Altruism
Game Theory
Theoretical construct used in applied mathematics to analyze certain situations in which there is an interplay between parties that may have similar, opposed, or mixed interests. In a typical game, decision-making "players," who each have their own goals, try to gain advantage over the other parties by anticipating each other's decisions; the game is finally resolved as a consequence of the players' decisions.
Biological Evolution
Cooperative Behavior
Commodification
Group Structure
Ego
Ethics
Competitive Behavior
Selection, Genetic
Games, Experimental
Spores, Protozoan
Motivation
Encyclopedias as Topic
Behavioral Research
Social Responsibility
Bystander Effect
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Choice Behavior
Theilovirus
Reinforcement Schedule
Movement
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
Philosophy
Algorithms
Poetry as Topic
Gift Giving
Personhood
The state or condition of being a human individual accorded moral and/or legal rights. Criteria to be used to determine this status are subject to debate, and range from the requirement of simply being a human organism to such requirements as that the individual be self-aware and capable of rational thought and moral agency.
Authorship
Sociology
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Video Games
Bees
Ants
Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)
Wasps
Fund Raising
Pressure
Surrogate Mothers
Canada
Pregnancy, High-Risk
Pregnancy in which the mother and/or FETUS are at greater than normal risk of MORBIDITY or MORTALITY. Causes include inadequate PRENATAL CARE, previous obstetrical history (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS), pre-existing maternal disease, pregnancy-induced disease (GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION), and MULTIPLE PREGNANCY, as well as advanced maternal age above 35.
Participation in breast cancer susceptibility testing protocols: influence of recruitment source, altruism, and family involvement on women's decisions. (1/473)
OBJECTIVES: We offered education, counseling, and family-based BRCA1/2 testing to women at increased risk of breast cancer and assessed (a) their reasons for participating and (b) whether source of recruitment, desire to help research (altruism), and the need to communicate with their affected relative about testing distinguish those who did and those who did not complete each phase of our protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We sent invitations to 403 women who had completed a questionnaire on BRCA1/2 testing, 178 of whom were considered high risk because they had more than one relative on the same side of the family with early-onset breast cancer. RESULTS: Among the 132 high-risk respondents from the mid-Atlantic states (where testing was offered), 36% (n = 47) were interested in counseling. Those who actually attended counseling were more likely to have some college education, a higher perceived risk of breast cancer, and a greater fear of stigma and were less likely to have a daughter than those who did not attend. The reasons for attending that were rated "very important" were to learn about the test (80%), to have the test (43%), and to help research (38%). High-risk women were eligible for testing only if their affected relative was willing to be tested and tested positive. After the session, 83% intended to ask their affected relative to be tested, but only half of the affected relatives actually came for pretest counseling. The proportion of participants who ultimately involved an affected relative was 2.5 times higher among women from a clinical population (25%) than among those from a registry population (10%); in this latter population, an altruistic desire to help research was a greater motivator for participation than interest in being tested. CONCLUSIONS: Source of recruitment influences both motivations to attend education and counseling and actual testing behavior. These results have implications for interpretation of findings from studies in research settings as well as for informed consent and decision-making in the context of family-based testing. (+info)Cost-effectiveness analysis of humanitarian relief interventions: visceral leishmaniasis treatment in the Sudan. (2/473)
Spending by aid agencies on emergencies has quadrupled over the last decade, to over US$6 billion. To date, cost-effectiveness has seldom been considered in the prioritization and evaluation of emergency interventions. The sheer volume of resources spent on humanitarian aid and the chronicity of many humanitarian interventions call for more attention to be paid to the issue of 'value for money'. In this paper we present data from a major humanitarian crisis, an epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in war-torn Sudan. The special circumstances provided us, in retrospect, with unusually accurate data on excess mortality, costs of the intervention and its effects, thus allowing us to express cost-effectiveness as the cost per Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) averted. The cost-effectiveness ratio, of US$18.40 per DALY (uncertainty range between US$13.53 and US$27.63), places the treatment of VL in Sudan among health interventions considered 'very good value for money' (interventions of less than US$25 per DALY). We discuss the usefulness of this analysis to the internal management of the VL programme, the procurement of funds for the programme, and more generally, to priority setting in humanitarian relief interventions. We feel that in evaluations of emergency interventions attempts could be made more often to perform cost-effectiveness analyses, including the use of DALYs, provided that the outcomes of these analyses are seen in the broad context of the emergency situation and its consequences on the affected population. This paper provides a first contribution to what is hoped to become an international database of cost-effectiveness studies of health interventions during relief operations, which use a comparable measure of health outcome such as the DALY. (+info)Challenge of Goodness II: new humanitarian technology, developed in croatia and bosnia and Herzegovina in 1991-1995, and applied and evaluated in Kosovo 1999. (3/473)
This paper presents improvements of the humanitarian proposals of the Challenge of Goodness project published earlier (1). In 1999 Kosovo crisis, these proposals were checked in practice. The priority was again on the practical intervention - helping people directly - to prevent, stop, and ease suffering. Kosovo experience also prompted us to modify the concept of the Challenge of Goodness. It should include research and education (1. redefinition of health, 2. confronting genocide, 3. university studies and education, and 4. collecting experience); evaluation (1. Red Cross forum, 2. organization and technology assessment, 3. Open Hand - Experience of Good People); activities in different stages of war or conflict in: 1. prevention (right to a home, Hate Watch, early warning), 2. duration (refugee camps, prisoners-of-war camps, global hospital, minorities), 3. end of conflict (planned, organized, and evaluated protection), 4. post conflict (remaini ng and abandoned populations, prisoners of war and missing persons, civilian participation, return, and renewal). Effectiveness of humanitarian intervention may be performed by politicians, soldiers, humanitarian workers, and volunteers, but the responsibility lies on science. Science must objectively collect data, develop hypotheses, check them in practice, allow education, and be the force of good, upon which everybody can rely. Never since the World War II has anybody in Europe suffered in war and conflict so much as peoples in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo. We should search for the meaning of their suffering, and develop new knowledge and technology of peace. (+info)Lessons on humanitarian assistance. (4/473)
Conflict almost completely destroyed Rwanda's infrastructure in 1994. Natural disasters, as well as disasters caused by humans, have severely challenged humanitarian aid available within the country. In this study, we have analysed the experiences of nongovernmental organizations since the summer of 1994 to evaluate how these difficulties may be overcome. One of the problems identified has been restrictions on the ability to introduce effective health planning due to the poor quality of available local information. The implementation of effective plans that show due consideration to the environment and society is clearly necessary. Effective monitoring and detailed observation are identified as being essential to the continuity of existing humanitarian assistance. (+info)Ancient Chinese medical ethics and the four principles of biomedical ethics. (5/473)
The four principles approach to biomedical ethics (4PBE) has, since the 1970s, been increasingly developed as a universal bioethics method. Despite its wide acceptance and popularity, the 4PBE has received many challenges to its cross-cultural plausibility. This paper first specifies the principles and characteristics of ancient Chinese medical ethics (ACME), then makes a comparison between ACME and the 4PBE with a view to testing out the 4PBE's cross-cultural plausibility when applied to one particular but very extensive and prominent cultural context. The result shows that the concepts of respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice are clearly identifiable in ACME. Yet, being influenced by certain socio-cultural factors, those applying the 4PBE in Chinese society may tend to adopt a "beneficence-oriented", rather than an "autonomy-oriented" approach, which, in general, is dissimilar to the practice of contemporary Western bioethics, where "autonomy often triumphs". (+info)Photographic memory, money, and liposuction: survey of medical students' wish lists. (6/473)
OBJECTIVES: To examine whether medical students made fewer altruistic wishes and more money oriented wishes in later years of the medical course than students in earlier years. DESIGN: Anonymous questionnaire survey. SETTING: Auckland University School of Medicine. PARTICIPANTS: 520 medical students from 6 years of the course responded to the questionnaire item "If you had three wishes what would you wish for?" MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of wishes in various categories. RESULTS: The three most popular categories of wishes were happiness (34% of students), money (32%), and altruistic wishes (31%). Rates of altruistic wishes (odds ratio=1.05, 95% confidence interval 0.94 to 1.18; P=0.36) and wishes for money (odds ratio=0.96, 0.86 to 1.08; P=0.52) did not vary over the years of the course. Female medical students were more likely than males to make altruistic wishes (36% v 26%; chi(2)=5.68, P=0. 02), intimacy wishes (25% v 18%; chi(2)=3.74, P=0.05), and happiness wishes (42% v 26%; chi(2)=18.82, P=0.0001). Men were more likely than women to make sexual wishes (5% v 0.8%; chi(2)=7.34, P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence that students were less altruistic and more money oriented in the later years of the medical course. (+info)Altruism, blood donation and public policy: a reply to Keown. (7/473)
This is a continuation of and a development of a debate between John Keown and me. The issue discussed is whether, in Britain, an unpaid system of blood donation promotes and is justified by its promotion of altruism. Doubt is cast on the notions that public policies can, and, if they can, that they should, be aimed at the promotion and expression of altruism rather than of self-interest, especially that of a mercenary sort. Reflections upon President Kennedy's proposition, introduced into the debate by Keown, that we should ask not what our country can do for us but what we can do for our country is pivotal to this casting of doubt. A case is made for suggesting that advocacy along the lines which Keown presents of an exclusive reliance on a voluntary, unpaid system of blood donation encourages inappropriate attitudes towards the provision of health care. Perhaps, it is suggested, and the suggestion represents, on my part, a change of mind as a consequence of the debate, a dual system of blood provision might be preferable. (+info)Cooperation through image scoring in humans. (8/473)
The "tragedy of the commons," that is, the selfish exploitation of resources in the public domain, is a reason for many of our everyday social conflicts. However, humans are often more helpful to others than evolutionary theory would predict, unless indirect reciprocity takes place and is based on image scoring (which reflects the way an individual is viewed by a group), as recently shown by game theorists. We tested this idea under conditions that control for confounding factors. Donations were more frequent to receivers who had been generous to others in earlier interactions. This shows that image scoring promotes cooperative behavior in situations where direct reciprocity is unlikely. (+info)
altruisme englanniksi altruism
Altruism and parasitism | Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
Selective pressures for accurate altruism targeting: evidence from digital evolution for difficult-to-test aspects of inclusive...
Social discounting and distance perceptions in costly altruism | Nature Human Behaviour
Definition Essay Altruism Essay Example for Free
Gus Van Horn: Nature vs. Altruism
Heterogeneous intergenerational altruism - Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment
Kiddushin 69a ~ Nationality, Class and Caste - Talmudology
Alums new book predicts new wave of altruism | The Setonian
Brothers in Arms: Does Metaphorizing Kinship Increase Approval of Parochial Altruism? in: Journal of Cognition and Culture...
Altruism (biology) - Wikipedia
Altruism Meets Effective Altruism: Thoughts on Conversations with Peter Singer - Matthieu Ricard
Gambling Online: The Hunger Games: Altruism
Addendum to Selfish Altruism |
Kinship, Selfishness And Altruism
A/51/172 Strengthening of Coordination of Emergency Humanitarian Assistance
Frontiers | Testosterone is associated with cooperation during intergroup competition by enhancing parochial altruism |...
Frontiers | Intuitive Participation in Aggressive Intergroup Conflict: Evidence of Weak Versus Strong Parochial Altruism |...
Biophilia: Altruism through genocide
Biophilia: Altruism through genocide
CCARE - Center for Compassion and Altruism Research Education - Compassion Games International
Self-recognition, color signals, and cycles of greenbeard mutualism and altruism<...
Altruism - Wikipedia
Humanitarian Crises | Center on International Cooperation
The Scientific Worldview: The Evolution of Altruism
Altruism: Rising Force Classic 55 - User Control Panel - Register
Examples for altruism and how to use it - Nyanglish
Emotion regulation, psychological capital and altruism in patients with cardiovascular disease: a case-control study
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Do Liars Believe? Beliefs and Other-Regarding Preferences in Sender-Receiver Games
Biological Altruism: Theories which Explain the Presence of Altruistic Behavior in Animals. | HubPages
Refugees and Humanitarian Emergencies Grant - ISIM
Mind Controlling MICROBES Could Be Promoting Altruistic Behavior Even More than Genetics | BENDED REALITY.COM
Altruistic behavior in animals (Topic) - Chatfield Public Library
effective altruism - Page 1 - My Faults My Own
U.S. Humanitarian Assistance and Global Health Policy: Opportunities and Barriers for More Effective Coordination | KFF
Altruism Isnt Generosity | Tibors space
The Altruist: See No Evil
THE ALTRUISTS Trademark of Ashley Mazanec. Serial Number: 87144885 :: Trademarkia Trademarks
Why People Help Each Other Online: A Memetic Model of Altruism | Digital Intelligence Today
MSF welcomes Pfizers pneumonia vaccine price reduction for children in humanitarian emergencies | Médecins Sans Frontières...
Altruism in animals - Page 3
Gender based prescriptions: evidence for altruism
PLOS Medicine: Research Priorities for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Humanitarian Settings
Category: Altruism - THE BOX MOVE
χειρ: Reproduction, altruism, and evolution
How to Solve Major World Problems? Altruism and Compassion | Portland Mindfulness Programs
George Price and the Quest for the Origins of Altruism - Brain Pickings
BEHIND THE STORIES: Public Radios 51% by Susan Barnett: Altruism vs. Aggression - Is It in Our DNA?
British Library EThOS: Nurturing altruism : the significance of sociobiology for Wesleyan ethics
The 2018 Inter-agency field manual on reproductive health in humanitarian settings: revising the global standards -...
The Evolution of Cooperation and the Paradox of Altruism | University of Oregon Media Channel
EnviroLink Forum • View topic - altruism amongst the lesser animal as most would refer
EnviroLink Forum • View topic - altruism amongst the lesser animal as most would refer
The Power of Altruism to Change the World - Tricycle: The Buddhist Review
Altruism: A Data-Driven Learning Guide
Effective Altruism - Think.
New Page 1
Building Resilience During Humanitarian Crises - ACDI/VOCA
Yemens petroleum firm warns of humanitarian crisis amid Saudi siege
Conflict And Humanitarian Emergencies | Vaccine Messaging Tool
Third-party punishment - Wikipedia
Missing little hands: Altruism
Understanding Effective Altruism: Applying Strategy to Charity - BORGEN
Honesty and Dishonesty | Surprise Endings: Social Science and Literature
Society Celebrates Fantasy Fest Altruism and the Candidates Behind it | Key West Art and Historical Society
Constitution of the Research Society for Creative Altruism. Research Center for Creative Altruism Administration Files ::...
Ben West comments on New study finds psilocybin leads to increased altruism 6 months later - Effective Altruism Forum
Holocaust Nobility: Jewish Stealth Altruism - Stealth Altruism
Donaldson: Altruistic behavior can mean a more fulfilling life for all - Portland Press Herald
Targeting Moderate Acute Malnutrition in Humanitarian Situations-3ie:International Initiative for Impact Evaluation |...
Somalia | WFP | United Nations World Food Programme - Fighting Hunger Worldwide
Somalia | WFP | United Nations World Food Programme - Fighting Hunger Worldwide
Chimpanzees Are Spontaneously Generous After All - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
Yemen: Escalating humanitarian crisis | Handicap International UK
Humanitarian Exchange Magazine | vaccines and global health :: ethics and policy
Humanitarian intervention in a changing world: need for a new model of care
race/history/evolution notes: August 2014
UN agencies raise alarm in the Central Sahel where millions face hunger amid rapidly escalating humanitarian crisis - YubaNet
Responding to epidemics in large-scale humanitarian crises: a case study of the cholera response in Yemen, 2016-2018 | BMJ...
Gender Diversity Dynamics in Humanitarian Negotiations: The International Committee of the Red Cross as a Case Study on the...
Dienekes Anthropology Blog: Hamiltons Rule or Why Ethnic Nepotism is not (usually) Adaptive
An Unfolding Humanitarian Emergency
Somalia Humanitarian Emergency | Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas
Cameroon | European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations
East Africas Poor Rains: Hunger Worsened, Crops Scorched, Livestock Dead | Inter Press Service
Humanitarian Crises | Center on International Cooperation
World Report: Doctors Without Borders 8th annual top 10 underreported humanitarian crises
Altruism
Pathological altruism[edit]. Pathological altruism is when altruism is taken to an unhealthy extreme, and either harms the ... which is the intention of altruism. This can be altruism towards humanity that leads to altruism towards the creator or God. ... Look up altruism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.. *. Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Biological Altruism". Stanford Encyclopedia ... The term "pathological altruism" was popularised by the book Pathological Altruism.. Examples include depression and burnout ...
Cotton-top tamarin
Altruism[edit]. While caregiving by males appears to be altruistic, particularly in cotton-top sires, the costs of infant care ... That is, cooperation in cotton-top tamarins can be better described by mutualism than by true altruism.[31] ... Other studies involving cotton-top tamarins have hinted that positive reciprocity and reciprocal altruism are irrelevant in the ... some studies indicate that cotton-top tamarins have the psychological capacity to participate in reciprocally mediated altruism ...
Crab-eating macaque
The kin altruism hypothesis suggests the mothers would preferentially give food to their own offspring. Yet eight of the 11 ... Grooming and support in conflict among primates is considered to be an act of reciprocal altruism. In crab-eating macaques, an ... Schaub, H. (1996). "Testing Kin Altruism in Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in a Food-sharing Experiment". ... These results support the reciprocal altruism theory of grooming in long-tailed macaques.[23] ...
Anti-predator adaptation
Suicidal altruism[edit]. Further information: Autothysis. An unusual type of predator deterrence is observed in the Malaysian ... Social hymenoptera rely on altruism to protect the entire colony, so the self-destructive acts benefit all individuals in the ...
Oriental hornet
Kin selection and altruism[edit]. Vespa orientalis live in colonies in which the workers are all daughters of the queen. This ... Social wasps are unusual in their practice of altruism in which non-reproductive individuals work for the benefit of the colony ... When an individual acts in the interests of others and not just itself it is known as altruism. ...
Talk:Rescue of the Danish Jews
The other points raised by the anonymous editor of the Questions regarding the Danish altruism section do not seem to me to be ... I've taken Questions regarding the Danish altruism out, but the original edit(s) can be found here. - JonRoma 08:31, 15 January ... Questions regarding the Danish altruism[edit]. The recent edit by 192.38.16.190 raises some valid points, but makes rather a ... The points raised in Questions regarding the Danish altruism were therefor in no way valid. They are highly insulting and ...
Peter Singer
The Most Good You Can Do: How Effective Altruism Is Changing Ideas About Living Ethically. Yale University Press, 2015.[94] ... Singer's ideas have contributed to the rise of effective altruism.[28] He argues that people should try not only to reduce ... He is a board member of Animal Charity Evaluators, a charity evaluator used by many members of the effective altruism community ... he writes about how the effective altruism movement is doing these things more effectively in his 2015 book The Most Good You ...
Tit for tat
This is similar to reciprocal altruism in biology. Implications[edit]. The success of the tit-for-tat strategy, which is ... Explaining reciprocal altruism in animal communities[edit]. Studies in the prosocial behaviour of animals have led many ... Reciprocal altruism works in animal communities where the cost to the benefactor in any transaction of food, mating rights, ... The theory also holds that the act of altruism should be reciprocated if the balance of needs reverse. Mechanisms to identify ...
Behavioral ecology
Spite can also be thought of as a type of altruism because harming a non-relative, by taking his resources for example, could ... 7 Altruism and conflict in social insects *7.1 Conflicts in social insects ... It is thought that this unrelated assistance is evidence of altruism in P. dominula.[30] ... West, S.A.; Griffin, A.S.; Gardner, A. (2007b). "Social semantics: altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and ...
Evolution - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Altruism and group selection[change , change source]. Main article: kin selection. Altruism - the willingness of some to ... Altruism is now generally seen as emerging from standard selection.[116][117][118][119][120] The warning note from Ernst Mayr, ... Some biologists have thought that this meant altruism could not evolve by the normal process of selection. Instead a process ...
Social complexity
Nowak, Martin and Roger Highfield (2011). Super Cooperators: Altruism, Evolution, and Why We Need Each Other to Succeed. New ... Social complexity theory is applied in studies of social cooperation and public goods; altruism; voting behavior; education; ...
Egoism
Kin altruism and selfish gene theory are examples of this division. On biological altruism, the Stanford Encyclopedia of ... Nietzsche, rather than rejecting the practice of altruism, warns that despite there being neither much altruism nor equality in ... In this sense, altruism defined Comte's position that all self-regard must be replaced with only the regard for others. While ... "Biological Altruism". In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Nietzsche, Friedrich. On the Genealogy ...
Auguste Comte
... altruism, sociocracy, and the religion of Humanity. Altruism termed coined by Comte in the 19th century "a theory of conduct ... He may also have coined the word altruisme (altruism). Auguste Comte was born in Montpellier, Hérault on 19 January 1798. After ... "Altruism". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Gane, Mike (2016). "Journey to Isidore". Revue européenne des ... " ("live for others"), from which comes the word "altruism". Comte was agitated by the fact that no one had synthesized physics ...
Psychological evaluation
Altruism *High scores suggest a person concerned with the well-being of others and show it through generosity, willingness to ...
Negative utilitarianism
"The expected value of extinction risk reduction is positive". Effective Altruism. Retrieved 2019-06-20. Kadlec 2008, p. 110. "A ...
Wheelie and the Chopper Bunch
... altruism, and [...] acts of sympathy explaining feelings". In response to the motorcycles being negatively depicted on the show ...
Kate Grant
She has also spoken at public events such as the Effective Altruism Global conference at Oxford University and Q Commons in ... ". "The Life You Can Save: Peter Singer , Effective Altruism , Philanthropy , Effective Charities: Interview with Kate Grant ...
Evolutionary ethics
Theories addressing this have included kin selection, group selection, and reciprocal altruism (both direct and indirect, and ... "Biological Altruism". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.. ...
Animal suicide
Some species might be driven to engage in suicidal behavior for the sake of others, which is an example of altruism in animals ... Some species of social insects will commit suicide in an act of altruism through autothysis. These insects will sacrifice ... Samir, Okasha (2003-06-03). "Biological Altruism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. McAllister, Murdoch K.; Roitberg, ...
Empathy
In the field of positive psychology, empathy has also been compared with altruism and egotism. Altruism is behavior that is ... de Waal FB (2008). "Putting the altruism back into altruism: the evolution of empathy" (PDF). Annual Review of Psychology. 59 ( ... de Waal FB (2008). "Putting the altruism back into altruism: the evolution of empathy". Annual Review of Psychology. 59 (1): ... However, empathy-induced altruism may not always produce pro-social effects. It could lead one to increase the welfare of those ...
Game theory
One such phenomenon is known as biological altruism. This is a situation in which an organism appears to act in a way that ... This is distinct from traditional notions of altruism because such actions are not conscious, but appear to be evolutionary ... Evolutionary game theory explains this altruism with the idea of kin selection. Altruists discriminate between the individuals ... Okasha, Samir (3 June 2003). "Biological Altruism". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford ...
Charity (practice)
Alms Altruism Baksheesh Charitable organization Charity badge Charitable trust Charity fraud Dāna Effective altruism ... It is the broad, evidence-based and cause-neutral approach that distinguishes effective altruism from traditional altruism or ... "News: Liv Boeree on Effective Altruism". www.pokerstrategy.com. Retrieved April 11, 2017. "Effective Altruism , Liv Boeree". ... Effective altruism is the use of evidence and reasoning to determine the most effective ways to help others. The word charity ...
Barbara Oakley
Pathological Altruism Eds Barbara Oakley, Ariel Knafo, Guruprasad Madhavan, David Sloan Wilson, Oxford University Press, ... Oakley, Barbara; Knafo, Ariel; Madhavan, Guruprasad; Wilson, David Sloan (5 January 2012). Pathological Altruism. ISBN 978- ... and studies of empathy and altruism. Oakley has co-created (with Professor Terry Sejnowski, a neuroscientist) and teaches ...
Group selection
However, if altruism were to be selected for through an emphasis on benefit to the group as opposed to relatedness and benefit ... In the 1930s, R.A. Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane proposed the concept of kin selection, a form of altruism from the gene-centered ... The phenotype of altruism relies on recognition of the altruistic behavior by itself. The trait of kindness will be recognized ... 1999). "Altruism". Psychologically Speaking: A Book of Quotations. BPS Books. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-85433-302-5. (see also: ...
Jaan Tallinn
Tallinn participates in the effective altruism movement and donated $604,500 to the effective altruism associated Machine ... ". "Jaan Tallinn - Effective Altruism". Effective Altruism. Retrieved 2017-07-03. "Skype inventor Jaan Tallinn wants to use ...
Guilt (emotion)
5 January 2012). Pathological Altruism. Oxford University Press. p. 12. Branscombe, Nyla, R.; Bertjan Doosje (2004). Collective ... such as reciprocal altruism. If a person feels guilty when he harms another or fails to reciprocate kindness, he is more likely ...
Kin selection
In words, this equation implies that altruism will develop when the marginal benefit of altruism multiplied by genetic ... is the benefit from altruism and C ( ⋅ ) {\displaystyle C(\cdot )} is the cost of altruism. In the special linear case: w i = w ... Our particular interest is in the development of altruism and when it makes sense to for altruism to flourish, relative to the ... In humans, altruism is both more likely and on a larger scale with kin than with unrelated individuals; for example, humans ...
Third-party punishment
Parochial altruismEdit. Parochial altruism refers to altruism that is directed in a preferential manner towards members of ... Bernhard, Helen; Urs Fischbacher; Ernst Fehr (2006). "Parochial altruism in humans". Nature. 442 (7105): 912-915. Bibcode: ... Current evolutionary models state that human altruism evolved through the selective (cultural or biological) extinction of ... "The evolutionary interplay of intergroup conflict and altruism in humans: a review of parochial altruism theory and prospects ...
Inclusive fitness
AltruismEdit. See also: Human inclusive fitness. The concept serves to explain how natural selection can perpetuate altruism. ... is the necessary and sufficient condition for selection for altruism. Where B is the gain to the beneficiary, C is the cost to ... If by contrast the altruism allele is more dominant, then the 2 in the above would be replaced by a number smaller than 2. If ... If there is an "altruism gene" (or complex of genes) that influences an organism's behavior to be helpful and protective of ...
Cleaning symbiosis
The host's altruism is to be explained as benefiting him because of the advantage of being able quickly and repeatedly to ... Others such as Robert Trivers hold that it illustrates mutual selfishness, reciprocal altruism. Others again believe that ... Further information: Reciprocal altruism. In 1971, mathematical biologist Robert Trivers wrote more carefully "Cleaner ...
Altruism - Wikipedia
Pathological altruism[edit]. Pathological altruism is when altruism is taken to an unhealthy extreme, and either harms the ... which is the intention of altruism. This can be altruism towards humanity that leads to altruism towards the creator or God. ... Look up altruism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.. *. Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Biological Altruism". Stanford Encyclopedia ... The term "pathological altruism" was popularised by the book Pathological Altruism.. Examples include depression and burnout ...
Category:Altruism - Wikimedia Commons
Altruism (et); 利他主義 (zh-hant); Altruizam (sr-el); Altruisme (oc); Altruism (sv); алтруизам (sr-ec); altruïsme (nl); altruísmo ( ... Emergence-of-altruism-behavior-in-army-ant-based-social-evolutionary-system-40064 2014 1412 MOESM1 ESM.ogv 2 min 35 s, 528 × ... Emergence-of-altruism-behavior-in-army-ant-based-social-evolutionary-system-40064 2014 1412 MOESM2 ESM.ogv 1 min 26 s, 416 × ... File nella categoria "Altruism". Questa categoria contiene 17 file, indicati di seguito, su un totale di 17. ...
Revealed Altruism
Several recent discussions of altruism fo cus on two player extensive form games of complete information in which the Ã-rst ... The test results provide supp ort for the theory of revealed altruism.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of ... "Altruism, Cooperation and Trust: Other-regarding Behavior and Collective Actions in Thailand," EEPSEA Research Report ... "Who cooperates in repeated games: The role of altruism, inequity aversion, and demographics," Journal of Economic Behavior & ...
Altruism groups in Baltimore
- Meetup
Altruism - Wikipedia
This can be altruism towards humanity that leads to altruism towards the creator or God. Kabbalah defines God as the force of ... Pathological altruism is when altruism is taken to an unhealthy extreme, and either harms the altruistic person, or well- ... The empathy-altruism hypothesis basically states that psychological altruism does exist and is evoked by the empathic desire to ... The reputational benefits of altruism occur in the future as compared to the immediate costs of altruism in the present. While ...
Attitude-Dependent Altruism, Turnout and Voting
... Julio J. Rotemberg. NBER Working Paper No. 14302. Issued in September 2008. ... "Attitude-dependent altruism, turnout and voting," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 140(1), pages 223-244, July. citation courtesy ... w15635 Quality Provision, Expected Firm Altruism and Brand Extensions. Schwartz. Gross Dividend and Interest Payments by ... Substantial equilibrium turnout emerges with nontrivial voting costs and modest altruism. The model can explain higher turnout ...
Effective Altruism Berlin (Berlin, Germany) | Meetup
Effective altruism is a growing social movement and philosophy centered on the idea of using evidence and reason to do the most ... Effective altruism is a growing social movement and philosophy centered on the idea of using evidence and reason to do the most ... effective altruismCharity & PhilanthropyPhilanthropySocial PhilanthropyPhilosophyCharityCharity EventsRationality and Reasoning ...
Biological Altruism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Reciprocal altruism theory also seems to take the altruism out of altruism. Behaving nicely to someone in order to procure ... 1. Altruism and the Levels of Selection. The problem of altruism is intimately connected with questions about the level at ... Strong altruism is the standard notion of altruism in the literature, and was assumed above. To count as weakly altruistic, an ... If by real altruism we mean altruism done with the conscious intention to help, then the vast majority of living creatures ...
kin altruism - Everything2.com
... one of the two most common and best understood forms of altruism. The other is reciprocal altruism. Kin altruism occurs because ... In biology, one of the two most common and best understood forms of altruism. The other is reciprocal altruism. Kin altruism ... reciprocal altruism. Dr. Laura Schlessinger. The evolution of altruism. eusocial. Things you learn when a woman moves into your ... Kin Altruism and Homosexuality. Caveat: I believe that human sexuality is a rich spectrum, not binarily hetero or homo. When I ...
Altruism - Wikiquote
Altruism-the sacrifice of self to others. This tied man irrevocably to other men and left him nothing but a choice of pain: his ... Altruism is an instinct weve inherited from the small society where we knew for whom we work, whom we serve. When you pass ... Altruism is a brief phase through which some adolescents must pass. It is rather like acne. Happily, as with acne, only a few ... Altruism is a barbarism. Love is the word. *John Lancaster Spalding, Aphorisms and Reflections (1901), p. 170 ...
Effective altruism - Wikipedia
Effective altruism is not a complete philosophy of how to live morally, but effective altruism may be relevant for any view ... Effective altruism conferences (called Effective Altruism Global) have been held since 2013. In 2015, Peter Singer published ... "The Importance of the Far Future". Effective Altruism Foundation. Effective Altruism Foundation. August 5, 2016. Archived from ... Muehlhauser, Luke (July 8, 2013). "Four focus areas of effective altruism - Effective Altruism Forum". forum.effectivealtruism. ...
Schlock and Awwww: Commercializing Altruism - Mother Jones
Altruism
The Evolutionary Roots of Altruism
As Wilson well knows, the extant evolutionary explanations of altruism (or cooperation) are manifold. Since altruism has ... If a gene affects altruism in such a way that the altruism is more likely to be directed at close relatives, the gene can ... Does Altruism Exist? Culture, Genes, and the Welfare of Others. By David Sloan Wilson. 192 pp. Yale University/Templeton Press ... And no, it doesnt matter that there is no one gene for kin-directed altruism. There can be hundreds of genes, each with a ...
Altruism - Child Trends
Four single item measures were used to examine the concurrent validity of the adolescent scale: a measure of social behavior (fighting), a measure of health behavior (smoking), a measure of emotional health (adolescent-reported depressive symptoms), and a measure of cognitive development (grades).. Concurrent validity was examined in two ways: with bivariate and multivariate analyses. The table below presents the results of multivariate analyses, which control for: teen gender, teen age, teen race, household income, household size, parental education, parental marital status, parental home ownership, parental employment, and metropolitan area and region of residence. The beta coefficient of the relationship between the constructs scale and outcome is presented.. ...
Altruism Archives | Blogcritics
Altruism is a touchy-feely kind of term. If evolutionary science is to posit it as a viable alternative to that which drives ... Altruism is an alternative to competition as the all-definitive, if not vulgar, expression of the evolutionary principle. The ... Ancient wisdom has indicated for millennia that altruism leads to better health. ...
Altruism
... Gift Economy. It has long been assumed that there is something beyond economics involved in the proliferation of free ... Wilson seeks to explain how group selection, altruism, hierarchies, and sexual selection work in populations of animals, and to ... such as altruism, can develop. Sociobiology: A New Synthesis, Wilsons first attempt to outline the new field of study, was ... and neither is altruism. Efforts and rewards may be valued in intangibles, but, as this paper argues, there is a very tangible ...
Gender based prescriptions: evidence for altruism
To do so, we concentrate on a single topic: altruism. Since the dictator game provides the most suitable design for studying ... altruism and generosity in the lab setting, we use a modified version to study the beliefs involved in the game. Our results ... "Which is the Fair Sex? Gender Differences in Altruism," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 116(1 ... "Which is the Fair Sex? Gender Differences in Altruism," Staff General Research Papers Archive 1951, Iowa State University, ...
Altruism needs selfish genes to evolve after all | New Scientist
Wilson broke with this view, proposing that altruism evolved because it benefits groups, rather than genes. For such "group ... According to Hamiltons rule, apparent acts of altruism - foregoing reproduction to help others, say - are actually self- ... Hughes accepts that there is much more to altruism than simple genetic benefits. ... close genetic relatedness is crucial to the evolution of altruism. ...
NetLogo Models Library: Altruism
Notice that the Altruism seed of the parent is 3/5 = .600, while the childs is .552. Even though altruism is dominating, it is ... Altruism. If you download the NetLogo application, this model is included. (You can also run this model in your browser, but we ... This model is based on a paper by Mitteldorf and Wilson, 2000, Population Viscosity and the Evolution of Altruism, Journal of ... BENEFIT-FROM-ALTRUISM slider --- determines the value of benefit in the above fitness equations. ...
Tags - Altruism | Spirituality & Health
Entries tagged with "Altruism". 5 Simple Practices for Inner Peace. Five simple DIY practices to enrich your body, refresh your ... Roshi Joan Halifax on compassion, women in Buddhism, and altruism. The founder and abbot of Upaya Zen Center in Santa Fe, New ... Study after study confirms that altruism not only makes us happier but actually improves our health. Yet we see a strangers ... Neurons of Compassion: Have we found the basis for empathy and altruism?. Like most great scientific breakthroughs, the ...
Teaching Healing Through Altruism
One of the projects goals was to teach the future therapists how altruism can have long-term mental health benefits. ... Teaching Healing Through Altruism. Marymount students learn counseling technique by helping U.S. troops. ... One of the projects goals was to teach the future therapists how altruism can have long-term mental health benefits. ... Marymount University professor Lisa Jackson-Cherry, Ph.D., discusses an altruism project with her pastoral counseling class. ...
Altruism - Factbites
Altruism - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: ). Altruism may reasonably be defined as acting to benefit others at ones ... Evil_Altruism.html. Altruism is a code of ethics which hold the welfare of others as the standard of "good", and self-sacrifice ... Altruism is the abdication of claims of power over others. The most effective counter to the spread of altruism is the modern ... Altruism is the moral code at the base of socialism. The term "altruism" was coined by the nineteenth century advocate of ...
Testing for Altruism and Social Pressure in Charitable Giving
... Stefano DellaVigna, John A. List, Ulrike Malmendier. NBER ... "Testing for Altruism and Social Pressure in Charitable Giving," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, ... w16373 The Power of Asking: How Communication Affects Selfishness, Empathy, and Altruism. ... due to altruism or warm glow, and individuals would rather not give but dislike saying no, e.g., due to social pressure. We ...
The Mind-Blowing Altruism of Canadian Surrogates | documentary Channel
Origins of Altruism and Cooperation | Robert W. Sussman | Springer
Although cooperation and altruism are often thought of as ways to attenuate competition and aggression within groups, or are ... This book is about the evolution and nature of cooperation and altruism in social-living animals, focusing especially on non- ... "Origins of Altruism and Cooperation presents an avalanche of information and perspectives that can at times be overwhelming, a ... "The book does three things that many of the other books on this subject dont do: it gives some background about altruism and ...
Altruism in Later Life | SAGE Publications Inc
Altruism in Later Life *Elizabeth Midlarsky - Columbia University School of Law, New York ... Why are the elderly so often perceived as burdensome and unproductive members of our society? Altruism in Later Life explores ... Based on a carefully applied methodological review of research focusing on altruism and the elderly, the results reveal the ... and theoretical trends in gerontology and altruism research. Following a brief but inclusive historical survey of aging ...
How Mark Zuckerberg's Altruism Helps Himself - ProPublica
Social discounting and distance perceptions in costly altruism | Nature Human Behaviour
We hypothesized that variations in one or both mechanisms drive costly altruism towards distant others. We show that ... Extraordinary acts of altruism towards strangers represent puzzling phenomena not easily explained by dominant biological ... models of altruism, such as kin selection and reciprocity1-3. These theories stipulate that genetically or socially close ... de Waal, F. B. M. Putting the altruism back into altruism: the evolution of empathy. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 59, 279-300 (2008). ...
Altruism in Humans - Oxford Scholarship
p.1) Altruism in Humans (p.2) (p.1) Altruism in Humans (p.2) Source:. Altruism in Humans. Publisher:. Oxford University Press. ... and Competing Predictions that Can Test the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis Against Each Egoistic Alternative ... and Competing Predictions that Can Test the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis Against Each Egoistic Alternative ... and Competing Predictions that Can Test the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis Against Each Egoistic Alternative ...
Effective altruismHuman altruismExplain AltruismActs of altruismEvolutionOne'sSelfishnessHumansReciprocalExtreme altruismBehaviorExistence of altruism in natureBiologicalForm of altruismRisk and altruismThink of altruismOrigins of AltruismConcept of altruismExample of altruismEmpathy and altruismResearch on altruismEgoismEvolvePsychologyTrue altruismPure altruismCostly altruismAffect altruismPathologicalSacrificeScientistsBehavioralPerspectivesPhilosophicalDarwinianAltruismeUnselfishPeople'sTheoriesGenesEthicsSpeciesWilsonTraitsCompassionParochialBiologyPractiseProsocialDefinitionWelfarePathologiesResearchersExhibitApproachesPsychologicalArguesExistGenerosityPracticeRewardsGeneticRefers
Effective altruism31
- Local Effective Altruism N. (meetup.com)
- Effective altruism is a growing social movement and philosophy centered on the idea of using evidence and reason to do the most good you can in the world. (meetup.com)
- Effective altruism is the use of evidence and reason to determine the most effective ways to benefit others. (wikipedia.org)
- Play media Effective altruism is a philosophy and social movement that advocates the use of evidence and reasoning to determine the most effective ways to benefit others. (wikipedia.org)
- People who embrace effective altruism are often called effective altruists. (wikipedia.org)
- While many effective altruists have focused on the nonprofit sector, the philosophy of effective altruism applies more broadly to prioritizing the scientific projects, companies, and policy initiatives which can be estimated to save lives, help people, or otherwise have the biggest benefit. (wikipedia.org)
- Philosophers played an important role in creating effective altruism (see § History of the social movement below), and much of the published literature about effective altruism poses philosophical questions about why and how to use evidence and reasoning to determine the most effective ways to benefit others, and then tries to figure out the most plausible answers to those questions, so that people can take action on the basis of those answers. (wikipedia.org)
- The "guiding question" of effective altruism is: How can we, individually and collectively, do the most good? (wikipedia.org)
- Can everyone practice effective altruism? (wikipedia.org)
- This minimal philosophical core of effective altruism is likely to be supported by a wide variety of views about morality and meta-ethics. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, the moral theory of consequentialism, including utilitarianism, supports the aim of using resources to benefit others as much as possible, but effective altruism is not necessarily, as has sometimes been said, the same as consequentialism. (wikipedia.org)
- One view says that effective altruism is not a set of normative claims (telling what people "should do") but instead is a project, intellectual and practical, of "trying to figure out how to use resources in whatever way will do the most good with a given unit of resources" and of putting what has been learned into practice. (wikipedia.org)
- According to this view, the normative ethical theories of consequentialism, egalitarianism, prioritarianism, contractualism, deontological ethics, virtue ethics, as well as many traditional religious teachings on altruism, can all be compatible with the project of effective altruism. (wikipedia.org)
- Effective altruism is not a complete philosophy of how to live morally, but effective altruism may be relevant for any view that assumes some reason to promote the good and that assumes that the well-being of others is part of the good. (wikipedia.org)
- Some people have reported that the questions and answers posed by the philosophy of effective altruism have helped them learn more about complex problems and gain a deeper sense of meaning as well as a feeling of satisfaction about helping others more effectively. (wikipedia.org)
- The following subsections describe important ideas that are discussed in the published literature about effective altruism. (wikipedia.org)
- Much of the published literature on effective altruism emphasizes impartial or impersonal reasoning and concludes that, all other things being equal, everyone's well-being (and suffering) counts equally, without regard to the individual identities of others. (wikipedia.org)
- The debate on effective altruism continues. (bostonreview.net)
- We constantly strive to update our beliefs on the basis of new evidence, and so we welcome criticism of both the ideas behind effective altruism as well as the practical matter of which charities we recommend. (bostonreview.net)
- The main idea of effective altruism is doing more to help others with your life and trying to help as much as possible, using evidence and reason. (bostonreview.net)
- We're sorry for any failure on the part of Giving What We Can (and the effective altruism community) to communicate more clearly why we recommend the charities we do. (bostonreview.net)
- If you X-ray "effective altruism", you see a Christian skeleton. (mercatornet.com)
- Effective altruism is built on the simple but unsettling idea that living a fully ethical life involves doing the most good one can. (coursera.org)
- and think about how effective altruism can be put into practice in your own life. (coursera.org)
- Thought provoking and persuasive, this course is both an excellent introduction to the study of ethics and to the growing movement striving for a better world - effective altruism. (coursera.org)
- Effective altruism goes beyond the personal satisfaction of doing good and feeling good about what I can achieve, Eastern philosophy teaches us that it produces twice the joy of giving than what produces receiving. (coursera.org)
- I beyond appreciated and looked forward to Professor Singer's weekly lessons on Effective Altruism. (coursera.org)
- A whole movement has arisen called Effective Altruism which aims to ensure that altruistic acts do as much good as possible. (bioethics.net)
- How much do you know about effective altruism? (devex.com)
- Peter Singer - the man behind the viral book "The Life You Can Save," and one of the key figures in the effective altruism movement - describes it as giving using one's heart and mind. (devex.com)
- Effective altruism: Are you doing good, better? (devex.com)
Human altruism2
- It has been proposed that human altruism is engendered by empathy ( Silka and Housea, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Ever since the murder of Kitty Genovese in New York in 1964, social psychologists have taken a great interest in human altruism and prosocial behaviour. (antiessays.com)
Explain Altruism3
- Interspecific Adoption: Can Evolution Explain Altruism in Animals? (answersingenesis.org)
- There are many competing theories that explain altruism in nature, namely, group selection, multilevel selection, reciprocal altruism, and kin selection all of which will be discussed here. (hubpages.com)
- In order to explain altruism, we have to dig deeper. (hubpages.com)
Acts of altruism3
- According to Hamilton's rule, apparent acts of altruism - foregoing reproduction to help others, say - are actually self-serving, because they benefit the altruist's genes. (newscientist.com)
- Extraordinary acts of altruism towards strangers represent puzzling phenomena not easily explained by dominant biological models of altruism, such as kin selection and reciprocity 1 - 3 . (nature.com)
- These successes depend on acts of altruism. (sluggerotoole.com)
Evolution14
- This note describes the evolution of the notion of alms (and by extension of altruism) from the notion of sacrifice. (wikipedia.org)
- In the science of ethology (the study of animal behaviour), and more generally in the study of social evolution , altruism refers to behaviour by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor. (wikipedia.org)
- The idea that group selection might explain the evolution of altruism was first broached by Darwin himself. (stanford.edu)
- In other words, close genetic relatedness is crucial to the evolution of altruism. (newscientist.com)
- The theory of reciprocal altruism , developed by Trivers (1971), is one attempt to explain the evolution of altruism among non-kin. (factbites.com)
- Trivers, R. L. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. (nature.com)
- The resulting study, "A Quantitative Test of Hamilton's Rule for the Evolution of Altruism" was recently published in PLoS Biology . (technologyreview.com)
- Nonetheless, the notion of group selection is often used in evolutionary discourse, especially for explaining the evolution of altruism or sociality (the tendency to form social groups). (utm.edu)
- While intraspecific adoption is troublesome for evolution since they must explain altruistic behavior when their dogma predicts a complete lack of altruism, it is possible that an explanation could be postulated based on reproductive benefit for the species or group as a whole. (answersingenesis.org)
- Altruism and helping: The evolution of a field: The 2008 Cooley-Mead presentation1. (wikipedia.org)
- But despite Hamilton's speculation about how this could occur ( 3 ), neither the process by which war might have become sufficiently common to support the evolution of altruism nor the possibility that altruism conditioned on group membership might have contributed to the unusually high level of lethal intergroup conflict among humans has been subjected to systematic investigation. (sciencemag.org)
- To date, the challenge for researchers to test the evolution of altruism has been great, mainly due to the lack of experiments and the fact that too many variables were involved. (phys.org)
- 2011) A quantitative test of Hamilton's rule for the evolution of altruism. (phys.org)
- In it, he attempts to explain the evolution of altruism in humans. (hubpages.com)
One's9
- Ayn Rand argued that altruism is the willful sacrifice of one's values, and represents the reversal of morality because only rationally selfish ethics allow one to pursue the values required for human life. (factbites.com)
- Altruism may reasonably be defined as acting to benefit others at one's expense. (factbites.com)
- An ultimate motivation of assisting another regardless of one's direct or indirect self-benefit is necessary for it to be altruistic in the ordinary sense ─ for what we might call moral altruism (see psychological egoism ). (utm.edu)
- Biological altruism is a course of action that enhances the expected fitness of another at the expense of one's own fitness. (utm.edu)
- Altruism is defined as reducing one's own reproductive output to help others reproduce. (eurekalert.org)
- Altruism-benefiting fellow group members at a cost to oneself-and parochialism-hostility toward individuals not of one's own ethnic, racial, or other group-are common human behaviors. (sciencemag.org)
- The intersection of the two-which we term "parochial altruism"-is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective because altruistic or parochial behavior reduces one's payoffs by comparison to what one would gain by eschewing these behaviors. (sciencemag.org)
- Late 19th-century scientists as diverse as Charles Darwin ( 1 ) and Karl Pearson ( 2 ) recognized war as a powerful evolutionary force that might foster social solidarity and altruism toward the fellow members of one's group. (sciencemag.org)
- When this is the case, and when the members of the actor's group benefit as a result of one's hostile actions toward other groups, we term the behavior "parochial altruism. (sciencemag.org)
Selfishness6
- Altruism or selflessness is the opposite of selfishness . (wikipedia.org)
- Every person must decide at some point, whether they will walk in light of creative altruism or in the darkness of destructive selfishness. (wikiquote.org)
- In an extreme case, altruism may become a synonym of selflessness, which is the opposite of selfishness. (wikipedia.org)
- The occurrence of altruism is a seeming paradox for Charles Darwin's mechanism of natural selection , because its natural consequence is a sort of universal selfishness . (factbites.com)
- Excessive altruism and/or selfishness , by contrast, unbalance the giving and getting, inviting resentment. (goodtherapy.org)
- Altruism is selfishness out with a pair of field glasses and imagination. (finestquotes.com)
Humans8
- Can Altruism Save Humans From Becoming Extinct? (socyberty.com)
- Humans' propensity for altruism can be used for good, or it can be used for evil. (psmag.com)
- Altruism in humans is well documented. (answersingenesis.org)
- Humans, like other animals, have a tendency towards altruism. (bioethics.net)
- Our game-theoretic analysis and agent-based simulations show that under conditions likely to have been experienced by late Pleistocene and early Holocene humans, neither parochialism nor altruism would have been viable singly, but by promoting group conflict, they could have evolved jointly. (sciencemag.org)
- But parochial altruism could have emerged and proliferated among early humans because our ancestors lived in environments in which competition for resources favored groups with substantial numbers of parochial altruists willing to engage in hostile conflict with outsiders on behalf of their fellow group members. (sciencemag.org)
- Contrast Theories Explaining Altruism in Humans Altruism according to evolutionary theory is a behaviour that reduces the fitness of the altruistic individual but increases the fitness of the individual receiving help (Okasha, 2008). (antiessays.com)
- Human Relationships Contrast two theories explaining altruism in humans Altruism refers to the performance of prosocial actions without expectations of benefit for oneself. (antiessays.com)
Reciprocal5
- The other is reciprocal altruism . (everything2.com)
- By definition, altruism is a direct loss of benefit to itself - though it may gain by later return of the favour: but if it does, this is the unrelated phenomenon of reciprocal altruism , which has a different genetic basis. (everything2.com)
- Other approaches to the evolutionary puzzle of altruism also appeared in the next half-century: the ability to expect and receive reciprocal altruism, the benefits to an individual's reputation, cooperation in games where the cumulative payoff beats defection, and other models. (prospect.org)
- In this paper we show through the dictator game (DG) that an individual's listening to preferred "chill-inducing" music may promote altruistic behavior that extends beyond the bounds of kin selection or reciprocal altruism. (frontiersin.org)
- This is called "reciprocal altruism" - members of different species or families collaborating with each other for the mutual benefit. (hubpages.com)
Extreme altruism7
- Rand, D. G. & Epstein, Z. G. Risking your life without a second thought: intuitive decision-making and extreme altruism. (nature.com)
- Researcher Abigail Marsh tells the tale of her very personal brush with extreme altruism. (the-scientist.com)
- We can define extreme altruism as an act taken for the benefit of another that involves making large life-altering or life-threatening sacrifices or personal risks. (bioethics.net)
- Society's approach to extreme altruism is inconsistent. (bioethics.net)
- It is not clear why extreme altruism should be limited to national emergency. (bioethics.net)
- We have argued at various points for extreme altruism in medicine. (bioethics.net)
- We argue that extreme altruism should be allowed in the current pandemic and give examples based on previous work and one novel proposal: the very elderly or infirm, such as nursing home residents, volunteering for risky challenge studies. (bioethics.net)
Behavior13
- E.O. Wilson defines sociobiology as "the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior," the central theoretical problem of which is the question of how behaviors that seemingly contradict the principles of natural selection, such as altruism , can develop. (jahsonic.com)
- Altruism is one of the great mysteries of social behavior in animals, as it appears to contradict our understanding of natural selection . (factbites.com)
- Biologists usually define "altruism" as behavior of an animal that is risky-perhaps deadly-for that animal, but benefits other members of its community . (factbites.com)
- Although there are differences in opinion, it is generally believed that animal altruism exists and survives as a behavior pattern because there is some reproductive advantage to the group. (factbites.com)
- People become non-cooperative and express antisocial behavior as a result of faulty or incomplete development of their natural potential for cooperation and altruism. (springer.com)
- Research questions that can be explored using this learning guide include: what are the factors that motivate one person to help another, how costs and rewards, or empathy influence helping and altruism, the impact that cultural norms and roles may have on helping behavior, and whether characteristics of the person needing help influence helping behavior and if so, how. (umich.edu)
- Intraspecific adoption is troublesome for evolutionists, since they must explain altruistic behavior when their dogma predicts a complete lack of altruism. (answersingenesis.org)
- 2. Responder behavior (basically, willingness to punish even when it's expensive to punish) seems about twice as heritable as risk-taking and altruism. (gnxp.com)
- This area of study is the beginning of a fascinating new argument about altruism-that a branch of our nervous system evolved to support such behavior. (futurismic.com)
- Religion may be an important source of altruism, yet from a scientific perspective, religion's effects on thought and behavior are not well understood. (templeton.org)
- Pathological altruism can be conceived as behavior in which attempts to promote the welfare of another, or others, results instead in harm that an external observer would conclude was reasonably foreseeable. (aier.org)
- Biological Altruism: Theories which Explain the Presence of Altruistic Behavior in Animals. (hubpages.com)
- Well, according to evolutionary scientists altruism or altruistic behavior promotes the survival of a group. (hubpages.com)
Existence of altruism in nature2
- From a Darwinian viewpoint, the existence of altruism in nature is at first sight puzzling, as Darwin himself realized. (stanford.edu)
- The existence of altruism in nature is at first sight puzzling, because altruistic behaviour reduces the likelihood that an individual will reproduce. (wikipedia.org)
Biological13
- Altruism in biological observations in field populations of the day organisms can be defined as an individual performing an action which is at a cost to themselves (e.g., pleasure and quality of life, time, probability of survival or reproduction), but benefits, either directly or indirectly, another third-party individual, without the expectation of reciprocity or compensation for that action. (wikipedia.org)
- This biological notion of altruism is not identical to the everyday concept. (stanford.edu)
- Indeed, some of the most interesting examples of biological altruism are found among creatures that are (presumably) not capable of conscious thought at all, e.g. insects. (stanford.edu)
- Burnstein, E., Crandall, C. & Kitayama, S. Some neo-Darwinian decision rules for altruism: weighing cues for inclusive fitness as a function of the biological importance of the decision. (nature.com)
- Miniature robots are helping to solve a longstanding biological puzzle-that of altruism. (technologyreview.com)
- Why, from a evolutionary biological standpoint, does altruism exist? (technologyreview.com)
- Thus, they are not part of the meaning of "altruism" in the biological sense. (utm.edu)
- Connecting biological and moral altruism is typically done without conflating the two, that is, without committing the naturalistic fallacy of "is implies ought. (utm.edu)
- In order to investigate biological and cognitive explanations for religiously motivated altruism, I will utilize perspectives from psychology and cognitive science (i.e., examining potential cognitive mediators) and techniques from genetics (i.e., measuring predisposition to reward and punishment sensitivity using a multilocus genetic composite of dopamine-related genes) while also considering the social environment (i.e., deservingness of the target of altruism) in a gene-environment interaction. (templeton.org)
- This research will test a proposed model for how both biological and cognitive perspectives can be integrated to understand why religion increases altruism for certain individuals in particular contexts. (templeton.org)
- These are the questions that occupied the brilliant and troubled mind of population geneticist and author George Price , who developed what's still regarded as the most accurate mathematical, biological and evolutionary model for altruism before taking his own life at the age of 52. (brainpickings.org)
- What is Biological Altruism? (hubpages.com)
- Biological altruism is defined as the behavioral tendency of organisms to promote the survival of another organism (usually of the same species) at the expense of their own survival. (hubpages.com)
Form of altruism2
- We hypothesized that variations in social discounting may represent a proximal mechanism supporting this form of altruism. (nature.com)
- This would seem to run counter to any form of altruism, including adoption of offspring of the same species. (answersingenesis.org)
Risk and altruism1
- Do testosterone and oestrogen affect our attitudes to fairness, trust, risk and altruism? (scienceblogs.com)
Think of altruism2
- In order to understand how they think of altruism and judgmentalism, we're forced to backport a definition from their conclusions and from how they designed the study. (hoboes.com)
- When you think of altruism, what readily comes to mind? (aier.org)
Origins of Altruism1
- Origins of Altruism and Cooperation presents an avalanche of information and perspectives that can at times be overwhelming, a number of important themes emerge from the diverse material discussed by these many authors. (springer.com)
Concept of altruism1
- [1] Altruism in this sense is different from the philosophical concept of altruism, in which an action would only be called "altruistic" if it was done with the conscious intention of helping another. (wikipedia.org)
Example of altruism4
- One extreme example of altruism is the Stegodyphus spider, with a unique system of matriphagy. (socyberty.com)
- A puzzling example of altruism in na. (bio-medicine.org)
- A puzzling example of altruism in nature has been debunked with resear. (bio-medicine.org)
- A puzzling example of altruism in nature has been debunked with researchers showing that purple-crowned fairy wrens are in reality cunningly planning for their own future when they assist in raising other birds' young by balancing the amount of assistance they give with the benefits they expect to receive in the future. (bio-medicine.org)
Empathy and altruism1
- Neurons of Compassion: Have we found the basis for empathy and altruism? (spiritualityhealth.com)
Research on altruism1
- Two related strands of research on altruism have emerged from traditional evolutionary analyses and from evolutionary game theory a mathematical model and analysis of behavioural strategies. (wikipedia.org)
Egoism5
- To preach egoism is to practise altruism. (wikiquote.org)
- The word "altruism" was coined by the French philosopher Auguste Comte in French, as altruisme, for an antonym of egoism. (wikipedia.org)
- Altruism refers to improving the lives of others-as opposed to egoism, which emphasizes only self-interest. (wikipedia.org)
- altruism (n .) "unselfishness, opposite of egoism," from French altruisme , coined by French philosopher Auguste Comte in the 1800s. (hubpages.com)
- This essay will discuss the view that pro social behaviour can be both a selfless and a selfish act and how it is determined by factors such as altruism and empathy/egoism cultural influences and kin selection. (antiessays.com)
Evolve4
- If selection acts exclusively at the individual level, favouring some individual organisms over others, then it seems that altruism cannot evolve, for behaving altruistically is disadvantageous for the individual organism itself, by definition. (stanford.edu)
- If altruism is to evolve, it must be the case that the recipients of altruistic actions have a greater than average probability of being altruists themselves. (factbites.com)
- He even came up with a mathematical equation to describe under what situations altruism was likely to evolve. (technologyreview.com)
- So kin selection theory predicts that altruism will only evolve to help related individuals. (eurekalert.org)
Psychology3
- Much debate exists as to whether "true" altruism is possible in human psychology. (wikipedia.org)
- We, the editors, are convinced that their highly instructive findings will help researchers interested in parochial altruism, but also in intergroup psychology more generally, to gain a much more fine-grained understanding of the interplay of altruistic and spiteful motives in human decision making in the context of intergroup relations. (frontiersin.org)
- Altruism/relationship, maybe for a personal god, maybe for others, seems to take us beyond natural laws of behavioral psychology. (freakonomics.com)
True altruism2
- Cases of animals helping individuals to whom they are closely related can be explained by kin selection , and are not considered true altruism. (wikipedia.org)
- Where does true altruism come from? (brainpickings.org)
Pure altruism7
- A new study suggests how personality, charitable giving, and aging converge in the brain in a way that reflects "pure" altruism. (psychcentral.com)
- To isolate pure altruism from other motivations, they triangulated methods from the three fields. (psychcentral.com)
- It is exciting that the three very different methods converge on a common general benevolence dimension and that we can reliably measure pure altruism. (psychcentral.com)
- Since general benevolence increases with age, Mayr said, it suggests the possibility that life experiences may plant the seeds of pure altruism in people, allowing them to grow into the desire to contribute to the public good. (psychcentral.com)
- Does pure altruism exist? (opb.org)
- Pure" altruism is apparently not enough to guarantee a steady supply of blood, but economic incentives to donate might crowd-out intrinsic motivations. (voxeu.org)
- But given these alarming shortages, "pure" altruism is apparently not enough to guarantee a steady supply of blood. (voxeu.org)
Costly altruism3
- They do not have the mental equipment for an eternal, dangerous and sometimes costly altruism. (wikiquote.org)
- We hypothesized that variations in one or both mechanisms drive costly altruism towards distant others. (nature.com)
- Previous evidence does not directly link costly altruism towards strangers to reduced social discounting. (nature.com)
Affect altruism2
- New research (earlier, ungated version here ) looks at one factor that may affect altruism in the real world: communication. (freakonomics.com)
- Across three experiments, this research will examine: 1) whether cognitive mediators, such as concerns about supernatural punishment or reward, explain the effect of religion on altruism, and 2) whether concerns about supernatural punishment and reward affect altruism differently depending on genetic predispositions to be reward- and punishment-sensitive and also depending on the social context. (templeton.org)
Pathological2
- Yet, like any other adaptation, altruism can have pathological manifestations. (goodreads.com)
- We have been discussing pathological altruism among Whites quite a bit lately on TOO. (theoccidentalobserver.net)
Sacrifice5
- Compare Altruism (ethics) - perception of altruism as self-sacrifice . (wikipedia.org)
- Altruism is an ethical doctrine that holds that individuals have an ethical obligation to help, serve, or benefit others, if necessary at the sacrifice of self interest. (factbites.com)
- Altruism is a code of ethics which hold the welfare of others as the standard of " good ", and self-sacrifice as the only moral action. (factbites.com)
- The unstated premise of the doctrine of altruism is that all relationships among men involve sacrifice. (factbites.com)
- Altruism is the deliberate sacrifice of a portion of an individual's reproductive capacity in order to increase that of another. (factbites.com)
Scientists3
- These distinctions between ordinary and technical senses of "altruism" notwithstanding, many scientists often link them in the evolutionary debates over group selection. (utm.edu)
- While this itself is evidence against evolutionary dogma, when animals exhibit altruism, evolutionary scientists are often left scratching their heads. (answersingenesis.org)
- Our research and that of other scientists suggests that the vagus nerve may be a physiological system that supports caretaking and altruism. (futurismic.com)
Behavioral2
- For the concept in behavioral ecology, see Altruism (biology) . (wikipedia.org)
- Is Altruism a Behavioral Disorder? (bigthink.com)
Perspectives1
- Whilst ideas about altruism from one field can affect the other fields, the different methods and focuses of these fields always lead to different perspectives on altruism. (wikipedia.org)
Philosophical1
- Authors Elizabeth Midlarsky and Eva Kahana introduce the results of a series of investigations on assistance offered by--rather than to--the elderly, in the context of historical, philosophical, and theoretical trends in gerontology and altruism research. (sagepub.com)
Darwinian1
- How can the existence of altruism be reconciled with basic Darwinian principles? (stanford.edu)
Altruisme1
- The word "altruism" (French, altruisme , from autrui: "other people", derived from Latin alter: "other") was coined by Auguste Comte , the French founder of positivism , in order to describe the ethical doctrine he supported. (factbites.com)
Unselfish1
- President of the Institute for Research on Unlimited Love, he has studied altruism and unselfish love for three decades at the interface of science, philosophy, and world religions. (indigo.ca)
People's2
- Reading the study, it appears that what they mean by altruism is a willingness to be free with other people's resources, a willingness to give to anonymous others without ever finding out who those others are or what they really need. (hoboes.com)
- To answer these questions, lets look at some theories about altruism, and examine altruistic people's worldview. (hubpages.com)
Theories1
- It provided great history on the theories and debates of Altruism, but more importantly it provided tangible, action related learning. (coursera.org)
Genes2
- Wilson broke with this view, proposing that altruism evolved because it benefits groups , rather than genes. (newscientist.com)
- and because altruism via group selection may explain some major evolutionary transitions in the history of life (such as the transition from separate molecules into a gene, from individual genes into a chromosome, from individual cells into a multi-cellular organism, and from multi-cellular organisms turning into a social group). (utm.edu)
Ethics1
- Altruism-healthy altruism-benefits society in many positive ways and is ingrained in Western philosophy and ethics. (aier.org)
Species6
- So the high relatedness observed in ants, bees and wasps - so-called eusocial species that have a queen and sterile workers - is a consequence, not a cause, of altruism. (newscientist.com)
- Death through altruism appears to be more common in the world than death through aggression by a member of the same species. (factbites.com)
- The book does three things that many of the other books on this subject don't do: it gives some background about altruism and cooperation in specific non-human primate species, it reviews the neuroscience behind these behaviors, and it shows the practical applications of altruism and cooperation in such things as education and healthcare. (springer.com)
- Darwin's idea that more cooperative groups had better survival chances throughout our species' supposedly very violent (pre)history ( Bowles, 2009 ), and that in-group directed altruism and out-group directed hostility could have evolved together seems intuitively plausible. (frontiersin.org)
- The case that altruism evolves in all social species is surprisingly simple to make. (goodreads.com)
- This is referred to as "kin altruism" - members of the same species or family preferring or helping each other. (hubpages.com)
Wilson4
- Wilson seeks to explain how group selection, altruism , hierarchies, and sexual selection work in populations of animals, and to identify evolutionary trends and sociobiological characteristics of all animal groups, up to and including man. (jahsonic.com)
- The meaning of "altruism" in ordinary language is quite different from its use among evolutionary biologists (Sober and Wilson, 1998, pp. 17-18). (utm.edu)
- From an evolutionary viewpoint, Wilson argues, altruism is inextricably linked to the functional organization of groups. (goodreads.com)
- Wilson concludes by showing how a social theory that goes beyond altruism by focusing on group function can help to improve the human condition. (goodreads.com)
Traits2
- The traits of altruism and cooperation often are assumed to be among humanity's essential and defining characteristics. (springer.com)
- Neither parochialism nor altruism would seem likely to survive any selection process that favors traits with higher payoffs. (sciencemag.org)
Compassion2
- Altruism, or benefitting others, can be driven by various kinds of motivation and justification, including impartial or impersonal reasoning and sentiments such as sympathy and compassion. (wikipedia.org)
- People who have high vagus nerve activation in a resting state, we have found, are prone to feeling emotions that promote altruism-compassion, gratitude, love, happiness. (futurismic.com)
Parochial7
- By suggesting an evolutionary link between "in-group love" and "out-group hate," though, parochial altruism theory sparked renewed interdisciplinary interest in this topic (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
- The ten original studies included in this Research Topic investigate selected assumptions and predictions of parochial altruism theory in detail. (frontiersin.org)
- The broad range of disciplines represented by the authors contributing to this Research Topic and the variety of methods used in their studies are representative for the current interdisciplinary interest in parochial altruism. (frontiersin.org)
- Thus, we hope that future theorizing on parochial altruism will be stimulated by the evidence gathered in this Research Topic (also see Everett et al . (frontiersin.org)
- In the remainder of this editorial, we briefly highlight central findings reported here, which, to us, appear most informative for prospective enhancements of parochial altruism theory. (frontiersin.org)
- provide some of the first evidence of "unprovoked" parochial altruism in a laboratory setting. (frontiersin.org)
- But parochial altruism could have evolved if parochialism promoted intergroup hostilities and the combination of altruism and parochialism contributed to success in these conflicts. (sciencemag.org)
Biology2
- In biology , one of the two most common and best understood forms of altruism . (everything2.com)
- In biology , altruism refers to behaviour by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor. (wikipedia.org)
Practise1
- Organisms do not practise kin altruism because it is good for the other individual they are benefiting. (everything2.com)
Prosocial1
- In the attempt to understand the influences, which prompt people to help at some occasions, but remain passive at others, there has been plenty of research about prosocial behaviour and the phenomenon of altruism. (antiessays.com)
Definition3
- this is a functional definition of altruism. (wikipedia.org)
- Whether altruism occurs depends on several things: on the population's initial conditions, on the definition of "altruism" as absolute or relative fitness reduction ─ that is, whether one suffers a net loss or not (Kerr et al. (utm.edu)
- In other words, their definition of altruism sounds a lot like paying taxes and being a government bureaucrat. (hoboes.com)
Welfare4
- Altruism or selflessness is the principle or practice of concern for the welfare of others. (wikipedia.org)
- In simple terms, altruism is caring about the welfare of other people and acting to help them. (wikipedia.org)
- In every human society, altruism, a selfless concern for the welfare of others, is considered a noble virtue. (socyberty.com)
- we simply assume that the altruist cares about the welfare of the beneficiary of his altruism, where that welfare is defined by the beneficiary's preferences. (daviddfriedman.com)
Pathologies2
- So some of my research involves pathologies of altruism and that is sort of this road to hell is sometimes paved by good intentions. (bigthink.com)
- Pathologies of altruism and empathy not only underlie health issues, but also a disparate slew of humankind's most troubled features, including genocide, suicide bombing, self-righteous political partisanship, and ineffective philanthropic and social programs that ultimately worsen the situations they are meant to aid. (aier.org)
Researchers1
- The income finding may appear surprising but researchers say it helps to explain that altruism increases with age, and "not simply due to older adults being generally wealthier. (psychcentral.com)
Exhibit2
- Even bacteria exhibit altruism. (socyberty.com)
- Agents exhibit pure intergenerational altruism if they care not just about the consumption utility experienced by future generations, but about their total wellbeing. (lse.ac.uk)
Approaches1
- Our approach allowed us to look at commonalities in the different approaches to assess altruism," Mayr said. (psychcentral.com)
Psychological2
- Batson, C. D. The naked emperor: seeking a more plausible genetic basis for psychological altruism. (nature.com)
- The 2006 research by Jorge Moll and Jordan Grafman of the National Institutes of Health that used brain imaging and psychological experiments at once challenges centuries-old conviction that has associated altruism with a higher moral faculty. (ohmynews.com)
Argues2
Exist4
- Does Altruism Exist? (prospect.org)
- Start by marking "Does Altruism Exist? (goodreads.com)
- Be the first to ask a question about Does Altruism Exist? (goodreads.com)
- Start your review of Does Altruism Exist? (goodreads.com)
Generosity2
- Since the dictator game provides the most suitable design for studying altruism and generosity in the lab setting, we use a modified version to study the beliefs involved in the game. (repec.org)
- Let us try to teach generosity and altruism, because we are born selfish. (finestquotes.com)
Practice2
- Altruism is the principle and moral practice of concern for happiness of other human beings or other animals, resulting in a quality of life both material and spiritual. (wikipedia.org)
- What would animals reckon if we told them that only the higher primates of the family Hominidae could practice altruism? (socyberty.com)
Rewards1
- Their goal was to find a sweet spot where altruism is done for the simple joy of seeing others benefit without expecting personal rewards or recognition, said Dr. Ulrich Mayr, lead author on the paper. (psychcentral.com)
Genetic1
- Hughes accepts that there is much more to altruism than simple genetic benefits. (newscientist.com)
Refers1
- living being or group, and next Altruism which refers to an act that is meant to benefit another rather than oneself. (antiessays.com)