Alzheimer Disease: A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)Amyloid beta-Peptides: Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.tau Proteins: Microtubule-associated proteins that are mainly expressed in neurons. Tau proteins constitute several isoforms and play an important role in the assembly of tubulin monomers into microtubules and in maintaining the cytoskeleton and axonal transport. Aggregation of specific sets of tau proteins in filamentous inclusions is the common feature of intraneuronal and glial fibrillar lesions (NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; NEUROPIL THREADS) in numerous neurodegenerative disorders (ALZHEIMER DISEASE; TAUOPATHIES).Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor: A single-pass type I membrane protein. It is cleaved by AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN SECRETASES to produce peptides of varying amino acid lengths. A 39-42 amino acid peptide, AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES is a principal component of the extracellular amyloid in SENILE PLAQUES.Neurofibrillary Tangles: Abnormal structures located in various parts of the brain and composed of dense arrays of paired helical filaments (neurofilaments and microtubules). These double helical stacks of transverse subunits are twisted into left-handed ribbon-like filaments that likely incorporate the following proteins: (1) the intermediate filaments: medium- and high-molecular-weight neurofilaments; (2) the microtubule-associated proteins map-2 and tau; (3) actin; and (4) UBIQUITINS. As one of the hallmarks of ALZHEIMER DISEASE, the neurofibrillary tangles eventually occupy the whole of the cytoplasm in certain classes of cell in the neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and diencephalon. The number of these tangles, as seen in post mortem histology, correlates with the degree of dementia during life. Some studies suggest that tangle antigens leak into the systemic circulation both in the course of normal aging and in cases of Alzheimer disease.Plaque, Amyloid: Accumulations of extracellularly deposited AMYLOID FIBRILS within tissues.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Apolipoprotein E4: A major and the second most common isoform of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo E4 differs from APOLIPOPROTEIN E3 at only one residue 112 (cysteine is replaced by arginine), and exhibits a lower resistance to denaturation and greater propensity to form folded intermediates. Apo E4 is a risk factor for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases: Endopeptidases that are specific for AMYLOID PROTEIN PRECURSOR. Three secretase subtypes referred to as alpha, beta, and gamma have been identified based upon the region of amyloid protein precursor they cleave.Cognition Disorders: Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.Presenilin-1: Integral membrane protein of Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum. Its homodimer is an essential component of the gamma-secretase complex that catalyzes the cleavage of membrane proteins such as NOTCH RECEPTORS and AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES precursors. PSEN1 mutations cause early-onset ALZHEIMER DISEASE type 3 that may occur as early as 30 years of age in humans.Amyloid: A fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet structure. This fibrillar structure has been found as an alternative folding pattern for a variety of functional proteins. Deposits of amyloid in the form of AMYLOID PLAQUES are associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. The amyloid structure has also been found in a number of functional proteins that are unrelated to disease.Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.Dementia, Vascular: An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.Neurofibrils: The delicate interlacing threads, formed by aggregations of neurofilaments and neurotubules, coursing through the CYTOPLASM of the body of a NEURON and extending from one DENDRITE into another or into the AXON.Mild Cognitive Impairment: A prodromal phase of cognitive decline that may precede the emergence of ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other dementias. It may include impairment of cognition, such as impairments in language, visuospatial awareness, ATTENTION and MEMORY.Apolipoproteins E: A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.Presenilin-2: Integral membrane protein of Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum. Its homodimer is an essential component of the gamma-secretase complex that catalyzes the cleavage of membrane proteins such as NOTCH RECEPTORS and AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES precursors. PSEN2 mutations cause ALZHEIMER DISEASE type 4.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Mental Status Schedule: Standardized clinical interview used to assess current psychopathology by scaling patient responses to the questions.Hippocampus: A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Lewy Body Disease: A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)Memantine: AMANTADINE derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. It has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent.Age of Onset: The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.Presenilins: Integral membrane proteins and essential components of the gamma-secretase complex that catalyzes the cleavage of membrane proteins such as NOTCH RECEPTORS and AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES precursors. Mutations of presenilins lead to presenile ALZHEIMER DISEASE with onset before age 65 years.Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases: A sub-subclass of endopeptidases that depend on an ASPARTIC ACID residue for their activity.Aniline CompoundsNeurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.National Institute on Aging (U.S.): Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. Through basic and clinical biomedical research and training, it conducts and supports research into the nature of the aging process and diseases associated with the later stages of life. The Institute was established in 1974.Substantia Innominata: Tissue in the BASAL FOREBRAIN inferior to the anterior perforated substance, and anterior to the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and ansa lenticularis. It contains the BASAL NUCLEUS OF MEYNERT.Memory Disorders: Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.Amyloidogenic Proteins: Proteins that form the core of amyloid fibrils. For example, the core of amyloid A is formed from amyloid A protein, also known as serum amyloid A protein or SAA protein.Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body.Brain Chemistry: Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.Positron-Emission Tomography: An imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. It has been useful in study of soft tissues such as CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; and brain. SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY is closely related to positron emission tomography, but uses isotopes with longer half-lives and resolution is lower.Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.Nerve Degeneration: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.Protease Nexins: Extracellular protease inhibitors that are secreted from FIBROBLASTS. They form a covalent complex with SERINE PROTEASES and can mediate their cellular internalization and degradation.Prodromal Symptoms: Clinical or physiological indicators that precede the onset of disease.Phenylcarbamates: Phenyl esters of carbamic acid or of N-substituted carbamic acids. Structures are similar to PHENYLUREA COMPOUNDS with a carbamate in place of the urea.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Tauopathies: Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.Indans: Aryl CYCLOPENTANES that are a reduced (protonated) form of INDENES.Nootropic Agents: Drugs used to specifically facilitate learning or memory, particularly to prevent the cognitive deficits associated with dementias. These drugs act by a variety of mechanisms. While no potent nootropic drugs have yet been accepted for general use, several are being actively investigated.Down Syndrome: A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)Genetic Predisposition to Disease: A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.Lewy Bodies: Intracytoplasmic, eosinophilic, round to elongated inclusions found in vacuoles of injured or fragmented neurons. The presence of Lewy bodies is the histological marker of the degenerative changes in LEWY BODY DISEASE and PARKINSON DISEASE but they may be seen in other neurological conditions. They are typically found in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but they are also seen in the basal forebrain, hypothalamic nuclei, and neocortex.Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.ThiazolesFrontotemporal Dementia: The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Amnesia: Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.Psychomotor Agitation: A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.Nerve Tissue ProteinsNeuropil Threads: Abnormal structures located chiefly in distal dendrites and, along with NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES and SENILE PLAQUES, constitute the three morphological hallmarks of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. Neuropil threads are made up of straight and paired helical filaments which consist of abnormally phosphorylated microtubule-associated tau proteins. It has been suggested that the threads have a major role in the cognitive impairment seen in Alzheimer disease.Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.Insulysin: An enzyme the catalyzes the degradation of insulin, glucagon and other polypeptides. It is inhibited by bacitracin, chelating agents EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline, and by thiol-blocking reagents such as N-ethylmaleimide, but not phosphoramidon. (Eur J Biochem 1994;223:1-5) EC 3.4.24.56.Apolipoprotein E3: A 34-kDa glycosylated protein. A major and most common isoform of apolipoprotein E. Therefore, it is also known as apolipoprotein E (ApoE). In human, Apo E3 is a 299-amino acid protein with a cysteine at the 112 and an arginine at the 158 position. It is involved with the transport of TRIGLYCERIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and CHOLESTERYL ESTERS in and out of the cells.Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21: A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.Monomeric Clathrin Assembly Proteins: A subclass of clathrin assembly proteins that occur as monomers.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.Parkinson Disease: A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Apolipoprotein E2: One of three major isoforms of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo E2 differs from APOLIPOPROTEIN E3 at one residue 158 where arginine is replaced by cysteine (R158--C). In contrast to Apo E3, Apo E2 displays extremely low binding affinity for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) which mediate the internalization and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in liver cells. ApoE2 allelic homozygosity is associated with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.Kluver-Bucy Syndrome: A neurobehavioral syndrome associated with bilateral medial temporal lobe dysfunction. Clinical manifestations include oral exploratory behavior; tactile exploratory behavior; hypersexuality; BULIMIA; MEMORY DISORDERS; placidity; and an inability to recognize objects or faces. This disorder may result from a variety of conditions, including CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; infections; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PICK DISEASE OF THE BRAIN; and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: Heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by frontal and temporal lobe atrophy associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and dementia. Patients exhibit progressive changes in social, behavioral, and/or language function. Multiple subtypes or forms are recognized based on presence or absence of TAU PROTEIN inclusions. FTLD includes three clinical syndromes: FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA, semantic dementia, and PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE NONFLUENT APHASIA.Benzothiazoles: Compounds with a benzene ring fused to a thiazole ring.Genetic Testing: Detection of a MUTATION; GENOTYPE; KARYOTYPE; or specific ALLELES associated with genetic traits, heritable diseases, or predisposition to a disease, or that may lead to the disease in descendants. It includes prenatal genetic testing.Neurocalcin: A neuronal calcium sensor protein that is expressed as several isoforms and can interact with ACTIN; TUBULIN; and CLATHRIN.Amyloidosis: A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.LDL-Receptor Related Proteins: A family of proteins that share sequence similarity with the low density lipoprotein receptor (RECEPTORS, LDL).CA2 Region, Hippocampal: A subsection of the hippocampus, described by Lorente de No, that is located between the HIPPOCAMPUS CA1 FIELD and the HIPPOCAMPUS CA3 FIELD.Nerve Fibers, Myelinated: A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.Alleles: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3: A glycogen synthase kinase that was originally described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism. It regulates a diverse array of functions such as CELL DIVISION, microtubule function and APOPTOSIS.Caregivers: Persons who provide care to those who need supervision or assistance in illness or disability. They may provide the care in the home, in a hospital, or in an institution. Although caregivers include trained medical, nursing, and other health personnel, the concept also refers to parents, spouses, or other family members, friends, members of the clergy, teachers, social workers, fellow patients.Severity of Illness Index: Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5: A serine-threonine kinase that plays important roles in CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; and CELL DEATH of NERVE CELLS. It is closely related to other CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES but does not seem to participate in CELL CYCLE regulation.Postmortem Changes: Physiological changes that occur in bodies after death.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Entorhinal Cortex: Cerebral cortex region on the medial aspect of the PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS, immediately caudal to the OLFACTORY CORTEX of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the so-called PERFORANT PATHWAY.Dominican Republic: A republic in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Santo Domingo. With Haiti, it forms the island of Hispaniola - the Dominican Republic occupying the eastern two thirds, and Haiti, the western third. It was created in 1844 after a revolt against the rule of President Boyer over the entire island of Hispaniola, itself visited by Columbus in 1492 and settled the next year. Except for a brief period of annexation to Spain (1861-65), it has been independent, though closely associated with the United States. Its name comes from the Spanish Santo Domingo, Holy Sunday, with reference to its discovery on a Sunday. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p338, 506 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p151)Frontal Lobe: The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.Clusterin: A highly conserved heterodimeric glycoprotein that is differentially expressed during many severe physiological disturbance states such as CANCER; APOPTOSIS; and various NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. Clusterin is ubiquitously expressed and appears to function as a secreted MOLECULAR CHAPERONE.Psychiatric Status Rating Scales: Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.Image Processing, Computer-Assisted: A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.PC12 Cells: A CELL LINE derived from a PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA of the rat ADRENAL MEDULLA. PC12 cells stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation when treated with NERVE GROWTH FACTOR, making the line a useful model system for NERVE CELL differentiation.Astrocytes: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.Maze Learning: Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)Caribbean Region: The area that lies between continental North and South America and comprises the Caribbean Sea, the West Indies, and the adjacent mainland regions of southern Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.PrPC Proteins: Normal cellular isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS) encoded by a chromosomal gene and found in normal and scrapie-infected brain tissue, and other normal tissue. PrPC are protease-sensitive proteins whose function is unknown. Posttranslational modification of PrPC into PrPSC leads to infectivity.Caspase 6: A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 7; CASPASE 8; and CASPASE 10. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.Microtubule-Associated Proteins: High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.Alzheimer Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat ALZHEIMER DISEASE.Gene Frequency: The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Neurofilament Proteins: Type III intermediate filament proteins that assemble into neurofilaments, the major cytoskeletal element in nerve axons and dendrites. They consist of three distinct polypeptides, the neurofilament triplet. Types I, II, and IV intermediate filament proteins form other cytoskeletal elements such as keratins and lamins. It appears that the metabolism of neurofilaments is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease, as indicated by the presence of neurofilament epitopes in the neurofibrillary tangles, as well as by the severe reduction of the expression of the gene for the light neurofilament subunit of the neurofilament triplet in brains of Alzheimer's patients. (Can J Neurol Sci 1990 Aug;17(3):302)Aphasia, Primary Progressive: A progressive form of dementia characterized by the global loss of language abilities and initial preservation of other cognitive functions. Fluent and nonfluent subtypes have been described. Eventually a pattern of global cognitive dysfunction, similar to ALZHEIMER DISEASE, emerges. Pathologically, there are no Alzheimer or PICK DISEASE like changes, however, spongiform changes of cortical layers II and III are present in the TEMPORAL LOBE and FRONTAL LOBE. (From Brain 1998 Jan;121(Pt 1):115-26)Prions: Small proteinaceous infectious particles which resist inactivation by procedures that modify NUCLEIC ACIDS and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. The abnormal (scrapie) isoform is PrPSc (PRPSC PROTEINS) and the cellular isoform PrPC (PRPC PROTEINS). The primary amino acid sequence of the two isoforms is identical. Human diseases caused by prions include CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME; GERSTMANN-STRAUSSLER SYNDROME; and INSOMNIA, FATAL FAMILIAL.Lemur: A genus of the family Lemuridae consisting of five species: L. catta (ring-tailed lemur), L. fulvus, L. macaco (acoumba or black lemur), L. mongoz (mongoose lemur), and L. variegatus (white lemur). Most members of this genus occur in forested areas on Madagascar and the Comoro Islands.Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)Family Health: The health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members.Protein Multimerization: The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) from their composite PROTEIN SUBUNITS.Cerebral Ventricles: Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).Predictive Value of Tests: In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.Solubility: The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Proteolysis: Cleavage of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids either by PROTEASES or non-enzymatically (e.g., Hydrolysis). It does not include Protein Processing, Post-Translational.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Parahippocampal Gyrus: A convolution on the inferior surface of each cerebral hemisphere, lying between the hippocampal and collateral sulci.Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.Genome-Wide Association Study: An analysis comparing the allele frequencies of all available (or a whole GENOME representative set of) polymorphic markers in unrelated patients with a specific symptom or disease condition, and those of healthy controls to identify markers associated with a specific disease or condition.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Endopeptidases: A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; MENTAL DISORDERS; prolonged inactivity due to illness; and other conditions.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Protein Processing, Post-Translational: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES that plays a role in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure: A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)Neuroprotective Agents: Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.Early Diagnosis: Methods to determine in patients the nature of a disease or disorder at its early stage of progression. Generally, early diagnosis improves PROGNOSIS and TREATMENT OUTCOME.Osteopathic Physicians: Licensed physicians trained in OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE. An osteopathic physician, also known as D.O. (Doctor of Osteopathy), is able to perform surgery and prescribe medications.Huntington Disease: A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)Cerebrovascular Circulation: The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.Ethylene Glycols: An ethylene compound with two hydroxy groups (-OH) located on adjacent carbons. They are viscous and colorless liquids. Some are used as anesthetics or hypnotics. However, the class is best known for their use as a coolant or antifreeze.Protein PrecursorsProtein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.Neprilysin: Enzyme that is a major constituent of kidney brush-border membranes and is also present to a lesser degree in the brain and other tissues. It preferentially catalyzes cleavage at the amino group of hydrophobic residues of the B-chain of insulin as well as opioid peptides and other biologically active peptides. The enzyme is inhibited primarily by EDTA, phosphoramidon, and thiorphan and is reactivated by zinc. Neprilysin is identical to common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA Antigen), an important marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia. There is no relationship with CALLA PLANT.Extrapyramidal Tracts: Uncrossed tracts of motor nerves from the brain to the anterior horns of the spinal cord, involved in reflexes, locomotion, complex movements, and postural control.Heterozygote: An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.Cognitive Reserve: Capacity that enables an individual to cope with and/or recover from the impact of a neural injury or a psychotic episode.Immunotherapy, Active: Active immunization where vaccine is administered for therapeutic or preventive purposes. This can include administration of immunopotentiating agents such as BCG vaccine and Corynebacterium parvum as well as biological response modifiers such as interferons, interleukins, and colony-stimulating factors in order to directly stimulate the immune system.Neurites: In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.Cerebrovascular Disorders: A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale: A scale comprising 18 symptom constructs chosen to represent relatively independent dimensions of manifest psychopathology. The initial intended use was to provide more efficient assessment of treatment response in clinical psychopharmacology research; however, the scale was readily adapted to other uses. (From Hersen, M. and Bellack, A.S., Dictionary of Behavioral Assessment Techniques, p. 87)Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.Mice, Inbred C57BLHEK293 Cells: A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.Encephalitis: Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.
Alzheimer's disease: clues from flies and worms. (1/11292)
Presenilin mutations give rise to familial Alzheimer's disease and result in elevated production of amyloid beta peptide. Recent evidence that presenilins act in developmental signalling pathways may be the key to understanding how senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and apoptosis are all biochemically linked. (+info)Parametric mapping of cerebral blood flow deficits in Alzheimer's disease: a SPECT study using HMPAO and image standardization technique. (2/11292)
This study assessed the accuracy and reliability of Automated Image Registration (AIR) for standardization of brain SPECT images of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Standardized cerebral blood flow (CBF) images of patients with AD and control subjects were then used for group comparison and covariance analyses. METHODS: Thirteen patients with AD at an early stage (age 69.8+/-7.1 y, Clinical Dementia Rating Score 0.5-1.0, Mini-Mental State Examination score 19-23) and 20 age-matched normal subjects (age 69.5+/-8.3 y) participated in this study. 99mTc-hexamethyl propylenamine oxime (HMPAO) brain SPECT and CT scans were acquired for each subject. SPECT images were transformed to a standard size and shape with the help of AIR. Accuracy of AIR for spatial normalization was evaluated by an index calculated on SPECT images. Anatomical variability of standardized target images was evaluated by measurements on corresponding CT scans, spatially normalized using transformations established by the SPECT images. Realigned brain SPECT images of patients and controls were used for group comparison with the help of statistical parameter mapping. Significant differences were displayed on the respective voxel to generate three-dimensional Z maps. CT scans of individual subjects were evaluated by a computer program for brain atrophy. Voxel-based covariance analysis was performed on standardized images with ages and atrophy indices as independent variables. RESULTS: Inaccuracy assessed by functional data was 2.3%. The maximum anatomical variability was 4.9 mm after standardization. Z maps showed significantly decreased regional CBF (rCBF) in the frontal, parietal and temporal regions in the patient group (P < 0.001). Covariance analysis revealed that the effects of aging on rCBF were more pronounced compared with atrophy, especially in intact cortical areas at an early stage of AD. Decrease in rCBF was partly due to senility and atrophy, however these two factors cannot explain all the deficits. CONCLUSION: AIR can transform SPECT images of AD patients with acceptable accuracy without any need for corresponding structural images. The frontal regions of the brain, in addition to parietal and temporal lobes, may show reduced CBF in patients with AD even at an early stage of dementia. The reduced rCBF in the cortical regions cannot be explained entirely by advanced atrophy and fast aging process. (+info)Proteolytic processing of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein within its cytoplasmic domain by caspase-like proteases. (3/11292)
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by neurodegeneration and deposition of betaA4, a peptide that is proteolytically released from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Missense mutations in the genes coding for APP and for the polytopic membrane proteins presenilin (PS) 1 and PS2 have been linked to familial forms of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Overexpression of presenilins, especially that of PS2, induces increased susceptibility for apoptosis that is even more pronounced in cells expressing presenilin mutants. Additionally, presenilins themselves are targets for activated caspases in apoptotic cells. When we analyzed APP in COS-7 cells overexpressing PS2, we observed proteolytic processing close to the APP carboxyl terminus. Proteolytic conversion was increased in the presence of PS2-I, which encodes one of the known PS2 pathogenic mutations. The same proteolytic processing occurred in cells treated with chemical inducers of apoptosis, suggesting a participation of activated caspases in the carboxyl-terminal truncation of APP. This was confirmed by showing that specific caspase inhibitors blocked the apoptotic conversion of APP. Sequence analysis of the APP cytosolic domain revealed a consensus motif for group III caspases ((IVL)ExD). Mutation of the corresponding Asp664 residue abolished cleavage, thereby identifying APP as a target molecule for caspase-like proteases in the pathways of programmed cellular death. (+info)Microvessels from Alzheimer's disease brains kill neurons in vitro. (4/11292)
Understanding the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is of widespread interest because it is an increasingly prevalent disorder that is progressive, fatal, and currently untreatable. The dementia of Alzheimer's disease is caused by neuronal cell death. We demonstrate for the first time that blood vessels isolated from the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients can directly kill neurons in vitro. Either direct co-culture of Alzheimer's disease microvessels with neurons or incubation of cultured neurons with conditioned medium from microvessels results in neuronal cell death. In contrast, vessels from elderly nondemented donors are significantly (P<0.001) less lethal and brain vessels from younger donors are not neurotoxic. Neuronal killing by either direct co-culture with Alzheimer's disease microvessels or conditioned medium is dose- and time-dependent. Neuronal death can occur by either apoptotic or necrotic mechanisms. The microvessel factor is neurospecific, killing primary cortical neurons, cerebellar granule neurons, and differentiated PC-12 cells, but not non-neuronal cell types or undifferentiated PC-12 cells. Appearance of the neurotoxic factor is decreased by blocking microvessel protein synthesis with cycloheximide. The neurotoxic factor is soluble and likely a protein, because its activity is heat labile and trypsin sensitive. These findings implicate a novel mechanism of vascular-mediated neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease. (+info)Specific regional transcription of apolipoprotein E in human brain neurons. (5/11292)
In central nervous system injury and disease, apolipoprotein E (APOE, gene; apoE, protein) might be involved in neuronal injury and death indirectly through extracellular effects and/or more directly through intracellular effects on neuronal metabolism. Although intracellular effects could clearly be mediated by neuronal uptake of extracellular apoE, recent experiments in injury models in normal rodents and in mice transgenic for the human APOE gene suggest the additional possibility of intraneuronal synthesis. To examine whether APOE might be synthesized by human neurons, we performed in situ hybridization on paraffin-embedded and frozen brain sections from three nondemented controls and five Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients using digoxigenin-labeled antisense and sense cRNA probes to human APOE. Using the antisense APOE probes, we found the expected strong hybridization signal in glial cells as well as a generally fainter signal in selected neurons in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. In hippocampus, many APOE mRNA-containing neurons were observed in sectors CA1 to CA4 and the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus. In these regions, APOE mRNA containing neurons could be observed adjacent to nonhybridizing neurons of the same cell class. APOE mRNA transcription in neurons is regionally specific. In cerebellar cortex, APOE mRNA was seen only in Bergmann glial cells and scattered astrocytes but not in Purkinje cells or granule cell neurons. ApoE immunocytochemical localization in semi-adjacent sections supported the selectivity of APOE transcription. These results demonstrate the expected result that APOE mRNA is transcribed and expressed in glial cells in human brain. The important new finding is that APOE mRNA is also transcribed and expressed in many neurons in frontal cortex and human hippocampus but not in neurons of cerebellar cortex from the same brains. This regionally specific human APOE gene expression suggests that synthesis of apoE might play a role in regional vulnerability of neurons in AD. These results also provide a direct anatomical context for hypotheses proposing a role for apoE isoforms on neuronal cytoskeletal stability and metabolism. (+info)Increased phosphoglycerate kinase in the brains of patients with Down's syndrome but not with Alzheimer's disease. (6/11292)
Impaired glucose metabolism in Down's syndrome (DS) has been well-documented in vivo, although information on the underlying biochemical defect is limited and no biochemical studies on glucose handling enzymes have been carried out in the brain. Through gene hunting in fetal DS brain we found an overexpressed sequence homologous to the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) gene. This finding was studied further by investigating the activity levels of this key enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism in the brains of patients with DS. PGK activity was determined in five brain regions of nine patients with DS, nine patients with Alzheimer's disease and 14 controls. PGK activity was significantly elevated in the frontal, occipital and temporal lobe and in the cerebellum of patients with DS. PGK activity in corresponding brain regions of patients with Alzheimer's disease was comparable with controls. We conclude that our findings complement previously published data on impaired brain glucose metabolism in DS evaluated by positron emission tomography in clinical studies. Furthermore, we show that in DS, impaired glucose metabolism, represented by increased PGK activity, is a specific finding rather than a secondary phenomenon simply due to neurodegeneration or atrophy. These observations are also supported by data from subtractive hybridization, showing overexpressed PGK in DS brains at the transcriptional level early in life. (+info)Translation of the alzheimer amyloid precursor protein mRNA is up-regulated by interleukin-1 through 5'-untranslated region sequences. (7/11292)
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) because APP is processed into the beta-peptide that accumulates in amyloid plaques, and APP gene mutations can cause early onset AD. Inflammation is also associated with AD as exemplified by increased expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in microglia in affected areas of the AD brain. Here we demonstrate that IL-1alpha and IL-1beta increase APP synthesis by up to 6-fold in primary human astrocytes and by 15-fold in human astrocytoma cells without changing the steady-state levels of APP mRNA. A 90-nucleotide sequence in the APP gene 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) conferred translational regulation by IL-1alpha and IL-1beta to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. Steady-state levels of transfected APP(5'-UTR)/CAT mRNAs were unchanged, whereas both base-line and IL-1-dependent CAT protein synthesis were increased. This APP mRNA translational enhancer maps from +55 to +144 nucleotides from the 5'-cap site and is homologous to related translational control elements in the 5'-UTR of the light and and heavy ferritin genes. Enhanced translation of APP mRNA provides a mechanism by which IL-1 influences the pathogenesis of AD. (+info)Early phenotypic changes in transgenic mice that overexpress different mutants of amyloid precursor protein in brain. (8/11292)
Transgenic mice overexpressing different forms of amyloid precursor protein (APP), i.e. wild type or clinical mutants, displayed an essentially comparable early phenotype in terms of behavior, differential glutamatergic responses, deficits in maintenance of long term potentiation, and premature death. The cognitive impairment, demonstrated in F1 hybrids of the different APP transgenic lines, was significantly different from nontransgenic littermates as early as 3 months of age. Biochemical analysis of secreted and membrane-bound APP, C-terminal "stubs," and Abeta(40) and Abeta(42) peptides in brain indicated that no single intermediate can be responsible for the complex of phenotypic dysfunctions. As expected, the Abeta(42) levels were most prominent in APP/London transgenic mice and correlated directly with the formation of amyloid plaques in older mice of this line. Plaques were associated with immunoreactivity for hyperphosphorylated tau, eventually signaling some form of tau pathology. In conclusion, the different APP transgenic mouse lines studied display cognitive deficits and phenotypic traits early in life that dissociated in time from the formation of amyloid plaques and will be good models for both early and late neuropathological and clinical aspects of Alzheimer's disease. (+info)
Brain morphometry
... in particular neurodegenerative diseases (like Alzheimer) or psychotic disorders (like schizophrenia). MR imaging is rarely ... Brain diseases are the field to which brain morphometry is most often applied, and the volume of the literature on this is vast ... disease and evolution. Since autopsy-like dissection is generally impossible on living brains, brain morphometry starts with ...
Binswanger's disease
There are many diseases similar to Binswanger's disease including CADASIL syndrome and Alzheimer's disease, which makes this ... Alzheimer renamed this disease Binswanger's disease. In the late 19th century vascular dementia was heavily studied, however by ... "Capillary beds are decreased in Alzheimer's disease, but not in Binswanger's disease". Neuroscience Letters. 417 (2): 128-131. ... It was described by Otto Binswanger in 1894, and Alois Alzheimer first used the phrase "Binswanger's disease" in 1902. However ...
Amyloid beta
Maslow K (Mar 2008). "2008 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures". Alzheimer's & Dementia. 4 (2): 110-33. doi:10.1016/j.jalz. ... Citron M (Sep 2004). "Strategies for disease modification in Alzheimer's disease". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 5 (9): 677-85 ... "Alzheimer diseases: a model of gene mutations and susceptibility polymorphisms for complex psychiatric diseases". American ... transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease". Neurobiology of Disease. 39 (3): 409-22. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2010.05.013. PMC ...
Amyloid precursor protein
Chen X, Stern D, Yan SD (Dec 2006). "Mitochondrial dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease". Current Alzheimer Research. 3 (5): 515 ... Koo EH (Nov 2002). "The beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Alzheimer's disease: does the tail wag the dog?". Traffic. 3 ( ... Maynard CJ, Bush AI, Masters CL, Cappai R, Li QX (Jun 2005). "Metals and amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease". International ... Tickler AK, Wade JD, Separovic F (Aug 2005). "The role of Abeta peptides in Alzheimer's disease". Protein and Peptide Letters. ...
Alzheimer's disease research
... relevance to Alzheimer's disease". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 10 (1): 89-109. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 ... may benefit patients with Alzheimer's disease. The study used a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease and an antibody against PD-1 ... therapy with Rember arrests disease progression in mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease over 50 weeks". Alzheimer's & Dementia ... Christensen DD (2007). "Alzheimer's disease: progress in the development of anti-amyloid disease-modifying therapies". CNS ...
Dysexecutive syndrome
Patients with Alzheimer's disease have been shown to exhibit impairment in executive functioning as well. The effects of DES ... Alzheimer's disease Executive functions Frontal lobe disorder Schizophrenia Halligan, P.W., Kischka, U., & Marshall, J.C. (2004 ... are some of the earliest indicators of Alzheimer's. Studies have also indicated that chronic alcoholism (see Korsakoff's ...
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction
Delirium and severe worsening of mental function is very likely in those with clinically evident Alzheimer's disease or other ... Animal studies indicate that volatile anaesthestics may augment the pathological processes of Alzheimer's Disease by affecting ... MCI is a transitional zone between normal mental function and evident Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia. It is ...
Alzheimer's disease organizations
Alzheimer Disease International - Website Alzheimer Research Forum Alzheimer's South Africa - Website Alzheimer Europe - ... Website Deutsche Alzheimer Gesellschafte e.V - Website The Alzheimer Society of Ireland - Website Alzheimer Nederland - Website ... Website Alzheimer's Australia - Website Alzheimer Society of Canada - Website Alzheimer Society of Ontario - Website ... List of different Alzheimer's Disease Organizations in different countries around the world ...
Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center
"Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center". Rush University Medical Center. "Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers". National Institute on ... The Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center is one of 29 Alzheimer's centers in the U.S. designated and funded by the National ... The Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (RADC) is a research center located in Rush University Medical Center. ... The RADC is a leader in research into the causes and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. One of its earliest research projects ...
Timeline of Alzheimer's disease
"Alzheimer's Society/Alzheimer Nederland knowledge exchange fellowships". Retrieved 13 August 2016. "Alzheimer's Disease ... Molecular Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease. p. 9. "History Module: Dr. Alois Alzheimer's First Cases". Retrieved 11 August 2016 ... "About Alzheimer's Australia". Retrieved 13 August 2016. "National Alzheimer's Disease Awareness Month". Retrieved 11 August ... "Historique de la maladie Alzheimer". Retrieved 11 August 2016. "Treatments for Alzheimer's disease". Retrieved 11 August 2016. ...
Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease
... a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease), as well as in inherited forms of Alzheimer's disease. Given that DCGM occurs ... Alzheimer's disease has been identified as a protein misfolding disease, or proteopathy, due to the accumulation of abnormally ... Imaging studies have shown decreased utilization of glucose in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients early in the disease ... Castellni RJ, Perry G, Smith MA (2004). "Prion disease and Alzheimer's disease: pathogenic overlap". Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars ...
Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Rafii, Michael S. (2014-01-01). "Preclinical Alzheimer's disease therapeutics". Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD. 42 Suppl 4 ... "Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers as Outcome Measures for Clinical Trials in MCI". Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 29 (2 ... Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2015-07-01). "The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative phase 2: Increasing ... Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2015-01-01). "Empowering imaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease". Neurobiology ...
Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study
The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS) was founded at University of California San Diego in 1991 and coordinates ... "Paul Aisen, MD, Joins Faculty of UCSD and is Appointed New Director of the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study". Journal of ... Fikes, Bradley J. (2 August 2015). "Next steps for scientist in eye of UCSD-USC Alzheimer's spat". San Diego Tribune. Wang, ... Potter, Matt (January 11, 2016). "Deal gives UCSD "read only" rights to Alzheimer's data". San Diego Reader. "Case 3:15-cv- ...
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease". 2014 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2015. Official ... Neuroscience portal The Journal of Alzheimer's Disease is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by IOS Press covering the ... The awardee is presented the Alzheimer Medal, a 3" bronze medal with the likeness of Alois Alzheimer. This yearly award is ... and psychology of Alzheimer's disease. The journal publishes research reports, reviews, short communications, hypotheses, ...
Depression of Alzheimer disease
Depression is one of the most common psychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease, occurring at all stages of the disease, but ... The symptoms of dAD can arise at any point during the course of Alzheimer's disease, often at a stage quite late in cognitive ... A clinical trial testing sertraline (Zoloft) for depression of Alzheimer disease, launched by the NIMH in 2004, is due to be ... Therefore, dAD often goes unrecognized within the spectrum of symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. In general, people who have dAD ...
Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders
... is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal publishing original research findings ... and new approaches to diagnosis and treatment for Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Official website. ...
Cell-Cycle Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease
... the cell-cycle hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease considers AD as a disease of deregulation of the cell cycle in neurons. The ... Oxidative imbalance in Alzheimer's disease.*J Cell Biochem. 1995 Jun;58(2):160-74. Apoptosis and the cell cycle. Vincent et al ... Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by two hallmarks: senile plaques and the ... 1998 Dec;87(4):731-9. The cell division cycle and the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Nagy et al., 1998. J Cell Biochem ...
Ion channel hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease
"The amyloid beta ion channel hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 3 (5): 597-612. ISSN ... prion diseases, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Consistent with Aβ channels, other amyloid channels have also ... The ion channel hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known as the channel hypothesis or the amyloid beta ion channel ... Arispe, N; Rojas, E; Pollard, H B (1993-01-15). "Alzheimer disease amyloid beta protein forms calcium channels in bilayer ...
American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias
The American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the ... The American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases: SCOPUS, and ... The American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias is aimed primarily at professionals on the frontline of ... Alzheimer's care, dementia and clinical depression and other specialists who manage patients with dementias and their families ...
HSD17B10
Beyreuther K, Masters CL (Oct 1997). "Alzheimer's disease. The ins and outs of amyloid-beta". Nature. 389 (6652): 677-8. doi: ... Yang SY, He XY (2001). "Role of type 10 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease". ... including 17β-HSD10 deficiency and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Missense and silent mutations in the gene are the cause of ... hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase is identical to an amyloid beta-peptide-binding protein involved in Alzheimer's disease". ...
MIND diet
"2017 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures" (PDF). Alzheimer's Association. "Changing the Trajectory of Alzheimer's Disease: ... "MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease". Alzheimer's & Dementia. 11 (9): 1007-1014. doi:10.1016/j. ... The study showed that all the diets can be protective against the development of Alzheimer's disease when they are strictly ... 2016). Association of the MIND diet with cognition and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 27(3):303-4. doi:10.1097 ...
List of patient-reported quality of life surveys
... disease state, or psychological well-being. Alzheimer's disease. The Quality of Life of Carers of Alzheimer's Disease Patients ... Kidney disease. The Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KD-QOL) Instrument was developed in 1994 by the RAND corporation. It has ... Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease questionnaire (LCOPD) has 22 yes ... ACQLI) is a measure which assesses the quality of life of people who care for Alzheimer's disease patients. It was developed in ...
Huntington's disease
... familial Alzheimer's disease and breast cancer. The European Molecular Genetics Quality Network have published yearly external ... "The Venezuela Huntington's disease project". Hereditary Disease Foundation website. Hereditary Disease Foundation. 2008. ... How far the disease has progressed can be measured using the unified Huntington's disease rating scale, which provides an ... The disease affects men and women equally. Complications such as pneumonia, heart disease, and physical injury from falls ...
Tetrahydrocannabinol
Alzheimer's disease. A 2011 Cochrane Review found insufficient evidence to conclude whether cannabis products have any utility ... in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Tourette syndrome. The available data was determined to be insufficient to allow ... the symptoms of Huntington disease as the available trials were too small to reliably detect any difference Parkinson's disease ... but there was insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness for treating several other neurological diseases. A 2015 review ...
Cannabis in Delaware
Qualifying conditions include "cancer; Alzheimer's disease; post-traumatic stress disorder; and conditions that cause ...
Avid Radiopharmaceuticals
Alois Alzheimer in 1906, the only certain way to determine if a person indeed had the disease was to perform an autopsy on the ... In results presented in July 2010 to an international conference on Alzheimer's disease held in Hawaii, the company showed that ... Avid's technique is being used to test the efficacy of Alzheimer's disease treatments being developed by other pharmaceutical ... "Avid Radiopharmaceuticals Initiates First Phase II Trial Of Novel Compound For Imaging Alzheimer's Disease", Medical News Today ...
Geriatric psychology
"Alzheimer's Disease & Dementia , Alzheimer's Association". www.alz.org. Retrieved 2016-12-12. "Vascular Dementia , Signs, ... a geriatric psychologist's role regarding Alzheimer's disease is the assessment, treatment, and research of the disease. ... Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia, accounting for 60-80 percent of dementia cases. Similar to dementia, ... Parkinson's disease is a movement disorder that has symptoms like tremors, slowing down, stiffness, and impaired balance. A ...
Alzheimer's Disease Research Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, California - UCLA Alzheimer's Disease Research Center - Neurologist:...
fMRI studies of associative encoding in young and elderly controls and mild Alzheimer's disease | Journal of Neurology,...
Xanax, Valium may boost pneumonia risk in Alzheimer's patients - WSFA.com Montgomery Alabama news.
Dental health care for Alzheimer's patients - Delta Dental
Cognitive profile of Alzheimer patients with extrapyramidal signs: A longitudinal study | SpringerLink
Brain atrophy may predict risk for early Alzheimer's disease | About memory
Alzheimer's Disease Research Center | Icahn School of Medicine
Plasma ABeta as a Surrogate Genetic Marker for Load - Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis Lab: Steven G. Younkin - Mayo Clinic...
ADNI | Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Whitepaper: Calcium-A proven target in the war on Alzheimer's disease - Integrative Practitioner
ALZHEIMERS DISEASE AND RELATED DISORDERS ASSOCIATION Volunteer Opportunities - VolunteerMatch
Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center - Sanjay Asthana
Sleep Apnea in Early to Mid-Stage Alzheimer's Disease - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Peanut butter, ruler used to confirm early-stage Alzheimer's disease - UPI.com
IMI launches EUR 130 million Calls for proposals with focus on Alzheimer's disease, big data, vaccines, and more | IMI -...
Determinants of platelet activation in Alzheimer's disease. | IRIS Università degli Studi di Chieti
Association analysis of dynamin-binding protein (DNMBP) on chromosome 10q with late onset Alzheimer's disease in a large...
Alzheimer's Disease & Related Disorders Association, Inc. Hudson Valley Chapter's 2015 Year End Appeal Tickets, Mon, Dec 7,...
Pyroglutamate Abeta pathology in APP/PS1KI mice, sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease cases
Poems & Tips From Other Journals - American Family Physician
American Mindfulness Research Association Adding mindfulness to meds helps Alzheimer's patients - American Mindfulness Research...
Noscira Presents Results of Phase IIa Clinical Trial with Nypta(R) (Tideglusib) on Alzheimer's Disease at International...
Alzheimer's Disease: Causes | New York City
Evaluation of Supranuclear Lens Changes in Alzheimer's Disease Patients using Scheimpflug Imaging 3-Dimensional Densitometry |...
Detecting early onset Alzheimer's disease in innovative ways | Vitality: Active Seniors | theoaklandpress.com
Towards a cure: A public forum on Alzheimer's disease and dementia research | Alzheimer Society of B.C.
MIT research offers new hope for Alzheimer's patients
Decreased Clearance of CNS β-Amyloid in Alzheimer's Disease | Science
New Research Presented at Alzheimer's Association International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease Indicates Alzheimer's Disease...
Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain
Care for Alzheimer's patients improves by treatment stagnant - Lifestyles - The Times-Tribune
Alzheimer's - Del Oro CRC
Most recent papers with the keyword Mild cognitive impair, | Read by QxMD
Communicating with Alzheimer's Patients | AlvitaCare NYC
New animal models of Alzheimer's disease | The Florey - Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
Is Alzheimer's Caused By a Bacterial Infection of the Brain? - Perfect Health Diet | Perfect Health Diet
SDSC/UC San Diego Researchers Hone in on Alzheimer's Disease - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
Family caregivers report abusing Alzheimer's patients - McKnight's Long Term Care News
AAN Annual Meeting Programs: C73 - Multiple Sclerosis Therapy: Disease-modifying Treatment II | American Academy of Neurology®
Antibody reduces harmful brain amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's patients | (e) Science News
"Cognition and beta-amyloid in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Data fr" by Kerryn Pike, Kathryn A Ellis et al.
Marker for Alzheimer's disease may affect mental function even in healthy adults | EurekAlert! Science News
1996 - Postmenopausal estrogen reduced the risk for and delayed the onset of Alzheimer
disease | 1997 Jan-Feb :...
Download Alzheimer Dementia Health, diseases, general, relationship...
QIAGEN - Sample to Insight
Frontiers | Basal Forebrain Atrophy Contributes to Allocentric Navigation Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease Patients |...
Latest News - Penn Memory Center
Alzheimer's Disease: Part 1 - Fitness Learning Systems
Pan Laboratories to present on Alzheimer's Disease biomarkers | Pan Laboratories
Alzheimer's disease-related peptide PS2V plays ancient, conserved roles in suppression of the unfolded protein response under...
Ultrasound Enhanced Delivery of Molecular Imaging and Therapeutic Agents in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models
BMS-241027 on Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Subjects with Mild Alzheimer's Disease | Global Research Projects
The Infection-Senescence Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease - Fight Aging!
New brain test may help diagnose early-stage Alzheimer's disease
Swedish Brain Power Seeks Partners to Study Genetic Basis of Alzheimer Disease | Psychiatric Times
Association between illness progression measures and total cost in Alzheimer's disease | Frailty
The Brain-Microbe Connection: Is There a Link Between Microorganisms and Alzheimer's Disease? - Infective | Perspective
AfricanAmericansAgainstAlzheimer's Statement in Support of Hillary Clinton's Plan on Alzheimer's Disease
Studies on Alzheimer's Disease | Domenico Praticὸ | Springer
Session to Focus on Alzheimer's Disease - latimes
Essay Sample on Alzheimer's Disease: History, Origin, Symptoms
Updated Article on Alzheimer's Disease - Dr. Alfred Plechner
Needing less blind faith and more humble doubt...
ALZFORUM | NETWORKING FOR A CURE
Benefits for Alzheimer Patients | Ralapure R Alpha Lipoic Acid Antioxidant (R ALA)
Differentiation of multi-infarct and Alzheimer dementia by intracranial hemodynamic parameters. | Stroke
Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 burden in familial Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome - Zurich Open Repository...
LBD Duration Shortens with Co-existing Alzheimer's Disease | Lewy Body Dementia Association
2015 European Parliament Written Declaration - EU Action on Dementia - Policy in Practice - Alzheimer Europe
Symptomatic White Matter Changes in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Resemble Pathologic Features of Early Alzheimer Dementia |...
Saya Bukan Megan Fox: Dementia
Whipples disease Dementia of the Alzheimers Type Keadaan ini mula dikenalpasti oleh Alois Alzheimer pada tahun 1907. Diagnosa ... adalah lebih kerap dilihat pada Picks disease daripada Alzheimers disease.. Huntingtons Disease ... Parkinsons Disease. Seperti Huntingtons disease, parkinsonism adalah penyakit pada basal ganglia, dan kerap menunjukkan ... Senile plaques also referred as amyloid plaques, are more indicative of Alzheimers disease, although they are also seen in ...
http://cathenclox.blogspot.com/2009/10/dementia.html
Alzheimer's Association | Alzheimer's Disease & Dementia Help
... information on Alzheimers disease and dementia symptoms, diagnosis, stages, treatment, care and support resources. ... A World Without Alzheimers Disease®. Formed in 1980, the Alzheimers Association is the leading voluntary health organization ... Understanding Alzheimers Disease. Alzheimers is the most common form of dementia. It causes problems with memory, thinking ... Americans are living with Alzheimers disease.. By 2050, this number is projected to rise to nearly. 14 MILLION.. Get the Facts ...
https://www.alz.org/Alzheimer's Brain Plaques - Alzheimer's Association
... an interactive diagram of beta-amyloid formation and how they contribute to the development of plaques in the Alzheimers brain ... Alzheimers Disease and the Brain. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ... Alzheimers Association is a not-for-profit 501(c)(3) ... Stay up-to-date on advances in Alzheimers treatments, care & research. Get tips for living with Alzheimers. ... Alzheimers Association National Office, 225 N. Michigan Ave., Fl. 17, Chicago, IL 60601. ...
https://www.alz.org/braintour/plaques.asp
Alzheimer's disease - NHS
Alzheimers disease is the most common cause of dementia. Dementia is a group of symptoms associated with a decline in the way ... Read more about the causes of Alzheimers disease.. Signs and symptoms of Alzheimers disease. Alzheimers disease is a ... Read more about diagnosing Alzheimers disease.. How Alzheimers disease is treated. Theres currently no cure for Alzheimers ... Can Alzheimers disease be prevented?. As the exact cause of Alzheimers disease is not clear, theres no known way to prevent ...
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alzheimers-disease/
Alzheimer's Disease
Researchers discover novel genes responsible for Alzheimers disease. *Lithium in drinking water can slow Alzheimers disease ... There is no cure for Alzheimers disease, but several medications may improve certain symptoms as well as slowing disease ... Alzheimers disease is the most common form of dementia and affects millions of individuals worldwide. Dementia is a medical ... The exact cause of Alzheimers disease is not known, but a number of factors are thought to increase the risk of developing the ...
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Alzheimers-Disease.aspx
Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimers disease is a progressive form of dementia that interferes with memory, thinking, and behavior. Learn how to ... Symptoms of Alzheimers disease. Everyone has episodes of forgetfulness from time to time. But people with Alzheimers disease ... Diagnosing Alzheimers disease. The only definitive way to diagnose someone with Alzheimers disease is to examine their brain ... Treating Alzheimers disease. Theres no known cure for Alzheimers disease. But your doctor can recommend medications and ...
https://www.healthline.com/health/alzheimers-disease?ref=global
Alzheimer Disease | Medscape
... and guidelines on Alzheimer Disease. Recognize the causes of Alzheimer Disease and signs of Alzheimer Disease, including ... Alzheimer Disease : Review in-depth clinical information, latest medical news, ...
https://www.medscape.com/resource/alzheimers
Alzheimer's disease | Infoplease
The disease is characterized by abnormal accumulation of plaques and by ... degenerative disease of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex that leads to atrophy of the brain and senile dementia and, ... Alzheimers disease. Alzheimers disease ăls´hī˝mərz, ôls- [key], degenerative disease of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex ... the disease is almost as significant as heart disease and cancer. The cause of Alzheimers is unknown, but a number of genes ...
https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/medicine/diseases-and-conditions/pathology/alzheimers-disease
Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimers Disease. Alzheimers disease is a type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. ... Alzheimers disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases. Currently there is no cure for Alzheimers, but treatments ... Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health PromotionCurrently selected *Division of Chronic Disease and Injury Control * ... Although current Alzheimers treatments cannot stop the disease from progressing, they can temporarily slow the worsening of ...
https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/CDCB/Pages/AlzheimersDisease.aspxEarly-onset Alzheimer's disease - Wikipedia
Familial Alzheimers disease[edit]. Familial Alzheimers disease (FAD) or early-onset familial Alzheimers disease (EOFAD) is ... Early-onset Alzheimers disease, also called early-onset Alzheimers, or early-onset AD, is Alzheimers disease diagnosed ... History of Alzheimers disease[edit]. Main article: Alzheimers disease § History. The symptoms of the disease as a distinct ... "Familial Alzheimers disease in kindreds with missense mutations in a gene on chromosome 1 related to the Alzheimers disease ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_Alzheimer_diseaseEarly-onset Alzheimer's disease - Wikipedia
Familial Alzheimers disease[edit]. Familial Alzheimers disease (FAD) or early onset familial Alzheimers disease (EOFAD) is ... Early-onset Alzheimers disease, also called early-onset Alzheimers, or early-onset AD, is Alzheimers disease diagnosed ... History of Alzheimers disease[edit]. Main article: Alzheimers disease § History. The symptoms of the disease as a distinct ... of all Alzheimers cases. Approximately 13% of the cases of early-onset Alzheimers are familial Alzheimers disease,[1] where ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer_diseaseAlzheimer's Disease Treatments
... there are medications that can prevent or slow down progression of the disease, as well as improving some symptoms of the ... While there is no cure for Alzheimers disease, ... Alzheimers disease can progress for around ten years but when ... While there is no cure for Alzheimers disease, there are medications that can prevent or slow down progression of the disease ... Alzheimers disease progresses slowly, with initial symptoms presenting as memory problems and confusion, for example, and then ...
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Alzheimers-Disease-Treatments.aspx
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimers disease. Erik Lovaas erikl at ibg.uit.no Sat Nov 21 00:59:38 EST 1992 *Previous message: Alzheimers disease ... Alzheimers disease ,From: jdevlin at pollux.usc.edu (Joseph T. Devlin) ,Date: 19 Nov 92 23:57:08 GMT ,Keywords: Alzheimers, ... On the possible role of iron-induced free radical peroxidation in neural degeneration in Alzheimers disease. Ann.NY Acad.Sci. ... Blood activity of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in Alzheimers disease: A case-control study ...
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/ageing/1992-November/000327.html
Alzheimer's Disease Research Center
The UW Alzheimers Disease Research Center seeks to advance research in genetic risk, develop neuroimaging biomarkers for ... Alzheimers Disease Research Center - University of Washington An NIH-funded research resource center, associated with the UW ... Martin, the founder of the UW Alzheimers Disease Research Center. At age 90, he still studies the mechanisms of brain aging ... One mans creative quest to support Alzheimers disease research invites us to take a twirl through the science of brain ...
http://depts.washington.edu/mbwc/adrc/news/P10Alzheimer's Disease Research Center - University of Washington
The UW Alzheimers Disease Research Center seeks to advance research in genetic risk, develop neuroimaging biomarkers for ... Alzheimers Disease Research Center (ADRC), University of Washington. Research Cores. Administrative Core Thomas J. Grabowski, ... Alzheimers Disease Research Center - University of Washington An NIH-funded research resource center, associated with the UW ... Examination by trained medical personnel is required to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimers disease and other ...
http://depts.washington.edu/mbwc/adrc/
Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms
Alzheimers disease is a neurocognitive disorder (either major or minor, depending upon its severity) that has a subtle onset ... Alzheimers Disease Symptoms. By Steve Bressert, Ph.D. Last updated: 8 Sep 2018. ~ 1 min read ... Alzheimers disease is a neurocognitive disorder (either major or minor, depending upon its severity) that has a subtle onset ... The specific symptoms of Alzheimers disease are:. 1. The criteria are met for either major neurocognitive disorder or minor ...
https://psychcentral.com/disorders/alzheimers-disease-symptoms/
Alzheimer's Disease
Further Alzheimers Disease Reading. *National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke Alzheimers Disease Information Page ... Alzheimers Disease Alzheimers disease is a gradually progressive illness of the brain. Usually the earliest symptom is short- ... Alzheimers Disease Research. *The Emory Alzheimers Disease Research Center funded by the National Institute of Aging ... Alzheimers Disease Treatments. Current treatments for Alzheimers disease are aimed at improving the memory system of the ...
https://www.emoryhealthcare.org/neurology/alzheimers.html
Alzheimer's Disease: Living & Caregiving
Alzheimers treatment and Alzheimers care go hand in hand. Theres no cure -- yet. But as youll see here, theres a lot that ... Living with Alzheimers disease means caring for the patient -- and caring for the caregiver. Heres how to manage both of ...
https://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/guide/alzheimers-disease-treatment-care
Alzheimer's Disease - Beliefnet
Beliefnet offers spiritual resources to help bolster your strength as an Alzheimers Disease caregiver, as well as insights on ... Can You Prevent Alzheimers Disease?. Alzheimers disease is the most common form of dementia affecting people of the ages 65 ... 9 Signs of Alzheimers You Shouldnt.... If you suspect you or a loved one may have Alzheimers disease, here are some red ... Gift Ideas for People with Alzheimers.... The Alzheimers Association and the Alzheimer Foundation of America provide several ...
http://www.beliefnet.com/wellness/health/physical-health/alzheimers.aspx
Alzheimer disease | pathology | Britannica.com
Alzheimer disease, degenerative brain disorder that develops in mid-to-late adulthood. It results in a progressive and ... Alzheimer diseaseOverview of Alzheimer disease.. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz. The disease was first described in ... human disease: Alzheimers disease. …definitive diagnosis can be made. Alzheimers disease is the most common form of dementia ... nervous system disease: Dementia. …common cause of dementia is Alzheimer disease. The disease is common in the elderly. The ...
https://www.britannica.com/science/Alzheimer-disease
Alzheimer's Disease Fast Facts - CNN
Read CNNs Fast Facts on Alzheimers disease, a progressive brain disorder that leads to loss of memory and other intellectual ... Alzheimers disease is fatal and there is no cure. It is a slow-moving disease that starts with memory loss and ends with ... Early-onset Alzheimers Disease:. Early-onset Alzheimers is an uncommon form of dementia that strikes people younger than age ... Early-onset Alzheimers disease often runs in families.. Research:. March 9, 2014 - In a first-of-its-kind study, researchers ...
https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/23/health/alzheimers-disease-fast-facts/index.html
Alzheimer's disease beyond APOE | Nature Genetics
Two genome-wide association studies together report three new susceptibility loci for late-onset Alzheimers disease. CLU, ... Alzheimers disease susceptibility genes modify the risk of Parkinson disease and Parkinsons disease-associated cognitive ... Down syndrome, Alzheimer disease, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy: The complex triangle of brain amyloidosis *María Carmona‐ ... Translating Alzheimers disease-associated polymorphisms into functional candidates: a survey of IGAP genes and SNPs *Yuriko ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/ng1009-1047?error=cookies_not_supported&code=1710d5f7-9f01-4cf6-a4d6-d7b3a7c83334
Doggy Alzheimer's Disease - Dogs
... memory loss and personality changes that are very similar to Alzheimer s Disease in humans. Don t assume that changes in your ... heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and a canine version of Alzheimers disease.. A medical condition known as canine Cognitive ... Doggy Alzheimers Disease. Guest Author - Sandy Moyer. Have you noticed changes in your aging dogs zest for life? Has she ... Like Alzheimers disease, the cause of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction is unknown, but physical evidence, found only in autopsies ...
http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art25417.asp
CiteSeerX - Neuroimaging Alzheimer's Disease
The disease-specific features these atlases resolve can then be linked with demographic factors such as age, gender, handedness ... The disease-specific features these atlases resolve can then be linked with demographic factors such as age, gender, handedness ... disease-specific feature demographic factor different dementia subtypes dynamic data frontotemporal dementia semantic dementia ...
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.7.2732
Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease
... in Alzheimers disease," Neurodegenerative Diseases, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 313-319, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google ... "Say NO to Alzheimers disease: the putative links between nitric oxide and dementia of the Alzheimers type," Brain Research ... Microglia in Alzheimers Disease. Ying Li,1,2 Meng-Shan Tan,3 Teng Jiang,4 and Lan Tan1,3,4 ... Y. J. Lee, S. B. Han, S. Y. Nam, K. W. Oh, and J. T. Hong, "Inflammation and Alzheimers disease," Archives of Pharmacal ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/437483/ref/Alois AlzheimerCure for Alzheimer's diseaseProgressesAutopsyForgetfulnessParkinson'sFamilialDiagnosisRisk of Alzheimer's diseaseCause of Alzheimer's diseaseCaused by Alzheimer's diseaseLiving with Alzheimer's diseaseDementia and Alzheimer's diseasePatients with Alzheimer's diseaseForm of dementiaSymptoms of Alzheimer'sDevelop Alzheimer's diseaseNeurofibrillary tanglesAmyloid-betaDegenerativeCerebral cortexLate onsetPreclinicalCaregiverNeurobiologyProgression of the diseaseDiagnoseAffectsType of dementiaTreatmentsMildClinicalAgingDeficitsAccumulationMemoryGeneticsIrreversibleDementiasJournal of AlzhPatientCognitive impairmentTreatmentPeopleGraduallyGenes
- The disease is characterized by abnormal accumulation of plaques and by neurofibrillary tangles (malformed nerve cells), changes in brain tissue first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1906. (infoplease.com)
- The symptoms of the disease as a distinct nosologic entity were first identified by Emil Kraepelin , and the characteristic neuropathology was first observed by Alois Alzheimer in 1906. (wikipedia.org)
- The disease was first described in 1906 by German neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer. (britannica.com)
- The disease is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer. (cnn.com)
- The microscopic changes that occur in the brain of a person with AD were first noted by German neurologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906. (washington.edu)
- Originally described by Dr. Alois Alzheimer in 1907, Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. (clevelandclinicmeded.com)
- There's currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but medicines are available that can help relieve some of the symptoms. (www.nhs.uk)
- There is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but several medications may improve certain symptoms as well as slowing disease progression in some individuals. (news-medical.net)
- There's no known cure for Alzheimer's disease. (healthline.com)
- While there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, there are medications that can prevent or slow down progression of the disease, as well as improving some symptoms of the condition. (news-medical.net)
- As the disease progresses, the patient exhibits more serious problems, becoming subject to mood swings and unable to perform complex activities such as driving. (wikipedia.org)
- Alzheimer's disease progresses slowly, with initial symptoms presenting as memory problems and confusion, for example, and then progressing to complete disorientation and failure to recognize even family members or friends. (news-medical.net)
- As Alzheimer's disease progresses and patients start to have difficulty maintaining their personal hygiene and health, problems such as poor dental health and malnutrition arise. (news-medical.net)
- As Alzheimer's disease gradually progresses, people have increased difficulty performing their routine tasks at home, work, or in a social settings. (emoryhealthcare.org)
- The implications, caveats, and take aways from findings that 99% percent of NFL player donated brains show neurodegenerative disease on autopsy. (washington.edu)
- The presence of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain are used to diagnose Alzheimer disease in autopsy . (britannica.com)
- One of the first symptom's marking the transition from normal aging to Alzheimer disease is forgetfulness. (britannica.com)
- They may also conduct a neurological exam to exclude other possible diagnoses, such as Parkinson's disease or stroke. (healthline.com)
- Alzheimer's disease usually affects people over age 65, although it can appear in people as young as 40, especially in some familial forms of the disease. (infoplease.com)
- About 13% of the cases of early-onset Alzheimer's are familial , where a genetic predisposition leads to the disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) or early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) is an uncommon form of Alzheimer's disease that usually strikes earlier in life, defined as before the age of 65 (usually between 50 and 65 years of age) and is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, identified by genetics and other characteristics such as the age of onset. (wikipedia.org)
- While early-onset familial AD is estimated to account for only 3.5% of total Alzheimer's disease, it has presented a useful model in studying various aspects of the disorder. (wikipedia.org)
- Histologically , familial AD is practically indistinguishable from other forms of the disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Familial Alzheimer disease is caused by a mutation in one of at least three genes, which code for presenilin 1 , presenilin 2 , and amyloid precursor protein (APP). (wikipedia.org)
- These cases, referred to as early-onset familial Alzheimer disease, appear to result from an inherited genetic mutation . (britannica.com)
- An accurate and timely diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease can give you the best chance to prepare and plan for the future, as well as receive any treatment or support that may help. (www.nhs.uk)
- Examination by trained medical personnel is required to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other related disorders. (washington.edu)
- Recognition of the preclinical stage acknowledges that the Alzheimer disease process begins before symptoms are apparent and anticipates advances in diagnostic testing that may eventually enable diagnosis at the preclinical stage. (britannica.com)
- The risk of Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia increases with age, affecting an estimated 1 in 14 people over the age of 65 and 1 in every 6 people over the age of 80. (www.nhs.uk)
- The exact cause of Alzheimer's disease is not yet fully understood, although a number of things are thought to increase your risk of developing the condition. (www.nhs.uk)
- Experts haven't determined a single cause of Alzheimer's disease, but they have identified certain risk factors. (healthline.com)
- A new analysis may help detect the earliest signs of cell damage caused by Alzheimer's disease. (dmoztools.net)
- Americans are living with Alzheimer's disease. (alz.org)
- Living with Alzheimer's disease means caring for the patient -- and caring for the caregiver. (webmd.com)
- Provides care and services to individuals confronting dementia and Alzheimer's disease, caregivers and families through member organizations. (dmoztools.net)
- A recent study showed FDA-approved cancer drugs, PD-1 inhibitors, may benefit patients with Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Mayo Clinic experts offer information, explanations and advice about treatment and care for patients with Alzheimer's Disease. (dmoztools.net)
- Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and affects millions of individuals worldwide. (news-medical.net)
- Alzheimer's disease is a progressive form of dementia. (healthline.com)
- Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, which is a general term for the loss of memory and intellectual abilities. (cnn.com)
- Read more about the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease . (www.nhs.uk)
- As the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease progress slowly, it can be difficult to recognise that there's a problem. (www.nhs.uk)
- As a progressive condition, the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease develop gradually and become more severe over time. (news-medical.net)
- The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease emerge gradually, over a period of years, and vary from person to person. (lundbeck.com)
- Symptoms of Alzheimer's disease can be broadly categorized into cognitive, functional and behavioural/psychological changes. (lundbeck.com)
- People who are concerned that they - or their loved ones - are experiencing symptoms of Alzheimer's disease should see their doctor for help and advice. (lundbeck.com)
- Treatment is available to help alleviate the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. (lundbeck.com)
- Some other illnesses can mimic symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. (dmoztools.net)
- Most people who develop Alzheimer's disease are 65 years of age or older. (healthline.com)
- Having one or more of these risk factors doesn't mean that you'll develop Alzheimer's disease. (healthline.com)
- Dr. Alzheimer discovered the amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which are considered the hallmarks of the disease. (cnn.com)
- The idea that amyloid beta serves as a natural antibiotic implies that Alzheimer disease may be in some way linked to brain infection, plaque formation being either excessive in older individuals or abnormal in some other way in persons who eventually develop Alzheimer disease. (britannica.com)
- The most important clinical research is focused on potentially treating the underlying disease pathology, for which reduction of amyloid beta is a common target of compounds under investigation. (wikipedia.org)
- Alzheimer's disease ăls´hī˝mərz, ôls- [ key ] , degenerative disease of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex that leads to atrophy of the brain and senile dementia and, ultimately, death. (infoplease.com)
- Researchers have been working on mapping the inflammation pathways associated with the development, progression, and degenerative properties of Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Alzheimer disease , degenerative brain disorder that develops in mid-to-late adulthood. (britannica.com)
- Like Alzheimer's disease, the cause of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction is unknown, but physical evidence, found only in autopsies, reveals the same sort of degenerative brain lesions. (bellaonline.com)
- The disease is characterized by the destruction of nerve cells and neural connections in the cerebral cortex of the brain and by a significant loss of brain mass. (britannica.com)
- Alzheimer disease Histopathologic image of neuritic plaques in the cerebral cortex in a patient with Alzheimer disease of presenile onset (onset before age 65). (britannica.com)
- The other incidences of early onset Alzheimer's, however, share the same traits as the 'late onset' form of Alzheimer's disease, and little is understood about how it starts. (wikipedia.org)
- Two genome-wide association studies together report three new susceptibility loci for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. (nature.com)
- There are three recognized stages of Alzheimer disease: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer dementia. (britannica.com)
- Dr. John Morris of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri, published a report titled "Tangles and plaques in nondemented aging and preclinical Alzheimer's disease" in the March 1999 issue of Annals of Neurology , Volume 45 Number 3, pages 358-368. (washington.edu)
- 5. Recent special issues: Propagation of Tau Pathology (Guest Editors: Miguel Medina and Jesus Avila) Proceedings of the IX Sindem Meeting 2013 International Congress on Vascular Dementia (Guest Editor: Amos D. Korczyn) Alzheimer's Disease: Detection, Prevention, and Preclinical Treatment (Guest Editor: Jack C. de la Torre) Volume 44:3 - Our 200th Issue! (slideshare.net)
- So here I am, a first time caregiver for an alzheimer patient. (healingwell.com)
- Alzheimer's disease also has an enormous impact on the patient's caregiver. (lundbeck.com)
- The underlying neurobiology of this disease is just recently starting to be understood. (wikipedia.org)
- But your doctor can recommend medications and behavior modifications to help ease your symptoms and delay the progression of the disease as long as possible. (healthline.com)
- Memantine (Namenda), which appears to protect against damage from the effects of excess glutamate, slows the progression of the disease in some patients in the late stage of Alzheimer's. (infoplease.com)
- There's no single test that can be used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease. (www.nhs.uk)
- The only definitive way to diagnose someone with Alzheimer's disease is to examine their brain tissue after death. (healthline.com)
- Learn how Alzheimer's disease affects the brain. (alz.org)
- But around 1 in every 20 cases of Alzheimer's disease affects people aged 40 to 65. (www.nhs.uk)
- Because Alzheimer's disease affects memory, it is vital that the doctor gets information from both the patient and someone who knows the patient well (e.g. a spouse, family member, or close friend). (emoryhealthcare.org)
- Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia that usually affects older adults. (dmoztools.net)
- Alzheimer's disease affects an estimated 1 in 10 people over age 65. (dmoztools.net)
- Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia in the UK. (www.nhs.uk)
- Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. (ca.gov)
- Although current Alzheimer's treatments cannot stop the disease from progressing, they can temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms, and improve quality of life for those with Alzheimer's and their caregivers. (ca.gov)
- Current treatments for Alzheimer's disease are aimed at improving the memory system of the brain. (emoryhealthcare.org)
- Several potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease are under investigation, including several compounds being studied in phase 3 clinical trials. (wikipedia.org)
- A condition called mild cognitive impairment, in which a person experiences an inability to form memories for events that occurred a few minutes ago, typically is the first sign of the disease. (infoplease.com)
- These drugs have been shown to benefit patients with mild-to-moderate disease and some studies suggest a benefit for those with advanced disease. (news-medical.net)
- The disease-specific features these atlases resolve can then be linked with demographic factors such as age, gender, handedness, as well as specific clinical or genetic parameters (Mazziotta et al. (psu.edu)
- In April 2014 there were 315 open clinical trials under way to understand and treat Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
- A gamma secretase inhibitor, semagacestat, failed to show any benefit to Alzheimer's disease patients in clinical trials. (wikipedia.org)
- Dementia and memory problems are often considered a normal part of aging and there is no one test for Alzheimer's disease. (news-medical.net)
- This is further evidence that there is such a thing as truly healthy aging and that Alzheimer's disease is not inevitable," states Morris. (washington.edu)
- Activated microglia mediate synapse loss and short-term memory deficits in a mouse model of transthyretin-related oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis," Cell Death & Disease , vol. 4, article e789, 2013. (hindawi.com)
- Notes : By analogy to the etiology of the pneumoconioses, exogenous dust-induced diseases of the lung, and endogenous crystal- induced arthropathies such as gout, it is proposed that Alzheimer's dementia and allied disorders are causally related to the accumulation of fibriform inorganic deposits within the brain. (bio.net)
- Ccr2 deficiency impairs microglial accumulation and accelerates progression of Alzheimer-like disease," Nature Medicine , vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 432-438, 2007. (hindawi.com)
- The first sign of Alzheimer's disease is usually minor memory problems. (www.nhs.uk)
- Also, the disease process itself may (but not always) prevent people recognising changes in their memory. (www.nhs.uk)
- And it's important to remember that memory problems do not necessarily mean you have Alzheimer's disease. (www.nhs.uk)
- Dementia is a broader term for conditions caused by brain injuries or diseases that negatively affect your memory, thinking, and behavior. (healthline.com)
- A local woman's family experience with Alzheimer's disease inspired her to fund and participate in a research study at UW Memory and Brain Wellness Center. (washington.edu)
- Here is some information about Alzheimer's disease, a progressive brain disorder that leads to loss of memory and other intellectual abilities. (cnn.com)
- It is a slow-moving disease that starts with memory loss and ends with severe brain damage. (cnn.com)
- A medical condition known as canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS) causes disorientation, confusion, memory loss and personality changes that are very similar to Alzheimer's disease in humans. (bellaonline.com)
- Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder in which the brain slowly degenerates, leading to problems with memory, daily function and behaviour. (lundbeck.com)
- People with Alzheimer's disease develop distressing changes in memory, thought, function and behaviour, which worsen over time. (lundbeck.com)
- The disease is irreversible and there is currently no cure. (washington.edu)
- Not-for-profit organization working nationwide to improve the quality of life for Canadians affected by Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, and to advance research for the cause and cure. (dmoztools.net)
- The leading UK care and research charity for people with this disease and other dementias, their families and carers. (dmoztools.net)
- To receive news and publication updates for International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, enter your email address in the box below. (hindawi.com)
- This presentation is an overview of Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and the impact it has on the Alzheimer's Disease research community. (slideshare.net)
- In the Liva digital healthcare app, a patient is given a healthcare professional coach to help them change their lifestyle or live with their disease. (news-medical.net)
- Alzheimer's disease is a neurocognitive disorder (either major or minor, depending upon its severity) that has a subtle onset and is characterized by a gradual progression in cognitive impairment. (psychcentral.com)
- Causes and symptoms of Alzheimers disease, information on medication and other treatment options. (dmoztools.net)
- Alzheimer's disease is most common in people over the age of 65. (www.nhs.uk)
- People with Alzheimer's disease can live for several years after they start to develop symptoms. (www.nhs.uk)
- Alzheimer's disease is a life-limiting illness, although many people diagnosed with the condition will die from another cause. (www.nhs.uk)
- It's also common for people with Alzheimer's disease to eventually have difficulty eating and have a reduced appetite. (www.nhs.uk)
- There's increasing awareness that people with Alzheimer's disease need palliative care . (www.nhs.uk)
- Most people with the disease are diagnosed after age 65. (healthline.com)
- But people with Alzheimer's disease display certain ongoing behaviors and symptoms, which worsen over time. (healthline.com)
- Often people with early Alzheimer's disease may appear normal to acquaintances. (emoryhealthcare.org)
- People with Alzheimer's disease may also have difficulty recalling appointments or managing checks or bills. (emoryhealthcare.org)
- About 5 percent of all people with Alzheimer's disease develop symptoms before age 65. (cnn.com)
- Older dogs are susceptible to many of the same diseases that affect older people. (bellaonline.com)
- This study showed that of the 39 nondemented people (people with no behavioral evidence of Alzheimer's disease), all had tangles in their brains. (washington.edu)
- Alzheimer's disease is a progressive condition, which means the symptoms develop gradually over many years and eventually become more severe. (www.nhs.uk)
- The cause of Alzheimer's is unknown, but a number of genes appear to be associated with the disease. (infoplease.com)