Aluminum Hydroxide
Aluminum Oxide
Alum Compounds
Metallurgy
Fluorides
Astringents
Phosphines
Spectrophotometry, Atomic
Citric Acid
Molecular Structure
Osteomalacia
Welding
Organometallic Compounds
Sulfur Compounds
Volatile Organic Compounds
Plant Roots
Beryllium
Structure-Activity Relationship
Binding of the transition state analog MgADP-fluoroaluminate to F1-ATPase. (1/584)
Escherichia coli F1-ATPase from mutant betaY331W was potently inhibited by fluoroaluminate plus MgADP but not by MgADP alone. beta-Trp-331 fluorescence was used to measure MgADP binding to catalytic sites. Fluoroaluminate induced a very large increase in MgADP binding affinity at catalytic site one, a smaller increase at site two, and no effect at site three. Mutation of either of the critical catalytic site residues beta-Lys-155 or beta-Glu-181 to Gln abolished the effects of fluoroaluminate on MgADP binding. The results indicate that the MgADP-fluoroaluminate complex is a transition state analog and independently demonstrate that residues beta-Lys-155 and (particularly) beta-Glu-181 are important for generation and stabilization of the catalytic transition state. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-inhibited enzyme, with 1% residual steady-state ATPase, showed normal transition state formation as judged by fluoroaluminate-induced MgADP binding affinity changes, consistent with a proposed mechanism by which dicyclohexylcarbodiimide prevents a conformational interaction between catalytic sites but does not affect the catalytic step per se. The fluorescence technique should prove valuable for future transition state studies of F1-ATPase. (+info)The thrombospondin receptor integrin-associated protein (CD47) functionally couples to heterotrimeric Gi. (2/584)
Integrin-associated protein (IAP; CD47) is a thrombospondin receptor that forms a signaling complex with beta3 integrins resulting in enhanced alphavbeta3-dependent cell spreading and chemotaxis and, in platelets, alphaIIbbeta3-dependent spreading and aggregation. These actions of CD47 are all specifically abrogated by pertussis toxin treatment of cells. Here we report that CD47, its beta3 integrin partner, and Gi proteins form a stable, detergent-soluble complex that can be recovered by immunoprecipitation and affinity chromatography. Gialpha is released from this complex by treatment with GTP or AlF4. GTP and AlF4 also reduce the binding of CD47 to its agonist peptide (4N1K) derived from thrombospondin, indicating a direct association of CD47 with Gi. 4N1K peptide causes a rapid decrease in intraplatelet cyclic AMP levels, a Gi-dependent event necessary for aggregation. Finally, 4N1K stimulates the binding of GTPgamma35S to membranes from cells expressing IAP and alphavbeta3. This functional coupling of CD47 to heterotrimeric G proteins provides a mechanistic explanation for the biological effects of CD47 in a wide variety of systems. (+info)The receptor recycling pathway contains two distinct populations of early endosomes with different sorting functions. (3/584)
Receptor recycling involves two endosome populations, peripheral early endosomes and perinuclear recycling endosomes. In polarized epithelial cells, either or both populations must be able to sort apical from basolateral proteins, returning each to its appropriate plasma membrane domain. However, neither the roles of early versus recycling endosomes in polarity nor their relationship to each other has been quantitatively evaluated. Using a combined morphological, biochemical, and kinetic approach, we found these two endosome populations to represent physically and functionally distinct compartments. Early and recycling endosomes were resolved on Optiprep gradients and shown to be differentially associated with rab4, rab11, and transferrin receptor; rab4 was enriched on early endosomes and at least partially depleted from recycling endosomes, with the opposite being true for rab11 and transferrin receptor. The two populations were also pharmacologically distinct, with AlF4 selectively blocking export of transferrin receptor from recycling endosomes to the basolateral plasma membrane. We applied these observations to a detailed kinetic analysis of transferrin and dimeric IgA recycling and transcytosis. The data from these experiments permitted the construction of a testable, mathematical model which enabled a dissection of the roles of early and recycling endosomes in polarized receptor transport. Contrary to expectations, the majority (>65%) of recycling to the basolateral surface is likely to occur from early endosomes, but with relatively little sorting of apical from basolateral proteins. Instead, more complete segregation of basolateral receptors from receptors intended for transcytosis occurred upon delivery to recycling endosomes. (+info)Agonist-induced translocation of Gq/11alpha immunoreactivity directly from plasma membrane in MDCK cells. (4/584)
Both Gsalpha and Gqalpha are palmitoylated and both can move from a crude membrane fraction to a soluble fraction in response to stimulation with agonists. This response may be mediated through depalmitoylation. Previous studies have not demonstrated that endogenous guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (G protein) alpha-subunits are released directly from the plasma membrane. We have examined the effect of agonist stimulation on the location of Gq/11alpha immunoreactivity in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Bradykinin (BK; 0.1 microM) caused Gq/11alpha, but not Gialpha, to rapidly translocate from purified plasma membranes to the supernatant. AlF and GTP also caused translocation of Gq/11alpha immunoreactivity from purified plasma membranes. BK caused translocation of Gq/11alpha immunoreactivity in intact cells from the basal and lateral plasma membranes to an intracellular compartment as assessed by confocal microscopy. Thus Gq/11alpha is released directly from the plasma membrane to an intracellular location in response to activation by an agonist and direct activation of G proteins. G protein translocation may be a mechanism for desensitization or for signaling specificity. (+info)A mutation in the heterotrimeric stimulatory guanine nucleotide binding protein alpha-subunit with impaired receptor-mediated activation because of elevated GTPase activity. (5/584)
It has been reported that substitution of Arg258, a residue within the GTPase domain of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein) alpha-subunit (alphas), to alanine (alphas-R258A) results in decreased activation by receptor or aluminum fluoride (AlF4-) and increased basal GDP release. Arg258 interacts with Gln170 in the helical domain, and, presumably, loss of this interaction between the GTPase and helical domain leads to more rapid GDP release, resulting in decreased activation by AlF4- and increased thermolability. In this study, we mutate Gln170 to alanine (alphas-Q170A) and demonstrate that this mutant, like alphas-R258A, has decreased activation by AlF4-, increased thermolability (both reversed in the presence of excess guanine nucleotide), and an increased rate of GDP release. However, unlike alphas-R258A, alphas-Q170A does not have impaired receptor-mediated activation. Therefore, this interdomain interaction is critical to maintain normal guanine nucleotide binding (and hence normal activation by AlF4-) but is not important for receptor-mediated activation. In single turnover GTPase assays, the catalytic rate for GTP hydrolysis of alphas-R258A was 14-fold higher than normal whereas that of alphas-Q170A was unaffected. Examination of the alphas crystal structure suggests that Arg258, through interactions with Glu50, might constrain the position of Arg201, a residue critical for catalyzing the GTPase reaction. This is an example of a mutation in a heterotrimeric G protein that results in an increased intrinsic GTPase activity and provides another mechanism by which G protein mutations can impair signal transduction. (+info)MgATP-independent hydrogen evolution catalysed by nitrogenase: an explanation for the missing electron(s) in the MgADP-AlF4 transition-state complex. (6/584)
When the MoFe (Kp1) and Fe (Kp2) component proteins of Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase are incubated with MgADP and AlF4(-) in the presence of dithionite as a reducing agent, a stable putative transition-state complex is produced [Yousafzai and Eady (1997) Biochem. J. 326, 637-640]. Surprisingly, the EPR signal associated with reduced Kp2 is not detectable, but Kp1 retains the S=3/2 EPR signal arising from the dithionite reduced state of the MoFe cofactor centre of the protein. This is consistent with the [Fe4S4] centre of the Fe protein in the complex being oxidized, and similar observations have been made with the complex of Azotobacter vinelandii [Spee, Arendsen, Wassink, Marritt, Hagen and Haaker (1998) FEBS Lett. 432, 55-58]. No satisfactory explanation for the fate of the electrons lost by Kp2 has been forthcoming. However, we report here that during the preparation of the MgADP-AlF4 K. pneumoniae complex under argon, H2 was evolved in amounts corresponding to one half of the FeMoco content of the Kp1 (FeMoco is the likely catalytic site of nitrogenase with a composition Mo:Fe7:S9:homocitrate). This is surprising, since activity is observed during incubation in the absence of MgATP, normally regarded as being essential for nitrogenase function, and in the presence of MgADP, a strong competitive inhibitor of nitrogenase. The formation of H2 by nitrogenase in the absence of AlF4(-) was also observed in reaction mixtures containing MgADP but not MgATP. The reaction showed saturation kinetics when Kp1 was titrated with increasing amounts of Kp2 and, at saturation, the amount of H2 formed was stoichiometric with the FeMoco content of Kp1. The dependence of the rate of formation of H2 on [MgADP] was inconsistent with the activity arising from MgATP contamination. We conclude that MgATP is not obligatory for H+ reduction by nitrogenase since MgADP supports a very low rate of hydrogen evolution. (+info)Propofol inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated signal transduction in Xenopus Oocytes expressing the rat M1 receptor. (7/584)
The effects of propofol, 2,6-diisopropylphenol, an intravenous general anesthetic, on signal transduction mediated by the rat M1 muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (M1 receptor) were examined in electrophysiological studies by analyzing receptor-stimulated, Ca2+-activated Cl--current responses in the Xenopus oocyte expression system. In oocytes expressing the M1 receptor, ACh induced the Ca2+-activated C1- current, in a dose-dependent manner (EC50= 114 nM). Propofol (5-50 microM) reversibly and dose-dependently inhibited induction of the Ca2+-activated Cl- current by ACh (100 nM) (IC50=5.6 microM). To determine a possible site affected by propofol in this signal transduction, we tested the effects of this anesthetic (10 microM) on the activation of current by injection of CaCl2 and aluminum fluoride (AlF4-). Propofol did not affect activation of the current by the intracellular injected Ca2+, or activation of the current by the intracellular injected AlF4-. These results indicate that propofol does not affect G protein, the inositol phosphate turnover, release of Ca2+ from Ca2+ store or the Ca2+-activated Cl- channel. Propofol apparently inhibits the M1 receptor-mediated signal transduction at the receptor site and/or the site of interaction between the receptor and associated G protein. (+info)Elastin calcification and its prevention with aluminum chloride pretreatment. (8/584)
Elastin, an abundant structural protein present in the arterial wall, is prone to calcification in a number of disease processes including porcine bioprosthetic heart valve calcification and atherosclerosis. The mechanisms of elastin calcification are not completely elucidated. In the present work, we demonstrated calcification of purified elastin in rat subdermal implants (Ca(2+) = 89.73 +/- 9.84 microgram/mg after 21 days versus control, unimplanted Ca(2+) = 0.16 +/- 0.04 microgram/mg). X-ray diffraction analysis along with resolution enhanced FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated the mineral phase to be a poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite. We investigated the time course of calcification, the effect of glutaraldehyde crosslinking on calcification, and mechanisms of inhibition of elastin calcification by pretreatment with aluminum chloride (AlCl(3)). Glutaraldehyde pretreatment did not affect calcification (Ca(2+) = 89.06 +/- 17.93 microgram/mg for glutaraldehyde crosslinked elastin versus Ca(2+) = 89.73 +/- 9.84 microgram/mg for uncrosslinked elastin). This may be explained by radioactive ((3)H) glutaraldehyde studies showing very low reactivity between glutaraldehyde and elastin. Our results further demonstrated that AlCl(3) pretreatment of elastin led to complete inhibition of elastin calcification using 21-day rat subdermal implants, irrespective of glutaraldehyde crosslinking (Ca(2+) = 0.73-2.15 microgram/mg for AlCl(3) pretreated elastin versus 89.73 +/- 9.84 for untreated elastin). The AlCl(3) pretreatment caused irreversible binding of aluminum ions to elastin, as assessed by atomic emission spectroscopy. Moreover, aluminum ion binding altered the spatial configuration of elastin as shown by circular dichroism (CD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies, suggesting a net structural change including a reduction in the extent of beta sheet structures and an increase in coil-turn conformations. Thus, it is concluded that purified elastin calcifies in rat subdermal implants, and that the AlCl(3)-pretreated elastin completely resists calcification due to irreversible aluminum ion binding and subsequent structural alterations caused by AlCl(3). (+info)Aluminum compounds refer to chemical substances that are formed by the combination of aluminum with other elements. Aluminum is a naturally occurring metallic element, and it can combine with various non-metallic elements to form compounds with unique properties and uses. Some common aluminum compounds include:
1. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3): Also known as alumina, this compound is formed when aluminum combines with oxygen. It is a white, odorless powder that is highly resistant to heat and corrosion. Aluminum oxide is used in a variety of applications, including ceramics, abrasives, and refractories.
2. Aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3): This compound is formed when aluminum combines with sulfuric acid. It is a white, crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water. Aluminum sulfate is used as a flocculant in water treatment, as well as in the manufacture of paper and textiles.
3. Aluminum chloride (AlCl3): This compound is formed when aluminum combines with chlorine. It is a white or yellowish-white solid that is highly deliquescent, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the air. Aluminum chloride is used as a catalyst in chemical reactions, as well as in the production of various industrial chemicals.
4. Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3): This compound is formed when aluminum combines with hydroxide ions. It is a white, powdery substance that is amphoteric, meaning it can react with both acids and bases. Aluminum hydroxide is used as an antacid and as a fire retardant.
5. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3): This compound is formed when zinc oxide is combined with aluminum hydroxide. It is a white, powdery substance that is used as a filler in rubber and plastics, as well as in the manufacture of paints and coatings.
It's important to note that some aluminum compounds have been linked to health concerns, particularly when they are inhaled or ingested in large quantities. For example, aluminum chloride has been shown to be toxic to animals at high doses, while aluminum hydroxide has been associated with neurological disorders in some studies. However, the risks associated with exposure to these compounds are generally low, and they are considered safe for most industrial and consumer uses when used as directed.
Aluminum hydroxide is a medication that contains the active ingredient aluminum hydroxide, which is an inorganic compound. It is commonly used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of acid reflux and heartburn. Aluminum hydroxide works by reacting with the acid in the stomach to form a physical barrier that prevents the acid from backing up into the esophagus.
In addition to its use as an antacid, aluminum hydroxide is also used as a phosphate binder in patients with kidney disease. It works by binding to phosphate in the gut and preventing it from being absorbed into the bloodstream, which can help to control high phosphate levels in the body.
Aluminum hydroxide is available over-the-counter and by prescription in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid suspensions. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and to talk to a healthcare provider if symptoms persist or worsen.
Aluminum oxide is a chemical compound with the formula Al2O3. It is also known as alumina and it is a white solid that is widely used in various industries due to its unique properties. Aluminum oxide is highly resistant to corrosion, has a high melting point, and is an electrical insulator.
In the medical field, aluminum oxide is used in a variety of applications such as:
1. Dental crowns and implants: Aluminum oxide is used in the production of dental crowns and implants due to its strength and durability.
2. Orthopedic implants: Aluminum oxide is used in some types of orthopedic implants, such as knee and hip replacements, because of its biocompatibility and resistance to wear.
3. Medical ceramics: Aluminum oxide is used in the production of medical ceramics, which are used in various medical devices such as pacemakers and hearing aids.
4. Pharmaceuticals: Aluminum oxide is used as an excipient in some pharmaceutical products, such as tablets and capsules, to improve their stability and shelf life.
5. Medical research: Aluminum oxide is used in medical research, for example, as a substrate material for growing cells or as a coating material for medical devices.
It's important to note that while aluminum oxide has many useful applications in the medical field, exposure to high levels of aluminum can be harmful to human health. Therefore, it is important to use aluminum oxide and other aluminum-containing materials safely and according to established guidelines.
Alum compounds are a type of double sulfate salt, typically consisting of aluminum sulfate and another metal sulfate. The most common variety is potassium alum, or potassium aluminum sulfate (KAl(SO4)2ยท12H2O). Alum compounds have a wide range of uses, including water purification, tanning leather, dyeing and printing textiles, and as a food additive for baking powder and pickling. They are also used in medicine as astringents to reduce bleeding and swelling, and to soothe skin irritations. Alum compounds have the ability to make proteins in living cells become more stable, which can be useful in medical treatments.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "metallurgy" is not a term that has a medical definition. Metallurgy is a branch of materials science that deals with the properties, physical and chemical behavior, and production of metals. It involves studying the techniques and processes used to isolate, alloy, and fabricate various types of metal products. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!
Fluorides are ionic compounds that contain the fluoride anion (F-). In the context of dental and public health, fluorides are commonly used in preventive measures to help reduce tooth decay. They can be found in various forms such as sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and calcium fluoride. When these compounds come into contact with saliva, they release fluoride ions that can be absorbed by tooth enamel. This process helps to strengthen the enamel and make it more resistant to acid attacks caused by bacteria in the mouth, which can lead to dental caries or cavities. Fluorides can be topically applied through products like toothpaste, mouth rinses, and fluoride varnishes, or systemically ingested through fluoridated water, salt, or supplements.
Astringents are substances that cause the contraction of body tissues, particularly the skin and mucous membranes. They have the ability to shrink or constrict proteins in the skin or mucous membrane, leading to a tightening effect. This is often used in various medical and cosmetic applications.
In a medical context, astringents are often used to:
1. Dry up weeping or oozing wounds or sores.
2. Reduce local inflammation.
3. Control bleeding from minor cuts or wounds by constricting the blood vessels.
Commonly used astringent substances include tannins, found in plants like oak bark and witch hazel, as well as aluminum salts, found in some antiperspirants. Astringents are often applied topically in the form of lotions, gels, or solutions. However, they can also be used systemically, although this is less common.
It's important to note that while astringents have therapeutic uses, they can also cause skin irritation and dryness if not used properly. Therefore, it's recommended to follow the instructions provided by a healthcare professional or as directed on the product label.
Phosphines are a class of organic compounds characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to three organic groups and a hydrogen atom, with the general formula of PRR'R''H. They are important in various chemical reactions as reducing agents and catalysts. In medicine, phosphines have no direct medical application. However, certain phosphine compounds have been studied for their potential use as pharmaceuticals, such as phosphinic acids which have shown promise as protease inhibitors used in the treatment of diseases like HIV and HCV. It is important to note that some phosphines are highly toxic and should be handled with care.
Atomic spectrophotometry is a type of analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific atoms or ions in a sample by measuring the intensity of light absorbed or emitted at wavelengths characteristic of those atoms or ions. This technique involves the use of an atomic spectrometer, which uses a source of energy (such as a flame, plasma, or electrode) to excite the atoms or ions in the sample, causing them to emit light at specific wavelengths. The intensity of this emitted light is then measured and used to calculate the concentration of the element of interest.
Atomic spectrophotometry can be further divided into two main categories: atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES). In AAS, the sample is atomized in a flame or graphite furnace and the light from a lamp that emits light at the same wavelength as one of the elements in the sample is passed through the atoms. The amount of light absorbed by the atoms is then measured and used to determine the concentration of the element. In AES, the sample is atomized and excited to emit its own light, which is then measured and analyzed to determine the concentration of the element.
Atomic spectrophotometry is widely used in various fields such as environmental monitoring, clinical chemistry, forensic science, and industrial quality control for the determination of trace elements in a variety of sample types including liquids, solids, and gases.
Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is widely found in nature, particularly in citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges. Its chemical formula is C6H8O7, and it exists in a form known as a tribasic acid, which means it can donate three protons in chemical reactions.
In the context of medical definitions, citric acid may be mentioned in relation to various physiological processes, such as its role in the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle), which is a key metabolic pathway involved in energy production within cells. Additionally, citric acid may be used in certain medical treatments or therapies, such as in the form of citrate salts to help prevent the formation of kidney stones. It may also be used as a flavoring agent or preservative in various pharmaceutical preparations.
Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.
Osteomalacia is a medical condition characterized by the softening of bones due to defective bone mineralization, resulting from inadequate vitamin D, phosphate, or calcium. It mainly affects adults and is different from rickets, which occurs in children. The primary symptom is bone pain, but muscle weakness can also occur. Prolonged osteomalacia may lead to skeletal deformities and an increased risk of fractures. Treatment typically involves supplementation with vitamin D, calcium, and sometimes phosphate.
I must apologize, but "welding" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. Welding is a process that is commonly used in manufacturing and construction to join two pieces of metal together by melting them and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten metal (the weld puddle) that cools to become a strong joint.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you.
Organometallic compounds are a type of chemical compound that contain at least one metal-carbon bond. This means that the metal is directly attached to carbon atom(s) from an organic molecule. These compounds can be synthesized through various methods, and they have found widespread use in industrial and medicinal applications, including catalysis, polymerization, and pharmaceuticals.
It's worth noting that while organometallic compounds contain metal-carbon bonds, not all compounds with metal-carbon bonds are considered organometallic. For example, in classical inorganic chemistry, simple salts of metal carbonyls (M(CO)n) are not typically classified as organometallic, but rather as metal carbonyl complexes. The distinction between these classes of compounds can sometimes be subtle and is a matter of ongoing debate among chemists.
Sulfur compounds refer to chemical substances that contain sulfur atoms. Sulfur can form bonds with many other elements, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, among others. As a result, there is a wide variety of sulfur compounds with different structures and properties. Some common examples of sulfur compounds include hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and sulfonic acids (R-SO3H).
In the medical field, sulfur compounds have various applications. For instance, some are used as drugs or drug precursors, while others are used in the production of medical devices or as disinfectants. Sulfur-containing amino acids, such as methionine and cysteine, are essential components of proteins and play crucial roles in many biological processes.
However, some sulfur compounds can also be harmful to human health. For example, exposure to high levels of hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide can cause respiratory problems, while certain organosulfur compounds found in crude oil and coal tar have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. Therefore, it is essential to handle and dispose of sulfur compounds properly to minimize potential health hazards.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a low boiling point and easily evaporate at room temperature. They can be liquids or solids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde, which are found in many household products, including paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; cleaning supplies; pesticides; building materials and furnishings; office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper; and glues and adhesives.
VOCs can cause both short- and long-term health effects. Short-term exposure to high levels of VOCs can cause headaches, dizziness, visual disturbances, and memory problems. Long-term exposure can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. Some VOCs are also suspected or known carcinogens.
It is important to properly use, store, and dispose of products that contain VOCs to minimize exposure. Increasing ventilation by opening windows and doors or using fans can also help reduce exposure to VOCs.
A plant root is not a medical term per se, but it is a term from botany, which is the study of plants. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you.
Plant roots are the underground organs of a plant that typically grow downward into the soil. They serve several important functions, including:
1. Anchorage: Roots help to stabilize the plant and keep it upright in the ground.
2. Absorption: Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are essential for the plant's growth and development.
3. Conduction: Roots conduct water and nutrients up to the above-ground parts of the plant, such as the stem and leaves.
4. Vegetative reproduction: Some plants can reproduce vegetatively through their roots, producing new plants from root fragments or specialized structures called rhizomes or tubers.
Roots are composed of several different tissues, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and vascular tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the root, which secretes a waxy substance called suberin that helps to prevent water loss. The cortex is the middle layer of the root, which contains cells that store carbohydrates and other nutrients. The endodermis is a thin layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and regulates the movement of water and solutes into and out of the root. The vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Beryllium is a chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a steel-gray, hard, brittle alkaline earth metal that is difficult to fabricate because of its high reactivity and toxicity. Beryllium is primarily used as a hardening agent in alloys, such as beryllium copper, and as a moderator and reflector in nuclear reactors due to its ability to efficiently slow down neutrons.
In the medical field, beryllium is most well-known for its potential to cause a chronic allergic lung disease called berylliosis. This condition can occur after prolonged exposure to beryllium-containing dusts or fumes, and can lead to symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and fatigue. In severe cases, it can cause scarring and thickening of the lung tissue, leading to respiratory failure.
Healthcare professionals should take appropriate precautions when handling beryllium-containing materials, including using protective equipment and following proper disposal procedures to minimize exposure.
Antacids are a type of medication that is used to neutralize stomach acid and provide rapid relief from symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach discomfort. They work by chemically reacting with the stomach acid to reduce its acidity. Antacids may contain one or more active ingredients, including aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate.
Antacids are available over-the-counter in various forms, such as tablets, chewable tablets, liquids, and powders. They can provide quick relief from acid reflux and related symptoms; however, they may not be effective for treating the underlying cause of these symptoms. Therefore, if you experience frequent or severe symptoms, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.
A Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) in the context of medicinal chemistry and pharmacology refers to the relationship between the chemical structure of a drug or molecule and its biological activity or effect on a target protein, cell, or organism. SAR studies aim to identify patterns and correlations between structural features of a compound and its ability to interact with a specific biological target, leading to a desired therapeutic response or undesired side effects.
By analyzing the SAR, researchers can optimize the chemical structure of lead compounds to enhance their potency, selectivity, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties, ultimately guiding the design and development of novel drugs with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity.
Aluminum silicates are a type of mineral compound that consist of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen in their chemical structure. They are often found in nature and can be categorized into several groups, including kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite, and bentonite. These minerals have various industrial and commercial uses, including as fillers and extenders in products like paper, paint, and rubber. In the medical field, certain types of aluminum silicates (like bentonite) have been used in some medicinal and therapeutic applications, such as detoxification and gastrointestinal disorders. However, it's important to note that the use of these minerals in medical treatments is not widely accepted or supported by extensive scientific evidence.
Chloroethane
Sodium alum
Aluminium isopropoxide
Period 3 element
Alum
Trimethylaluminium
Aluminium chloride
Triethylaluminium
Aluminium carbonate
Ethylaluminium sesquichloride
Phenethylamine
Reduction of nitro compounds
Baeyer-Villiger oxidation
Aluminium fluoride
Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I)
Aluminium hydride
Aluminium(I) compounds
Aluminium(I) nucleophiles
Aluminium(I) oxide
Aluminium
Aluminium bromide
Aluminium monofluoride
Aluminium monoiodide
Mercedes-Benz 300 SL
Gallium monoiodide
Aluminium compounds
LEED
Dennis Robert Hoagland
Cheluviation
Heterometallic copper-aluminum superatom
Podzol
Aluminum processing - Compounds, Refining, Alloying | Britannica
Aluminum compounds - SWPP
ALUMINUM METAL AND INSOLUBLE COMPOUNDS - ACGIH
Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum Cum Alumine Extract: Sedative and Hypnotic Effects in Mice and Component Compounds
Organo-aluminum compounds immobilized on organopolysiloxane microgel particles - Patent US-6358876-B1 - PubChem
Process for the manufacture of very pure aluminum compounds - Patent US-2167238-A - PubChem
Shimano H03C-MF Disc Brake Pad Spring - Metal Compound Finned Aluminum - FirstFlightBikes
ALUM-325 White Alumina Abrasive Powder 1 Lb. | Bayland Products Inc. Buffing Wheels, Buffing Compounds
Whole Health Compounding Pharmacy Glebe - Nova Crutch, Adjustable, Aluminum, Adult | Pointy
Does chlorine and iodine make an ionic compound? - Answers
What compounds can be created using the element aluminum
Compound Interest Calculator In Excel - Koupourtidis Aluminum Constructions
Aluminum Polishing Buffing Kit Attachments And Polishing Compound Set
Potassium Aluminum Fluoride for Producing Glass, Ceramics, Friction Compound
Aluminum | Public Health Statement | ATSDR
Western Abbressiv Industries Pvt.Ltd., Jamnagar - Manufacturer of Polishing Compounds and Aluminum Oxide Grit
Wal-Board Tools 6 in. x 6-1/2 in. Hand Mixer 42-002 - The Home Depot
DRIVE 2 WHEELED WALKER ALUMINUM FOLDING ADULT SILVER - Kenron Compounding Pharmacy
Twin Screw Extruder for Aluminum Plastic Compounding Board Manufacturer-NANJING JIEYA
6 Inch Archery Compound Bow Stabilizer Aluminum Alloy Damper Shock Abs - TopArchery
Chloroethane - Wikipedia
Investigation of phosphorus-containing compounds in aluminum alloys with emphasis on the formation mechanism<...
38.19inch Compound Bow +12 Pcs Arrow Archery Hunting Set Black Aluminum Alloy
The impact of aluminum hydroxide on the processing of PVC compounds - Qingdao Pengfeng New Material Technology Co., Ltd
Decoding Aluminum Foil: A Versatile Compound or a Simple Element? - Yongsheng Aluminum Industry Co., Ltd
NXP Semiconductors :: Secure Connections for a Smarter World
NXP Semiconductors :: Secure Connections for a Smarter World
Fairing Compound | MAS Epoxies
Water-treatment and alumina2
- Aluminum compounds are used in many diverse and important industrial applications such as alums (aluminum sulfate) in water-treatment and alumina in abrasives and furnace linings. (cdc.gov)
- example, as alums in water-treatment and alumina in ยท Eating substances containing high levels of aluminum abrasives and furnace linings. (cdc.gov)
Metals8
- High-alumina refractories are used in the metal and glass industries in boiler installations, in large furnaces and kilns for smelting metals and firing glass, pottery and porcelain, and in the manufacture of building bricks. (britannica.com)
- White Alumina -Fine produces a brilliant bright mirror shine on ALL metals, stone and plastics. (baylandproducts.com)
- Metals form ionic compounds with non metals. (answers.com)
- Most metals considered to be aluminum are actually aluminum alloys.Which industries? (askaluminium.com)
- In this study, some effective parameters on aluminum removal from the contaminated water such as pH, temperature, contact time, and the effect of speed of rotation on the removal of metals absorbance dosage, were investigated. (dormaj.org)
- This he later changed to 'aluminum' and finally to 'aluminium,' which carried an ending similar to potassium and sodium, other metals Davy discovered. (howstuffworks.com)
- Living in areas where the air is dusty, where aluminum often mixed with small amounts of other metals to form is mined or processed into aluminum metal, near aluminum alloys, which are stronger and harder. (cdc.gov)
- Types of arc welding evaluated included shielded metal (stick or SMAW), gas metal (GMAW or MIG), flux cored (FCAW), and gas tungsten (CTAW or TIG), Metals welded included aluminum, mild steel, galvanized steel and stainless steel. (cdc.gov)
Abrasives1
- This combination of properties makes calcined alumina useful in abrasives, glass, porcelains, spark plugs, and electrical insulators, but the greatest quantity of calcined alumina is used to obtain aluminum. (britannica.com)
Arsenic compounds1
- 1 See for example, Gomez-Caminero A. Arsenic and arsenic compounds . (who.int)
Alloys4
- Threre are thousands of Aluminum alloys. (askaluminium.com)
- High levels in the environment can be caused by the mining and processing of aluminum ores or the production of aluminum metal, alloys, and compounds. (cdc.gov)
- The experiments include melting and solidification of a number of aluminum alloys under different conditions. (elsevierpure.com)
- Aluminium alloys, aluminium foil, and aluminium oxide are no different than aluminum alloys, aluminum foil, and aluminum oxide. (howstuffworks.com)
Oxide12
- Aluminum oxide exists in several different crystallographic forms, of which corundum is most common. (britannica.com)
- Aluminum oxide is the major ingredient in the commercial chemicals known as aluminas. (britannica.com)
- Synthetic rubies and sapphires are made commercially by fusing a mixture of high-purity aluminum oxide with colouring agents in an oxyhydrogen blowpipe flame. (britannica.com)
- Activated alumina is a porous form of aluminum oxide from which much of the chemically combined water has been driven off at temperatures low enough to avoid sintering. (britannica.com)
- Calcined alumina is aluminum oxide that has been heated at temperatures in excess of 1,050 ยฐC (1,900 ยฐF) to drive off nearly all chemically combined water. (britannica.com)
- Tabular alumina is aluminum oxide that has been heated to temperatures above 1,650 ยฐC (3,000 ยฐF). Composed of tabletlike crystals, it has high heat capacity and thermal conductivity as well as exceptional strength and volume stability at high temperatures. (britannica.com)
- The process involves crushing the bauxite ore and heating it in a large rotary kiln to extract aluminum oxide. (aluminumstock.com)
- Aluminum is a non-toxic metal, and the thin layer of oxide that forms on its surface prevents any reaction with food. (aluminumstock.com)
- Then, in 1886, American Charles Martin Hall and Frenchman Paul L. T. Heroult, working independently, devised a method to extract aluminum from aluminum oxide. (howstuffworks.com)
- Novel aluminum-copper compound castings devoid of oxide layers at the interface between the joining partners were developed in order to increase the thermal conductivity of the hybrid component. (uni-hannover.de)
- Due to the natural oxide layers of both aluminum and copper, metallurgical bonds between such bi-metal castings cannot be easily achieved in conventional processes. (uni-hannover.de)
- Gem cut aluminum oxide (corundum). (theodoregray.com)
Volatile organic c1
- During the initial site visit, investigators observed work processes, collected screening air samples for volatile organic compounds, and measured noise levels. (cdc.gov)
Hydroxide13
- The hydrous forms of alumina, called aluminum hydroxide , may contain either one or three molecules of water. (britannica.com)
- The synergy between aluminum hydroxide and PVC compounds transcends the realm of flame retardancy, extending its influence to the mechanical properties of these versatile materials. (qingdaopengfeng.com)
- This article unveils the intricacies of how aluminum hydroxide can impact the mechanical characteristics of PVC compounds. (qingdaopengfeng.com)
- Beyond its well-known flame retardant properties, aluminum hydroxide introduces a dual role when incorporated into PVC compounds. (qingdaopengfeng.com)
- The incorporation of aluminum hydroxide can impact the tensile strength and flexibility of PVC compounds. (qingdaopengfeng.com)
- As aluminum hydroxide particles are integrated, they may influence the matrix's cohesive forces, leading to alterations in these mechanical parameters. (qingdaopengfeng.com)
- The modulus of elasticity, often associated with a material's stiffness, can be affected by the presence of aluminum hydroxide. (qingdaopengfeng.com)
- The addition of aluminum hydroxide might influence the impact resistance of PVC compounds. (qingdaopengfeng.com)
- The mechanical properties influenced by aluminum hydroxide can be fine-tuned based on the intended application. (qingdaopengfeng.com)
- By adjusting the concentration and particle size of aluminum hydroxide, manufacturers can tailor PVC formulations to meet precise performance criteria. (qingdaopengfeng.com)
- Research continues to unveil the nuances of the interaction between aluminum hydroxide and PVC compounds. (qingdaopengfeng.com)
- The interaction between aluminum hydroxide and PVC compounds goes beyond fire safety considerations, delving into the realm of mechanical properties. (qingdaopengfeng.com)
- As industries evolve and innovate, understanding the multifaceted influence of aluminum hydroxide on PVC compounds remains a cornerstone of enhancing both safety and performance. (qingdaopengfeng.com)
Particles3
- Aluminum particles in air settle to the ground or are washed out of the air by rain. (cdc.gov)
- However, very small aluminum particles can stay in the air for many days. (cdc.gov)
- The reason is that phosphorus reacts with aluminum to form AlP, the particles of which serve as potential nuclei for silicon due to a very similar lattice parameter with Si. (elsevierpure.com)
Fluorine1
- Hydrogen fluoride is a chemical compound that contains fluorine. (cdc.gov)
Sodium1
- Aluminum trihydroxide is used extensively in the production of aluminum chemicals, such as aluminum sulfide, sodium aluminate, aluminum fluoride, and aluminum chloride hexahydrate. (britannica.com)
Copper2
- However, in an atmosphere comparable to extreme high vacuum created by using silane-doped inert gas, metallurgical bonds between the active surfaces of both aluminum and copper can be realized without additional coatings or fluxes. (uni-hannover.de)
- An intermetallic was created between aluminum and copper. (uni-hannover.de)
Phosphorus2
- Aluminum (in some form, e.g., in compounds with other elements such as oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus) has been found at elevated levels in at least 596 of the 1,699 current or former NPL sites. (cdc.gov)
- After that, the samples are examined using SEM and TEM microscopy to elucidate the presence of phosphorus-containing compounds and to explain their formation mechanism. (elsevierpure.com)
Sulfate1
- Aluminum sulfate is employed in water purification . (britannica.com)
Production of aluminum1
- Potassium fluoroaluminate is a by-product from the production of aluminum, titanium and boron wires and is widely used. (sodium-cryolite.com)
Inorganic3
- Sulfuric acid is the main used yet you may look this info up in any good inorganic chemistry textbook.yes: Aluminum Chloride which is AlCl3. (askaluminium.com)
- Inorganic Compounds (co ntinued). (epa.gov)
- Inorganic or organic compounds that contain arsenic. (bvsalud.org)
Calcium1
- Some castable refractories are made in the form of mortars, usually tabular alumina with calcium aluminate cement as a binder. (britannica.com)
Chloride3
- Is aluminum chloride a covalent or ionic compound? (answers.com)
- Aluminum chloride is an ionic compound because aluminum is a metal and chlorine is a nonmetal. (answers.com)
- Chloroethane, commonly known as ethyl chloride, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3CH2Cl, once widely used in producing tetraethyllead, a gasoline additive. (wikipedia.org)
Deodorants1
- Enter natural deodorants, products that are free of parabens, aluminum and other compounds. (ziddu.com)
Bauxite3
- Aluminum as the metal is obtained from aluminum-containing minerals, primarily bauxite. (cdc.gov)
- Aluminum foil is made from a thin sheet of aluminum metal, which is obtained through the process of extracting aluminum from its natural ore, bauxite. (aluminumstock.com)
- It is a simple element derived from extracting aluminum from bauxite ore and subjected to a rolling process to form thin sheets. (aluminumstock.com)
Soil4
- Aluminum occurs naturally in soil, water, and air. (cdc.gov)
- HIGHLIGHTS: Everyone is exposed to low levels of aluminum from food, air, water, and soil. (cdc.gov)
- Sorption of ciprofloxacin and oxytetracycline zwitterions to soils and soil minerals: influence of compound structure. (harvard.edu)
- and from food crops that have absorbed aluminum from soil. (cdc.gov)
Organic3
- Rare-earth-metal compounds selectively react with aldehydes, ketones and carbon dioxide to generate isolable compounds as crucial intermediates in organic synthesis and homogenous catalysis. (rsc.org)
- To match this capability, a new in-house developed proprietary compound curvature aluminum coned woofer is seamlessly blended via a sophisticated multi-element xover to produce an organic life like sound experience. (hififorum.dk)
- They have an organic compound that is quieter than metal compound brake pads. (jensonusa.com)
Potassium2
- The ion for Potassium has a charge of 1+.The ion for Iodine has a charge of 1-.This means that in order to make the overall charge of a unit of a compound of Potassium and Iodine, there must be one atom of Potassium and one atom of Iodine.Therefore, when K+ and I- are bonded, they make the ionic compound of KI. (answers.com)
- What elements make up the compound potassium iodine? (answers.com)
Crystalline2
- Rubies and sapphires are crystalline, nearly pure varieties of alumina, coloured by small amounts of impurities. (britannica.com)
- Sr donates electrons to Cl to make an crystalline ionic compound. (answers.com)
Molten aluminum3
- This current causes the aluminum ions to migrate to the cathode, where they are reduced to molten aluminum metal. (aluminumstock.com)
- This molten aluminum is then cast into solid blocks called ingots. (aluminumstock.com)
- This globular stuff is what happens if you pour molten aluminum into a deep bucket of water. (theodoregray.com)
Epoxy2
- Ideal for mixing joint compound, the steel wal-board tools Hand Mixer features an epoxy bonded, wood handle with a metal ferrule covering for a comfortable use. (homedepot.com)
- The Fairing Compound kit has a silky smooth texture, sag resistance and everything else you could want in an epoxy fairing compound. (masepoxies.com)
Resistance3
- In this form, alumina has great chemical purity, extreme hardness (9 on the Mohs hardness scale, on which diamond is 10), high density, and a high melting point (slightly above 2,050 ยฐC [3,700 ยฐF]). It possesses good thermal conductivity , heat and shock resistance, and high electrical resistivity at elevated temperatures. (britannica.com)
- High-quality aluminum alloy material has high hardness and strong pressure resistance, which can effectively extend the service life of the compound bow. (archeryhuntingcompound.com)
- Apart from its heat conductivity, aluminum foil also exhibits excellent moisture resistance. (aluminumstock.com)
Naturally3
- Like dozens of other elements on the periodic table, aluminum is naturally occurring. (howstuffworks.com)
- Aluminum compounds have many different uses, for naturally high. (cdc.gov)
- The compound naturally deactivates odor-causing bacteria and doesn't clog your pores like other artificial products. (ziddu.com)
Hydrogen2
- Activated alumina is used in oil, chemical, and petrochemical industries as a dehydration agent and purifier in the manufacture of gasoline, petrochemicals, natural gas , and hydrogen peroxide . (britannica.com)
- Hydrogen fluoride can be released when other fluoride-containing compounds such as ammonium fluoride are combined with water. (cdc.gov)
Amounts5
- Small amounts of aluminum are released into the environment from coal-fired power plants and incinerators. (cdc.gov)
- Small amounts (mg) aluminum per day in their food. (cdc.gov)
- Only very small amounts of aluminum that you may inhale, stay suspended for many days. (cdc.gov)
- amounts of aluminum dusts can have lung problems, such as coughing or abnormal chest X-rays. (cdc.gov)
- We do not know if aluminum will affect reproduction in All people have small amounts of aluminum in their bodies. (cdc.gov)
Levels of aluminum from eati1
- You will always have some exposure to low levels of aluminum from eating food, drinking water, and breathing air. (cdc.gov)
Metal7
- When a metal and a nonmetal are combined they make up an ionic compound. (answers.com)
- Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust and it is widely distributed. (cdc.gov)
- Aluminum is a very reactive element and is never found as the free metal in nature. (cdc.gov)
- Aluminum metal is light in weight and silvery-white in appearance. (cdc.gov)
- Powdered aluminum metal is often used in explosives and fireworks. (cdc.gov)
- It reacts with aluminium metal to give ethylaluminium sesquichloride, a precursor to polymers and other useful organoaluminium compounds. (wikipedia.org)
- Metal Kirby vacuum cleaner body parts are made of die cast aluminum and can be restored using traditional metal polishing techniques. (ehow.com)
Dissolve2
Alloy1
- Particularly, the results reveal that such elements as Mg, Ca and Sr are potentially capable of neutralizing the nucleation activity of AlP although their effect is dependent on the presence of other chemical elements in the aluminum alloy. (elsevierpure.com)
Pure aluminum1
- Although ancient Persian potters added aluminum to their clay to strengthen their pottery, pure aluminum wasn't discovered until 1825. (howstuffworks.com)
Complex compound2
- Physical properties: Cryolite is a kind of complex compound or double salt of NaF and AIF3. (sodium-cryolite.com)
- Is it a complex compound or a simple element? (aluminumstock.com)
Minerals1
- The average adult in the U.S. eats about 7-9 milligrams obtained from aluminum-containing minerals. (cdc.gov)
Tobacco5
- A quantitative method for the analysis of aluminum in tobacco products was developed, validated, and applied to select samples. (cdc.gov)
- Detection and quantification utilized sector field inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS). Method applicability to analyze aluminum in a range of tobacco products was demonstrated with quantitative analyses of smokeless tobacco products, cigarette tobacco, little cigar tobacco, and roll your own/pipe tobacco. (cdc.gov)
- Though these products represent a convenience sampling, we observed that smokeless tobacco products, as a category, had the lowest average aluminum concentrations. (cdc.gov)
- Roll-your-own or pipe tobacco and little cigar tobacco had higher median and ranges of aluminum concentrations than cigarette and smokeless tobacco samples. (cdc.gov)
- To provide accurate and measurements to fill a vitally underserved information gap, we measured aluminum concentrations in typical tobacco products and report results on select aluminum containing constituents from tobacco. (cdc.gov)
Silicate2
- A colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate that swells 12 times its dry size when added to water. (harvard.edu)
- due to analytical interferences and difficulties in sample preparation, including dissolution of insoluble aluminum silicate species. (cdc.gov)
Periodic table1
- The elements located above and below aluminum on the periodic table form a family, or group , that shares similar properties. (howstuffworks.com)
Avoid2
- However, excessive consumption of aluminum can be harmful, so it is recommended to avoid cooking highly acidic or salty foods in direct contact with aluminum foil. (aluminumstock.com)
- Avoid taking large quantities of aluminum-containing develop Alzheimer's disease, but other studies have not found antacids and buffered aspirin and take these this to be true. (cdc.gov)
Fumes1
- Aluminum is not accumulated to a significant extent in breathe aluminum dusts or aluminum fumes have decreased most plants or animals. (cdc.gov)
Beverage4
- Much of that aluminum goes into beer and soda cans -- to the tune of 300 million aluminum beverage cans a day, 100 billion a year [source: Can Manufacturers Institute]. (howstuffworks.com)
- Aluminum is used for beverage cans, pots and workplace air. (cdc.gov)
- Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-2008-0099-3152, air contaminant, noise, and dermal hazards during aluminum beverage can manufacturing - Texas. (cdc.gov)
- In January 2008, NIOSH received a confidential employee request for an health hazard evaluation (HHE) at an aluminum beverage can manufacturer. (cdc.gov)
Ions1
- Although aluminum ions are not toxic, drinking water containing a high amount of aluminum can cause some illnesses such as cardiac arrest, glucose intolerance anemia, and osteomalacia (soft or brittle bones) in humans. (dormaj.org)
Powder4
- ALUM-325 White Alumina Abrasive Powder 1 Lb. (baylandproducts.com)
- ALUM-325 White Alumina Abrasive Powder 12 oz jar. (baylandproducts.com)
- Alum-325 White Alumina Powder Medium 12 oz. (baylandproducts.com)
- A very fine alumina powder that produces a very bright shine. (baylandproducts.com)
Capabilities2
- This effect can be utilized for increasing the heat transfer capabilities of compound casting components employed for cooling heat sources such as high-power light-emitting diodes. (uni-hannover.de)
- To match the capabilities of the JET tweeter and guarantee a seamless transition from the woofer to the JET tweeter, the compound curvature cone has been developed to control the cone breakup and move it well beyond the operating range of the woofer. (hififorum.dk)
Characteristics1
- These characteristics certainly apply to aluminum. (howstuffworks.com)
Exposure4
- This public health statement tells you about aluminum and the effects of exposure to it. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to high levels of aluminum may result in respiratory and neurological problems. (cdc.gov)
- as the FDA says, we don't yet know whether aluminum exposure over a lifetime can contribute to the risk of developing Alzheimer's or breast cancer. (oeconline.org)
- The relative level of uptake depends on the route of exposure to aluminum and its form. (cdc.gov)
Commonly1
- Aluminum foil is a commonly used household item that is found in nearly every kitchen. (aluminumstock.com)
Happens to aluminum2
Chemical2
- As with all elements, aluminum is a pure chemical substance that can't be broken down into something simpler. (howstuffworks.com)
- Lead chromate, a chemical compound comprising lead and chromium, is a yellow pigment that can enhance the brightness of a substance. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Buff2
Cast aluminum1
- Although you might say that cast aluminum benches, lamp posts, etc, are "imitation", it's hard to think of a single way in which they are not superior to the iron originals. (theodoregray.com)