinases are components of transcription factors and have been shown to phosphorylate the carboxyl-terminal domain. In both regulation of transcription and DNA repair, phosphorylation of the repetitive carboxyl-terminal domain by kinases might signal degradation of the polymerase. (+info)The transcriptional inhibitors, actinomycin D and alpha-amanitin, activate the HIV-1 promoter and favor phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain. (7/436)
Actinomycin D and alpha-amanitin are commonly used to inhibit transcription. Unexpectedly, however, the transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) long terminal repeats (LTR) is shown to be activated at the level of elongation, in human and murine cells exposed to these drugs, whereas the Rous sarcoma virus LTR, the human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene (CMV), and the HSP70 promoters are repressed. Activation of the HIV LTR is independent of the NFkappaB and TAR sequences and coincides with an enhanced average phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) from the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. Both the HIV-1 LTR activation and the bulk CTD phosphorylation enhancement are prevented by several CTD kinase inhibitors, including 5, 6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole. The efficacies of the various compounds to block CTD phosphorylation and transcription in vivo correlate with their capacities to inhibit the CDK9/PITALRE kinase in vitro. Hence, the positive transcription elongation factor, P-TEFb, is likely to contribute to the average CTD phosphorylation in vivo and to the activation of the HIV-1 LTR induced by actinomycin D. (+info)RNA polymerase II targets pre-mRNA splicing factors to transcription sites in vivo. (8/436)
Biochemical evidence indicates that pre-mRNA splicing factors physically interact with the C-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. We have investigated the in vivo function of this interaction. In mammalian cells, truncation of the CTD of RNA pol II LS prevents the targeting of the splicing machinery to a transcription site. In the absence of the CTD, pre-mRNA splicing is severely reduced. The presence of unspliced RNA alone is not sufficient for the accumulation of splicing factors at the transcription site, nor for its efficient splicing. Our results demonstrate a critical role for the CTD of RNA pol II LS in the intranuclear targeting of splicing factors to transcription sites in vivo. (+info)Amanitins are a type of bicyclic octapeptide toxin found in several species of the Amanita mushroom, known to cause severe gastrointestinal and liver damage in humans.
Amanitins are a type of bicyclic octapeptide toxin found in several species of mushrooms belonging to the Amanita genus, including the death cap (Amanita phalloides) and the destroying angel (Amanita virosa). These toxins are part of the group of compounds known as amatoxins.
Amanitins are highly toxic to humans and other animals, affecting the liver and kidneys in particular. They work by inhibiting RNA polymerase II, an enzyme that plays a crucial role in gene expression by transcribing DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA). This interference with protein synthesis can lead to severe damage to cells and tissues, potentially resulting in organ failure and death if left untreated.
Symptoms of amanitin poisoning typically appear in two phases. The first phase, which occurs within 6-24 hours after ingestion, includes gastrointestinal distress such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. This initial phase may subside for a short period, giving a false sense of recovery. However, the second phase, which can occur 3-7 days later, is characterized by liver and kidney damage, with symptoms such as jaundice, disorientation, seizures, coma, and ultimately, multiple organ failure if not treated promptly and effectively.
Treatment for amanitin poisoning usually involves supportive care, such as fluid replacement and addressing any complications that arise. In some cases, medications like silibinin (from milk thistle) or activated charcoal may be used to help reduce the absorption and toxicity of the amanitins. Additionally, liver transplantation might be considered in severe cases where organ failure is imminent. Prevention is key when it comes to amanitin poisoning, as there is no antidote available. Being able to identify and avoid potentially deadly mushrooms is essential for foragers and those who enjoy gathering wild fungi.
Amanitin
... may refer to several related amatoxins: α-Amanitin β-Amanitin γ-Amanitin ε-Amanitin Amatoxin, a class of toxic ... compounds that include the amanitins Amanin, another amatoxin This set index article lists chemical compounds articles ...
Β-Amanitin
Due to the presence of α-Amanitin, β-Amanitin, γ-Amanitin and epsilon-Amanitin these mushrooms are highly lethal to human ... β-Amanitin (beta-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide comprising eight amino acids. It is part of a group of toxins called amatoxins, ... "β-Amanitin", Retrieved on 12 March 2013. "Material Safety Data Sheet for beta Amanitin"[permanent dead link], Retrieved on 12 ... permits a time-weighted average exposure of up to 5 mg/m3 of β-Amanitin dust. β-Amanitin may cause irritation of the ...
Α-Amanitin
The unique mode of action of α-amanitin seems to make the amanitin-based ADCs a suitable toxic payload. Amanitin has a water- ... α-Amanitin (alpha-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids. It is possibly the most deadly of all the amatoxins, ... Brüggemann O, Meder M, Freitag R (September 1996). "Analysis of amatoxins alpha-amanitin and beta-amanitin in toadstool ... alpha-amanitin and beta-amanitin would travel at different rates, thus allowing individual identification of each toxin. ...
Γ-Amanitin
... (gamma-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids. It is an amatoxin, a group of toxins isolated from and ...
Ε-Amanitin
... (epsilon-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide. It is an amatoxin, all of which are found in several members of the mushroom ... The oral LD50 of ε-amanitin is approximately 0.1 mg/kg. Like other amatoxins, ε-amanitin is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. ...
Galerina marginata
... was shown in various studies to contain the amatoxins α-amanitin and γ-amanitin, first as G. venenata, then ... Later experiments confirmed the occurrence of γ-amanitin and β-amanitin in German specimens of G. autumnalis and G. marginata ... Both amanitins were quantified in G. autumnalis (1.5 mg/g dry weight) and G. marginata (1.1 mg/g dry weight). ... Based on this value, the ingestion of 10 G. marginata fruit bodies containing about 250 µg of amanitins per gram of fresh ...
Amanita hygroscopica
The principal toxic constituent is α-amanitin, an elective inhibitor of RNA polymerase II and III, which causes liver and ... There is no antidote for amanitin poisoning; treatment is mainly supportive (gastric lavage, activated carbon, fluid ...
Amatoxin
alba contained 0.89 mg/g of alpha-amanitin, 0.48 mg/g of beta-amanitin and 0.001 mg/g gamma-amanitin in contrast to the 2.46, ... Alpha-amanitin (α-Amanitin) primarily affects the bridge helix of the RNA pol II complex, a highly conserved domain 35 amino ... This test sensitively detects alpha-amanitin and gamma-amanitin (clearly detects 10 ng/mL), and exhibits slightly less ... of treatment in hospital showed a concentration of 2.7ng/ml alpha-amanitin and 1.25ng/ml beta-amanitin with no gamma-amanitin ...
RNA polymerase
Alpha-amanitin Primase Werner F, Grohmann D (February 2011). "Evolution of multisubunit RNA polymerases in the three domains of ...
Lepiota brunneoincarnata
It is known to contain deadly amounts of alpha-amanitin and was responsible for a fatal poisoning in Spain in 2002, and a ... A family in Salon-de-Provence in France was poisoned after mistaking them for the grey knight (Tricholoma terreum). Amanitin ... Intravenous silibinin has a role in reducing amanitin uptake. Other specific measures include penicillin G and n-acetylcysteine ...
Amanita phalloides
Of the amatoxins, α-Amanitin is the chief component and along with β-amanitin is likely responsible for the toxic effects. ... The principal toxic constituent is α-Amanitin, which causes liver and kidney failure. The death cap is named in Latin as such ... Letschert K, Faulstich H, Keller D, Keppler D (May 2006). "Molecular characterization and inhibition of amanitin uptake into ... Jahn, W. (1980). "Pharmacokinetics of {3H}-methyl-dehydroxymethyl-amanitin in the isolated perfused rat liver, and the ...
Mushroom poisoning
Alpha-Amanitin: For 6-12 hours, there are no symptoms. This is followed by a period of gastrointestinal upset (vomiting and ... Patients hospitalized and given aggressive support therapy almost immediately after ingestion of amanitin-containing mushrooms ... α-Amanitin, the poison produced by the death cap (Amanita phalloides) and others of the genus, is not denatured by heat. " ...
Galerina sulciceps
Although these clinical symptoms are inconsistent with those of amatoxin poisoning, the presence of α-, β- and γ- amanitins in ... amanitin; a series of poisonings in Indonesia in the 1930s resulted in 14 deaths from the consumption of this species. It has a ... The survey of fungi containing amanitins and phalloidins]. Časopis Lékařů Českých (in Czech). 132: 449-51. Besl H. (1981). " ... while later studies of toxin concentrations in amanitin-containing mushrooms corroborate this view. The symptoms of poisoning ...
Galerina
Many (though not all) Galerina contain alpha-amanitin and other amatoxins. Galerina marginata (also known as "autumn skullcap ... Klán J. (1993). "Prehled hub obsahujících amanitiny a faloidiny [A review of mushrooms containing amanitins and phalloidines ...
Amanita
The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is α-Amanitin. The genus also contains many edible mushrooms, but mycologists ...
Hepatotoxicity
Examples include alpha-Amanitin containing mushrooms, kava, and aflatoxin producing molds. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which occur ...
Oligopeptide
Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanita phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals. Antipain - An ... Examples of oligopeptides include: Amanitins - Cyclic peptides taken from carpophores of several different mushroom species. ...
Cyclic peptide
Examples include: Amanitins Bacitracin Colistin Ciclosporin Dactinomycin Daptomycin Gramicidin S Hymenistatin Microcystins ... for example in amanitin. Many cyclic peptides have been discovered in nature and many others have been synthesized in the ... Bicyclics such as the amanitins and the phalloidins contain a bridging group, generally between two of the side chains. In the ...
Amanita bisporigera
One mature fruit body can contain 10-12 mg of α-amanitin, enough for a lethal dose. The α-amanitin concentration in the spores ... Three subtypes of amatoxin have been described: α-, β, and γ-amanitin. The principal amatoxin, α-amanitin, is readily absorbed ... Roughly 0.2 to 0.4 milligrams of α-amanitin is present in 1 gram of A. bisporigera; the lethal dose in humans is less than 0.1 ... Zhang P, Chen Z, Hu J, Wei B, Zhang Z, Hu W (2005). "Production and characterization of Amanitin toxins from a pure culture of ...
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides
α-Amanitin, an amatoxin, has a number of posttranslational modifications in addition to macrocyclization and formation of the ... As an amatoxin, α-amanitin is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. Bottromycins contain a C-terminal decarboxylated thiazole in ...
Amanita citrina
It has been shown that this mushroom contains the alpha-amanitin toxin.[citation needed] However, the amounts of this toxin ...
Amaninamide
It differs from alpha-amanitin in lacking the hydroxyl group on tryptophan. This alters its UV absorption spectrum but not its ...
Horizontal gene transfer
The toxin α-amanitin is found in numerous, seemingly unrelated genera fungi such as Amanita, Lepiota, and Galerina. Two ... May 2022). "Genes and evolutionary fates of the amanitin biosynthesis pathway in poisonous mushrooms". Proceedings of the ... biosynthetic genes involved in the production of α-amanitin are P450-29 and FMO1. Phylogenetic and genetic analyses of these ...
Amanita exitialis
Amatoxins content (alpha-amanitin and beta-amanitins especially alpha-amanitin) in the cap, stem or volva of A. exitialis was ... The content and distribution of the main amatoxins (alpha-amanitin, beta-amanitin) and phallotoxins (phallacidin, phallisin, ... Zhang P, Chen Z, Hu J, Wei B, Zhang Z, Hu W (2005). "Production and characterization of Amanitin toxins from a pure culture of ...
Indocyanine green
ICG is being studied as a possible antidote for the death cap mushroom toxin alpha-amanitin by inhibiting the enzyme STTB3B. ... "Identification of indocyanine green as a STT3B inhibitor against mushroom α-amanitin cytotoxicity". Nature Communications. 14 ( ...
Amanita virosa
Of the amatoxins, α-Amanitin is the chief component and along with β-Amanitin is likely responsible for the toxic effects. ... Jahn, W. (1980). "Pharmacokinetics of {3H}-methyl-dehydroxymethyl-Amanitin in the isolated perfused rat liver, and the ... its principal toxic constituent α-Amanitin damages the liver and kidneys, usually fatally. The common name of destroying angel ...
Protein synthesis inhibitor
... alpha-Amanitin is a powerful inhibitor of eukaryotic DNA transcription machinery.[citation needed] Linezolid acts at the ...
Amanita fuliginea
The deadly α and β amanitins have been isolated from this fungus alongside an additional unidentified phallotoxin. A. fuliginea ...
Aptamer
2017). "Selection and analysis of a DNA aptamer binding α-amanitin from Amanita phalloides". Acta Biochimica Polonica. 64 (3): ... An aptamer against a-amanitin (the toxin that causes lethal Amanita poisoning) has been developed, an example of an aptamer ...
Patrick Cramer
Bushnell, David A.; Cramer, Patrick; Kornberg, Roger D. (5 February 2002). "Structural basis of transcription: α-Amanitin-RNA ...
Amanitin - Wikipedia
Transcription organizes euchromatin via microphase separation | Nature Communications
α-amanitin. α-amanitin (A2263, Sigma) was dissolved and diluted to 0.2 mg/ml in H2O, and 1 nl of this solution was injected ... e CDNA for control and α-amanitin (A-Am) treatment. Mean ± SD, *** indicates P , 0.001 (P value 0.00007 from a two-sided ... 1c). When we inhibited RNA polymerase II activity by injecting α-amanitin into zebrafish embryos, the distinct DNA domain ... d Representative nuclear mid-sections for control and α-amanitin treatment. The same results were obtained in two independent ...
How does Alpha-Amanitin work? - Whatisflike.com
How does Alpha Amanitin inhibit RNA polymerase?. α-Amanitin-Inhibiting RNA Polymerases II and III Amanitin binds with high ... How does Alpha-Amanitin work?. α-Amanitin has an unusually strong and specific attraction to the enzyme RNA polymerase II. Upon ... Why is α Amanitin fatal?. Alpha-amanitin, a cyclic octapeptide, is toxic because of its affinity for RNA polymerase II in ... Why is Alpha-Amanitin toxic?. Toxicology and Human Environments Alpha-amanitin, a cyclic octapeptide, is toxic because of its ...
Mushroom Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Tomková J, Ondra P, Válka I. Simultaneous determination of mushroom toxins α-amanitin, β-amanitin and muscarine in human urine ... Amanitin-containing mushroom species The Amanita group includes the following [4] :. * Amanita phalloides [7] (see the image ... Comparative treatment of alpha-amanitin poisoning with N-acetylcysteine, benzylpenicillin, cimetidine, thioctic acid, and ...
Beware the Amanitin mushroom in Michigan | aec.vet
Beware the Amanitin mushroom in Michigan. Amanita phalloides, known as "death cap" or "death angel" and Amanita ocreata, known ... Please note Amanitin mushrooms are also very toxic to people - with a mortality rate of 20 to 40%. ... Unfortunately, every summer we see a dog that has eaten Amanitin mushrooms. The mushrooms cause acute liver failure. Dogs will ...
Molecular mechanism of the interaction between amanitin and RNA polymerase II
The difference of toxicity in nine amanitins derived from the different substitutes of R2, and the binding ability was closely ... Abstract: Molecular docking was introduced to study the molecular mechanism of the interaction between amanitin and RNA ... In addition, the relationship between the toxicity and the structures of amanitins was carefully studied. ... and the inhibition constant of nine amanitins were obtained, which were in accordance with the experimental results. ...
HDP-101; Anti-CD269-ADC; Anti-CD269-amanitin-ADC » ADC Review
... an anti-CD269 mAb linked to amanitin. The payload inhibit RNA polymerase 2, reducing transcription. Preclinical effects seen in ... Anti-CD269-amanitin-ADC;. Anti-CD269-ADC;. Anti-BCMA antibody-drug conjugate;. HDP-101,. Anti-BCMA-ATAC ... HDP-101; Anti-CD269-ADC; Anti-CD269-amanitin-ADC. *. Target. CD269; also known as B cell maturation antigen (BCMA); a member of ... Amanitin (amatoxin family); a small bicyclic peptide naturally occurring in the death cap mushroom.. DAR = 2 ...
List of devices falling within Class AMANITIN ( ORGANIC POISONS ) - codice: W01029002
Emergency Response Branch Laboratory Capability | CDC
Evaluation and comparison of alpha- and beta-amanitin toxicity on MCF-7 cell line
Although there are many studies available concerning alpha-amanitin, there are limited data about beta-amanitin in the ... like alpha-amanitin, in Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning. The early inhibition of protein synthesis for beta-amanitin ... Results: The alpha-amanitin showed a higher toxicity at 36 h, while the highest inhibition of protein synthesis by the beta- ... amanitin was observed at 24 h. Conclusion: It was shown that the beta-amanitin may be responsible for toxicity, ...
Botanical Electronic News - 416
Mushroom Poisoning Syndromes - North American Mycological Association
Amanitins are a group of complex cyclic polypeptides which damage tissues by inhibiting RNA synthesis within each individual ... If you have any reason to suspect that someone has ingested an amanitin-containing mushroom, DONT WAIT for symptoms to appear ... The fatality rate for Amanitin poisoning is about 50% without prompt, knowledgeable medical treatment, but is about 10% in the ... see Amanitin). GI onset of 4-11 hours with impaired kidney function could be due to Allenic Norleucine (2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic ...
"Effects of alpha-amanitin on the development of mouse ova in culture." by I L. Levey, D E. Troike et al.
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JBPC Publications: 2000 - 2010 | Marine Biological Laboratory
New Test Identifies Poisonous Mushrooms : USDA ARS
Early detection of amanitin in a patients urine would help doctors trying to make a diagnosis. ... Amanitin is the class of mushroom toxins that cause the most serious issues. ... This test is the most sensitive and reliable field method available to chemically identify amanitin-containing mushrooms. ... of amanitin in about 10 minutes from a rice grain size sample of a mushroom or in the urine of someone who has eaten a ...
Amatoxin Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
The cyclic octapeptide amanitins, primarily alpha-amanitin, are responsible for the hepatic, renal, and encephalopathic effects ... A single gram of fresh A phalloides can yield approximately 0.2-0.4 mg of alpha-amanitin [2] . The lethal dose is estimated to ... There are at least 5 subtypes of amatoxins; the most significant of these are the alpha and beta subtypes of amanitin. ... About 60% of absorbed alpha-amanitin is excreted into the bile. The liver is exposed to high concentrations of toxin through ...
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Nucleolar RNA polymerase II drives ribosome biogenesis | Nature
b, c, Specificity controls indicating that targeting Pol II for degradation with a 12-hour α-amanitin (AMN) treatment lowers ... or α-amanitin (AMN) on rRNA biogenesis as measured in live single-cell pulse-chase assays using 5-fluorouracil (FU)-labelled ... we conducted a three-hour treatment using the Pol II inhibitors α-amanitin (AMN) or flavopiridol in pulse-chase experiments. ... or with the irreversible inhibitor α-amanitin (AMN, 50 μg ml−1, inhibits translocation; Abcam catalogue number ab144512). Other ...
Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg: 2010-2014
Mushroom Quiz | Western Pennsylvania Mushroom Club
Advanced question. In most guide books only one or two eyelash cup species are listed. So far we have identified 6 diffenret species using their microscopic features. Using the images of the spores and other identifying features and measurement values can you identify this species? Average 18 µm by 11 µm Q=1.65 with large warts that mostly have interconnections. Black/Brown margin hairs are ~1650 µm long, rooting with 2 to 3 forks and a pointed top. Hair width ~42µm close to base, hair wall thickness ~7µm ...
컨텐츠 | Nature Portfolio
Previous clinical applications of α-amanitin have been limited owing to its liver toxicity. . However, we found that α-amanitin ... It encodes the largest and catalytic subunit of the RNA polymerase II complex, which is specifically inhibited by α-amanitin. ... Here we show that low doses of α-amanitin-conjugated anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibody lead to complete ... Suppression of POLR2A with α-amanitin or small interfering RNAs selectively inhibits the proliferation, survival and ...
Pharmacology of Silymarin | Clinical Drug Investigation
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Search Results | AVMA
... and outcomes of dogs with confirmed α-amanitin toxicosis resulting from ingestion of α-amanitin-containing mushrooms, and to ... Medical records of all dogs with confirmed α-amanitin toxicosis presented to a northern California emergency and specialty ... Ability to recognize dogs with α-amanitin toxicosis on the basis of clinical signs, physical examination findings, and ... and a test for the detection of α-amanitin in urine; treatments; and outcomes. Differences for each were compared between ...
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SMART: ZnF C2C2 domain annotation
Alpha-amanitin inhibited complete RNA polymerase II elongation complex. 2yu9. RNA polymerase II elongation complex in 150 mm MG ... Crystal structure of 10 subunit RNA polymerase II in complex with the inhibitor alpha-amanitin. ... Crystal Structure of Yeast RNA Polymerase II Complexed with the Inhibitor Alpha Amanitin. ...
Search Results | AVMA
... and outcomes of dogs with confirmed α-amanitin toxicosis resulting from ingestion of α-amanitin-containing mushrooms, and to ... Medical records of all dogs with confirmed α-amanitin toxicosis presented to a northern California emergency and specialty ... Ability to recognize dogs with α-amanitin toxicosis on the basis of clinical signs, physical examination findings, and ... and a test for the detection of α-amanitin in urine; treatments; and outcomes. Differences for each were compared between ...
Toxin6
- How does mushroom toxin alpha Amanitin inhibits the process of transcription? (whatisflike.com)
- The test also could be a practical and definitive way for mushroom foragers to identify and avoid eating mushrooms with amanitin toxin if a commercial partner can be found to produce and market a test kit. (usda.gov)
- The lethal amanitas all produce a toxin called ɑ-amanitin, also known as AMA, which attacks the liver and kidneys. (kunr.org)
- It is an oncology specialist and the first company to develop the toxin Amanitin into cancer therapies. (goerg.de)
- Heidelberg Pharma is an oncology specialist and the first company to develop the toxin Amanitin into cancer therapies using its proprietary Antibody Targeted Amanitin Conjugate (ATAC) technology and to advance the biological mode of action of the toxin as a novel therapeutic principle. (bio-pro.de)
- amanitin poisoning model with three different toxin levels. (erbakan.edu.tr)
Toxicity5
- In addition, the relationship between the toxicity and the structures of amanitins was carefully studied. (magtech.com.cn)
- The difference of toxicity in nine amanitins derived from the different substitutes of R2, and the binding ability was closely related with the toxicity. (magtech.com.cn)
- Results: The alpha-amanitin showed a higher toxicity at 36 h, while the highest inhibition of protein synthesis by the beta-amanitin was observed at 24 h. (ibu.edu.tr)
- Conclusion: It was shown that the beta-amanitin may be responsible for toxicity, like alpha-amanitin, in Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning. (ibu.edu.tr)
- If the gastrointestinal distress begins 6 to 24 hours after ingestion of the mushrooms, there is a possibility of a very serious toxicity from Amatoxins (see Amanitin). (namyco.org)
Amatoxin1
- Amanitin may refer to several related amatoxins: α-Amanitin β-Amanitin γ-Amanitin ε-Amanitin Amatoxin, a class of toxic compounds that include the amanitins Amanin, another amatoxin This set index article lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name. (wikipedia.org)
Mushroom4
- Background/aim: Alpha- and beta-amanitins are the main toxins of the poisonous Amanita phalloides mushroom. (ibu.edu.tr)
- Amanitin is the class of mushroom toxins that cause the most serious issues. (usda.gov)
- The new test can identify the presence of as little as 10 parts per billion (equivalent to 10 cents out of $10 million) of amanitin in about 10 minutes from a rice grain size sample of a mushroom or in the urine of someone who has eaten a poisonous amanitin-containing mushroom. (usda.gov)
- This test can provide more information about a wild mushroom beyond physical appearance and characteristics, and detect something we cannot even see-the presence of amanitins," said Bever. (usda.gov)
Cyclic3
- Platform Technologies in Drug Discovery and Validation α-Amanitin is a highly toxic cyclic octopeptide found in genus of mushrooms known as Amanita, including Amanita phalloides, Amanita verna, and Amanita virosa (Fig. 12). (whatisflike.com)
- Toxicology and Human Environments Alpha-amanitin, a cyclic octapeptide, is toxic because of its affinity for RNA polymerase II in eukaryotic cells. (whatisflike.com)
- Alpha-amanitin, a cyclic octapeptide, is toxic because of its affinity for RNA polymerase II in eukaryotic cells. (whatisflike.com)
Amanita1
- Materials and methods: The alpha- and beta-amanitins used for this research were purified from Amanita phalloides by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography The MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was used, and specific concentrations of the toxins (100, 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 mu g/mL) were applied to the cells. (ibu.edu.tr)
Mushrooms2
Polymerase7
- α-Amanitin has an unusually strong and specific attraction to the enzyme RNA polymerase II. (whatisflike.com)
- Alpha amanitin inhibits RNA polymerase II (pol II) by blocking initiation and elongation of transcription. (whatisflike.com)
- How does Alpha Amanitin inhibit RNA polymerase? (whatisflike.com)
- Which RNA polymerase in man is inhibited by Amanitin? (whatisflike.com)
- α-Amanitin is a well-known specific inhibitor of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) in vitro and in vivo. (whatisflike.com)
- Molecular docking was introduced to study the molecular mechanism of the interaction between amanitin and RNA polymerase II. (magtech.com.cn)
- E. coli RNA polymerase added to a yeast extract pretreated with α-amanitin was also halted by rho at these same two sites. (elsevierpure.com)
Liver2
- Several toxins have been isolated from this poisonous toadstool, but the constituent that damages the liver and kidneys of anyone that eats the Deathcap is known as α-amanitin. (first-nature.com)
- The principal toxic constituent is α-amanitin , which damages the liver and kidneys , causing hepatic and renal failure that can be fatal. (amanitaresearch.com)
Toxic principle1
- Silymarin protects against its toxic principle α-amanitin by preventing its uptake through hepatocyte membranes and inhibiting the effects of tumour necrosis factor-α, which exacerbates lipid peroxidation. (springer.com)
Urine1
- Early detection of amanitin in a patient's urine would help doctors trying to make a diagnosis. (usda.gov)
Inhibition2
- Through the analyses of docking results, the binding mode, the binding site, the docking energy, and the inhibition constant of nine amanitins were obtained, which were in accordance with the experimental results. (magtech.com.cn)
- The early inhibition of protein synthesis for beta-amanitin might be useful for future experiments and research. (ibu.edu.tr)
Fatal1
- Why is α Amanitin fatal? (whatisflike.com)
Alpha8
- How does Alpha-Amanitin work? (whatisflike.com)
- Where is Alpha-Amanitin found? (whatisflike.com)
- Why is Alpha-Amanitin toxic? (whatisflike.com)
- Although there are many studies available concerning alpha-amanitin, there are limited data about beta-amanitin in the literature. (ibu.edu.tr)
- Therefore, this study is aimed at comparing the toxic effects of alpha- and beta-amanitin on the MCF-7 cell line. (ibu.edu.tr)
- Effects of alpha-amanitin on the development of mouse ova in culture. (jax.org)
- the most significant of these are the alpha and beta subtypes of amanitin. (medscape.com)
- About 60% of absorbed alpha-amanitin is excreted into the bile. (medscape.com)
Medical1
- A través de la International Medical Devices Database no estamos sugiriendo que compañías u otras entidades mencionadas en la base de datos hayan sido parte de una conducta ilegal o hayan actuado de manera impropia. (icij.org)
Alpha-amanitin5
- It has specific requirements for cations and salt and has shown an intermediate sensitivity to alpha-amanitin in comparison to RNA polymerase I and II. (harvard.edu)
- In the first group (n:14), the serum levels of alpha-amanitin were measured within the first 24 hours of admittance and eight cases (57%) were diagnosed as having intoxication by the species of Amanita phalloides. (cshd.org.tr)
- In the second group of patients, serum alpha-amanitin levels could not be measured. (cshd.org.tr)
- Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals. (bvsalud.org)
- It has different requirements for cations and salts than RNA polymerase II and III and is not inhibited by alpha-amanitin. (ucdenver.edu)
Toxins2
- The mushroom contains toxins known as amanitin, which damage liver cells. (livescience.com)
- Amanitin is thought to be the most lethal of all mushroom toxins and is found in both the death cap and the destroying angel. (mushroom-appreciation.com)
Therapeutic1
- 21. Therapeutic potential of amanitin-conjugated anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule monoclonal antibody against pancreatic carcinoma. (nih.gov)
Toxic1
- Amanitin may refer to several related amatoxins: α-Amanitin β-Amanitin γ-Amanitin ε-Amanitin Amatoxin, a class of toxic compounds that include the amanitins Amanin, another amatoxin This set index article lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name. (wikipedia.org)
Article1
- For an interesting article on how poisonous mushrooms produce amanitin see this article from Science News . (mushroom-appreciation.com)
Include1
- Examples include netropsin, amanitin, and others. (newscase.com)
Effects1
- amanitin by preventing its uptake through hepatocyte membranes and inhibiting the effects of tumour necrosis factor- , which exacerbates lipid peroxidation. (medscape.com)
