Amanitins
Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.
Onset of nucleolar and extranucleolar transcription and expression of fibrillarin in macaque embryos developing in vitro. (1/436)
Specific aims were to characterize the onset of nucleolar and extranucleolar transcription and expression of the nucleolar protein fibrillarin during preimplantation development in vitro in macaque embryos using autoradiographic and immunocytochemical techniques. Autoradiography was performed on whole embryos cultured with [3H]uridine for assessment of nucleolar (rRNA) and extranucleolar (mRNA) transcription. Expression of fibrillarin was immunocytochemically assessed in whole embryos using a primary antibody against fibrillarin and a fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated secondary antibody. Extranucleolar incorporation of [3H]uridine was first detected in 2-cell embryos cultured 6-10 h with [3H]uridine. Culture with alpha-amanitin prevented incorporation of label in 2-cell embryos, and treatment with ribonuclease reduced the signal to background levels, indicating that [3H]uridine was incorporated into mRNA and not rRNA or DNA. Nucleolar incorporation of [3H]uridine was not evident in pronucleate-stage or 2- to 5-cell embryos, but it was detected in one 6-cell embryo and in all 8-cell to blastocyst-stage embryos. Fibrillarin was first expressed in some 6- to 7-cell embryos, but it was consistently expressed in all 8-cell embryos. Fibrillarin was localized to the perimeter of the nucleolar precursor bodies, forming a ring that completely encapsulated these structures. Fibrillarin was not expressed in 8- to 16-cell embryos cultured with alpha-amanitin, indicating that it is transcribed, rather than recruited, at the 8-cell stage. In conclusion, in in vitro-fertilized macaque embryos developing in vitro, extranucleolar synthesis of mRNA is initiated at the 2-cell stage while the onset of nucleolar transcription occurs at the 6- to 8-cell stage, coincident with expression of fibrillarin. (+info)Bone marrow ribonucleic acid polymerase. Effect of testosterone on nucleotide incorporation into nuclear RNA. (2/436)
The incorporation of 3H-UTP into RNA by isolated rat bone marrow nuclei is stimulated by testosterone. This effect is hormone and tissue specific. Using alpha-amanitine and different ionic strength conditions it was found that testosterone enhances preferentially RNA polymerase I activity. The sedimentation pattern of RNA isolated from bone marrow nuclei shows that the synthesis of RNA species within the 14-30 S range is mainly stimulated by the hormone. (+info)Stochastic and nonstochastic post-transcriptional silencing of chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase genes involves increased RNA turnover-possible role for ribosome-independent RNA degradation. (3/436)
Stochastic and nonstochastic post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in Nicotiana sylvestris plants carrying tobacco class I chitinase (CHN) and beta-1,3-glucanase transgenes differs in incidence, stability, and pattern of expression. Measurements with inhibitors of RNA synthesis (cordycepin, actinomycin D, and alpha-amanitin) showed that both forms of PTGS are associated with increased sequence-specific degradation of transcripts, suggesting that increased RNA turnover may be a general feature of PTGS. The protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide and verrucarin A did not inhibit degradation of CHN RNA targeted for PTGS, confirming that PTGS-related RNA degradation does not depend on ongoing protein synthesis. Because verrucarin A, unlike cycloheximide, dissociates mRNA from ribosomes, our results also suggest that ribosome-associated RNA degradation pathways may not be involved in CHN PTGS. (+info)Isolation and characterization of RNA polymerase B from the larval fat body of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. (4/436)
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase B has been extensively purified from the larval fat body of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) by employing chromatography on ion-exchange columns of DEAE-Sephadex, DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose and centrifugation on glycerol gradients. The isolated enzyme after electrophoresis on acrylamide gels shows one main band and one minor band, both having enzyme activity sensitive to alpha-amanitin. The catalytic and physicochemical properties of the enzyme are similar to those of other eucaryotic B-type RNA polymerases. The enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 530000, is inhibited 50% by alpha-amanitin at 0.04 microgram/ml and shows maximum activity on denatured DNA at 5 mM Mn2+ and 100 mM ammonium sulfate. An antibody was obtained that cross-reacts with the pure enzyme and forms a precipitin line. This antibody does not cross react with either Escherichia coli RNA polymerase or with wheat germ RNA polymerase but does react with one of the B polymerases isolated from wing tissue of the silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi. (+info)Inefficient processing impairs release of RNA from the site of transcription. (5/436)
We describe here for the first time the site of retention within the nucleus of pre-mRNA processing mutants unable to be exported to the cytoplasm. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to detect transcripts from human beta-globin genes that are either normal or defective in splicing or 3' end formation. Nuclear transcripts of both wild-type and mutant RNAs are detected only as intranuclear foci that colocalize with the template gene locus. The kinetics of transcript release from the site of transcription was assessed by treatment of cells with the transcriptional inhibitors actinomycin D, alpha-amanitin and DRB. These drugs induce the rapid disappearance of nuclear foci corresponding to wild-type human beta-globin RNA. In contrast, pre-mRNA mutants defective in either splicing or 3' end formation and which fail to be transported to the cytoplasm, are retained at the site of transcription. Therefore, 3' end processing and splicing appear to be rate limiting for release of mRNA from the site of transcription. (+info)Ubiquitination of RNA polymerase II large subunit signaled by phosphorylation of carboxyl-terminal domain. (6/436)
A sensitive assay using biotinylated ubiquitin revealed extensive ubiquitination of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II during incubations of transcription reactions in vitro. Phosphorylation of the repetitive carboxyl-terminal domain of the large subunit was a signal for ubiquitination. Specific inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)-type kinases suppress the ubiquitination reaction. These kinases are components of transcription factors and have been shown to phosphorylate the carboxyl-terminal domain. In both regulation of transcription and DNA repair, phosphorylation of the repetitive carboxyl-terminal domain by kinases might signal degradation of the polymerase. (+info)The transcriptional inhibitors, actinomycin D and alpha-amanitin, activate the HIV-1 promoter and favor phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain. (7/436)
Actinomycin D and alpha-amanitin are commonly used to inhibit transcription. Unexpectedly, however, the transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) long terminal repeats (LTR) is shown to be activated at the level of elongation, in human and murine cells exposed to these drugs, whereas the Rous sarcoma virus LTR, the human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene (CMV), and the HSP70 promoters are repressed. Activation of the HIV LTR is independent of the NFkappaB and TAR sequences and coincides with an enhanced average phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) from the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. Both the HIV-1 LTR activation and the bulk CTD phosphorylation enhancement are prevented by several CTD kinase inhibitors, including 5, 6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole. The efficacies of the various compounds to block CTD phosphorylation and transcription in vivo correlate with their capacities to inhibit the CDK9/PITALRE kinase in vitro. Hence, the positive transcription elongation factor, P-TEFb, is likely to contribute to the average CTD phosphorylation in vivo and to the activation of the HIV-1 LTR induced by actinomycin D. (+info)RNA polymerase II targets pre-mRNA splicing factors to transcription sites in vivo. (8/436)
Biochemical evidence indicates that pre-mRNA splicing factors physically interact with the C-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. We have investigated the in vivo function of this interaction. In mammalian cells, truncation of the CTD of RNA pol II LS prevents the targeting of the splicing machinery to a transcription site. In the absence of the CTD, pre-mRNA splicing is severely reduced. The presence of unspliced RNA alone is not sufficient for the accumulation of splicing factors at the transcription site, nor for its efficient splicing. Our results demonstrate a critical role for the CTD of RNA pol II LS in the intranuclear targeting of splicing factors to transcription sites in vivo. (+info)German Bars Cold Therapy 808nm Diode Laser High Speed Sliding Mode Hair Removal Machine , Diode Laser 808 - beautydevices images
SMART: Secondary literature for WW domain
Endothelial Cell-Targeted Amatoxin Conjugates for Effective Therapy of Breast Cancer - Bogdan Olenyuk
Giardia lamblia RNA polymerase II: amanitin-resistant transcription.
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Amanitin
... may refer to several related amatoxins: α-Amanitin β-Amanitin γ-Amanitin ε-Amanitin Amatoxin, a class of toxic ... compounds that include the amanitins Amanin, another amatoxin This set index page lists chemical compounds articles associated ...
Β-Amanitin
Due to the presence of α-Amanitin, β-Amanitin, γ-Amanitin and epsilon-Amanitin these mushrooms are highly lethal to human ... β-Amanitin (beta-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide comprising eight amino acids. It is part of a group of toxins called amatoxins, ... "β-Amanitin", Retrieved on 12 March 2013. "Material Safety Data Sheet for beta Amanitin"[permanent dead link], Retrieved on 12 ... permits a time-weighted average exposure of up to 5 mg/m3 of β-Amanitin dust. β-Amanitin may cause irritation of the ...
Α-Amanitin
... (alpha-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids. It is possibly the most deadly of all the amatoxins, ... The unique mode of action or MOA of α-amanitin seems to make the amanitin-based antibody-drug conjugates a suitable toxic ... Brüggemann O, Meder M, Freitag R (September 1996). "Analysis of amatoxins alpha-amanitin and beta-amanitin in toadstool ... α-Amanitin is a selective inhibitor of RNA polymerase II and III but not I. This mechanism makes it a deadly toxin. α-Amanitin ...
Γ-Amanitin
... (gamma-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids. It is an amatoxin, a group of toxins isolated from and ...
Ε-Amanitin
... (epsilon-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide. It is an amatoxin, all of which are found in several members of the mushroom ... The oral LD50 of ε-amanitin is approximately 0.1 mg/kg. Like other amatoxins, ε-amanitin is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. ...
Galerina marginata
... was shown in various studies to contain the amatoxins α-amanitin and γ-amanitin, first as G. venenata, then ... Later experiments confirmed the occurrence of γ-amanitin and β-amanitin in German specimens of G. autumnalis and G. marginata ... Both amanitins were quantified in G. autumnalis (1.5 mg/g dry weight) and G. marginata (1.1 mg/g dry weight). ... Based on this value, the ingestion of 10 G. marginata fruit bodies containing about 250 µg of amanitins per gram of fresh ...
Amatoxin
Alpha-amanitin (α-Amanitin) primarily affects the bridge helix of the RNA pol II complex, a highly conserved domain 35 amino ... This test sensitively detects alpha-amanitin and gamma-amanitin (clearly detects 10 ng/mL), and exhibits slightly less ... Alpha-amanitin binds to the bridge helix of the RNA Pol II complex and it also binds to part of the complex that is adjacent to ... beta-Amanitin is also an inhibitor of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II and RNA polymerase III, and as a result, mammalian protein ...
Amanita hygroscopica
The principal toxic constituent is α-amanitin, an elective inhibitor of RNA polymerase II and III, which causes liver and ... There is no antidote for amanitin poisoning; treatment is mainly supportive (gastric lavage, activated carbon, fluid ...
RNA polymerase
Alpha-amanitin Primase Werner F, Grohmann D (February 2011). "Evolution of multisubunit RNA polymerases in the three domains of ...
RNA polymerase II
... is inhibited by α-Amanitin and other amatoxins. α-Amanitin is a highly poisonous substance found in many ... Alpha-Amanitin inhibits RNAP II by strong interactions in the enzyme's "funnel", "cleft", and the key "bridge α-helix" regions ... Gong, Xue Q.; Nedialkov, Yuri A.; Burton, Zachary F. (2004-06-25). "α-Amanitin Blocks Translocation by Human RNA Polymerase II ... "The RNA polymerase II trigger loop functions in substrate selection and is directly targeted by alpha-amanitin". Molecular Cell ...
Lepiota brunneoincarnata
It is known to contain deadly amounts of alpha-amanitin and was responsible for a fatal poisoning in Spain in 2002, and a ... A family in Salon-de-Provence in France was poisoned after mistaking them for the grey knight (Tricholoma terreum). Amanitin ... Intravenous silibinin has a role in reducing amanitin uptake. Other specific measures include penicillin G and n-acetylcysteine ...
Amanita phalloides
Of the amatoxins, α-Amanitin is the chief component and along with β-amanitin is likely responsible for the toxic effects. ... The principal toxic constituent is α-amanitin, which causes liver and kidney failure. The death cap is named in Latin as such ... Letschert K, Faulstich H, Keller D, Keppler D (May 2006). "Molecular characterization and inhibition of amanitin uptake into ... Jahn, W. (1980). "Pharmacokinetics of {3H}-methyl-dehydroxymethyl-amanitin in the isolated perfused rat liver, and the ...
Mushroom poisoning
Alpha-Amanitin: For 6-12 hours, there are no symptoms. This is followed by a period of gastrointestinal upset (vomiting and ... Patients hospitalized and given aggressive support therapy almost immediately after ingestion of amanitin-containing mushrooms ... α-Amanitin, the poison produced by the death cap (Amanita phalloides) and others of the genus, is not denatured by heat. " ...
Galerina sulciceps
Although these clinical symptoms are inconsistent with those of amatoxin poisoning, the presence of α-, β- and γ- amanitins in ... amanitin; a series of poisonings in Indonesia in the 1930s resulted in 14 deaths from the consumption of this species. It has a ... The survey of fungi containing amanitins and phalloidins]. Časopis Lékařů Českých (in Czech). 132: 449-51. Besl H. (1981). " ... while later studies of toxin concentrations in amanitin-containing mushrooms corroborate this view. The symptoms of poisoning ...
Galerina
Many (though not all) Galerina contain alpha-amanitin and other amatoxins. Galerina marginata (also known as "autumn skullcap ... Klán J. (1993). "Prehled hub obsahujících amanitiny a faloidiny [A review of mushrooms containing amanitins and phalloidines ...
Amanita
The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is α-Amanitin. The genus also contains many edible mushrooms, but mycologists ...
Hepatotoxicity
Examples include alpha-Amanitin containing mushrooms, kava, and aflatoxin producing molds. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which occur ...
Protein synthesis inhibitor
alpha-Amanitin is a powerful inhibitor of eukaryotic DNA transcription machinery. Linezolid acts at the initiation stage, ...
Oligopeptide
Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanita phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals. Antipain - An ... Examples of oligopeptides include: Amanitins - Cyclic peptides taken from carpophores of several different mushroom species. ...
Cyclic peptide
Examples include: Amanitins Bacitracin Colistin Ciclosporin Dactinomycin Daptomycin Gramicidin S Hymenistatin Microcystins ... for example in amanitin. Many cyclic peptides have been discovered in nature and many others have been synthesized in the ... Bicyclics such as the amanitins and the phalloidins contain a bridging group, generally between two of the side chains. In the ...
Amanita bisporigera
One mature fruit body can contain 10-12 mg of α-amanitin, enough for a lethal dose. The α-amanitin concentration in the spores ... Three subtypes of amatoxin have been described: α-, β, and γ-amanitin. The principal amatoxin, α-amanitin, is readily absorbed ... Roughly 0.2 to 0.4 milligrams of α-amanitin is present in 1 gram of A. bisporigera; the lethal dose in humans is less than 0.1 ... Zhang P, Chen Z, Hu J, Wei B, Zhang Z, Hu W (2005). "Production and characterization of Amanitin toxins from a pure culture of ...
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides
α-Amanitin, an amatoxin, has a number of posttranslational modifications in addition to macrocyclization and formation of the ... As an amatoxin, α-amanitin is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. Bottromycins contain a C-terminal decarboxylated thiazole in ...
Amanita citrina
It has been shown that this mushroom contains the alpha-amanitin toxin.[citation needed] However, the amounts of this toxin ...
Amaninamide
It differs from alpha-amanitin in lacking the hydroxyl group on tryptophan. This alters its UV absorption spectrum but not its ...
Horizontal gene transfer
The toxin α-amanitin is found in numerous, seemingly unrelated genera fungi such as Amanita, Lepiota, and Galerina. Two ... May 2022). "Genes and evolutionary fates of the amanitin biosynthesis pathway in poisonous mushrooms". Proceedings of the ... biosynthetic genes involved in the production of α-amanitin are P450-29 and FMO1. Phylogenetic and genetic analyses of these ...
Amanita exitialis
Amatoxins content (alpha-amanitin and beta-amanitins especially alpha-amanitin) in the cap, stem or volva of A. exitialis was ... The content and distribution of the main amatoxins (alpha-amanitin, beta-amanitin) and phallotoxins (phallacidin, phallisin, ... Zhang P, Chen Z, Hu J, Wei B, Zhang Z, Hu W (2005). "Production and characterization of Amanitin toxins from a pure culture of ...
Amanita virosa
Of the amatoxins, α-Amanitin is the chief component and along with β-Amanitin is likely responsible for the toxic effects. ... Jahn, W. (1980). "Pharmacokinetics of {3H}-methyl-dehydroxymethyl-Amanitin in the isolated perfused rat liver, and the ... its principal toxic constituent α-Amanitin damages the liver and kidneys, usually fatally. The common name of destroying angel ...
Amanita fuliginea
The deadly α and β amanitins have been isolated from this fungus alongside an additional unidentified phallotoxin. A. fuliginea ...
Aptamer
2017). "Selection and analysis of a DNA aptamer binding α-amanitin from Amanita phalloides". Acta Biochimica Polonica. 64 (3): ... An aptamer against a-amanitin (the toxin that causes lethal Amanita poisoning) has been developed, an example of an aptamer ...
Transcription factor II H
Purified TFIIH has role in stopping further RNA synthesis by activating enzyme a-amanitin. Mutation in genes ERCC3 (XPB), ERCC2 ...
Molecular basis of translocation, alpha-amanitin inhibition, and CPD damage recognition by RNA polymerase II
alpha-amanitin, amanitin, nuclear protein, RNA polymerase II, elongation complex, mRNA, enzyme inhibition, dna damage, dna ... alpha-amanitin, amanitin, nuclear protein, RNA polymerase II, elongation complex, mRNA, enzyme inhibition, dna damage, dna ... Crystal soaking with the inhibitor alpha-amanitin locked the EC in a new state that we identified as a translocation ... Crystal soaking with the inhibitor alpha-amanitin locked the EC in a new state that we identified as a translocation ...
Amanitin (ANT) ELISA Kit | Technique alternative | 01016722532 - Anti ELISA
Detection of α-, β-, and γ-amanitin in urine by LC-MS/MS using 15N10-α-amanitin as the internal standard
Amanitin Amanitins Amatoxin Article Biomarkers Chromatography, Liquid Humans LC-MS/MS Mushroom Poisoning Mushroom Toxin ... α-amanitin and a modified amanitin methionine sulfoxide synthetic peptide. Using the ,N,-α-amanitin internal standard, ... Detection of α-, β-, and γ-amanitin in urine by LC-MS/MS using 15N10-α-amanitin as the internal standard. ... Title : Detection of α-, β-, and γ-amanitin in urine by LC-MS/MS using 15N10-α-amanitin as the internal standard Personal ...
Emergency Response Branch Laboratory Capability | CDC
IMSEAR at SEARO: Nucleolar RNA synthesis & segregation pattern in alpha-amanitin treated rat kangaroo cells.
Development, optimization and application of an analytical methodology by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass...
... shows that coefficients of correlation were greater than 0.997 for α-amanitin and 0.993 for β-amanitin. Precision was checked ... Amanitins, highly toxic cyclopeptides isolated from various Amanita species, are the most potent poisons accounting for the ... The developed method proved to be specific and selective, with LOD (Limit of Detection) values for α- and β-amanitin of 0.22 ... and β-amanitins in urine and tissue samples, as well as in other biological samples, such as kidney and mushrooms. ...
Busi C[au] - Search Results - PubMed
Amatoxin Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
The cyclic octapeptide amanitins, primarily alpha-amanitin, are responsible for the hepatic, renal, and encephalopathic effects ... A single gram of fresh A phalloides can yield approximately 0.2-0.4 mg of alpha-amanitin [2] . The lethal dose is estimated to ... There are at least 5 subtypes of amatoxins; the most significant of these are the alpha and beta subtypes of amanitin. ... About 60% of absorbed alpha-amanitin is excreted into the bile. The liver is exposed to high concentrations of toxin through ...
Erowid.org: References Database
R-loops at microRNA encoding loci promote co-transcriptional processing of pri-miRNAs in plants | Nature Plants
To further explore this aspect, we treated cells with α-amanitin to inhibit RNAPII activity and we repeated the pri-miRNA FISH ... As expected, we did not register any fluorescence signal of pri-miR156a in plants treated with α-amanitin, confirming that ... 1e). Notoriously, we observed a shift in HYL1 and DCL1 subnuclear localization upon RNAPII inhibition by α-amanitin toward ... For the experiments with transcription inhibition, 10-day-old seedlings were treated with 50 µM α-amanitin (Sigma Merck) in PBS ...
Wikipedia] Amanita phalloides - daily-article-l - lists.wikimedia.org
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Deadly mushroom chemistry | Feature | Chemistry World
In particular, a-amanitin has a high specificity for RNA polymerase II in the liver. By inhibiting this enzyme it prevents the ... The Meixner test uses concentrated hydrochloric acid and newspaper to determine the presence of the deadly toxin a-amanitin.7 ... Updated 19 March with clarified alpha-amanitin structure image; updated 4 April with clarified image captions ...
Fly Agaric and related death cap mushrooms synthesize dangerous chemicals | Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine | University of...
Cybase
Heidelberg Pharma AG: Interim Management Statement on the First Nine Months of 2022 - PharmiWeb.com
MGTA-117 is an ATAC® that consists of a CD117 antibody and the toxin Amanitin, and was developed by Magenta based on a license ... Heidelberg Pharma is an oncology specialist and the first company to develop the toxin Amanitin into cancer therapies using its ... Under the terms of the agreement, Chiome will have access to Heidelberg Pharmas Amanitin toxin-linker platform technology and ... Takeda was granted an exclusive license to commercially develop an Antibody Targeted Amanitin Conjugate directed towards a ...
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Antibodies and Antibody Drug Conjugates : Pharmaceuticals : UK
Antigen-Targeted Amanitin-Conjugates (ATACs) represent a new class of ADCs using the payload Amanitin. ... 11:40 Antibody Targeted Amanitin Conjugates (ATACs) - Expanding the ADC landscape with a new payload targeting RNA Polymerase ... The technology platform includes Amanitin supply, site-specific conjugation, demonstrated safety profile and biomarker. ...
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DeCS
Amanitins - Preferred Concept UI. M0000846. Scope note. Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species ... Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals. ... Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.. ...
Newport J and Kirschner M (1982),
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Sensitive to alpha-amanitin. Heterozygotes are semi-Dpy and segregate semi-Dpy, Vul, dead embryos, and Dpy. Dpy progeny arrest ... Sensitive to alpha-amanitin. [NOTE: formerly described as ama-1(m118m370m414), it has been determined that m414 was reversion ... Sensitive to alpha-amanitin. Reference: Bowman EA, Riddle DR, Kelly WG. G3 November 2011 1:411-416. ...