Amylases
alpha-Amylases
Saliva
Pancreas
A nodular organ in the ABDOMEN that contains a mixture of ENDOCRINE GLANDS and EXOCRINE GLANDS. The small endocrine portion consists of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. The large exocrine portion (EXOCRINE PANCREAS) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the DUODENUM.
Parotid Gland
Inhibition of plant-pathogenic fungi by a corn trypsin inhibitor overexpressed in Escherichia coli. (1/1178)
The cDNA of a 14-kDa trypsin inhibitor (TI) from corn was subcloned into an Escherichia coli overexpression vector. The overexpressed TI was purified based on its insolubility in urea and then refolded into the active form in vitro. This recombinant TI inhibited both conidium germination and hyphal growth of all nine plant pathogenic fungi studied, including Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Fusarium moniliforme. The calculated 50% inhibitory concentration of TI for conidium germination ranged from 70 to more than 300 microgram/ml, and that for fungal growth ranged from 33 to 124 microgram/ml depending on the fungal species. It also inhibited A. flavus and F. moniliforme simultaneously when they were tested together. The results suggest that the corn 14-kDa TI may function in host resistance against a variety of fungal pathogens of crops. (+info)Insertion analysis of putative functional elements in the promoter region of the Aspergillus oryzae Taka-amylase A gene (amyB) using a heterologous Aspergillus nidulans amdS-lacZ fusion gene system. (2/1178)
Expression of the Taka-amylase A gene (amyB) of Aspergillus oryzae is induced by starch or maltose. The A. oryzae amyB gene promoter contains three highly conserved sequences, designated Regions I, II, and III, compared with promoter regions of the A. oryzae glaA encoding glucoamylase and the agdA encoding alpha-glucosidase. To identify the function of these sequences within the amyB promoter, various fragments containing conserved sequences in the amyB promoter were introduced into the upstream region of the heterologous A. nidulans amdS gene (encoding acetamidase) fused to the Escherichia coli lacZ gene as a reporter. Introduction of the sequence between -290 to -233 (the number indicates the distance in base pairs from the translation initiation point (+1)) containing Region III significantly increased the expression of the lacZ reporter gene in the presence of maltose. The sequence between -377 to -290 containing Region I also increased the lacZ activity, but its maltose inducibility was less than that of Region III. The sequence between -233 to -181 containing Region II had no effect on the expression. These results indicated that Region III is most likely involved in the maltose induction of the amyB gene expression. (+info)Overexpression of BiP in tobacco alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress. (3/1178)
To study the role of the lumenal binding protein (BiP) in the transport and secretion of proteins, we have produced plants with altered BiP levels. Transgenic plants overexpressing BiP showed dramatically increased BiP mRNA levels but only a modest increase in BiP protein levels. The presence of degradation products in BiP overproducers suggests a regulatory mechanism that increases protein turnover when BiP is abundant. Antisense inhibition of BiP synthesis was not successful, demonstrating that even a minor reduction in the basal BiP level is deleterious to cell viability. Overexpression of BiP leads to downregulation of the basal transcript levels of endogenous BiP genes and greatly reduces the unfolded protein response. The data confirm that BiP transcription is regulated via a feedback mechanism that involves monitoring of BiP protein levels. To test BiP activity in vivo, we designed a functional assay, using the secretory protein alpha-amylase and a cytosolic enzyme as a control for cell viability. During tunicamycin treatment, an overall reduction of alpha-amylase synthesis was observed when compared with the cytosolic marker. We show that the tunicamycin effect is due to the depletion of BiP in the endoplasmic reticulum because coexpressed BiP alone is able to restore efficient alpha-amylase synthesis. This is a novel assay to monitor BiP activity in promoting secretory protein synthesis in vivo. (+info)Differential dependence of levansucrase and alpha-amylase secretion on SecA (Div) during the exponential phase of growth of Bacillus subtilis. (4/1178)
SecA, the translocation ATPase of the preprotein translocase, accounts for 0.25% of the total protein in a degU32(Hy) Bacillus subtilis strain in logarithmic phase. The SecA level remained constant irrespective of the demand for exoprotein production but dropped about 12-fold during the late stationary phase. Modulation of the level of functional SecA during the exponential phase of growth affected differently the secretion of levansucrase and alpha-amylase overexpressed under the control of the sacB leader region. The level of SecA was reduced in the presence of sodium azide and in the div341 thermosensitive mutant at nonpermissive temperatures. Overproduction of SecA was obtained with a multicopy plasmid bearing secA. The gradual decrease of the SecA level reduced the yield of secreted levansucrase with a concomitant accumulation of unprocessed precursor in the cells, while an increase in the SecA level resulted in an elevation of the production of exocellular levansucrase. In contrast, alpha-amylase secretion was almost unaffected by high concentrations of sodium azide or by very low levels of SecA. Secretion defects were apparent only under conditions of strong SecA deprivation of the cell. These data demonstrate that the alpha-amylase and levansucrase precursors markedly differ in their dependency on SecA for secretion. It is suggested that these precursors differ in their binding affinities for SecA. (+info)Genetic regulation of tissue-specific expression of amylase structural genes in Drosophila melanogaster. (5/1178)
Laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster were screened for spatial variations in adult midgut alpha-amylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) expression. No strain-specific differences were found anteriorly, but three patterns of activity were discerned in the posterior midgut: A, activity throughout most of the region; B, activity in the anterior part of the region; and C, little or no activity. Alleles of a control gene, map, are responsible for this tissue-specific regulation of activity; e.g., mapA homozygotes produce the A pattern and mapC homozygotes the C pattern. The map locus was placed at 2--80 +/- on the genetic map of chromosome 2R, about two crossover units distal to the Amy structural gene region for alpha-amylase. Electrophoretic studies showed that mapA is trans acting in mapA/mapC flies, allowing expression of amylase isozymes coded for by genes on the opposite chromosome. The map gene behaves as a temporal gene that is clearly separable from the tightly linked, duplicated Amy structural genes. (+info)Molecular cloning and primary structure analysis of porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase. (6/1178)
A cDNA library was constructed in a Uni-ZAP XR vector using mRNA isolated from porcine pancreas. A full-length alpha-amylase cDNA was obtained using a combination of library screening and nested polymerase chain reaction. Sequencing of the clone revealed a 1536-nucleotide (nt) open reading frame encoding a protein of 496 amino acid (aa) residues with a signal peptide of 15 aa. The calculated molecular mass of the enzyme was 55354 Da, in accordance with those of the purified porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase forms (PPAI and PPAII) as determined by mass spectrometry. A comparison of the deduced aa sequence with published peptidic sequences of PPAI identified a number of mismatches. The sequence of the cDNA reported here provides a sequence reference for PPA in excellent agreement with the refined three-dimensional structures of both PPAI and PPAII. No evidence for a second variant was found in the cDNA library and it is most likely that PPAI and PPAII are two forms of the same protein. The primary structure of PPA shows high homology with human, mouse and rat pancreatic alpha-amylases. The 304-310 region, corresponding to a mobile loop involved in substrate binding and processing near the active site, is fully conserved. (+info)Cloning, mutagenesis, and structural analysis of human pancreatic alpha-amylase expressed in Pichia pastoris. (7/1178)
Human pancreatic alpha-amylase (HPA) was expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and two mutants (D197A and D197N) of a completely conserved active site carboxylic acid were generated. All recombinant proteins were shown by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to be glycosylated and the site of attachment was shown to be Asn461 by peptide mapping in conjunction with ESI-MS. Treatment of these proteins with endoglycosidase F demonstrated that they contained a single N-linked oligosaccharide and yielded a protein product with a single N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), which could be crystallized. Solution of the crystal structure to a resolution of 2.0 A confirmed the location of the glycosyl group as Asn461 and showed that the recombinant protein had essentially the same conformation as the native enzyme. The kinetic parameters of the glycosylated and deglycosylated wild-type proteins were the same while the k(cat)/Km values for D197A and D197N were 10(6)-10(7) times lower than the wild-type enzyme. The decreased k(cat)/Km values for the mutants confirm that D197 plays a crucial role in the hydrolytic activity of HPA, presumably as the catalytic nucleophile. (+info)Chemical modification of lysine side chains of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Thermoanaerobacter causes a shift from cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase to alpha-amylase specificity. (8/1178)
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases and alpha-amylases are two groups of enzymes with related secondary structures. However, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases display transferase activities not present in alpha-amylases, probably derived from the existence of two more domains and different amino acid sequences. The hydrolytic activity of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases is generally quite low, except for two cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases from termophiles. In this work, we have carried out the chemical modification (with acetic anhydride) of the amino groups of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Thermoanaerobacter to assess their contributions to protein function. The acetylated cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase showed a significant reduction of its cyclization, coupling and disproportionation activities. Surprisingly, the hydrolytic (saccharifying) activity was slightly enhanced. These results suggest the participation of one or more lysine side chains in the interactions contributing to the transferase activity, either in any of the S11 subsites or in the acceptor binding site. (+info)
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Immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic analyses of alpha-amylase isozymes in human intrahepatic biliary epithelium...
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Eradicake Alpha-Amylase
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Structural relationship between the enzymatic and streptococcal binding sites of human salivary alpha-amylase. - Semantic...
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Salivary Alpha-Amylase Activity, a New Biomarker in Heart Failure?
RCSB PDB
- 1G1Y: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ALPHA-AMYLASE II (TVAII) FROM THERMOACTINOMYCES VULGARIS R-47 AND BETA...
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Cloning of a gene encoding cold-adapted alpha-Amylase from the psychrotrophic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanctis strain...
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CAZy - CBM34
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NAVER Academic | Location of the α-amylase gene in rumenStreptococcus bovis strains distinguished by unstable amylase activity
Engineering of vesicle trafficking improves heterologous protein secretion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Alpha-amylase
The alpha-Amylase Protein alpha-Amylase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) This article ... See amylase for more uses of the amylase family in general. α-Amylase has exhibited efficacy in degrading polymicrobial ... Medical laboratories will usually measure either pancreatic amylase or total amylase. If only pancreatic amylase is measured, ... "Amylase, Alpha - Worthington Enzyme Manual". worthington-biochem.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Perry GH, ...
Alpha amylase inhibitor
In molecular biology, alpha-amylase inhibitor (or α-...) is a protein family which inhibits mammalian alpha-amylases ... 1 complex with alpha-amylase. This family of inhibitors has no action on plant and microbial alpha amylases. A crystal ... The binding of tendamistat to alpha-amylase leads to the steric blockage of the active site of the enzyme. The crystal ... König V, Vértesy L, Schneider TR (October 2003). "Structure of the alpha-amylase inhibitor tendamistat at 0.93 A". Acta ...
Oligosaccharide 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase
4-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include amylase III, and 1,4-alpha-glucan:1,4-alpha- ... glucan 4-alpha-glucosyltransferase. Nebinger P (March 1986). "Separation and characterization of four different amylases of ... 4-alpha-D-glucan to the 4-position of an alpha-D-glucan. This enzyme is useful in hydrolyzing oligosaccharides. This enzyme ... Characterization of amylases". Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler. 367 (3): 169-76. doi:10.1515/bchm3.1986.367.1.169. PMID ...
Plant defensin
Richardson M, Bloch Jr C (1991). "A new family of small (5 kDa) protein inhibitors of insect alpha-amylases from seeds or ... Inhibitors of insect alpha-amylases from sorghum. Probable protease inhibitor P322 from Solanum tuberosum (potato). A ... "Plant α-amylase inhibitors and their interaction with insect α-amylases: Structure, function and potential for crop protection ... Some plant defensins have also been identified as enzyme inhibitors of α-amylase or trypsin. It is believed that these are ...
Glucan 1,4-alpha-maltohydrolase
... maltogenic alpha-amylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan alpha-maltohydrolase) is an enzyme with systematic name 4-alpha-D-glucan alpha- ... alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive alpha-maltose residues from the non-reducing ends of ... Glucan+1,4-alpha-maltohydrolase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 3.2. ... Maltogenic amylases from Bacillus stearothermophilus, Thermus sp. and Geobacillus thermoleovorans are able to degrade acarbose ...
AMY1C
The human AMY1C gene encodes the protein Amylase, alpha 1C (salivary). Amylases are secreted proteins that hydrolyze 1,4-alpha- ... "Entrez Gene: Amylase, alpha 1C (salivary)". Retrieved 2013-02-14. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]. ##RefSeq-Attributes-START## ... This gene encodes an amylase isoenzyme produced by the salivary gland. See also Amylase § Evolution. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89 ... Human Alpha-amylase 1) at the PDBe-KB. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on ...
Beta-amylase
"Amylase, Alpha" , I.U.B.: 3.2.1.11,4-α-D-Glucan glucanohydrolase. "Amylase, Alpha" , I.U.B.: 3.2.1.11,4-α-D-Glucan ... The optimum pH for β-amylase is 4.0-5.0 They belong to Glycoside hydrolase family 14. Amylase Alpha-amylase Rejzek M, Stevenson ... "Amylase, Alpha" , I.U.B.: 3.2.1.11,4-α-D-Glucan glucanohydrolase. Friedberg F, Rhodes C (March 1986). "Cloning and ... β-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.2 , saccharogen amylase, glycogenase) is an enzyme with the systematic name 4-α-D-glucan maltohydrolase. It ...
Amylase
The pancreas and salivary gland make amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides ... Both α-amylase and β-amylase are present in seeds; β-amylase is present in an inactive form prior to germination, whereas α- ... In human physiology, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are α-amylases. The α-amylase form is also found in plants, ... "Amylase, Alpha, I.U.B.: 3.2.1.11,4-α-D-Glucan glucanohydrolase". Wadler J (8 September 2009). "Chew It Up, Spit It Out, Then ...
Streptomyces corchorusii
MURAO, Sawao; OOUCHI, Naoki; GOTO, Akira; ARAI, MOTOO (1983). "New proteinaceous .ALPHA.-amylase inhibitor (Paim) from ...
Exoenzyme
Organisms can either by alpha-hemolytic, beta-hemolytic, or gamma-hemolytic (non-hemolytic). Amylases are a group of ... The different classes of amylases are α-amylases, β-amylases, and glucoamylases. The α-amylases hydrolyze starch by randomly ... Sharma A, Satyanarayana T (2013). "Microbial acid-stable alpha-amylases: Characteristics, genetic engineering and applications ... Amylase breaks down carbohydrates into mono- and disaccharides, so a starch agar must be used for this assay. Once the bacteria ...
AMY2B
Alpha-amylase 2B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AMY2B gene. Amylases are secreted proteins that hydrolyze 1,4- ... "Entrez Gene: AMY2B amylase, alpha 2B (pancreatic)". Human AMY2B genome location and AMY2B gene details page in the UCSC Genome ... Koyama I, Komine S, Iino N, Hokari S, Igarashi S, Alpers DH, Komoda T (July 2001). "alpha-Amylase expressed in human liver is ... Groot PC, Bleeker MJ, Pronk JC, Arwert F, Mager WH, Planta RJ, Eriksson AW, Frants RR (July 1989). "The human alpha-amylase ...
Icodextrin
There it is broken down into oligosaccharides by the enzyme alpha-amylase. In patients with intact kidney function, both ...
Glycogen debranching enzyme
Their catalyses are similar to that of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase, respectively. Their active sites are selective towards ... In E. coli, Glucose transfer is performed by 4-alpha-glucanotransferase, a 78.5 kDa protein coded for by the gene malQ. A ... "4-alpha-glucanotransferase - Escherichia coli (strain K12)". "Glycogen debranching enzyme - Escherichia coli O139:H28 (strain ... Yamamoto E, Makino Y, Omichi K (May 2007). "Active site mapping of amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase in porcine liver glycogen ...
AMY1A
1988). "Primary structure of human pancreatic alpha-amylase gene: its comparison with human salivary alpha-amylase gene". Gene ... Alpha-amylase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AMY1A gene. This gene is found in many organisms. Amylases are ... "Entrez Gene: AMY1A amylase, alpha 1A; salivary". Human AMY1A genome location and AMY1A gene details page in the UCSC Genome ... 1989). "The human alpha-amylase multigene family consists of haplotypes with variable numbers of genes". Genomics. 5 (1): 29-42 ...
AMY2A
1994). "The active center of a mammalian alpha-amylase. Structure of the complex of a pancreatic alpha-amylase with a ... 1988). "Primary structure of human pancreatic alpha-amylase gene: its comparison with human salivary alpha-amylase gene" (PDF ... Pancreatic alpha-amylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AMY2A gene. Amylases are secreted proteins that ... "Entrez Gene: AMY2A amylase, alpha 2A; pancreatic". Human AMY2A genome location and AMY2A gene details page in the UCSC Genome ...
Polysaccharide
They can be digested by breaking the alpha-linkages (glycosidic bonds). Both humans and other animals have amylases, so they ... Starch is a glucose polymer in which glucopyranose units are bonded by alpha-linkages. It is made up of a mixture of amylose ( ... This carbohydrate can react with water (hydrolysis) using amylase enzymes as catalyst, which produces constituent sugars ( ...
Acarbose
However, bacterial alpha-amylases from gut microbiome are able to degrade acarbose. Pancreatic alpha-amylase hydrolyzes complex ... It has been reported that the maltogenic alpha-amylase from Thermus sp. IM6501 (ThMA) and a cyclodextrinase (CDase) from ... Human enzymes do transform acarbose: the pancreatic alpha-amylase is able to perform a rearrangement reaction, moving the ... and pancreatic alpha-amylase. It locks up the enzymes by mimicking the transisition state of the substrate with its amine ...
Alpha-glucosidase
Tadera K, Minami Y, Takamatsu K, Matsuoka T (April 2006). "Inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase by flavonoids". J. Nutr. ... Alglucosidase alfa Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor alpha-Glucosidases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject ... Kim JS, Kwon CS, Son KH (November 2000). "Inhibition of α-glucosidase and amylase by luteolin, a flavonoid". Biosci. Biotechnol ...
Raymond L. Rodriguez
One of the outcomes of this research was the use of alpha-amylase gene promoters to express human proteins in transgenic rice ... Sequence-specific interactions of a nuclear protein factor with the promoter of a rice gene for alpha-amylase, RAamy3D.. Nucl. ... Metabolic regulation of rice alpha-amylase and sucrose synthase genes in planta. The Plant Journal, 2(4):517-523. Huang, N., ... Organization, structure and expression of the rice alpha-amylase multigene family. In, Rice Genetics II. Manila, pp. 417-429. ...
3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid
It is mainly used in assay of alpha-amylase. However, enzymatic methods are usually preferred due to DNS lack of specificity. 3 ...
Glucan 1,4-alpha-maltotetraohydrolase
"Action patterns of various exo-amylases and the anomeric configurations of their products". Carbohydr. Res. 128: 297-310. doi: ... Glucan 1,4-alpha-maltotetraohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.60, exo-maltotetraohydrolase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetraohydrolase) is an ... Glucan+1,4-alpha-maltotetraohydrolase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology ( ... This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in amylaceous ...
Glucan 1,4-alpha-maltotriohydrolase
Nakakuki T, Azuma K, Kainuma K (1984). "Action patterns of various exo-amylases and the anomeric configurations of their ... Glucan 1,4-alpha-maltotriohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.116, exo-maltotriohydrolase, maltotriohydrolase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan ... doi:10.1016/0008-6215(84)85337-9. Glucan+1,4-alpha-maltotriohydrolase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject ... This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction Hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in amylaceous ...
Dental plaque
Some salivary components are crucial for plaques ecosystem, such as salivary alpha-amylase which plays a role in binding and ... Scannapieco FA, Torres G, Levine MJ (1993). "Salivary alpha-amylase: role in dental plaque and caries formation". Critical ...
Streptomyces tendae
Also said to be the source of Tendamistat (HOE 467), an alpha amylase inhibitor. Dionigi, Christopher P.; Ingram, Daphne A. ( ...
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
... amylase (amylo). Alpha amylase from B. amyloliquefaciens is often used in starch hydrolysis. It is also a source of subtilisin ... J. Fukumoto (1943). "Studies on the production of bacterial amylase. I. Isolation of bacteria secreting potent amylases and ...
Diastase
... alpha and beta amylase, and, to a lesser extent, gamma amylase (together, the amylases), although many other enzymes are also ... Alpha amylase degrades starch to a mixture of the disaccharide maltose; the trisaccharide maltotriose, which contains three α ( ... Today, "diastase" refers to any α-, β-, or γ-amylase (all of which are hydrolases) that can break down carbohydrates. The ... When used as a pharmaceutical drug, diastase has the ATC code A09AA01 (WHO). Amylases can also be extracted from other sources ...
Parotid gland
Additionally, the alpha amylase has been suggested to prevent bacterial attachment to oral surfaces and to enable bacterial ... The parotid gland also secretes salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), which is the first step in the decomposition of starches during ... With the inflammation of mumps or obstruction of the ducts, increased levels of the salivary alpha amylase secreted by the ... ISBN 978-1-4377-1730-3. Arhakis A, Karagiannis V, Kalfas S (2013). "Salivary alpha-amylase activity and salivary flow rate in ...
Isomaltase
... its alpha 1-4 linkages having already been broken down by amylase). The product of the enzymatic digestion of alpha-limit ... Isomaltase helps amylase to digest alpha-limit dextrin to produce maltose. The human sucrase-isomaltase is a dual-function ... It digests polysaccharides at the alpha 1-6 linkages. Its substrate, alpha-limit dextrin, is a product of amylopectin digestion ... and oligosaccharide alpha-1,6-glucohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction Hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha- ...
Maltase
Without alpha-amylase, yeast would not be able to ferment. Maltose-glucoamylase is commonly used as a fermentation source as it ... alpha-D-glucosidase, alpha-glucoside hydrolase, alpha-1,4-glucosidase, alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase) is one type of alpha- ... Alpha-amylase 1 which is coded on the AMY1A gene is responsible of cleaving α-glucosidase linkages in oligosaccharides and ... The rate of hydrolysis is controlled by the size of the substrate (carbohydrate size). Alpha-amylase has an important function ...
Glycogen branching enzyme
Buisson G, Duée E, Haser R, Payan F (December 1987). "Three dimensional structure of porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase at 2.9 A ... 4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 6-alpha-D-(1,4-alpha-D-glucano)-transferase. Other names in common use include branching ... 4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme 1, plant branching enzyme, alpha-1,4-glucan:alpha-1,4-glucan-6-glycosyltransferase, and starch ... Glycogen branching enzyme belongs to the α-amylase family of enzymes, which include α-amylases, pullulanas/isoamylase, ...
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Carotenes - color Alpha-carotene - color Beta-carotene - color Gamma-carotene - color Carrageenan - thickener, vegetable gum, ... improving agent Amylases - flour treatment agent Angelica (Angelica archangelica) Anise - Annatto - color Anthocyanins - color ... antioxidant Dl-alpha-tocopherol (synthetic) - antioxidant Dodecyl gallate - antioxidant Echinacea - EDTA - Antioxidant, ...
Enzyme inhibitor
... alpha K_{m}+\alpha ^{\prime }[S]}}={\frac {(1/\alpha ^{\prime })V_{max}[S]}{(\alpha /\alpha ^{\prime })K_{m}+[S]}}} where the ... Schiffer CF, Burke JF, Besarab A, Lasker N, Simenhoff ML (January 1977). "Amylase/creatinine clearance fraction in patients on ... alpha =1+{\frac {[I]}{K_{i}}}} α ′ = 1 + [ I ] K i ′ . {\displaystyle \alpha ^{\prime }=1+{\frac {[I]}{K_{i}^{\prime }}}.} Thus ... An example of a toxic peptide is alpha-amanitin, which is found in relatives of the death cap mushroom. This is a potent enzyme ...
Mash ingredients
Unconverted starch becomes sugar during the last steps of mashing, through the action of alpha and beta amylases. The oldest ... Germination produces a number of enzymes, such as amylase, that can convert the starch naturally present in barley and other ... Malted barley dried at a sufficiently low temperature contains enzymes such as amylase, which convert starch into sugar. ... requires mashing in multiple steps rather than at simply one temperature as the starches must be de-branched before amylase can ...
Coconut oil
Another method for extraction of coconut oil involves the enzymatic action of alpha-amylase, polygalacturonases, and proteases ...
Green Revolution
2007). "Decreased shoot stature and grain alpha-amylase activity following ectopic expression of a gibberellin 2-oxidase gene ...
Starch
Glucose molecules are bound in starch by the easily hydrolyzed alpha bonds. The same type of bond is found in the animal ... After the phosphorylation, the first degrading enzyme, beta-amylase (BAM) can attack the glucose chain at its non-reducing end ... The enzyme starch synthase then adds the ADP-glucose via a 1,4-alpha glycosidic bond to a growing chain of glucose residues, ... Glycogen and amylopectin have similar structure, but the former has about one branch point per ten 1,4-alpha bonds, compared to ...
Maltase-glucoamylase
In the small intestine, this enzyme works in synergy with sucrase-isomaltase and alpha-amylase to digest the full range of ... The third and largest domain consists of a catalytic (beta/alpha) barrel type domain containing two inserted loops. The fourth ... "Entrez Gene: maltase-glucoamylase (alpha-glucosidase)". Nichols BL, Eldering J, Avery S, Hahn D, Quaroni A, Sterchi E (January ... An alternative name for Maltase-Glucoamylase is glucan 1,4-alpha-glycosidase. Maltase-glucoamylase is a membrane-bound enzyme ...
Phadia
In 1970 Pharmacia's first product, Phadebas Amylase Test, a test for the enzyme alpha-amylase, was launched.[citation needed] ...
Sourdough
"Sourdough Fermentation Degrades Wheat Alpha-Amylase/Trypsin Inhibitor (ATI) and Reduces Pro-Inflammatory Activity". Foods. 9 (7 ... rye amylase is active at substantially higher temperatures than wheat amylase, causing the structure of the bread to ... When wheat flour comes into contact with water, the naturally occurring enzyme amylase breaks down the starch into the sugars ... The lowered pH of a sourdough starter, therefore, inactivates the amylases when heat cannot, allowing the carbohydrates in the ...
DNSA
... may refer to: Dansyl amide, a fluorescent dye 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid, used in assay of alpha-amylase This ...
Malbranchea cinnamomea
... such as alpha-glucosidases, xylanases, alpha-amylases, and glucanases. The genome of M. cinnamomea has been published in 2017 ...
Alpha glucan
... β-amylase, and glucoamylase. An α-glucan coating boasts protection from digestive environments, such as the small intestine, ... α-Glucans (alpha-glucans) are polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers linked with glycosidic bonds of the alpha form. α-Glucans ... Alpha-glucan is also commonly found in bacteria, yeasts, plants, and insects. Whereas the main pathway of α-glucan synthesis is ... Alpha-glucan was used in conjunction with modified starch molecules that contained porous starch granules via hydrolysis with ...
Soybean
Other allergenic proteins included in this 'superfamily' are the non-specific plant lipid transfer proteins, alpha amylase ...
Bracken
Kaplanis, J. N.; Thompson, M. J.; Robbins, W. E.; Bryce, B. M. (22 September 1967). "Insect Hormones: Alpha Ecdysone and 20- ... α-amylase activity and offspring production of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)". Bioresour. ... Two major insect moulting hormones, alpha ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone, are found in bracken. These cause uncontrollable, ...
Problematic smartphone use
They were exposed to a peer, social-exclusion stressor, and saliva samples measuring levels of alpha-amylase (sAA), or stressor ...
Beta-glucan
... the soluble fraction of alpha-amylase hydrolyzed oat bran or whole oat flour), whole grain barley and barley beta-fiber. An ...
1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose
"Evidence for pentagalloyl glucose binding to human salivary alpha-amylase through aromatic amino acid residues". Biochimica et ... Pentagalloyl glucose can precipitate proteins, including human salivary α-amylase. 1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose can be found ...
Dwarfing
2007). "Decreased shoot stature and grain alpha-amylase activity following ectopic expression of a gibberellin 2-oxidase gene ...
Cellulase
McCleary BV (November 1980). "New chromogenic substrates for the assay of alpha-amylase and (1 leads to 4)-β-D-glucanase". ...
Acarviosin
... is part of the potent α-amylase inhibitor acarbose and its derivatives. Acarviosin is a product of the degradation ... Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, Disaccharides, Amino sugars, Cyclitols, Cyclohexenes). ... The nitrogen atom binds to α-amylase more tightly than the natural substrate making it more potent than other inhibitors. ... Several other acarviosin-containing α-amylase inhibitors have been found in microbes including isovalertatins and butytatins ...
Acute pancreatitis
Reasons for false positive elevated serum amylase include salivary gland disease (elevated salivary amylase), bowel obstruction ... primarily TNF-alpha and IL-1. A hallmark of acute pancreatitis is a manifestation of the inflammatory response, namely the ... Serum amylase may be normal (in 10% of cases) for cases of acute or chronic pancreatitis (depleted acinar cell mass) and ... Lin XZ, Wang SS, Tsai YT, Lee SD, Shiesh SC, Pan HB, Su CH, Lin CY (February 1989). "Serum amylase, isoamylase, and lipase in ...
Kunitz STI protease inhibitor
... and the bifunctional proteinase K/alpha-amylase inhibitor from wheat (PK13) have been solved, showing them to share the same ... Patterns of structure and sequence in the Kunitz inhibitors interleukins-1 beta and 1 alpha and fibroblast growth factors". J. ...
TsIV
April 1994). "Biochemical, pharmacological and genomic characterisation of Ts IV, an alpha-toxin from the venom of the South ... hyperglycaemia and increased amylase enzyme activity. Martin et al. recorded the toxicity of TsIV as LD50 after subcutaneous (s ... January 1989). "Modification of Na channel gating by an alpha scorpion toxin from Tityus serrulatus". J. Gen. Physiol. 93 (1): ... "Alpha-scorpion toxin impairs a conformational change that leads to fast inactivation of muscle sodium channels". J. Gen. ...
Ueli Schibler
Chronobiology University of Geneva Circadian Rhythm suprachiasmatic nucleus Rev-ErbA alpha PER CRY BMAL1 alpha-amylase CRE ...
Phytohaemagglutinin
Beans also contain alpha amylase inhibitor, but not in sufficient quantities to affect the digestion of starch after ... "Partially purified white bean amylase inhibitor reduces starch digestion in vitro and inactivates intraduodenal amylase in ...
Dog
The idea of the "alpha dog" trying to be dominant is based on a disproved theory about wolf packs. Pet dogs play an active role ... Similar to humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their saliva and are classified as having a high starch diet. However, ... 1999). "Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77 (8): 1196-1203. doi: ... Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have extra copies of amylase and other genes involved in starch digestion ...
Chemical specificity
For instance, the enzyme Amylase is present in mammal saliva, that is stereo-specific for alpha-linkages, this is why mammals ... Stereochemical molecules differ in the way in which they rotate plane polarized light, or orientations of linkages (see alpha, ... which contain alpha-glycosidic linkages. This is relevant in how mammals are able to digest food. ...
Thermomyces lanuginosus
α-amylase is a dimeric enzyme that can hydrolyse starch, amylose, and amylopectin, but not maltose The α-amylase of T. ... and is covered by a short alpha-helical loop or "lid" that moves to allow substrate access to the active site. A single ... amylase, xylanase, phytase, and chitinase. These enzymes have chemical, environmental, and industrial applications due to their ...
Melilotus indicus
It has antioxidant properties [1]. It also has alpha-amylase inhibitory activities [2], because of which it may be useful for ...
Wheat allergy
2007). "Wheat IgE-mediated food allergy in European patients: alpha-amylase inhibitors, lipid transfer proteins and low- ... In addition, a gluten-extrinsic allergen has been identified as aspergillus amylase, added to flour to increase its baking ... A recent study in Europe confirmed the increased presence of allergies to amylase/trypsin inhibitors (serpins) and lipid ...