Alpinia: A plant genus of the family ZINGIBERACEAE. Members contain galangin, yakuchinone-A, and diarylheptanoids.Rhizome: Root-like underground horizontal stem of plants that produces shoots above and roots below. Distinguished from true roots which don't have buds and nodes. Similar to true roots in being underground and thickened by storage deposits.Pancrelipase: A preparation of hog pancreatic enzymes standardized for lipase content.Tagetes: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The common name of marigold is also used for CALENDULA.Heptanes: Seven-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.Plant Extracts: Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.Benzyl Alcohols: Alcohols derived from the aryl radical (C6H5CH2-) and defined by C6H5CHOH. The concept includes derivatives with any substituents on the benzene ring.Mentha: Mentha is a genus of the mint family (LAMIACEAE). It is known for species having characteristic flavor and aroma.Zingiberales: This plant order includes 8 families, 66 genera, and about 1,800 species. These herbaceous perennials are mainly found in the wet tropics. Members include the banana family (MUSACEAE) and GINGER family (ZINGIBERACEAE).Hymenolepis nana: The smallest species of TAPEWORMS. It is the only cestode that parasitizes humans without requiring an intermediate host.Lantana: A plant genus of the family VERBENACEAE. Members contain lantadene and other TRITERPENES.Diarylheptanoids: A group of compounds consisting of two aromatic rings separated by seven carbons (HEPTANES) and having various substituents. The best known member is CURCUMIN.Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.Zingiberaceae: A plant family of the order Zingiberales, subclass Zingiberidae, class Liliopsida. It includes plants which have both flavoring and medicinal properties such as GINGER; turmeric (CURCUMA), and cardamom (ELETTARIA).Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (OILS, VOLATILE). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically.Seeds: The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.Convolvulaceae: The morning glory family of flowering plants, of the order Solanales, which includes about 50 genera and at least 1,400 species. Leaves are alternate and flowers are funnel-shaped. Most are twining and erect herbs, with a few woody vines, trees, and shrubs.Pollination: The transfer of POLLEN grains (male gametes) to the plant ovule (female gamete).Flowers: The reproductive organs of plants.Orchidaceae: A plant family of the order Orchidales, subclass Liliidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). All orchids have the same bilaterally symmetrical flower structure, with three sepals, but the flowers vary greatly in color and shape.Plant Leaves: Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)Plant Components, Aerial: The above-ground plant without the roots.China: A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol.Tea: The infusion of leaves of CAMELLIA SINENSIS (formerly Thea sinensis) as a beverage, the familiar Asian tea, which contains CATECHIN (especially epigallocatechin gallate) and CAFFEINE.Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid: A CHROMATOGRAPHY method using supercritical fluid, usually carbon dioxide under very high pressure (around 73 atmospheres or 1070 psi at room temperature) as the mobile phase. Other solvents are sometimes added as modifiers. This is used both for analytical (SFC) and extraction (SFE) purposes.Tribolium: A genus of small beetles of the family Tenebrionidae; T. confusum is the "confused flour beetle".Mitragyna: A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. Members contain antimalarial (ANTIMALARIALS) and analgesic (ANALGESICS) indole alkaloids.EstersCoumaric Acids: Hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives. Act as activators of the indoleacetic acid oxidizing system, thereby producing a decrease in the endogenous level of bound indoleacetic acid in plants.Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.GlucosidesElettaria: A plant genus of the family ZINGIBERACEAE, order Zingiberales, subclass Zingiberidae. Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton is the source of Cardamom used in SPICES.Drugs, Chinese Herbal: Chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in China.Chyle: An opaque, milky-white fluid consisting mainly of emulsified fats that passes through the lacteals of the small intestines into the lymphatic system.Herbal Medicine: The study of medicines derived from botanical sources.Copyright: It is a form of protection provided by law. In the United States this protection is granted to authors of original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works. (from Circular of the United States Copyright Office, 6/30/2008)Computer Security: Protective measures against unauthorized access to or interference with computer operating systems, telecommunications, or data structures, especially the modification, deletion, destruction, or release of data in computers. It includes methods of forestalling interference by computer viruses or so-called computer hackers aiming to compromise stored data.Confidentiality: The privacy of information and its protection against unauthorized disclosure.Privacy: The state of being free from intrusion or disturbance in one's private life or affairs. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)Licensure: The legal authority or formal permission from authorities to carry on certain activities which by law or regulation require such permission. It may be applied to licensure of institutions as well as individuals.Genetic Privacy: The protection of genetic information about an individual, family, or population group, from unauthorized disclosure.Health Policy: Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system.Rectal Prolapse: Protrusion of the rectal mucous membrane through the anus. There are various degrees: incomplete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle but with herniation of the bowel; and internal complete with rectosigmoid or upper rectum intussusception into the lower rectum.Rectocele: Herniation of the RECTUM into the VAGINA.Surgical Stapling: A technique of closing incisions and wounds, or of joining and connecting tissues, in which staples are used as sutures.Drug Information Services: Services providing pharmaceutic and therapeutic drug information and consultation.Emulsions: Colloids formed by the combination of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. Lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion. Water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. The formation of emulsions may be aided by amphiphatic molecules that surround one component of the system to form MICELLES.Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.Sun Protection Factor: A measure of relative protection provided by SUNSCREENING AGENTS against burns due to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from a light source.Arvicolinae: A subfamily of MURIDAE found nearly world-wide and consisting of about 20 genera. Voles, lemmings, and muskrats are members.Sunlight: Irradiation directly from the sun.Protective Clothing: Clothing designed to protect the individual against possible exposure to known hazards.
A diarylheptanoid from lesser galangal (Alpinia officinarum) inhibits proinflammatory mediators via inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase, p44/42, and transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B. (1/36)
The diarylheptanoid 7-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylhept-4-en-3-one (HMP) is a naturally occurring phytochemical found in lesser galangal (Alpinia officinarum). In the present study, we have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory properties of this compound on mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with HMP (6.25-25 microM) significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production. This compound also inhibited the release of LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) from human PB-MCs in vitro. In addition, Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that HMP decreased LPS-induced inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein and mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, HMP treatment also reduced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) DNA binding induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells. To elucidate the molecular mechanism for inhibition of proinflammatory mediators by HMP (25 microM), we have studied the effect of HMP on LPS-induced p38 and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). We observed that the phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was markedly inhibited by HMP, whereas activation of p38 MAPK was not affected. These results suggested that HMP from lesser galangal suppressed the LPS-induced production of NO, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha and expression of iNOS and COX-2 gene expression by inhibiting NF-kappa B activation and phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK. (+info)3-Methylethergalangin isolated from Alpinia officinarum inhibits pancreatic lipase. (2/36)
The pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum (AO) and its antihyperlipidemic activity were measured. When the water extract of AO was fractionated stepwise with organic solvents, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most potent inhibition. 3-Methylethergalangin was isolated from that fraction as an inhibitor of pancreatic lipase with an IC(50) value of 1.3 mg/ml (triolein as a substrate). AO and its ethyl acetate fraction significantly inhibited the serum TG level in corn oil feeding-induced triglyceridemic mice, and serum triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice. However, this compound and the AO ethyl acetate fraction did not show hypolipidemic activity in high cholesterol diet-induced hyperlipidemic mice. The results suggest that the hypolipidemic activity of AO and 3-methylethergalangin is due to the inhibition of pancreatic lipase. (+info)5-Hydroxy-7-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone: a pancreatic lipase inhibitor isolated from Alpinia officinarum. (3/36)
A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, 5-hydroxy-7-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone (HPH), from the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum (AO) was isolated and its antihyperlipidemic activity was measured. HPH inhibited a pancreatic lipase with an IC(50) value of 1.5 mg/ml (triolein as a substrate). HPH significantly lowered the serum TG level in corn oil feeding-induced triglyceridemic mice, and reduced serum triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice. However, HPH did not show hypolipidemic activity in high cholesterol diet-induced hyperlipidemic mice. Based on these findings, we propose that PL inhibitors may be effective as hypolipidemic agents. (+info)Inhibitors of nitric oxide production from the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga: structures of new 8-9' linked neolignans and sesquineolignan. (4/36)
The 80% aqueous acetone extract from the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga showed nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory activities in mouse peritoneal macrophages. From the aqueous acetone extract, three new 8-9' linked neolignans, galanganal, galanganols A and B, and a sesquineolignan, galanganol C, were isolated together with nine known phenylpropanoids and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The structures of new neolignans were determined on the basis of physicochemical and chemical evidence. In addition, the inhibitory effects of the constituents from the rhizomes of A. galanga on NO production induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse peritoneal macrophages were examined. Among them, galanganal (IC50=68 microM), galanganols B (88 microM) and C (33 microM), 1'S-1'-acetoxychavicol acetate (2.3 microM), 1'S-1'-acetoxyeugenol acetate (11 microM), trans-p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (ca. 20 microM), trans-p-coumaryl alcohol (72 microM), and trans-p-coumaryl diacetate (19 microM) were found to show inhibitory activity. (+info)Blockade of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway and anti-inflammatory activity of cardamomin, a chalcone analog from Alpinia conchigera. (5/36)
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and the signaling pathways that regulate its activity have become a focal point for intense drug discovery and development efforts. NF-kappaB regulates the transcription of a large number of genes, particularly those involved in immune, inflammatory, and antiapoptotic responses. In our search for NF-kappaB inhibitors from natural resources, we identified cardamomin, 2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxychalcone, as an inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation from Alpinia conchigera Griff (Zingiberaceae). In present study, we demonstrated the effect of cardamomin on NF-kappaB activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and LPS-induced mortality. This compound significantly inhibited the induced expression of NF-kappaB reporter gene by LPS or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in a dose-dependent manner. LPS-induced production of TNF-alpha and NO as well as expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 was significantly suppressed by the treatment of cardamomin in RAW264.7 cells. Also, cardamomin inhibited not only LPS-induced degradation and phosphorylation of inhibitor kappaBalpha (IkappaBalpha) but also activation of inhibitor kappaB (IkappaB) kinases and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. Further analyses revealed that cardamomin did not directly inhibit IkappaB kinases, but it significantly suppressed LPS-induced activation of Akt. Moreover, cardamomin suppressed transcriptional activity and phosphorylation of Ser536 of RelA/p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. However, this compound did not inhibit LPS-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, but significantly impaired activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. We also demonstrated that pretreatment of cardamomin rescued C57BL/6 mice from LPS-induced mortality in conjunction with decreased serum level of TNF-alpha. Together, cardamomin could be valuable candidate for the intervention of NF-kappaB-dependent pathological condition such as inflammation. (+info)New diarylheptanoids from Alpinia pinnanensis. (6/36)
Three new diarylheptanoids, called alpinnanins A-C (1-3), together with two known chalcones, 2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxychalcone and 4',6'-dimethylchalconaringenin, two known flavanones, alpinetin and naringenin 5-O-methyl ether, a known diarylheptanoid, (3S,5S)-trans-3,5-dihydroxy-1,7-diphenyl-1-heptene, stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol as a mixture, and beta-sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from the rhizomes of Alpinia pinnanensis T. L. WU et SENJEN (Zingiberaceae). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. (+info)Suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by yakuchinones and their analogues. (7/36)
Analogues of yakuchinones were synthesized as inhibitors of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 cells. We prepared stronger inhibitors than the original natural molecules, yakuchinones A and B reported from Alpinia oxyphylla. From the limited structural activity relation study of analogues, we concluded that the optimal length of linker between two aryl groups and the presence of enone moiety in the linker were identified as essential for the activity. The IC50 value of the most potent structure was 0.92 microM. The active analogues suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase protein and mRNA. (+info)1'S-1'-acetoxychavicol acetate isolated from Alpinia galanga inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by blocking Rev transport. (8/36)
AIDS remains a major global health concern. Despite a number of therapeutic advancements, there is still an urgent need to develop a new class of therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Here, it was shown that 1'S-1'-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA), a small molecular compound isolated from the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga, inhibited Rev transport at a low concentration by binding to chromosomal region maintenance 1 and accumulating full-length HIV-1 RNA in the nucleus, resulting in a block in HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Additionally, ACA and didanosine acted synergistically to inhibit HIV-1 replication. Thus, ACA may represent a novel treatment for HIV-1 infection, especially in combination with other anti-HIV drugs. (+info)The shrub and herb layer has Glochidion spp., Alpinia spp., Mallotus philippinensis, wild banana, tree fern, pepper etc. The ...
... is a phytochemical isolated from a variety of plants including those of the genus Alpinia. It is going through tests ... Kimura, Yushiro; Takahashi, Shuhichi; Yoshida, Ikuo (1968). "Constituents of Alpinia. XII. Constituents of the seeds of A. ... "Vasorelaxant effects of cardamonin and alpinetin from Alpinia henryi K. Schum". J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 37 (5): 596-606. PMID ...
... mother Alpinia Lucana. The second inscription is a small bronze votive plaque from Kaul in Luxembourg, which reads: [LE]NO MAR[ ...
Alpinia caerulea (R.Br.) Benth. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Alstonia spectabilis R.Br. Alternanthera angustifolia R.Br. ...
Crisp Alpinia arctiflora (F.Muell.) Benth. Alpinia modesta (F.Muell.) K.Schum. Alpinia racemigera F.Muell. Alstonia constricta ...
Alpinia zerumbet as syn. Renealmia nutans in Temple of Flora by Robert John Thornton, 1812 Snowdrop, The Temple of Flora (1797- ...
... mother Alpinia Lucana. The second inscription, a small bronze votive plaque from Kaul in Luxembourg, reads: [LE]NO MAR[TI] ...
Alpinia galanga for skin infection. Cocos nucifera for fever and measles. Curcuma longa for acne and pimples. Hibiscus rosa- ... For example, root decoction of Alpinia conchigera is used as a shampoo to clean fleas on the head, its leaves are used as ...
Alpinia spicata, Spiked Spiralflag". Retrieved 2010-12-25. George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst. 2005. "A Tropical Garden ...
... is a chalconoid that has been isolated from several plants including Alpinia katsumadai and Alpinia conchigera. It has received ... Kimura, Y.; Takahashi, S.; Yoshida, I. (1968). "Studies on the constituents of Alpinia. XII. On the constituents of the seeds ... a Chalcone Analog from Alpinia conchigera". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 316 (1): 271-278. doi: ... of Alpinia katsumadai hayata. I. The structure of cardamomin". Yakugaku Zasshi. 88 (2): 239-241. PMID 5692492. Lee, J. -H.; ...
It is also found in the rhizome of Alpinia galanga and in propolis. Galangin has been shown to have in vitro antibacterial and ... Galangin is found in high concentrations in Alpinia officinarum (lesser galangal) and Helichrysum aureonitens. ... "Antileishmanial phenylpropanoids from Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd" (PDF). Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 48 (3): 314 ...
... is present in Abelmoschus manihot and Alpinia nigra. Heptatriacontanoic acid was also measured in ... alpinia nigra)". Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs. 31 (6): 404-405. ,access-date= requires ,url= (help) Brown, Paul B. " ...
... alpinia (wd , gwp gwe g , in it p) MeSH B06.388.100.975.900.099 --- amomum (wd , gwp gwe g , in it p) MeSH B06.388.100.975. ...
in H.G.A.Engler - Cameroon Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) Maas - Latin America and the West Indies from Veracruz and Puerto Rico ...
Alpinia allughas), Kaupat (Phrynium imbricatum), and Sorat (Laported cremulata). The isolation of the park by numerous tea ...
Alpinia kwangsiensis). Duckworth, J. W. & Lunde, D. (2008). "Tamiops maritimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version ...
... stellata (Oberthür) China The larvae feed on Zingiberaceae including Alpinia. Curcuma, Etlingera, Zingiber on Gramineae ...
Ornamental genera include the shell gingers (Alpinia), Siam or summer tulip (Curcuma alismatifolia), Globba, ginger lily ( ... Some genera yield essential oils used in the perfume industry (Alpinia, Hedychium). Subfamily Siphonochiloideae Tribe ... Alpinia galanga and others), melegueta pepper (Aframomum melegueta), myoga (Zingiber mioga), korarima (Aframomum corrorima), ... grains of paradise Alpinia - galangal Amomum Aulotandra Cyphostigma Elettaria - cardamom Elettariopsis Etlingera Geocharis ...
Myanmar Rhynchanthus longiflorus Hook.f. - Myanmar, Assam formerly included Rhynchanthus papuanus Gilli = Alpinia acuminata R.M ...
Alpinia zerumbet Curcuma xanthorrhiza Curcuma zedoaria Etlingera elatior Kaempferia galanga "Curcuma longa". Germplasm ...
... may refer to: Any of several plants in the Alpinia genus; e.g. Alpinia nutans, and Alpinia zerumbet Any of several ...
"Chewing John" is galangal, Alpinia galanga - a member of the ginger family. This is chewed much as chewing tobacco is chewed, ...
The wingspan is about 40 millimetres (1.6 in). The larvae feed on various Zingiberaceae species, including Alpinia caerulea and ...
Botanical synonyms include Nicolaia elatior, Phaeomeria magnifica, Nicolaia speciosa, Phaeomeria speciosa, Alpinia elatior, and ... Alpinia galanga Curcuma longa Etlingera fulgens Etlingera maingayi Kaempferia galanga, Riffle, Robert Lee (1998). The tropical ... Alpinia magnifica. The showy pink flowers are used in decorative arrangements, , bunga kecombrang, are an important ingredient ...
"Molecullar and biochemical effect of alcohlic extract of Alpinia galanga on rat spermatogenesis process". Iranian Journal of ...
... alpinia Alpinia rechingeri Alpinia regia Alpinia reticosa Alpinia rheedii Alpinia rigida Alpinia rolfei Alpinia romblonensis ... Alpinia romburghiana Alpinia rosacea Alpinia roscoeana Alpinia rosea Alpinia rosella Alpinia roxburghii Alpinia rubella Alpinia ... Alpinia domatifera Alpinia dyeri Alpinia edanoi Alpinia elmeri Alpinia elwesii Alpinia emaculata Alpinia engleriana Alpinia ... Alpinia vulcanica Alpinia walang Alpinia warburgii Alpinia wenzelii Alpinia werneri Alpinia womerslyi Alpinia wrayi Alpinia ...
Alpinia galanga is called laos in Indonesian and is the most common form of galangal used in cooking. It is also known as ... Alpinia galanga (also Languas galanga), a plant in the ginger family, is an herb used in cooking, especially in Indonesian and ... Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.[Internet] Record from Proseabase. de Guzman, C.C. and Siemonsma, J.S. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant ... Alpinia galanga rhizome contains the flavonol galangin. The rhizome contains an oil, known as galangol, which upon fractional ...
Lesser galanga (Alpinia officinarum) is a plant belonging to the family of Zingiberaceae. is a plant native to China, in ... Lesser galanga (Alpinia officinarum) is a plant belonging to the family of Zingiberaceae. is a plant native to China, in ...
Alpinia purpurata) supplied by member gardeners in the PlantFiles database at Daves Garden. ... Despite its reputation to grow only in tropical climes I have had this Alpinia purpurata come back for 4 years now after every ...
... the rhizoma of Alpinia officinarumHance in the family of Zingiberaceae, is one of the most popular Chinese herbal medicine. It ... There are about 250 species of genus Alpinia in the world, but A. officinarum is the only legal source recorded in The ... An et al (2010) New diarylheptanoids from the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum Hance. FoodChem 119(2):513-517Google Scholar ... Yang et al (2012) Study on resource investigation of the south medicine of Alpinia officinarum. J Guangdong Pharm Univ 28(4): ...
This topic has 4 study abstracts on Alpinia galanga indicating that it may have therapeutic value in the treatment of Cancers: ... Substances : Alpinia galanga, Flavonoids. Diseases : Cancers: Drug Resistant, Leukemia: Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) , ... The seeds of Alpinia galangal seeds could be a potential source of healthy food for tumor prevention.Feb 10, 2015. ... Substances : Alpinia galanga. Diseases : Bacterial Infections: Resistance/Biofilm Formation, Escherichia coli Infections, ...
Alpinia guangdongensis Senjen et Z. Y. Chen 光叶假益智 Description from Flora of China. Pseudostems 1.5--2.5 m. Leaf sheath ...
Alpinia jingxiensis D. Fang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18: 224. 1980. 靖西山姜 jing xi shan jiang Pseudostems 50--60 cm. Ligule 2-cleft, ...
The pink Alpinia is presumed by Lee Ling to be a variant. *Genus Species: Alpinia Purpurata ... Alpinia purpurata. [. ][. ][. ][. ][. ][. ]. Photos taken at the College of Micronesia-FSM on 14 October 1999 and at a home in ...
Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel, Alpinia pupurata, Alpinia rafflesiana, Alpinia sanderae, Alpinia smithiae, Alpinia speciosa, Alpinia ... Alpinia hainanensis, Alpinia henryi, Alpinia japonica, Alpinia javanica, Alpinia jianganfeng, Alpinia katsumadai, Alpinia ... Alpinia calcarata Roscoe, Alpinia conchigera, alpinia epoxide, Alpinia flabellata, Alpinia formosana, Alpinia galanga, Alpinia ... Alpinia mutica, alpinia nigra, Alpinia nutans, alpinia officinalis, Alpinia officinarum, Alpinia officinarum Hance, ...
Alpinia zerumbet) at Daves Garden. All pictures are contributed by our community. ... Shell Ginger, Variegated Shell Ginger Variegata (Alpinia zerumbet). by DebinSC Jul 4, 2007 3:17 AM ...
Paul Penders organic natural Alpinia & Tea Tree Cleansing Wash is ideal for oily or combination skin as it uses chemical free ... Alpinia officinarum (Alpinia) extract, L. ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), Phyto-tocotrienol (Vitamin E), Tocopheryl acetate (Vitamin ... Alpinia & Tea Tree Cleansing Wash for normal to oily skin. A light, foaming facial cleanser with plant-derived ingredients to ... Click the button below to add the Paul Penders Alpinia & Tea Tree Cleansing Wash 150ml to your wish list. ...
EnXtra?, an Alpinia galanga extract has been clinically proven to promote alertness however the mechanism for such action ... Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd (Zingiberaceae) is widely distributed in India. It is a perennial, aromatic, rhizomatous herb. In ... EnXtra®, an Alpinia galanga extract has been clinically proven to promote alertness however the mechanism for such action ... 9. Srivastava, S., Mennemeier, M. and Pimple, S. (2017) Effect of Alpinia galanga on Mental Alertness and Sustained Attention ...
China Industrial Equipment sterilization japonica alpinia Microwave Microwave Microwave Advanced thawing, Find details about ... Microwave alpinia japonica sterilization Equipment. Place of Origin:. Shandong, China (Mainland). Brand Name:. LD. Model Number ... Equipment sterilization japonica alpinia Microwave Microwave Microwave Advanced thawing. *. Place of Origin:. Shandong, China ( ... can supply products Microwave thawing machinefor operation at 915 MHz in a variety of Equipment sterilization japonica alpinia ...
Alpinia Galanga). Alpinia galanga is basically native to Indonesia and South Asia. ... Medicinal Properties of Rasna (Alpinia Galanga) *Alpinia is anti-fungal in nature and this herb fight against various fungus ... Uses of Rasna (Alpinia Galanga) *1gm of rasna powder, saunth, gond and afeem is used to treat diarrhoea and abdominal tumours. ... Rakta shodhak - Alpinia is also a very effective herb to fight against impurities of blood. It helps in the process of ...
Alpinia zerumbet, commonly called shell ginger is native to eastern Asia. It is a rhizomatous, evergreen perennial that grows ...
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R. alpinia extracts also inhibited hemorrhage in heart and kidneys, as evidenced by a decrease in mg of hemoglobin/g of organ. ... Median Effective Dose (ED50) values were 36.6 ± 3.2 mg/kg and 31.7 ± 5.4 mg/kg (p , 0.05) for R. alpinia wild and in vitro ... At 75 mg/kg, both extracts of R. alpinia reduced the extent of venom-induced pulmonary hemorrhage by 48.0% (in vitro extract) ... These results suggest the possibility of using R. alpinia as a prophylactic agent in snakebite, a hypothesis that needs to be ...
Alpinia officinarum has been confirmed to possess bioactivities against some pests. In this work, a sample was obtained from A ... Alpinia officinarum has been confirmed to possess bioactivities against some pests. In this work, a sample was obtained from A ... Keywords: Alpinia officinarum; 1-phenyl-4-(16,17-dimethyl-9,13-octadiene)-5-isopentenyl-7-(4"-methoxyl-3"-hydroxyl-phenyl)-3- ... Xin M, Guo S, Zhang W, Geng Z, Liang J, Du S, Deng Z, Wang Y. Chemical Constituents of Supercritical Extracts from Alpinia ...
There are two main types of galangal - Greater Galangal (Alpinia galangal) and Lesser Galangal (Alpinia officinarum). Used ... Our Galangal essential oil is steam distilled from the rhizomes (roots) of lesser galangal (Alpinia officinarum) also known as ...
... alpinia haenkei, RING MALACCA - Herbal Medicine - An illustrated compilation of Philippine medicinal plants by Dr Godofredo ... Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.) Roscoe (accepted name) / Chinese name / Catalogue of Life, China. (4). Alpinia malaccensis (Burm ... Alpinia haenkei / Synonyms / Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: April 2013. (9). Alpinia malaccensis / Useful Tropical ... Essential oils analysis of the rhizomes of Alpinia conchigera Griff. and leaves of Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.) Roscoe from ...
Alpinia zerumbet, shell ginger: -Philippine Herbal Medicine: An illustrated compilation of Philippine medicinal plants by Dr ... Alpinia schumanniana Valeton. Light galangal (Engl.). Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.. Pink porcelain lily (Engl.) ... Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm. / Synonyms / The Plant List. (21). Effects of the use of Alpinias zerumbet ... Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B. L. Burtt et R. M. Sm. (accepted name) / Catalogue of Life, China (12). Alpinia zerumbet / ...
Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga Extracts as Natural Food Preservatives ... Abstract: In the present study, antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa and Alpinia ... In vitro Antimicrobial Evaluation of Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga Extracts as Natural Food ... In vitro Antimicrobial Evaluation of Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga Extracts as Natural Food ...
Alpinia zerumbet (Shell Ginger, Butterfly Ginger, Pink Porcelain Lily) The Shell Ginger or Pink Porcelain Lily is an awesome ... Botanical Name: Alpinia zerumbet (syn.: Alpinia nutans, Alpinia speciosa, Zerumbet speciosum).. *Common Names: Shell Ginger, ... Features: Alpinia zerumbet is from the genus, Alpinia that consists of about 200 species of flowering plants.. With a vigorous ... Culture (Care): Alpinia zerumbet or Shell Ginger can be easily grown with a little extra care.. Light: Full sun to semi-shade. ...
... and they have similar traits to those found in other Alpinia species previously reported. Also, on average, cataflexistylous ... The floral biology and breeding system of Alpinia blepharocalyx were studied in Yunnan province, southwest China. Our results ... Study on the flexistyly pollination mechanism in Alpinia plants (Zingiberaceae). *Li Q.-J, Xu Z.-F, Xia Y.-M, L Zhang, Deng X.- ... Reticulate hybridization of Alpinia (Zingiberaceae) in Taiwan. *Shu-chuan Liu, Chang-Tze Lu, J. G. Wang ...
OfficinarumZerumbetGalangalPurpurataGenusSpeciesExtractsRhizomesSpeciosaPotential of Alpinia galangaWilldRenealmiaPaul Penders AlpiniaExtract of alpiniaRoxbNigraGalanginAnti-inflammatoryMalaccensisGinger familyPlantZingiberCytotoxic activityIndonesiaJaponicaEssential oilsLinnAsperAntibacterialActivity
- There are about 250 species of genus Alpinia in the world, but A. officinarum is the only legal source recorded in The Pharmacoepia of People's Republic of China (Pharmacopoeia Committee of P. R. China in Pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China. (springer.com)
- Yang et al (2012) Study on resource investigation of the south medicine of Alpinia officinarum . (springer.com)
- An et al (2010) New diarylheptanoids from the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum Hance. (springer.com)
- Chen et al (2004) Studies on development of the chemical components and pharmacological activities of Alpinia officinarum Hance. (springer.com)
- Huang, Yang (2009) Research on development of the chemical composition and pharmacological activity of Alpinia Officinarum . (springer.com)
- Eumkeb et al (2010) Reversing β-lactam antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus with galangin from Alpinia officinarum Hance and synergism with ceftazidime. (springer.com)
- Subramanian et al (2009) Tackling multiple antibiotic resistance in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) clinical isolates: a diarylheptanoid from Alpinia officinarum shows promising antibacterial and immunomodulatory activity against EPEC and its lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. (springer.com)
- A compound found within Alpinia officinarum induces programmed cell death, cell cycle arrest and differentitation in human neuroblastoma cells. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Alpinia officinarum has been confirmed to possess bioactivities against some pests. (mdpi.com)
- Xin M, Guo S, Zhang W, Geng Z, Liang J, Du S, Deng Z, Wang Y. Chemical Constituents of Supercritical Extracts from Alpinia officinarum and the Feeding Deterrent Activity against Tribolium castaneum . (mdpi.com)
- There are two main types of galangal - Greater Galangal (Alpinia galangal) and Lesser Galangal (Alpinia officinarum). (baseformula.com)
- Our Galangal essential oil is steam distilled from the rhizomes (roots) of lesser galangal (Alpinia officinarum) also known as Chinese Ginger. (baseformula.com)
- The used plants were Rheum palmatum , Curcuma longa and Alpinia officinarum . (ajol.info)
- Alpinia officinarum or lesser galangal (高良姜), is a member of the ginger family, which originates from China and is now cultivated throughout Southeast Asia (Figure 1). (biosci-rc.com)
- Alpinia zerumbet , commonly called shell ginger is native to eastern Asia. (missouribotanicalgarden.org)
- is a synonym of Alpinia zerumbet (Pers. (stuartxchange.com)
- Alpinia zerumbet is aromatic in all its parts. (stuartxchange.com)
- Alpinia zerumbet (syn. (jaycjayc.com)
- Alpinia nutans, Alpinia speciosa, Zerumbet speciosum). (jaycjayc.com)
- Alpinia zerumbet is from the genus, Alpinia that consists of about 200 species of flowering plants. (jaycjayc.com)
- Alpinia zerumbet or Shell Ginger can be easily grown with a little extra care. (jaycjayc.com)
- Cold temperatures can freeze the stems of Alpinia zerumbet to the ground but new growth will emerge as warm spring weather arrives. (jaycjayc.com)
- Alpinia zerumbet or Pink Porcelain Lily with its captivating ornamental flowers will be excellent as a landscape, accent or specimen plant. (jaycjayc.com)
- This diet includes shell ginger (Alpinia zerumbet (Pers. (usda.gov)
- In folkloric plant medicines, Alpinia zerumbet (AZ) has been popularly recognized as an exellent hepatoprotector. (usda.gov)
- Alpinia zerumbet is a medicinal plant from Asian origin used in folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension , which effect is attributed to terpinen-4-ol, the major component of the essential oil. (bvsalud.org)
- Alpinia zerumbet é uma planta medicinal de origem asiática, utilizada na medicina popular para o tratamento da hipertensão , cujo efeito é atribuído ao constituinte terpinen-4-ol, que está presente majoritariamente no óleo essencial. (bvsalud.org)
- AvaliaÃÃo da seguranÃa e genotoxicidade do chà de Alpinia zerumbet (pers. (academicoo.com)
- Safety and genotoxicity evaluation of the Alpinia zerumbet (pers. (academicoo.com)
- Alpinia zerumbet, popularly known as Colonia in the Northeast of Brazil, is a medicinal plant widely used in the popular medicine as a tea, being traditionally used to treat arterial hypertension. (academicoo.com)
- Alpinia galanga is called laos in Indonesian and is the most common form of galangal used in cooking. (wikipedia.org)
- The seeds of Alpinia galangal seeds could be a potential source of healthy food for tumor prevention. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Scientifically known as Alpinia galanga, galangal is also sometimes called Siamese ginger, blue ginger or Chinese ginger. (healthyaeon.com)
- One of herbal that commonly used in Indonesia is Alpinia galangal . (chemoprev.org)
- Despite its reputation to grow only in tropical climes I have had this Alpinia purpurata come back for 4 years now after every winter in my zone 6b climate in southern PA. (davesgarden.com)
- Red Ginger ( Alpinia purpurata ), also called Ostrich Plume and Pink Cone Ginger , are native Malaysian plants with showy flowers on long brightly colored red bracts. (wordpress.com)
- Alpinia purpurata K. Schum. (hindawi.com)
- The other genera are cultivated as ornamentals, 2 important species being Alpinia purpurata K.Schum. (kew.org)
- Alpinia is a large genus from the ginger plant family. (davidsnaturalmarket.com)
- The genus Alpinia is named in honour of the Italian botanist Prospero Alpino, a 17th-century Italian botanist who specialized in exotic plants. (jaycjayc.com)
- Genus Amomum is the second largest genus after Alpinia Roxb. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Alpinia, also known as Chinese ginger, has been studied in combination with another ginger species for the treatment of osteoarthritis, or joint disease. (davidsnaturalmarket.com)
- Alpinia galanga is a species of ginger that occur in tropical Asia. (rroij.com)
- Other not so local species include Moreton Bay Chestnut or Black Bean ( Castanospermum australe ), Finger Lime ( Citrus australasica ), Native Ginger ( Alpinia caerulea ) and Zig-zag Vine ( Melodorum leichhardtii ). (edu.au)
- The most widespread of the Australian Alpinia species, it is found on the east coast from the Torres Strait Islands at the northernmost Queensland to Sydney, New South Wales. (ebay.com.au)
- Extracts of Renealmia alpinia (Rottb. (mdpi.com)
- R. alpinia extracts inhibited lethal activity of B. asper venom injected by intraperitoneal route. (mdpi.com)
- 0.05) for R. alpinia wild and in vitro extracts, respectively. (mdpi.com)
- At 75 mg/kg, both extracts of R. alpinia reduced the extent of venom-induced pulmonary hemorrhage by 48.0% (in vitro extract) and 34.7% (wild extract), in agreement with histological observations of lung tissue. (mdpi.com)
- R. alpinia extracts also inhibited hemorrhage in heart and kidneys, as evidenced by a decrease in mg of hemoglobin/g of organ. (mdpi.com)
- Present research was designed to evaluate the free radical scavenging capacities and antioxidant activities of rhizome extracts of Alpinia galanga prepared in different solvent systems (60% aqueous methanol, 60% aqueous ethanol and distilled water) using different in vitro chemical assays. (biotech-asia.org)
- The rhizome of Alpinia nigra was extracted with organic solvent, and the extracts were fractionated by using three fractions (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate & chloroform). (ijpjournal.com)
- All the extracts of Alpinia nigra showed moderate cytotoxic activities in this experiment. (ijpjournal.com)
- The ability of extracts of R. alpinia leaves was tested for its ability to neutralize the hemorrhagic, coagulant and proteolytic effects of the snakebite venom of B. asper. (bvsalud.org)
- Renealmia alpinia extracts had no toxic effects in experimental animals and also provided analgesic and antiophidian effects and protection against the lethal effects of the venom of B. asper. (bvsalud.org)
- Conclusion: The extracts of Alpinia galanga or the isolated bioflavonoids - galangin and kaempferide can protect DNA from radiation induced lesions resulting from radiation exposures under in vitro and ex vivo conditions. (niist.res.in)
- An assay-guided isolation gave three antioxidants including two newly identified compounds from the rhizomes of Alpinia speciosa, which is used as an important plant in the food culture of the Okinawa area of Japan. (usda.gov)
- Alpinia galanga bears underground stems called rhizomes which have strong aromatic smell with conspicuously nodes and internodes [ 2 ]. (rroij.com)
- The rhizomes of Alpinia nigra are anti-inflammatory 8 . (ijpjournal.com)
- The fresh rhizomes of Alpinia nigra were collected during June 2010 from the area of Gazipur. (ijpjournal.com)
- To increase the flow of urine, 0.8 gram of Alpinia speciosa in 100 milliliters of water over seven days has been taken by mouth. (davidsnaturalmarket.com)
- Extract din frunze de Alpinia Speciosa, planta cunoscuta sub denumirile de clopotelul de fildes sau fluturasul de ghimbir. (alegesanatos.ro)
- Immunomodulatory and anti-oxidant potential of Alpinia galanga Linn. (phcogfirst.com)
- Evaluation of antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and LDL oxidation inhibitory potential of Alpinia galanga and Alpinia calcarata -An in vitro study', Trends in Phytochemical Research , 1(4), pp. 227-234. (ac.ir)
- Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. (wikipedia.org)
- Devi K. R, Singh P. P, Devi M. M, Sharma G. J. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. (biotech-asia.org)
- Chudiwal A.K., Jain D.P. and Somani R.S., 2010, Alpinia galanga Willd. (chemoprev.org)
- Efecto inhibitorio de extractos de Renealmia alpinia Rottb. (bvsalud.org)
- Este trabajo de investigación pretende comprobar la capacidad de neutralizar los efectos hemorrágicos, coagulantes y proteolíticos, de los extractos de hojas de Renealmia alpinia , usada tradicionalmente por los indígenas del Chocó ( Colombia ) contra la mordedura de la serpiente Bothrops asper, causante de la gran mayoría de los accidentes ofídicos en nuestro país. (bvsalud.org)
- Renealmia alpinia puede ser una buena alternativa terapéutica como complemento al tratamiento con antiveneno en el accidente ofídico, por sus efectos analgésicos y antiofídicos. (bvsalud.org)
- Click the button below to add the Paul Penders Alpinia & Tea Tree Cleansing Wash 150ml to your wish list. (thenaturalskincarecompany.co.uk)
- Limited evidence suggests that the extract of alpinia may increase urine flow. (davidsnaturalmarket.com)
- 5 gm of methanol extract of Alpinia nigra was triturated with 90 ml of methanol containing 10 ml of distilled water. (ijpjournal.com)
- In vitro α-amylase inhibition effect of ethanol extract of Alpinia nigra (Gaertn. (pharmascholars.com)
- The present study aims to investigate the α-amylase inhibition of ethanol extract of Alpinia nigra (EEAN) (Gaertn. (pharmascholars.com)
- The petroleum ether, ethyl acetate & chloroform soluble fractions of Alpinia nigra were screened for cytotoxic activity using brine shrimp lethality bioassay. (ijpjournal.com)
- From the results of the brine shrimp lethality bioassay it can be well predicted that petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform-soluble fractions of Alpinia nigra rhizome possess cytotoxic principles (with LC 50 1.245 mg/ml and LC 50 2.151 mg/ml and LC 50 2.737 mg/ml respectively) comparison with positive control vincristine sulphate (with LC 50 0.563 mg/ml). (ijpjournal.com)
- Our present study was designed to determine the cytotoxic activity of different fractions (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate & chloroform) of the rhizome of Alpinia nigra . (ijpjournal.com)
- Alpinia nigra is a perennial rhizomatous herb with tuberous, aromatic roots. (ijpjournal.com)
- In Alpinia nigra , flowers are pink 2 . (ijpjournal.com)
- The fresh rhizome of the plant Alpinia nigra was selected for observation of cytotoxic activities. (ijpjournal.com)
- The fresh rhizome of Alpinia nigra was collected, dried and ground to a coarse powder. (ijpjournal.com)
- Alpinia galanga rhizome contains the flavonol galangin. (wikipedia.org)
- Galangin, a compound found within Alpinia galanga, acts as a chemosensitizer in drug-resistant leukemia cells. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Materials and Methods: The bioflavonoids, galangin and kaempferide were isolated from the AE fractions Alpinia galanga. (niist.res.in)
- Alpinia galanga (A. galanga) exerted various biological activities including potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. (tci-thaijo.org)
- Alpinia malaccensis (Burm.f. (stuartxchange.org)
- AIMS: Investigation of antimicrobial activity and phytochemicals of Alpinia malaccensis (Ran-kiriya) against foodborne bacteria Staphyloccocus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium. (edu.au)
- Alpinia malaccensis rhizome extract chemical composition was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). (edu.au)
- Alpinia galanga (also Languas galanga), a plant in the ginger family, is an herb used in cooking, especially in Indonesian and Thai cuisines. (wikipedia.org)
- Avoid in patients with known allergy to alpinia or the ginger plant family. (davidsnaturalmarket.com)
- Alpinia galanga is a perennial herbaceous plant that attains a maximum height of 3-4mt. (planetayurveda.com)
- The leaves of the alpinia are approximately 2 feet long and the plant typically only gets around 6 feet tall. (gardenguides.com)
- The plant Alpinia galanga Linn. (phcogfirst.com)
- Active compounds such as 1,8-cineol, α-fenchyl acetate, β-farnesene, β-bisabolene, α-bergamotene, β-pinene and 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate from Alpinia galanga plant. (rroij.com)
- Alpinia should not be confused with ginger ( Zingiber officinale ). (davidsnaturalmarket.com)
- Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa possessed considerably greater activity than Alpinia galanga . (scialert.net)
- This research aimed to determine ACA concentration and cytotoxic activity of Alpinia galanga extract (AGE) from three local markets on HeLa, MCF7 and T47D cell lines. (chemoprev.org)
- Alpinia galanga is basically native to Indonesia and South Asia. (planetayurveda.com)
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- In a previous screening program for mosquitocides from local edible plants in Thailand, essential oils (EOs) of Cyperus rotundus , Alpinia galanga and Cinnamomum verum , were found to possess promising adulticidal activity against Aedes aegypti . (springer.com)
- Antileishmanial phenylpropanoids from Alpinia galanga (Linn. (wikipedia.org)
- The flavonoid fraction of Alpinia galanga Linn. (phcogfirst.com)
- alpinia was an effective therapeutic alternative in association with antivenom treatment in the event of a B. asper snakebite accident . (bvsalud.org)
- The natural antibacterial action of Alpinia extract and essential teatree oil gently but effectively cleanses normal to oily skin, while helping to normalize sebum production and reduce blemishes. (thenaturalskincarecompany.co.uk)
- The natural antibacterial action of Alpinia extract and essential Tea-tree oil, with a soft, foaming formula, gently and effectively cleanses normal to oily skin, while helping to regulate sebum production and reduce blemishes. (natureforyou.shop)
- Alpinia galanga contains a compound with activity against multi-drug resistant bacteria. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of Alpinia malaccen" by T Somarathna, Warnakulasuriya Mary Ann Dipika Fernando et al. (edu.au)
- Among all the bioactive compounds, 1,8-cineol known as marker compound in the Alpinia spp provide strong biological activity. (rroij.com)
- Therefore this is the latest information on the biological activity and the active compounds of Alpinia galanga. (rroij.com)